Mumbai es la capital financiera , comercial [32] y de entretenimiento del sur de Asia . A menudo se compara a Mumbai con Nueva York [ 33] [34] y la ciudad alberga la Bolsa de Valores de Bombay , situada en la calle Dalal . También es uno de los diez principales centros de comercio del mundo en términos de flujo financiero global, [35] generando el 6,16% del PIB de la India, [36] y representando el 25% de la producción industrial de la nación, el 70% del comercio marítimo en la India ( Mumbai Port Trust , Dharamtar Port y JNPT ), [37] y el 70% de las transacciones de capital para la economía de la India . [38] [39] La ciudad alberga importantes instituciones financieras y las sedes corporativas de numerosas empresas indias y corporaciones multinacionales . La ciudad también alberga algunos de los principales institutos científicos y nucleares de la India y las industrias cinematográficas hindi y marathi . Las oportunidades comerciales de Mumbai atraen a inmigrantes de toda la India.
Etimología
El nombre Mumbai ( maratí : मुंबई ) se originó de Mumbā o Mahā-Ambā , el nombre de la diosa patrona hindú ( kuladevata ) Mumbadevi de la comunidad nativa Koli [40] —y de ā'ī , que significa "madre" en el idioma maratí , que es la lengua materna del pueblo Koli y el idioma oficial de Maharashtra. [25] [41] Según ciertos relatos, se cree que la comunidad Koli, que proviene de Kathiawar y Gujarat central , introdujo a su deidad Mumba desde Kathiawar ( Gujarat ), donde su culto continúa hasta el día de hoy. [26] [27] Sin embargo, otras fuentes no están de acuerdo en que el nombre de Mumbai se derivara de la diosa Mumba. [27]
Los nombres más antiguos conocidos de la ciudad son Kakamuchee y Galajunkja ; estos a veces todavía se usan. [42] [43] El escritor portugués Gaspar Correia registró el nombre "Bombaim" después de 1512 en sus Lendas da Índia ( Leyendas de la India ). [44] [45] Si bien algunos autores anglófonos han sugerido que este nombre posiblemente se originó como una supuesta frase gallego-portuguesa bom baim , que significa "buena pequeña bahía", [46] tales sugerencias carecen de base científica. [47] El lingüista portugués José Pedro Machado atribuye esa interpretación a un conocimiento deficiente de la lengua portuguesa de estos autores, mezclando la palabra portuguesa "bom" con la inglesa "bay", de la versión inglesa del nombre. [47] En 1516, el explorador portugués Duarte Barbosa usó el nombre Tana-Maiambu : Tana parece referirse a la ciudad adyacente de Thane y Maiambu a Mumbadevi . [48] La forma Bombaim todavía se utiliza comúnmente en portugués. [49]
Otras variaciones registradas en los siglos XVI y XVII incluyen: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690) [49] [50] y Bon Bahia . [51] Después de que los ingleses tomaran posesión de la ciudad en el siglo XVII, el nombre portugués fue anglicanizado como Bombay . [52] Ali Muhammad Khan, dewan imperial o ministro de ingresos de la provincia de Gujarat, en el Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) se refirió a la ciudad como Manbai . [53]
El viajero francés Louis Rousselet , que la visitó en 1863 y 1868, afirma en su libro L'Inde des Rajahs , publicado por primera vez en 1877: "Los etimólogos han derivado erróneamente este nombre del portugués Bôa Bahia, o (en francés: "bonne bai", en inglés: "buena bahía"), sin saber que la diosa tutelar de esta isla ha sido, desde la antigüedad remota, Bomba, o Mumba Devi , y que ella todavía... posee un templo". [54]
A finales del siglo XX, la ciudad era conocida como Mumbai o Mambai en marathi, konkani , gujarati , kannada y sindhi , y como Bambai en hindi . [55] El Gobierno de la India cambió oficialmente el nombre en inglés a Mumbai en noviembre de 1995. [56] Esto se produjo por insistencia del partido nacionalista marathi Shiv Sena , que acababa de ganar las elecciones estatales de Maharashtra, y reflejó cambios de nombre similares en todo el país y particularmente en Maharashtra. [57] Según la revista Slate , "argumentaron que 'Bombay' era una versión inglesa corrupta de 'Mumbai' y un legado no deseado del dominio colonial británico". [58] Slate también dijo que "el impulso para cambiar el nombre de Bombay fue parte de un movimiento más amplio para fortalecer la identidad marathi en la región de Maharashtra". [59] Aunque algunos de sus residentes y algunos indios de otras regiones todavía se refieren a Mumbai como Bombay, [60] [61] la mención de la ciudad con un nombre distinto de Mumbai ha sido controvertida. [62] [63]
Gente de Mumbai
En maratí , a los habitantes de Bombay se les llama Mumbaikar (pronunciado [mumbəikəɾ] ) , en cuyo sufijo -kar se entiende como residentes de Bombay. El término se ha utilizado durante bastante tiempo, pero ganó popularidad tras el cambio de nombre oficial a Bombay. [64] También se utilizan términos más antiguos como Bombayite . [65] [66]
Mumbai está construida sobre lo que una vez fue un archipiélago de siete islas : la isla de Bombay , Parel , Mazagaon , Mahim , Colaba , Worli y la isla de la Anciana (también conocida como Little Colaba ). [67] No se sabe exactamente cuándo estas islas fueron habitadas por primera vez. Los sedimentos del Pleistoceno encontrados a lo largo de las áreas costeras alrededor de Kandivali en el norte de Mumbai sugieren que las islas estuvieron habitadas desde la Edad de Piedra del sur de Asia . [68] Quizás a principios de la Era Común , o posiblemente antes, llegaron a ser ocupadas por la comunidad pesquera Koli. [69] [70]
