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Escuela de Economía de Londres

La London School of Economics and Political Science ( LSE ) es una universidad pública de investigación en Londres , Inglaterra, y una institución miembro de la Universidad de Londres . La escuela se especializa en ciencias sociales. Fundada en 1895 por los miembros de la Sociedad Fabiana Sidney Webb , Beatrice Webb , Graham Wallas y George Bernard Shaw , la LSE se unió a la Universidad de Londres en 1900 y estableció sus primeros cursos de grado bajo los auspicios de la universidad en 1901. [6] La LSE comenzó a otorgar sus títulos en su propio nombre en 2008, [7] antes de lo cual otorgaba títulos de la Universidad de Londres. Se convirtió en una universidad por derecho propio dentro de la Universidad de Londres en 2022. [8]

La LSE está situada en el distrito londinense de Camden y Westminster , en el centro de Londres , cerca del límite entre Covent Garden y Holborn . La zona se conoce históricamente como Clare Market . La LSE tiene más de 11.000 estudiantes, de los cuales poco menos del setenta por ciento provienen de fuera del Reino Unido, y 3.300 empleados. [9] La universidad tiene la sexta dotación más grande de todas las universidades del Reino Unido y en 2022/23, tuvo un ingreso de £466,1 millones de los cuales £39,6 millones fueron de subvenciones de investigación. [1] A pesar de su nombre, la escuela está organizada en 25 departamentos e institutos académicos que llevan a cabo la enseñanza y la investigación en una variedad de ciencias sociales puras y aplicadas. [9]

La LSE es miembro del Grupo Russell , la Asociación de Universidades de la Commonwealth y la Asociación de Universidades Europeas , y suele considerarse parte del " triángulo dorado " de las universidades de investigación del sureste de Inglaterra. La LSE también forma parte de CIVICA, la Universidad Europea de Ciencias Sociales , una red de ocho universidades europeas centradas en la investigación en ciencias sociales. [10] La Guía de Buenas Universidades del Times y el Sunday Times de 2025 clasificó a la London School of Economics como la universidad número uno del Reino Unido y la nombró su Universidad del Año . [11] En el Marco de Excelencia en Investigación de 2021 , la escuela tuvo el tercer promedio de calificaciones más alto del Reino Unido (junto con la Universidad de Cambridge). [12]

Entre los ex alumnos y profesores de la LSE se incluyen 55 jefes de estado o de gobierno pasados ​​o presentes y 18 premios Nobel . En 2017, 13 de los 49 Premios Nobel en Economía se habían otorgado a ex alumnos, personal actual o ex personal de la LSE. Los ex alumnos y profesores de la LSE también han ganado 3 Premios Nobel de la Paz y 2 Premios Nobel de Literatura . [13] [14] La universidad ha educado a la mayor cantidad de multimillonarios (11) de cualquier universidad europea según un censo mundial de 2014 de multimillonarios en dólares estadounidenses . [15]

Historia

Beatriz y Sidney Webb

Orígenes

La London School of Economics and Political Science fue fundada en 1895 [16] por Beatrice y Sidney Webb , [17] inicialmente financiada por un legado de £20.000 [18] [19] de la herencia de Henry Hunt Hutchinson. Hutchinson, abogado [18] y miembro de la Sociedad Fabiana , [20] [21] dejó el dinero en fideicomiso, para que se destinara "a promover sus objetivos [los de la Sociedad Fabiana] de cualquier manera que ellos [los fideicomisarios ] consideren conveniente". [21] Los cinco fideicomisarios fueron Sidney Webb, Edward Pease , Constance Hutchinson, WS de Mattos y William Clark. [18]

La LSE registra que la propuesta de establecer la escuela fue concebida durante una reunión de desayuno el 4 de agosto de 1894, entre los Webb, Louis Flood y George Bernard Shaw . [16] La propuesta fue aceptada por los fideicomisarios en febrero de 1895 [21] y la LSE celebró sus primeras clases en octubre de ese año, en las salas de 9 John Street, Adelphi , [22] en la ciudad de Westminster .

Siglo XX

La escuela se unió a la Universidad federal de Londres en 1900 y fue reconocida como una Facultad de Economía de la universidad. Los títulos de BSc (Econ) y DSc (Econ) de la Universidad de Londres se establecieron en 1901, los primeros títulos universitarios dedicados a las ciencias sociales. [22] La escuela se expandió rápidamente durante los años siguientes y se trasladó inicialmente al cercano 10 Adelphi Terrace, luego a Clare Market y Houghton Street. La primera piedra del Old Building, en Houghton Street, fue colocada por el rey Jorge V en 1920; [16] el edificio se inauguró en 1922. [22]

El escudo de armas de la escuela, [23] incluyendo su lema y su mascota, el castor, fueron adoptados en febrero de 1922, [24] por recomendación de un comité de doce personas, incluidos ocho estudiantes, que se estableció para investigar el asunto. [25] El lema en latín, rerum cognoscere causas , está tomado de las Geórgicas de Virgilio . Su traducción al inglés es "Conocer las causas de las cosas" [24] y fue sugerido por el profesor Edwin Cannan . [16] La mascota del castor fue seleccionada por sus asociaciones con "previsión, constructividad y comportamiento industrioso". [25]

Friedrich Hayek , quien enseñó en la LSE durante los años 1930 y 1940

El debate económico de la década de 1930 entre la LSE y la Universidad de Cambridge es bien conocido en los círculos académicos. La rivalidad entre la opinión académica de la LSE y de Cambridge se remonta a las raíces de la escuela, cuando Edwin Cannan (1861-1935), profesor de Economía de la LSE, y Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), profesor de Economía Política de Cambridge y el principal economista de la época, discutieron sobre la cuestión fundamental de la economía y sobre si la materia debía considerarse como un todo orgánico. (Marshall desaprobó la inclusión por separado de la teoría pura en la lista de la LSE y su insistencia en la historia económica.) [26]

La disputa también abordó la cuestión del papel del economista, y si este debería ser el de un experto independiente o el de un asesor práctico. [27] A pesar de la visión tradicional de que la LSE y Cambridge fueron feroces rivales durante los años 1920 y 1930, trabajaron juntos en la década de 1920 en el Servicio Económico de Londres y Cambridge. [28] Sin embargo, la década de 1930 trajo consigo un retorno a las disputas, ya que los economistas de las dos universidades discutieron sobre la mejor manera de abordar los problemas económicos causados ​​por la Gran Depresión . [29]

Las principales figuras de este debate fueron John Maynard Keynes, de Cambridge, y Friedrich Hayek, de la London School of Economics . El economista de la London School of Economics, Lionel Robbins, también estuvo muy involucrado. El debate, que comenzó como un desacuerdo sobre si la gestión de la demanda o la deflación era la mejor solución a los problemas económicos de la época, acabó abarcando conceptos mucho más amplios de economía y macroeconomía. Keynes propuso las teorías que ahora se conocen como economía keynesiana , que implicaban la participación activa del Estado y el sector público, mientras que Hayek y Robbins siguieron la Escuela Austriaca , que enfatizaba el libre comercio y se oponía a la intervención del Estado. [29]

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la escuela se trasladó de Londres a la Universidad de Cambridge, ocupando edificios pertenecientes a Peterhouse . [30]

Tras la decisión de establecer una escuela de negocios moderna dentro de la Universidad de Londres a mediados de la década de 1960, se discutió la idea de crear una "Escuela conjunta de administración, economía y tecnología" entre la LSE y el Imperial College . Sin embargo, esta vía no se llevó a cabo y, en su lugar, se creó la London Business School como una facultad de la universidad. [31]

En 1966, el nombramiento de Sir Walter Adams como director provocó la oposición del sindicato estudiantil y las protestas estudiantiles. Adams había sido anteriormente director del University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , y los estudiantes se opusieron a su negativa a oponerse a la Declaración Unilateral de Independencia de Rhodesia y a su cooperación con el gobierno de la minoría blanca. Esto se amplió a preocupaciones más amplias sobre los vínculos entre la LSE y sus gobernadores y las inversiones en Rhodesia y Sudáfrica y las preocupaciones sobre la respuesta de la LSE a las protestas estudiantiles. Estas llevaron al cierre de la escuela durante 25 días en 1969 después de que un intento de los estudiantes de desmantelar las puertas de la escuela resultara en el arresto de más de 30 estudiantes. Se presentaron medidas cautelares contra 13 estudiantes (nueve de la LSE), y tres estudiantes fueron finalmente suspendidos, dos estudiantes extranjeros fueron deportados y dos miembros del personal considerados partidarios de las protestas fueron despedidos. [16] [32] [33]

En la década de 1970, se otorgaron cuatro Premios Nobel en Ciencias Económicas a economistas asociados con la LSE: John Hicks (profesor entre 1926 y 1936) en 1972, Friedrich Hayek (profesor entre 1931 y 1950) en 1974, James Meade (profesor entre 1947 y 1957) en 1977 y Arthur Lewis (BSc Econ 1937, y el primer académico negro de la LSE entre 1938 y 1944) en 1979. [16] [34] [35]

Siglo XXI

Escultura en piedra con las iniciales de LSE

A principios del siglo XXI, la LSE tuvo un amplio impacto en la política británica. El periódico The Guardian describió esa influencia en 2005 cuando afirmó:

Una vez más, los ministros están sintiendo la influencia política de la escuela, que parece estar estrechamente conectada con el parlamento, Whitehall y el Banco de Inglaterra. ... La fuerza de la LSE es que está cerca del proceso político: Mervyn King , fue un ex profesor de la LSE. El ex presidente del comité de educación de la Cámara de los Comunes, Barry Sheerman , forma parte de su junta de gobernadores, junto con el lord laborista Lord (Frank) Judd . También forman parte de la junta los parlamentarios conservadores Virginia Bottomley y Richard Shepherd , así como Lord Saatchi y Lady Howe . [36]