En el siglo III a. C., las islas formaron parte del Imperio Maurya , durante su expansión hacia el sur, gobernado por el emperador budista Ashoka de Magadha . [71] Las cuevas de Kanheri en Borivali fueron excavadas en roca basáltica en el siglo I d. C., [72] y sirvieron como un importante centro del budismo en la India occidental durante la antigüedad. [73] La ciudad entonces era conocida como Heptanesia ( griego antiguo : un grupo de siete islas) para el geógrafo griego Ptolomeo en 150 d. C. [74] Las cuevas de Mahakali en Andheri fueron excavadas entre el siglo I a. C. y el siglo VI d. C. [75] [76]
El rey Bhimdev fundó su reino en la región a finales del siglo XIII y estableció su capital en Mahikawati (actual Mahim ). [85] Los Pathare Prabhus , entre los primeros pobladores conocidos de la ciudad, fueron traídos a Mahikawati desde Saurashtra en Gujarat alrededor de 1298 por Bhimdev. [86] El Sultanato de Delhi anexó las islas en 1347-48 y las controló hasta 1407. Durante este tiempo, las islas fueron administradas por los gobernadores musulmanes de Gujarat , que fueron designados por el Sultanato de Delhi. [87] [88]
Las islas fueron gobernadas posteriormente por el sultanato independiente de Gujarat , que se estableció en 1407. Como resultado del apoyo del sultanato, se construyeron numerosas mezquitas, siendo un ejemplo notable la Haji Ali Dargah en Worli . Erigida en 1431, esta magnífica estructura rinde homenaje al reverenciado santo musulmán, Haji Ali. [89] De 1429 a 1431, las islas fueron una fuente de discordia entre el sultanato de Gujarat y el sultanato bahmaní de Deccan. [90] [91] En 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani del sultanato bahmaní intentó conquistar las islas, pero fue derrotado. [92]
Dominio portugués y británico
El Imperio mogol , fundado en 1526, fue la potencia dominante en el subcontinente indio durante mediados del siglo XVI. [93] Cada vez más aprensivo ante el poder del emperador mogol Humayun , el sultán Bahadur Shah de Gujarat se vio obligado a firmar el Tratado de Bassein con el Imperio portugués el 23 de diciembre de 1534. Según el tratado, las Siete Islas de Bombay, la cercana ciudad estratégica de Bassein y sus dependencias fueron ofrecidas a los portugueses. Los territorios fueron entregados más tarde el 25 de octubre de 1535. [94]
Los portugueses participaron activamente en la fundación y el crecimiento de sus órdenes religiosas católicas romanas en Bombay. [95] Llamaron a las islas por varios nombres, que finalmente tomaron la forma escrita Bombaim . Las islas fueron arrendadas a varios oficiales portugueses durante su régimen. Los franciscanos y jesuitas portugueses construyeron varias iglesias en la ciudad, siendo las más destacadas la iglesia de San Miguel en Mahim (1534), [96] la iglesia de San Juan Bautista en Andheri (1579), [97] la iglesia de San Andrés en Bandra (1580), [98] y la iglesia de Gloria en Byculla (1632). [99] Los portugueses también construyeron varias fortificaciones alrededor de la ciudad, como el Castillo de Bombay , Castella de Aguada (Castelo da Aguada o Fuerte de Bandra) y el Fuerte Madh . Los ingleses estaban en constante lucha con los portugueses que competían por la hegemonía sobre Bombay, ya que reconocían su puerto natural estratégico y su aislamiento natural de los ataques terrestres. A mediados del siglo XVII, el creciente poder del Imperio holandés obligó a los ingleses a adquirir una posición en el oeste de la India. El 11 de mayo de 1661, el tratado matrimonial de Carlos II de Inglaterra y Catalina de Braganza , hija del rey Juan IV de Portugal , puso las islas en posesión del Imperio inglés , como parte de la dote de Catalina a Carlos. [100] Sin embargo, Salsette , Bassein , Mazagaon , Parel , Worli , Sion , Dharavi y Wadala todavía permanecieron bajo posesión portuguesa. De 1665 a 1666, los ingleses lograron adquirir Mahim, Sion, Dharavi y Wadala. [101]
En 1687, la Compañía Inglesa de las Indias Orientales trasladó su sede de Surat a Bombay. La ciudad acabó convirtiéndose en la sede de la presidencia de Bombay . [110] Tras el traslado, Bombay se situó a la cabeza de todos los establecimientos de la compañía en la India. [111] Hacia finales del siglo XVII, las islas volvieron a sufrir incursiones de Yakut Khan en 1689-90. [112] La presencia portuguesa terminó en Bombay cuando los marathas bajo el mando de Peshwa Baji Rao I capturaron Salsette en 1737 y Bassein en 1739. [113]
A mediados del siglo XVIII, Bombay empezó a convertirse en una importante ciudad comercial y recibió una enorme afluencia de inmigrantes de toda la India. [114] Más tarde, los británicos ocuparon Salsette el 28 de diciembre de 1774. Con el Tratado de Surat (1775), los británicos obtuvieron formalmente el control de Salsette y Bassein, lo que resultó en la Primera Guerra Anglo-Maratha . [115] Los británicos pudieron asegurar Salsette de los Marathas sin violencia a través del Tratado de Purandar (1776) , [116] y más tarde a través del Tratado de Salbai (1782), firmado para resolver el resultado de la Primera Guerra Anglo-Maratha. [117]
A partir de 1782, la ciudad fue remodelada con proyectos de ingeniería civil a gran escala destinados a fusionar las siete islas de Bombay en una sola masa amalgamada mediante una calzada llamada Hornby Vellard , que se completó en 1784. [29] [118] En 1817, la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales bajo el mando de Mountstuart Elphinstone derrotó a Baji Rao II , el último de los Maratha Peshwa en la Batalla de Khadki . [119] Tras su derrota, casi la totalidad de la meseta del Decán quedó bajo soberanía británica y se incorporó a la presidencia de Bombay. El éxito de la campaña británica en el Decán marcó el fin de todos los ataques de las potencias nativas. [120]