En 2001, la revista británica The Economist, al comentar el creciente estatus de la LSE, afirmó que «hace dos décadas, la LSE todavía era el pariente pobre de las otras facultades de la Universidad de Londres. Ahora... sigue regularmente a Oxford y Cambridge en las clasificaciones de resultados de investigación y calidad de la enseñanza y es al menos tan conocida en el extranjero como Oxbridge». Según la revista, la escuela «debe su éxito a la explotación obstinada y al estilo estadounidense de su marca y conexiones políticas por parte de los directores recientes, en particular el Sr. Giddens y su predecesor, John Ashworth », y recauda dinero de las altas tasas de los estudiantes extranjeros, que son atraídos por estrellas académicas como Richard Sennett . [37]

En 2006, la escuela publicó un informe en el que cuestionaba los costes de las propuestas del gobierno británico de introducir tarjetas de identificación obligatorias . [38] [39] [40] Los académicos de la LSE también estuvieron representados en numerosos organismos nacionales e internacionales a principios del siglo XXI, incluida la Comisión de Aeropuertos del Reino Unido, [41] la Comisión de Policía Independiente, [42] el Comité Asesor sobre Migración, [43] la Junta Asesora de las Naciones Unidas sobre Agua y Saneamiento, [44] la Comisión de Finanzas de Londres, [45] HS2 Limited , [46] la Comisión de Infraestructura del gobierno del Reino Unido [47] y el asesoramiento sobre arquitectura y urbanismo para los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 [48]

La LSE obtuvo sus propios poderes para otorgar títulos en 2006 y los primeros títulos de la LSE (en lugar de los títulos de la Universidad de Londres) se otorgaron en 2008. [16]

Tras la aprobación de la Ley de la Universidad de Londres de 2018, la LSE (junto con otras instituciones miembros de la Universidad de Londres) anunció a principios de 2019 que buscarían obtener el estatus de universidad por derecho propio, sin dejar de ser parte de la universidad federal. [49] La aprobación del título universitario se recibió de la Oficina de Estudiantes en mayo de 2022 y el consejo de la LSE aprobó los Artículos de Asociación actualizados que constituyen formalmente la escuela como universidad el 5 de julio de 2022. [50] [51]

Controversias

En febrero de 2011, la LSE tuvo que afrontar las consecuencias de matricular a uno de los hijos de Muammar Gaddafi mientras aceptaba una donación de 1,5 millones de libras a la universidad de parte de su familia. [52] El director de la LSE, Howard Davies, dimitió por las acusaciones sobre los vínculos de la institución con el régimen libio. [53] La LSE anunció en un comunicado que había aceptado su dimisión con "gran pesar" y que había puesto en marcha una investigación externa sobre la relación de la escuela con el régimen libio y Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, que sería realizada por el ex presidente del Tribunal Supremo Harry Woolf . [53]

En 2013, la LSE apareció en un documental de la BBC Panorama sobre Corea del Norte, filmado dentro del régimen represivo por periodistas encubiertos adjuntos a un viaje del Grimshaw Club de la LSE , una sociedad estudiantil del departamento de relaciones internacionales. El viaje había sido sancionado por funcionarios norcoreanos de alto nivel. [54] [55] El viaje provocó la atención de los medios internacionales cuando un periodista de la BBC se hizo pasar por parte de la LSE. [56] Hubo un debate sobre si esto ponía en peligro la vida de los estudiantes en el régimen represivo si un reportero hubiera sido expuesto. [57] El gobierno norcoreano realizó amenazas hostiles hacia los estudiantes y la LSE después de la publicidad, lo que obligó a la BBC a disculparse. [55]

En agosto de 2015, se reveló que la universidad había recibido aproximadamente 40.000 libras por un "informe brillante" para la organización benéfica de Camila Batmanghelidjh , Kids Company . [58] Batmanghelidjh utilizó el estudio para demostrar que la organización benéfica ofrecía una buena relación calidad-precio y estaba bien gestionada. La universidad no reveló que el estudio fue financiado por la organización benéfica.

En 2023, la LSE cortó formalmente lazos con la organización benéfica LGBT Stonewall , una decisión que fue duramente criticada como transfóbica por el sindicato de estudiantes de la LSE, pero elogiada por activistas críticos con el género por favorecer la libertad de expresión. [59] [60]

Disputas industriales

En el verano de 2017, docenas de limpiadores del campus contratados a través de Noonan Services hicieron huelgas semanales, protestando fuera de edificios clave y causando interrupciones significativas durante los exámenes de fin de año. [61] La disputa organizada por el sindicato UVW fue originalmente por despidos injustos de limpiadores, pero se había intensificado hasta convertirse en una amplia demanda de derechos laborales decentes equivalentes a los de los empleados internos de la LSE. [62] Owen Jones no cruzó la línea de piquete después de llegar para un debate sobre las escuelas secundarias con Peter Hitchens . [63] Se anunció en junio de 2018 que a unos 200 trabajadores subcontratados de la LSE se les ofrecerían contratos internos. [64]

Desde 2014/15, los niveles de precariedad académica han aumentado en la LSE, y el número de académicos con contratos de duración determinada aumentó del 47% en 2016/2017 al 59% en 2021/2022, [65] según datos de la Agencia de Estadística de Educación Superior (los datos internos de la LSE sitúan la última cifra en el 58,5%). [66] Durante este mismo período, universidades comparables como la Universidad de Edimburgo , el University College de Londres y el Imperial aumentaron sus tasas de personal permanente en relación con los que tenían contratos de duración determinada. [65] Solo Oxford tuvo una mayor proporción de trabajo académico ocasional para el año 2021/2022 (66%), aunque, a diferencia de la LSE, la proporción se mantuvo constante en lugar de aumentar. [65] Como resultado, la proporción de estudiantes por personal permanente en la LSE ha empeorado y, a julio de 2023, tenía la peor proporción de estudiantes por personal permanente entre las universidades comparables del Reino Unido, según datos de la HESA. [65] Según una investigación realizada por la LSE UCU Branch sobre el bienestar del personal, el 82% del personal académico a plazo fijo de la LSE experimentó ansiedad regular o constante sobre su futuro profesional. [66] En la misma encuesta, se informó que el exceso de trabajo y los problemas de salud mental eran endémicos entre los encuestados, y el 40% de los becarios informaron que sus horas de enseñanza excedían el límite universal de enseñanza de la LSE de 100 horas por año académico para los becarios de la LSE. [66]

En respuesta a la huelga, que incluyó no calificar el trabajo de los estudiantes, tomada por la UCU en el verano de 2023 por los salarios y las condiciones laborales precarias, la dirección de la LSE tomó la decisión de no aceptar el desempeño parcial de las funciones e imponer deducciones salariales al personal académico que participaba en la huelga. [67] La ​​LSE también introdujo una política de "Planes de clasificación de títulos excepcionales", [68] que permite que los estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado reciban títulos provisionales sobre la base de menos calificaciones de las que se requieren normalmente. En el caso de que la clasificación final (una vez que estén disponibles todas las calificaciones) sea inferior a la clasificación provisional, la clasificación provisional más alta se mantendrá como clasificación de título. [68]

El mundo al revés

El mundo al revés : Taiwán tiene un color diferente al de China

El 26 de marzo de 2019, en el campus de la LSE de Sheffield Street se instaló una escultura de Mark Wallinger , The World Turned Upside Down , que presenta un globo terráqueo apoyado en su polo norte. La obra de arte generó controversia por mostrar a Taiwán como un estado soberano en lugar de como parte de China , [69] [70] [71] Lhasa se designa como capital completa y representa las fronteras entre India y China tal como se reconocen internacionalmente. La escultura tampoco representa al Estado de Palestina como un país separado de Israel.

Después de las protestas y reacciones de los estudiantes chinos y taiwaneses, [72] [73] la universidad decidió más tarde ese año que mantendría el diseño original que mostraba cromáticamente a la República Popular China y Taiwán como entidades diferentes en consonancia con el status quo, pero con la adición de un asterisco al lado del nombre de Taiwán y un cartel correspondiente que aclaraba la posición de la institución con respecto a la controversia. [74] [75]

Campus y finca

Edificio antiguo

Desde 1902, la LSE tiene su sede en Clare Market y Houghton Street (la primera sílaba se pronuncia "How") [76] en Westminster . Está rodeada por varias instituciones importantes, entre ellas los Royal Courts of Justice , los cuatro Inns of Courts , el Royal College of Surgeons , el Sir John Soane's Museum y el West End está justo enfrente del campus, frente a Kingsway , que también limita con la City de Londres y se encuentra a poca distancia a pie de Trafalgar Square y las Casas del Parlamento .

El edificio Sir Arthur Lewis alberga el Departamento de Economía y el Centro de Crecimiento Internacional .