En 1845, las siete islas se fusionaron en una sola masa continental gracias al proyecto Hornby Vellard a través de una recuperación de tierras a gran escala . [30] [121] El 16 de abril de 1853, se estableció la primera línea ferroviaria de pasajeros de la India, que conectaba Bombay con la ciudad vecina de Thana (ahora Thane). [122] Durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense (1861-1865), la ciudad se convirtió en el principal mercado mundial de comercio de algodón, lo que resultó en un auge en la economía que posteriormente mejoró la estatura de la ciudad. [123]
Después de la independencia de la India en 1947, el territorio de la presidencia de Bombay retenido por la India fue reestructurado en el estado de Bombay . El área del estado de Bombay aumentó, después de que varios antiguos estados principescos que se unieron a la unión india se integraran en el estado. Posteriormente, la ciudad se convirtió en la capital del estado de Bombay. [129] En abril de 1950, los límites municipales de Bombay se expandieron fusionando el Distrito Suburbano de Bombay y la Ciudad de Bombay para formar la Corporación Municipal del Gran Bombay. [130]
Tras las protestas durante el movimiento en las que murieron 105 personas en enfrentamientos con la policía, el estado de Bombay se reorganizó según líneas lingüísticas el 1 de mayo de 1960. [133] Las zonas de habla gujarati del estado de Bombay se dividieron en el estado de Gujarat. [134] El estado de Maharashtra con Mumbai como su capital se formó con la fusión de las zonas de habla marathi del estado de Bombay , ocho distritos de las provincias centrales y Berar , cinco distritos del estado de Hyderabad y numerosos estados principescos encerrados entre ellos. [135] Como monumento a los mártires del movimiento Samyukta Maharashtra, la Fuente Flora pasó a llamarse Hutatma Chowk (Plaza de los Mártires) y se erigió un monumento. [136]
El puerto Jawaharlal Nehru , que maneja entre el 55 y el 60% de la carga en contenedores de la India, se puso en servicio el 26 de mayo de 1989 al otro lado del arroyo en Nhava Sheva con el objetivo de descongestionar el puerto de Bombay y servir como puerto central para la ciudad. [143] Los límites geográficos del Gran Bombay eran coextensivos con los límites municipales del Gran Bombay. El 1 de octubre de 1990, el distrito del Gran Bombay se bifurcó para formar dos distritos de ingresos, a saber, la ciudad de Bombay y los suburbios de Bombay , aunque siguieron siendo administrados por la misma administración municipal. [144]
Mumbai es la capital comercial de la India y se ha convertido en un centro financiero global. [150] Durante varias décadas ha sido el hogar de las principales empresas de servicios financieros de la India y un foco tanto para el desarrollo de infraestructura como para la inversión privada. [151] De ser una antigua comunidad pesquera y un centro colonial de comercio, Mumbai se ha convertido en la ciudad más grande del sur de Asia y sede de la industria cinematográfica más prolífica del mundo. [152]
Geografía
Mumbai está en una estrecha península al suroeste de la isla Salsette , que se encuentra entre el mar Arábigo al oeste, Thane Creek al este y Vasai Creek al norte. El distrito suburbano de Mumbai ocupa la mayor parte de la isla. Navi Mumbai está al este de Thane Creek y Thane está al norte de Vasai Creek . Mumbai consta de dos regiones distintas: el distrito de la ciudad de Mumbai y el distrito suburbano de Mumbai , que forman dos distritos de ingresos separados de Maharashtra. [153] La región del distrito de la ciudad también se conoce comúnmente como la ciudad isla o Mumbai del sur . [36] El área total de Mumbai es de 603,4 kilómetros cuadrados (233,0 millas cuadradas). [154] De esta superficie, la ciudad insular ocupa 67,79 kilómetros cuadrados (26,17 millas cuadradas), mientras que el distrito suburbano ocupa 370 kilómetros cuadrados (140 millas cuadradas), lo que supone un total de 437,71 kilómetros cuadrados (169,00 millas cuadradas) bajo la administración de la Corporación Municipal del Gran Bombay (MCGM). Las áreas restantes pertenecen a varios establecimientos de Defensa, el Mumbai Port Trust , la Comisión de Energía Atómica y el Parque Nacional Borivali, que están fuera de la jurisdicción del MCGM. [155] La Región Metropolitana de Bombay , que incluye partes de los distritos de Thane , Palghar y Raigad además del Gran Bombay, cubre una superficie de 4.355 kilómetros cuadrados (1.681 millas cuadradas). [9]
Bombay se encuentra en la desembocadura del río Ulhas , en la costa occidental de la India, en la región costera conocida como Konkan . Se encuentra en la isla Salsette (isla Sashti), que comparte parcialmente con el distrito de Thane . [156] Mumbai está delimitada por el mar Arábigo al oeste. [157] Muchas partes de la ciudad se encuentran justo por encima del nivel del mar, con elevaciones que van desde los 10 a los 15 metros (33 a 49 pies); [158] la ciudad tiene una elevación promedio de 14 metros (46 pies). [159] El norte de Mumbai (Salsette) es montañoso, [160] y el punto más alto de la ciudad es de 450 metros (1.480 pies) en Salsette en las cordilleras Powai - Kanheri . [161] El Parque Nacional Sanjay Gandhi (Parque Nacional Borivali) se encuentra parcialmente en el distrito suburbano de Mumbai., y en parte en el distrito de Thane, y se extiende sobre un área de 103,09 kilómetros cuadrados (39,80 millas cuadradas). [162]
Aparte de la presa Bhatsa , hay seis lagos principales que abastecen de agua a la ciudad: Vihar , Lower Vaitarna , Upper Vaitarna , Tulsi , Tansa y Powai . El lago Tulsi y el lago Vihar se encuentran en el Parque Nacional Borivili , dentro de los límites de la ciudad. El suministro del lago Powai, también dentro de los límites de la ciudad, se utiliza solo para fines agrícolas e industriales. [163] Tres pequeños ríos, el río Dahisar , Poinsar (o Poisar) y Ohiwara (u Oshiwara) se originan dentro del parque, mientras que el río Mithi se origina en el lago Tulsi y recoge el agua que se desborda de los lagos Vihar y Powai. [164] La costa de la ciudad está marcada por numerosos arroyos y bahías, que se extienden desde el arroyo Thane en el este hasta Madh Marve en el frente occidental. [165] La costa oriental de la isla Salsette está cubierta de grandes manglares , ricos en biodiversidad, mientras que la costa occidental es mayoritariamente arenosa y rocosa. [ 166]