En 1920, el rey Jorge V puso los cimientos del Old Building. El campus ahora ocupa un grupo casi continuo de alrededor de 30 edificios entre Kingsway y Aldwych . Además de espacio para la enseñanza y académico, la institución posee 11 residencias de estudiantes en todo Londres, un teatro en el West End (el Peacock ), un centro de primera infancia, un centro médico del NHS y un amplio campo de deportes en Berrylands, al sur de Londres. LSE opera el pub George IV [77] y el sindicato de estudiantes opera el bar Three Tuns. [78] El campus de la escuela es conocido por sus numerosas instalaciones de arte público, que incluyen Square the Block de Richard Wilson , [79] Blue Rain de Michael Brown , [80] Desert Window de Christopher Le Brun , [81] y The World Turned Upside Down del ganador del premio Turner Mark Wallinger . [82] [83] [84]

Edificio del Centro, inaugurado en 2019

Desde principios de la década de 2000, el campus ha sido objeto de un amplio proyecto de remodelación y una importante campaña de recaudación de fondos, la "Campaña para la LSE", que recaudó más de 100 millones de libras esterlinas en lo que fue uno de los mayores ejercicios de recaudación de fondos universitarios fuera de Norteamérica. Este proceso comenzó con la renovación de la Biblioteca Británica de Ciencias Políticas y Económicas por valor de 35 millones de libras esterlinas a cargo de Foster and Partners . [85]

El edificio Cheng Kin Ku (CKK) alberga la Facultad de Derecho de la LSE y el Departamento de Geografía y Medio Ambiente.

En 2003, la LSE compró el antiguo edificio Public Trustee en 24 Kingsway y contrató a Sir Nicholas Grimshaw para rediseñarlo y convertirlo en una instalación educativa ultramoderna con un coste total de más de 45 millones de libras, aumentando el tamaño del campus en 120.000 pies cuadrados (11.000 m2 ) . El nuevo edificio académico se inauguró para la enseñanza en octubre de 2008, con una inauguración oficial por parte de Su Majestad la Reina y el Duque de Edimburgo el 5 de noviembre de 2008. [86] En noviembre de 2009, la escuela compró la adyacente Sardinia House para albergar tres departamentos académicos y el cercano bar público Old White Horse, antes de adquirir la propiedad absoluta del Land Registry Building, catalogado de grado II, en 32 Lincoln's Inn Fields en octubre de 2010, que fue reabierto en marzo de 2013 por la Princesa Real como el nuevo hogar del Departamento de Economía, el Centro de Crecimiento Internacional y sus centros de investigación económica asociados. En 2015, LSE aumentó a seis su propiedad de edificios en Lincoln's Inn Fields , con la compra de 5 Lincoln's Inn Fields en el lado norte de la plaza, que desde entonces se ha convertido en alojamiento para la facultad. [87]

Centro de estudiantes Saw Swee Hock

El primer edificio nuevo del campus en más de 40 años, el Saw Swee Hock Student Centre, llamado así en honor al estadístico y filántropo singapurense, abrió sus puertas en enero de 2014 tras un concurso de diseño arquitectónico organizado por RIBA Competitions . [88] [89] El edificio ofrece alojamiento para la LSE Students' Union , la oficina de alojamiento de la LSE y el servicio de carreras de la LSE, así como un bar, espacio para eventos, gimnasio, terraza en la azotea, cafetería de aprendizaje, estudio de danza y centro multimedia. [90] Diseñado por el estudio de arquitectura O'Donnell and Tuomey, el edificio logró una calificación BREEAM "Sobresaliente" por sostenibilidad ambiental, ganó múltiples premios, incluido el Premio Nacional RIBA y el Premio al Edificio del Año de Londres, y fue preseleccionado para el Premio Stirling . [91] [92] [93] [94]

La tienda de antigüedades del siglo XVI ahora es propiedad absoluta y está administrada por la LSE.

Edificio del centro

El edificio del Centro, situado frente a la Biblioteca Británica de Ciencias Políticas y Económicas, se inauguró en junio de 2019. Diseñado por Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners tras un concurso del RIBA, el edificio de 13 plantas incluye 14 salas de seminarios con capacidad para entre 20 y 60 personas, 234 espacios de estudio, un auditorio con capacidad para 200 personas y tres salas de conferencias. [95] El edificio alberga la Escuela de Políticas Públicas, los Departamentos de Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales, el Instituto Europeo y el Instituto Internacional de Desigualdades. Incluye terrazas en la azotea de acceso público y una plaza renovada en el centro del campus. [96] [97] [98] El diseño del edificio fue reconocido con el Premio de Londres y el Premio Nacional del RIBA en 2021. [99] [100] [101] [102]

Edificio Marshall

El edificio Marshall, ubicado en 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, abrió sus puertas en enero de 2022. [103] Diseñado por Grafton Architects y llamado así en honor al inversor británico Paul Marshall , el edificio alberga los Departamentos de Administración, Contabilidad y Finanzas, instalaciones deportivas y el Instituto Marshall de Filantropía y Emprendimiento Social. [104] [105] [106] El sitio anteriormente albergaba los laboratorios del Instituto Francis Crick , que LSE compró en 2013. [107] [108]

Expansión futura

El campus de la LSE visto desde la terraza del nuevo edificio académico en enero de 2018, mostrando la remodelación del edificio central y la demolición de 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields

El 15 de noviembre de 2017, la LSE anunció que había adquirido el edificio Nuffield en 35 Lincoln's Inn Fields del Royal College of Surgeons y que planeaba remodelar el sitio para albergar el Firoz Lalji Global Hub, los departamentos de Matemáticas, Estadística y Metodología, el Data Science Institute e instalaciones para conferencias y educación ejecutiva. El nuevo edificio será diseñado por David Chipperfield Architects . [109] [110] [111] [112]

Sostenibilidad

En 2021, la LSE afirmó ser la primera universidad del Reino Unido en ser verificada de forma independiente como carbono neutral, lo que logró al financiar árboles de la selva tropical para compensar las emisiones a través de la organización finlandesa ( Oy ) Compensate. [113] [114] Sin embargo, la LSE omitió algunas de sus emisiones en su cálculo y, por lo tanto, no las compensó todas. Si bien midió y compensó las emisiones de calefacción, electricidad y viajes aéreos del personal docente, la escuela omitió otras emisiones relacionadas con los viajes, así como las emisiones de la construcción y la comida en el campus. La LSE planea compensar las emisiones restantes ( alcance 1 a 3 ) para 2050. [115] [116] [117]

Organización y administración

Gobernancia

El George IV, un pub propiedad de LSE

Aunque la LSE es una institución constitutiva de la Universidad federal de Londres, en muchos aspectos es comparable con universidades independientes, autónomas y financiadas de forma independiente, y otorga sus propios títulos.

La LSE está constituida de conformidad con la Ley de Sociedades como una sociedad limitada por garantía y es una organización benéfica exenta en el sentido del Anexo Dos de la Ley de Organizaciones Benéficas de 1993. [ 118] Los principales órganos de gobierno de la LSE son: el Consejo de la LSE; el Tribunal de Gobernadores; el consejo académico; y el director y el equipo de gestión del director. [118]

El Consejo de la LSE es responsable de la estrategia y sus miembros son directores de empresas de la escuela. Tiene responsabilidades específicas en relación con áreas que incluyen el seguimiento del desempeño institucional; finanzas y sostenibilidad financiera; acuerdos de auditoría; estrategia patrimonial; política de recursos humanos y empleo; salud y seguridad; "carácter y misión educativos" y experiencia estudiantil. El consejo cuenta con el apoyo para llevar a cabo su función de una serie de comités que le rinden cuentas directamente. [118]

El Tribunal de Gobernadores se ocupa de ciertas cuestiones constitucionales y celebra debates previos a la adopción de decisiones sobre cuestiones clave de política y la participación de los gobernadores individuales en las actividades de la escuela. El tribunal tiene los siguientes poderes formales: el nombramiento de los miembros del tribunal, sus subcomités y el consejo; la elección del presidente y los vicepresidentes del tribunal y el consejo y de los miembros honorarios de la escuela; la modificación del memorando y los estatutos de asociación; y el nombramiento de auditores externos. [118]

El consejo académico es el principal órgano académico de la LSE y considera todos los asuntos importantes de política general que afectan la vida académica de la escuela y su desarrollo. Está presidido por el director, con miembros del personal y estudiantes, y cuenta con el apoyo de su propia estructura de comités. El vicepresidente del consejo académico actúa como miembro no director del consejo y presenta un informe trimestral al consejo. [118] Desde la pandemia de COVID-19 , el consejo académico se ha trasladado a Internet y aún no ha vuelto a reunirse en persona, lo que ha cambiado la dinámica de participación.

Presidente y Vicerrector

Señor John Ashworth
Craig Calhoun

El presidente y vicerrector (director titular hasta 2022) es el jefe de la LSE y su director ejecutivo, responsable de la gestión ejecutiva y el liderazgo en cuestiones académicas. El vicerrector informa y rinde cuentas al consejo. El vicerrector también es el funcionario responsable a los efectos del memorando financiero de la Oficina de Estudiantes . El actual vicerrector interino de la LSE es Eric Neumayer , quien reemplazó a Minouche Shafik el 23 de junio de 2023. En julio de 2023, la LSE anunció que el director de la Fundación Hewlett, Larry Kramer, se convertiría en presidente y vicerrector en abril de 2024. [119]

El presidente cuenta con el apoyo de cuatro vicerrectores con carteras designadas (educación, investigación, planificación y recursos, desarrollo del profesorado), el secretario de la escuela, el director de operaciones, el director de finanzas y el director de filantropía y compromiso global. [120]

Titulado como director y presidente [121]

Departamentos e institutos académicos

La investigación y la docencia de la LSE están organizadas en una red de departamentos académicos independientes establecidos por el Consejo de la LSE, el órgano rector de la escuela, siguiendo el asesoramiento del consejo académico, la máxima autoridad académica de la escuela. En la actualidad hay 27 departamentos o institutos académicos.