La cubierta del suelo en la región de la ciudad es predominantemente arenosa debido a su proximidad al mar. En los suburbios, la cubierta del suelo es en gran parte aluvial y arcillosa. [167] La roca subyacente de la región está compuesta por flujos de basalto negro del Deccan y sus variantes ácidas y básicas que datan de finales del Cretácico y principios del Eoceno . [168] Mumbai se encuentra en una zona sísmicamente activa debido a la presencia de 23 fallas en las cercanías. [169] El área está clasificada como una región de Zona Sísmica III , [170] lo que significa que se puede esperar un terremoto de hasta magnitud 6,5 en la escala de Richter. [171]
Mumbai tiene un clima tropical húmedo y seco extremo ( Aw ) según la clasificación climática de Köppen , aunque los suburbios centrales y del norte tienen un clima monzónico tropical ( Am ) con precipitaciones en la estación húmeda aún más intensas. Mumbai tiene un período prácticamente sin lluvias que se extiende de octubre a mayo y un período extremadamente húmedo que alcanza su punto máximo en julio. [172] Una estación más fría de diciembre a febrero es seguida por una estación más cálida de marzo a mayo. El período de junio a aproximadamente fines de septiembre constituye la temporada de monzones del suroeste , y octubre y noviembre forman la temporada posterior al monzón. [173]
Entre junio y septiembre, se producen en Mumbai las lluvias monzónicas del suroeste . En mayo se reciben lluvias premonzónicas. Ocasionalmente, se producen lluvias monzónicas del noreste en octubre y noviembre. La precipitación anual máxima jamás registrada fue de 3452 mm (136 pulgadas) en 1954. [174] La precipitación más alta registrada en un solo día fue de 944 mm (37 pulgadas) el 26 de julio de 2005. [ 175] La precipitación anual total promedio es de 2213,4 mm (87 pulgadas) para la ciudad isla y de 2502,3 mm (99 pulgadas) para los suburbios. [174]
La temperatura media anual es de 27 °C (81 °F), y la precipitación media anual es de 2213 mm (87 in). [176] En la ciudad isla, la temperatura máxima media es de 31 °C (88 °F), mientras que la temperatura mínima media es de 24 °C (75 °F). En los suburbios, la temperatura máxima media diaria oscila entre 29 °C (84 °F) y 33 °C (91 °F), mientras que la temperatura mínima media diaria oscila entre 16 °C (61 °F) y 26 °C (79 °F). [174] La temperatura máxima récord es de 42,2 °C (108 °F) establecida el 14 de abril de 1952, [177] y la temperatura mínima récord es de 7,4 °C (45 °F) establecida el 27 de enero de 1962. [177] [178]
Los ciclones tropicales son poco frecuentes en la ciudad. El peor ciclón que afectó a Mumbai fue el de 1948, en el que las ráfagas alcanzaron los 151 km/h (94 mph) en Juhu. La tormenta dejó 38 muertos y 47 desaparecidos. Según se informa, la tormenta afectó a Mumbai durante 20 horas y dejó la ciudad devastada. [179] [180] [181]
Mumbai es propensa a inundaciones monzónicas , [182] [183] exacerbadas por el cambio climático que afecta las fuertes lluvias y la marea alta en el mar. Según el Banco Mundial , el sistema de drenaje no planificado y los asentamientos informales son un factor clave de las frecuentes inundaciones en Mumbai. [184] Entre otras causas de inundaciones en Mumbai está su ubicación geográfica , la zona urbana de Mumbai tiene forma peninsular (un área rellena de tierra que conecta siete islas), un área baja, en comparación con sus suburbios que se encuentran en una ubicación elevada. En las últimas décadas, se formaron nuevos asentamientos informales en los suburbios, lo que provocó un rápido aumento de la población, una gestión inadecuada de los residuos y una congestión del drenaje. El agua de lluvia de estas áreas fluye en gran medida hacia las áreas urbanas bajas que consisten en algunos barrios marginales y edificios de gran altura. Como resultado, los barrios marginales se inundan , se arrastran o se derrumban, causando muchas víctimas, y el anegamiento posterior a las inundaciones dura mucho tiempo, lo que provoca el bloqueo de las líneas ferroviarias (el transporte público más utilizado en Mumbai), atascos de tráfico, carreteras inundadas y carriles subterráneos. En las últimas décadas, la frecuencia de las inundaciones en Mumbai es enorme; las inundaciones de Mumbai de 2005 se caracterizan por entre 500 y 1000 muertes, desplazamientos de familias, daños en la infraestructura (incluidos los sitios patrimoniales) y una pérdida financiera de 1.200 millones de dólares . [184] [185] En el proceso de reducción de las inundaciones en Mumbai, el gobierno de Maharashtra adoptó un plan de mitigación de inundaciones; según el cual se reestructurará el sistema de drenaje, se restaurará el río Mithi y se restablecerán los asentamientos informales. Las autoridades del organismo cívico local Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) están asignadas para pronosticar y emitir avisos de desalojo mientras que BMC junto con las ONG se preparan para la evacuación de los residentes de esas áreas a campamentos temporales seguros. [184] [185] [186]
Según los resultados de Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024, Mumbai ha sido clasificada como la 24.ª mejor "Ciudad con aire limpio nacional" (en la categoría 1 de ciudades con una población de más de 10L) en la India [204].