Finanzas

El grupo LSE tiene una dotación (a 31 de julio de 2016) de £119 millones y tuvo un ingreso total para 2015-16 (excluyendo donaciones y dotaciones) de £311 millones (£293 millones en 2014-15) con gastos de £307 millones (2014-15 £302 millones). Las principales fuentes de ingresos incluyeron £177 millones de tasas de matrícula y contratos educativos (2014-15 £167 millones), £25 millones de subvenciones del consejo de financiación (2014-15 £22 millones), £32 millones de subvenciones de investigación (2014-15 – £27 millones) y £5,3 millones de ingresos por inversiones (2014-15 £4,7 millones). [123]

La encuesta Times Higher Education Pay Survey 2017 reveló que, entre las instituciones más grandes y no especializadas, los profesores y académicos de la LSE eran los mejor pagados en el Reino Unido, con ingresos promedio de £103.886 y £65.177 respectivamente. [124]

Dotación

La London School of Economics (LSE) tiene como objetivo aumentar el tamaño de su fondo de dotación a más de 1.000 millones de libras, lo que la convertiría en una de las instituciones con mejores recursos del Reino Unido y del mundo. El esfuerzo fue iniciado en 2016 por Lord Myners, entonces presidente del Consejo y Tribunal de Gobernadores de la LSE. El plan incluye trabajar con ex alumnos adinerados de la LSE para hacer grandes contribuciones, aumentar el superávit presupuestario anual y lanzar una nueva campaña de donantes de ex alumnos a gran escala. El plan de hacer crecer la dotación de la LSE a más de 1.000 millones de libras ha sido continuado por los sucesores de Lord Myners en la LSE. [125] La LSE ha declarado que actualmente "la financiación limitada de la dotación restringe nuestra capacidad de ofrecer admisión a estudiantes 'ciegos a las necesidades'". [123] Entre 2015 y 2022, la dotación aumentó de 113 millones de libras a 229 millones de libras. [126] [127]

Año académico

La LSE sigue adoptando una estructura de tres períodos y no ha adoptado la modalidad de semestres. El período de Michaelmas va de octubre a mediados de diciembre, el período de Cuaresma de mediados de enero a fines de marzo y el período de verano de fines de abril a mediados de junio. Algunos departamentos realizan semanas de lectura a principios de noviembre y mediados de febrero. [128]

Logotipo, escudo y mascota

El logotipo del "bloque rojo" de la LSE

The school's historic coat of arms is used on official documentation including degree certificates and transcripts and includes the motto – rerum cognoscere causas, a line taken from Virgil's Georgics meaning "to know the causes of things", together with the school's mascot – a beaver. Both these symbols, adopted in February 1922, continue to be held in high regard to this day with the beaver chosen because of its representation as "a hard-working and industrious yet sociable animal", attributes that the founders hoped LSE students to both possess and aspire to.[129] The school's weekly newspaper is still entitled The Beaver, Rosebery residence hall's bar is called the Tipsy Beaver and LSE sports teams are known as the Beavers.[130] The institution has two sets of colours – brand and academic – red being the brand colour used on signage, publications and in buildings across campus and purple, black and gold for academic purposes including presentation ceremonies and graduation dress.

LSE's present 'red block' logo was modified as part of a rebrand in the early 2000s. As a trademarked brand, it is carefully protected but can be produced in various forms to reflect different requirements.[131] In its full form it contains the full name of the institution to the right of the block with a further small empty red square at the end, but it is adapted for each academic department or professional service division to provide a cohesive brand across the institution.

Academic profile

Admissions

St Clement's Building

In 2024, The London School of Economics received 28,000 applications for roughly 1,850 undergraduate places or 15 applicants per place.[139] All undergraduate applications, including international applications, are made through UCAS.[139] LSE had the 8th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university in 2021–22, with new students averaging 195 UCAS points, equivalent to just over AAAA in A-level grades.[134] The university gave offers of admission to roughly 12.2% of its undergraduate applicants in 2023, one of the lowest offer rates across the UK. Bsc Economics is the most competitive undergraduate course at the LSE with over 4000 applications for just over 200 places. LLB in Laws comes second with 2600 applications for just over 170 places.[140][141]

Prospective Postgraduate students applying to the LSE are required to have a first or upper second Class UK honours degree, or its foreign equivalent, for master's degrees, while direct entry to the MPhil/PhD programme requires a UK taught master's with merit, or foreign equivalent. Admission to the diploma requires a UK degree or equivalent plus relevant experience.[142] The intake to applications ratio for postgraduate degree programmes is very competitive; the MSc Financial Mathematics had a ratio of just over 4% in 2016.[143][144]

31.6% of LSE's undergraduates are privately educated, the 9th highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities.[145] In the 2016-17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 33:18:50 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female-to-male ratio of 52:47.[146]