Economía
Mumbai, a veces descrita como la Nueva York de la India , [34] es la ciudad más poblada de la India y es la capital financiera y comercial del país, ya que genera el 6,16% del PIB total. [36] [150] [205] Sirve como un centro económico de la India; a partir de 2006, Mumbai contribuyó con el 10% del empleo fabril de la nación, el 25% de la producción industrial, el 33% de las recaudaciones de impuestos sobre la renta , el 60% de las recaudaciones de derechos de aduana , el 20% de las recaudaciones de impuestos especiales centrales , el 40% del comercio exterior y ₹ 40 mil millones (equivalente a ₹ 130 mil millones o US$ 1.5 mil millones en 2023) en impuestos corporativos . [206]
Al igual que el resto de la India, Mumbai ha sido testigo de un auge económico desde la liberalización de 1991 , el auge financiero a mediados de los años noventa y el auge de la tecnología de la información, las exportaciones, los servicios y la subcontratación en la década de 2000. [207]
Hasta la década de 1970, Mumbai debía su prosperidad en gran medida a las fábricas textiles y al puerto marítimo , pero desde entonces la economía local se ha diversificado para incluir finanzas , ingeniería , pulido de diamantes, atención médica y tecnología de la información. [214]
Los sectores clave que contribuyen a la economía de la ciudad son: finanzas, gemas y joyas, procesamiento de cuero, TI y ITE , textiles, petroquímica, fabricación de productos electrónicos, automóviles y entretenimiento. Nariman Point y Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) son los principales centros financieros de Mumbai. [213]
Los empleados del gobierno estatal y central constituyen un gran porcentaje de la fuerza laboral de la ciudad. Mumbai también tiene una gran población de trabajadores autónomos no calificados y semicalificados, que se ganan la vida principalmente como vendedores ambulantes, taxistas, mecánicos y otras profesiones manuales similares . La industria portuaria y naviera está bien establecida, y el puerto de Mumbai es uno de los puertos más antiguos e importantes de la India. [216] Dharavi , en el centro de Mumbai, tiene una industria de reciclaje cada vez más grande, que procesa desechos reciclables de otras partes de la ciudad; se estima que el distrito tiene 15.000 fábricas de una sola habitación. [217]
A partir de 2024, Mumbai es el hogar del tercer número más alto de multimillonarios de cualquier ciudad del mundo. [218] Con una riqueza total de alrededor de $ 960 mil millones, [219] [220] es la ciudad india más rica y una de las ciudades más ricas del mundo. [221] A partir de 2008 [update], el Grupo de Estudio de Globalización y Ciudades del Mundo (GaWC) ha clasificado a Mumbai como una "ciudad mundial Alfa", tercera en sus categorías de ciudades globales . [22] Mumbai es el tercer mercado de oficinas más caro del mundo y fue clasificado entre las ciudades más rápidas del país para la puesta en marcha de empresas en 2009. [222]
Desigualdad de ingresos
Sin embargo, es importante reconocer que Mumbai enfrenta desafíos importantes en cuanto a desigualdad de ingresos. A pesar de tener la mayor concentración de multimillonarios de cualquier ciudad de Asia, Mumbai es una de las ciudades más desiguales del mundo. [223] Al igual que otras ciudades metropolitanas de la India, Mumbai necesita desesperadamente una infraestructura de vivienda asequible para sus ciudadanos de clase baja y media baja. El costo medio de alquiler de un apartamento de una habitación en Mumbai propiamente dicho es de alrededor de ₹30,000, [224] mientras que según ResearchGate, el 25% de los hogares de Mumbai tienen un ingreso mensual de menos de ₹12,500. [225] El salario promedio general en Mumbai es de ₹45,000. [224] Esto significa que la gran mayoría de las viviendas convencionales están fuera del alcance de muchos residentes de Mumbai, lo que lleva a muchos a depender de viviendas informales, es decir, barrios marginales.
Gobierno y política
Administración cívica
Gran Bombay (o Brihanmumbai), un área de 603 km2 ( 233 millas cuadradas), [226] que consta de los distritos de la ciudad de Bombay y los suburbios de Bombay , se extiende desde Colaba en el sur, hasta Mulund y Dahisar en el norte, y Mankhurd en el este. Su población según el censo de 2011 era de 12.442.373. [227]
Es administrada por la Corporación Municipal Brihanmumbai (BMC) (a veces denominada Corporación Municipal del Gran Mumbai ), anteriormente conocida como Corporación Municipal de Bombay (BMC). [157] La BMC está a cargo de las necesidades cívicas y de infraestructura de la metrópolis. [228] El alcalde, que cumple un mandato de 2+1 ⁄ 2 años, es elegido mediante elección indirecta por los concejales de entre ellos mismos. [229]
El comisionado municipal es el director ejecutivo y jefe del brazo ejecutivo de la corporación municipal. Todos los poderes ejecutivos están conferidos al comisionado municipal , que es un funcionario del Servicio Administrativo Indio (IAS) designado por el gobierno estatal . Aunque la corporación municipal es el órgano legislativo que establece las políticas para el gobierno de la ciudad, es el comisionado quien es responsable de la ejecución de las políticas. El comisionado es designado por un período fijo según lo definido por la ley estatal. Los poderes del comisionado son los previstos por la ley y los delegados por la corporación o el comité permanente. [230]
La Corporación Municipal de Brihanmumbai ocupó el noveno puesto entre 21 ciudades en cuanto a mejores prácticas administrativas y de gobernanza en la India en 2014. Obtuvo una puntuación de 3,5 sobre 10 en comparación con el promedio nacional de 3,3. [231]
Los dos distritos fiscales de Mumbai están bajo la jurisdicción de un recaudador de impuestos del distrito . Los recaudadores están a cargo de los registros de propiedad y la recaudación de impuestos para el gobierno central , y supervisan las elecciones nacionales que se celebran en la ciudad.
Mumbai había sido un bastión tradicional y cuna del Congreso Nacional Indio , también conocido como el Partido del Congreso. [237] La primera sesión del Congreso Nacional Indio se celebró en Mumbai del 28 al 31 de diciembre de 1885. [238] La ciudad fue sede del Congreso Nacional Indio seis veces durante sus primeros 50 años y se convirtió en una base sólida para el movimiento de independencia de la India durante el siglo XX. [239]
En la década de 1960 se produjo el auge de la política regionalista en Mumbai, con la formación del Shiv Sena el 19 de junio de 1966, bajo el liderazgo de Balasaheb Thackeray , a raíz de un sentimiento de resentimiento por la relativa marginación del pueblo nativo marathi en Mumbai. [240] El Shiv Sena pasó de la "causa marathi" a la más amplia "causa hindutva" en 1985 y se unió al Partido Bhartiya Janata (BJP) ese mismo año. [241] El Congreso había dominado la política de Mumbai desde la independencia hasta principios de la década de 1980, cuando el Shiv Sena ganó las elecciones de la Corporación Municipal de Mumbai de 1985. [242]
También se celebran elecciones cada cinco años para elegir a los concejales que ocupen el poder en la MCGM. [250] La Corporación está compuesta por 227 concejales elegidos directamente que representan a los 24 distritos municipales , cinco concejales nominados que tienen conocimientos o experiencia especiales en la administración municipal y un alcalde cuyo papel es principalmente ceremonial. [251] [252] [253] En las elecciones de la corporación municipal de 2012 , de los 227 escaños, la alianza Shiv Sena-BJP consiguió 107 escaños, manteniendo el poder con el apoyo de candidatos independientes en la MCGM, mientras que la alianza Congreso-NCP consiguió 64 escaños. [254] El mandato del alcalde , vicealcalde y comisionado municipal es de 2+1 ⁄ 2 años. [255]
Transporte
Transporte público
Los sistemas de transporte público en Mumbai incluyen el Ferrocarril Suburbano de Mumbai , el Monorraíl , el Metro , los autobuses Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), los taxis con taxímetro negro y amarillo , los auto rickshaws y los transbordadores . Los servicios de ferrocarril suburbano y autobús BEST juntos representaron alrededor del 88% del tráfico de pasajeros en 2008. [256] Los auto rickshaws pueden operar solo en las áreas suburbanas de Mumbai, mientras que los taxis pueden operar en todo Mumbai, pero generalmente operan en el sur de Mumbai . [257] Los taxis y auto rickshaws en Mumbai están obligados por ley a funcionar con gas natural comprimido (GNC), [258] y son un medio de transporte conveniente, económico y fácilmente disponible. [257]
Ferrocarril
El ferrocarril suburbano de Mumbai , conocido popularmente como Locals, forma la columna vertebral del sistema de transporte de la ciudad. [259] Es operado por las zonas de Ferrocarril Central y Ferrocarril Occidental de los Ferrocarriles de la India . [260] Los sistemas ferroviarios suburbanos de Mumbai transportaron un total de 63 lakh (6,3 millones) de pasajeros cada día en 2007. [261] Los trenes están abarrotados durante las horas pico, con trenes de doce vagones con capacidad nominal para 1.700 pasajeros, que en realidad transportan alrededor de 4.500 pasajeros en las horas pico. [262] La red ferroviaria de Mumbai se extiende en una extensión de 319 kilómetros de ruta (198 millas). Se utilizan 191 rakes (conjuntos de trenes) de 12 vagones y 15 vagones para operar un total de 2.226 servicios de trenes en la ciudad. [263]
El monorraíl y el metro de Bombay se han construido y se están ampliando en fases para aliviar la congestión en la red existente. El monorraíl se inauguró a principios de febrero de 2014. [264] La primera línea del metro de Bombay se inauguró a principios de junio de 2014. [265]
El sistema de trenes suburbanos de Mumbai transporta a más de 69,9 lakh (6,99 millones) de pasajeros diariamente y tiene la mayor densidad de pasajeros de cualquier sistema ferroviario urbano del mundo.
El metro de Mumbai proporciona conectividad con la parte este y oeste de la ciudad.
Los servicios de autobús de Mumbai transportaron más de 5,5 millones de pasajeros por día en 2008, [256] que se redujeron a 2,8 millones en 2015. [268] Los autobuses públicos operados por BEST cubren casi todas las partes de la metrópolis, así como partes de Navi Mumbai , Mira-Bhayandar y Thane. [269] BEST opera un total de 4.608 autobuses [270] con cámaras de CCTV instaladas, transportando 4,5 millones de pasajeros diariamente [256] en 390 rutas. Su flota consta de autobuses de un piso, de dos pisos, con vestíbulo, de piso bajo, adaptados para discapacitados, con aire acondicionado y que cumplen con la normativa Euro III , propulsados por diésel y gas natural comprimido . [271] BEST introdujo autobuses con aire acondicionado en 1998. [272] Los autobuses BEST son de color rojo, basados originalmente en los autobuses Routemaster de Londres. [273] Los autobuses de Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC, también conocida como ST) [274] proporcionan transporte interurbano que conecta Mumbai con otras ciudades de Maharashtra y estados cercanos. [275] [276] Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) y Thane Municipal Transport (TMT) también operan sus autobuses en Mumbai, conectando varios nodos de Navi Mumbai y Thane con partes de Mumbai. [277] [278]
Los autobuses son generalmente los preferidos para viajes de corta a media distancia, mientras que las tarifas de tren son más económicas para viajes de larga distancia. [279]
El Mumbai Darshan es un servicio de autobús turístico que explora numerosas atracciones turísticas en Mumbai . [280] Se han planificado carriles del Sistema de Tránsito Rápido de Autobuses (BRTS) en todo Mumbai. [281] Aunque el 88% de los viajeros de la ciudad viajan en transporte público, Mumbai todavía continúa luchando con la congestión del tráfico . [282] El sistema de transporte de Mumbai ha sido categorizado como uno de los más congestionados del mundo. [283]
Agua
El transporte acuático en Mumbai consiste en transbordadores, aerodeslizadores y catamaranes. Los servicios son proporcionados tanto por agencias gubernamentales como por socios privados. [284] Los servicios de aerodeslizadores funcionaron brevemente a fines de la década de 1990 entre Gateway of India y CBD Belapur en Navi Mumbai. Posteriormente se eliminaron debido a la falta de infraestructura adecuada . [285]
En marzo de 2014, Mumbai tenía alrededor de 721.000 vehículos privados, [293] 56.459 taxis negros y amarillos en 2005 [update], [294] y 106.000 auto rickshaws en mayo de 2013. [295]
Actualmente, Mumbai cuenta con una sola autopista operativa, la autopista Mumbai-Pune, que conecta directamente Mumbai con Pune . En los próximos años, la gran metrópolis estará conectada con más autopistas. Son las siguientes:
Autopista Delhi-Mumbai : en construcción desde marzo de 2019, [296] con finalización prevista para diciembre de 2023. [297] [298]
Autopista Mumbai-Nagpur : en construcción desde enero de 2019, [299] con finalización prevista para diciembre de 2023. [300] [301]
Autopista Konkan: propuesta. [302]
Aire
El Aeropuerto Internacional Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (anteriormente Aeropuerto Internacional Sahar) es el principal centro de aviación de la ciudad y el segundo aeropuerto más transitado de la India en términos de tráfico de pasajeros. [303] Manejó 52,8 millones de pasajeros en el año fiscal 2024, un aumento del 16 por ciento en el tráfico de pasajeros con respecto al año fiscal anterior. [304] Se inició un plan de modernización en 2006, destinado a aumentar la capacidad del aeropuerto para manejar hasta 40 millones de pasajeros al año [305] y la nueva terminal T2 se inauguró en febrero de 2014. [306]
El aeropuerto internacional Navi Mumbai , que se está construyendo en la zona de Kopra- Panvel , ayudará a aliviar la creciente carga de tráfico en el aeropuerto existente. [307] Se espera que esté terminado y entre en funcionamiento en marzo de 2025. [308]
Mumbai cuenta con dos puertos principales, Mumbai Port Trust y Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust , que se encuentra al otro lado del arroyo en Navi Mumbai . [310] El puerto de Mumbai tiene uno de los mejores puertos naturales del mundo y cuenta con amplias instalaciones de alojamiento en dique seco y húmedo. [311] El puerto Jawaharlal Nehru, puesto en servicio el 26 de mayo de 1989, es el puerto principal más activo y moderno de la India. [312] Maneja entre el 55 y el 60% de la carga en contenedores total del país. [ cita requerida ] Los transbordadores desde Ferry Wharf en Mazagaon permiten el acceso a las islas cercanas a la ciudad. [313]
Bajo el régimen colonial, los tanques eran la única fuente de agua en Mumbai, y muchas localidades recibieron su nombre. El MCGM suministra agua potable a la ciudad desde seis lagos, [314] [315] la mayoría de los cuales provienen de los lagos Tulsi y Vihar. El lago Tansa suministra agua a los suburbios occidentales y partes de la ciudad insular a lo largo del Ferrocarril Occidental. [316] El agua se filtra en Bhandup , [316] que es la planta de filtración de agua más grande de Asia. [317] [318] [319] El primer túnel de agua subterráneo de la India se completó en Mumbai para suministrar agua a la planta de filtración de Bhandup. [320] [321]
En Mumbai, se pierden alrededor de 700 millones (700 millones de rupias) de litros de agua, de un suministro diario de 3500 millones (350 millones de rupias) de litros, por robos de agua, conexiones ilegales y fugas, por día. [322] Casi la totalidad de los desechos diarios de Mumbai, de 7800 toneladas (7700 toneladas largas; 8600 toneladas cortas), de las cuales 40 toneladas (39 toneladas largas; 44 toneladas cortas) son desechos plásticos , [323] se transportan a vertederos en Gorai en el noroeste, Mulund en el noreste y al vertedero de Deonar en el este. [324] El tratamiento de aguas residuales se lleva a cabo en Worli y Bandra , y se eliminan mediante dos emisarios marinos independientes de 3,4 km (2,1 mi) y 3,7 km (2,3 mi) en Bandra y Worli respectivamente. [325]
El mayor proveedor de servicios telefónicos es el estatal MTNL , que tuvo el monopolio de los servicios de telefonía fija y celular hasta el año 2000, y ofrece servicios de telefonía fija y móvil WLL . [332] La cobertura de telefonía móvil es extensa y los principales proveedores de servicios son Vodafone Essar , Airtel , MTNL, Loop Mobile , Reliance Communications , Idea Cellular y Tata Indicom . Los servicios GSM y CDMA están disponibles en la ciudad. [333] Mumbai, junto con el área servida por centrales telefónicas en Navi Mumbai y Kalyan, está clasificada como un círculo de telecomunicaciones metropolitano . [334] Muchos de los proveedores de servicios mencionados anteriormente también ofrecen Internet de banda ancha y acceso inalámbrico a Internet en Mumbai. En 2014 [update], Mumbai tenía el mayor número de usuarios de Internet en la India, con 16,4 millones (1,64 crore) de usuarios. [335]
Demografía
Según el censo de 2011 , la población de la ciudad de Mumbai era de 12.479.608 habitantes. Se estima que la densidad de población es de unos 20.482 habitantes por kilómetro cuadrado (53.050/milla cuadrada). El espacio habitable es de 4,5 metros cuadrados (48 pies cuadrados) por persona. [337] La Región Metropolitana de Mumbai albergaba a 20.748.395 personas en 2011. [11] El Gran Mumbai, el área bajo la administración del MCGM , tiene una tasa de alfabetización del 94,7%, más alta que el promedio nacional del 86,7%. Se estima que el número de habitantes de barrios marginales en la Región Metropolitana de Mumbai es de 90 lakh (9 millones), frente a los 60 lakh (6 millones) en 2001, lo que constituye aproximadamente el 38,5% de la región. [338] [339]
En 2011, la proporción de sexos era de 838 mujeres por cada 1.000 hombres en la ciudad insular, 857 en los suburbios y 848 en toda la zona metropolitana de Mumbai, cifras todas inferiores a la media nacional de 914 mujeres por cada 1.000 hombres. La baja proporción de sexos se debe en parte a la gran cantidad de inmigrantes varones que llegan a la ciudad para trabajar. [340]
Los residentes de Mumbai se llaman a sí mismos Mumbaikar , [64] Mumbaiite , [341] Bombayite o Bombaiite .
Mumbai sufre los mismos problemas de urbanización importantes que se observan en muchas ciudades de rápido crecimiento en los países en desarrollo : pobreza y desempleo. Con la tierra disponible a un precio alto, los residentes de Mumbai a menudo residen en viviendas estrechas y relativamente caras, generalmente lejos de los lugares de trabajo y, por lo tanto, requieren largos desplazamientos en transporte público abarrotado o carreteras congestionadas. Muchos de ellos viven cerca de estaciones de autobús o tren, aunque los residentes suburbanos pasan un tiempo significativo viajando hacia el sur hasta el principal distrito comercial. [342] Dharavi , el segundo barrio marginal más grande de Asia (si se cuenta Orangi Town de Karachi como un solo barrio marginal) [343] está ubicado en el centro de Mumbai y alberga entre 800.000 y 10 lakh (un millón) de personas [344] en 2,39 km2 ( 0,92 millas cuadradas), lo que lo convierte en una de las áreas más densamente pobladas de la Tierra [345] con una densidad de población de al menos 334.728 habitantes por kilómetro cuadrado (866.940/milla cuadrada). [346]
El número de inmigrantes que llegaron a Mumbai desde fuera de Maharashtra durante el decenio de 1991-2001 fue de 11,2 lakh (1,12 millones), lo que representó el 54,8% del aumento neto de la población de Mumbai. [347]
Se prevé que el número de hogares en Mumbai aumente de 42 lakh (4,2 millones) en 2008 a 66 lakh (6,6 millones) en 2020. El número de hogares con ingresos anuales de 20 lakh (2 millones) de rupias aumentará del 4% al 10% para 2020, lo que ascenderá a 660.000 familias. También se estima que el número de hogares con ingresos de 10 a 20 lakh (1-2 millones) de rupias aumentará del 4% al 15% para 2020. [348] Según el informe de 2016 de la Junta Central de Control de la Contaminación , Mumbai es la ciudad más ruidosa de la India, por delante de Lucknow , Hyderabad y Delhi . [349]
Grupos étnicos y religiones
Los grupos religiosos representados en el Gran Mumbai en 2011 incluyen hindúes (65,99%), musulmanes (20,65%), budistas (4,85%), jainistas (4,10%), cristianos (3,27%) y sijs (0,49%). [351] [352] [353] La demografía lingüística/étnica en el área del Gran Mumbai es: maharashtrianos (32%), gujaratis (20%), y el resto proviene de otras partes de la India. [354]
Los cristianos nativos incluyen a los católicos de las Indias Orientales , que fueron convertidos por los portugueses durante el siglo XVI, [355] mientras que los católicos de Goa y Mangalore también constituyen una parte significativa de la comunidad cristiana de la ciudad. [ cita requerida ] Los judíos se establecieron en Mumbai durante el siglo XVIII. Se cree que la comunidad judía Bene Israelí de Mumbai, que emigró de las aldeas Konkan , al sur de Mumbai, son descendientes de los judíos de Israel que naufragaron en la costa de Konkan, probablemente en el año 175 a. C., durante el reinado del gobernante griego , Antíoco IV Epífanes . [356] Mumbai también alberga la mayor población de zoroastrianos parsis del mundo, [357] con alrededor de 60.000, sin embargo, su población está disminuyendo rápidamente. [358] Los parsis emigraron a la India desde el Gran Irán después de la conquista musulmana de Persia en el siglo VII. [359] Las comunidades musulmanas más antiguas de Mumbai incluyen a los Dawoodi Bohras , Ismaili Khojas y Konkani Muslims . [360]
Marathi is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along with English. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like all other metropolitan cities of India. Sixteen major languages of India are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being Marathi and its dialect East Indian. Marathi, and its dialect, as a single language is spoken by 35.30% of the population around 4,396,870 people.[378] Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers. Urdu and Gujarati are spoken by 11.73% and 11.45% respectively.[374][379][380]
English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.[381]
In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population and Gujarati by 31.21%.[382]
Education
Schools
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the MCGM) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.[383] The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:
The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages (Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, English, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools.[386]
Higher education
Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enrol for two years in junior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[387] This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.[388] Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.[389]
The University of Mumbai is one of the premier[390] universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm Business Insider in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.[391] Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India by India Today in 2013[392] and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).[393] Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).[394] It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013.[394] With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best Multi Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking.[394]
Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia. Its foundation stone is laid in the year of 1886.
The ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) is a Deemed to be University and institution of higher learning for fisheries science in Mumbai, India. CIFE has over four decades of leadership in human resource development with its alumni aiding in the development of fisheries and aquaculture worldwide, producing notable contributions to research and technological advancements to its credit. The institute is one of four deemed to be universities operating under the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR); the other three being the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and the Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI)
Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an educated middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.[408]
Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema[409]—Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies followed by Marathi talkies—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.[410] Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The Mumbai International Film Festival[411] and the award ceremony of the Filmfare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.[412] Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.[413][414]
The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai.[419][420] The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.[419][421] Public holidays specific to the city and the state include Maharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,[422][423] and Gudi Padwa which is the New Year's Day for Marathi people.
Beaches are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are Girgaum Chowpatty, Juhu Beach, Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, Marve Beach, Versova Beach, Madh Beach, Aksa Beach and Manori Beach.[424] Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.[425] Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,[426] and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.[427]Adlabs Imagica opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the Mumbai-Pune Expressway.[428]
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when the Lower Parel area began developing.[429]
Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.[430]Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.[431]
Architecture
The architecture of the city is a blend of Gothic Revival, Indo-Saracenic, Art Deco, and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the Victoria Terminus and University of Mumbai, were built in Gothic Revival style.[432] Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.[433] There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the Gateway of India.[434] Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along Marine Drive and west of the Oval Maidan. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after Miami. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number of skyscrapers in India, with 956 existing skyscrapers and 272 under construction as of 2009[update].
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Elephanta Caves and the Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble.[435] In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.[436] In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than 100 m (330 ft), compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.[437][436]
Food
Street food of Mumbai is the food sold by hawkers from portable market stalls in Mumbai. It is one of the characteristics of the city.[438] The city is known for its distinctive street foods.[439] Although street food is common all over India, street food in Mumbai is noted because people from all economic classes eat on the roadside almost round the clock and it is sometimes felt that the taste of street food is better than restaurants in the city.[440][441][442] Many Mumbaikars like a small snack on the road in the evening.[443] People of Mumbai cutting across barriers of class, religion, gender and ethnicity are passionate about street food.[444] Street food vendors are credited by some for developing the city's food culture.[445] Street food in Mumbai is relatively inexpensive as compared to restaurants and vendors tend to be clustered around crowded areas such as colleges and railway stations.[440]
Media
Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.[446] The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and Hollywood.[447] The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.[448] Studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for most movie sets.[449] The city also hosts the Marathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Mumbai is a hub of Indian film making. Several other Indian language films such as Bengali, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Urdu are also occasionally shot in Mumbai. Slumdog Millionaire, an English language British film, was shot entirely in Mumbai and has garnered 8 Oscar awards.
Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top Marathi language newspapers are Maharashtra Times, Navakaal, Lokmat, Loksatta, Mumbai Chaufer, Saamana and Sakaal.[451] Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal, Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha and Chitralekha.[452] Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include The Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA India and The Indian Express. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages.[453] Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati since 1822.[454]Bombay Durpan, the first Marathi newspaper, was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832.[455]
Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television providers. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.[456]
There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band.[459] Mumbai also has access to Commercial radio providers such as Sirius. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.[460]
U Mumba is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professional Kabaddi league, Pro Kabaddi. The Mumbai Leg of Pro Kabaddi is held at the NSCI, Worli.
Rugby is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the Bombay Gymkhana from June to November.[477]
^This statistic is based on an article from The Economic Times.[24] However, according to the Hurun Research Institute, Forbes says that Hong Kong has the most billionaires in Asia, while the World’s Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 states that Beijing has the most number of Asian billionaires.
^1872-1881: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included the city and island of Bombay.[361]
1891-1921: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included Bombay Municipality.[362]
1931-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included Bombay Municipality and Bombay Suburbs.[363]
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