Programmes and degrees

The school offers over 140 MSc programmes, 5 MPA programmes, one MPP programme, an LLM, 30 BSc programmes, an LLB, 4 BA programmes (including International History and Geography), and 35 PhD programmes.[147][148] Subjects pioneered in Britain by LSE include accountancy and sociology, and the school also employed Britain's first full-time lecturer in economic history.[149] Courses are split across more than thirty research centres and nineteen departments, plus a Language Centre.[150] Lastly, in partnership with the federal University of London, LSE oversees 9 BSc programmes as the lead institution which designs the curriculum.[151] Students who chose to study online experience the same unique academic experience as on-campus, they are considered a part of LSE community and they have a variety of options to interact with their university, such as the LSE general course.[152]

John Watkins Plaza at the London School of Economics

Since programmes are all within the social sciences, they closely resemble each other, and undergraduate students usually take at least one course module in a subject outside of their degree for their first and second years of study, promoting a broader education in the social sciences.[153] At undergraduate level, some departments have as few as 90 students across the three years of study.[citation needed] Since September 2010,[citation needed] it has been compulsory for first year undergraduates to participate in LSE 100: Understanding the Causes of Things alongside normal studies.[154]

From 1902, following its absorption into the University of London, until 2007, all degrees were awarded by the federal university in common with all other colleges of the university. This system was changed in 2007 to enable some colleges to award their own degrees.[citation needed] LSE was granted the power to begin awarding its own degrees from July 2008.[7] All students entering from the 2007–08 academic year onwards received an LSE degree, while students who started before this date were issued University of London degrees.[155][156][157] In conjunction with NYU Stern and HEC Paris, LSE also offers the TRIUM Executive MBA. This was globally ranked third among executive MBAs by the Financial Times in 2016.[158]

Research

According to the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, the London School of Economics was rated joint third (along with the University of Cambridge) in the UK for the quality (GPA) of its research.[159] In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, LSE had the joint highest percentage of world-leading research among research submitted of any institution that entered more than one unit of assessment[160] and was ranked third by cumulative grade point average with a score of 3.35, beating both University of Oxford and University of Cambridge.[161] It was ranked 23rd in the country for research power by Research Fortnight based on its REF 2014 results, and 28th in research power by the Times Higher Education.[160][162] This followed the Research Assessment Exercise in 2008 where the school was placed second equal nationally on GPA, first for fraction of world-leading (4*) research and fourth for fraction of world-leading or internationally excellent (3* and 4*) research in LSE's analysis of the results,[163] fourth equal for GPA and 29th for research power in Times Higher Education's analysis,[160] and 27th in research power by Research Fortnight's analysis.[162]

According to analysis of the REF 2014 subject results by Times Higher Education, the school is the UK's leading research university in terms of GPA of research submitted in business and management; area studies; and communication, cultural and media studies, library and information management, and second in law; politics and international studies; economics and econometrics; and social work and social policy.[164]

Houghton Street is the centre of the LSE campus.

Research centres

The school houses a number of centres including the Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion, the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, the Centre for Macroeconomics, the Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Health and Social Care, the Financial Markets Group (founded by former Bank of England governor Sir Mervyn King), the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment (chaired by Lord Stern), LSE Cities, the UK Department for International Development funded International Growth Centre and one of the six the UK government-backed 'What Works Centres' – the What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth. The Greater London Group was an influential research centre within LSE from the late 1950s on, before being subsumed into the LSE London research group.[165] In February 2015, Angelina Jolie and William Hague launched the UK's first academic Centre on Women, Peace and Security, based at the school. The centre aims to contribute to global women's rights issues, including violence against women and women's engagement in politics, through academic research, a post-graduate teaching program, public engagement, and collaboration with international organisations.[166][167] Furthermore, in May 2016 it was announced that Jolie-Pitt and Hague would join Jane Connors and Madeleine Rees as visiting professors in practice from September 2016.[168]

LSE IDEAS

LSE IDEAS is a foreign policy think tank at the London School of Economics and Political Science. IDEAS was founded as a think tank for Diplomacy and Strategy in February 2008.[169] It was founded by Professor Michael Cox and Professor Arne Westad. In 2015 it was jointly ranked as world's second-best university think tank for the third year running alongside the LSE Public Policy Group, after Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.[170]

Partnerships

LSE has academic partnerships in teaching and research with six universities – with Columbia University in New York City and University of California, Berkeley, in Asia with Peking University in Beijing and the National University of Singapore, in Africa with the University of Cape Town, and Europe with Sciences Po in Paris.[171]

Together they offer a range of double or joint degree programmes including an MA in International and World History (with Columbia) and an MSc in international affairs with Peking University, with graduates earning degrees from both institutions.[172] The school also offers joint degrees for specific departments with various other universities including Fudan University in Shanghai, USC in Los Angeles and a Global Studies programme which is offered with a consortium of four European universities – Leipzig, Vienna, Roskilde and Wroclaw. It offers the TRIUM Global Executive MBA programme[173] jointly with Stern School of Business of New York University and HEC School of Management, Paris. It is divided into six modules held in five international business locations over a 16-month period. LSE also offers a Dual Master of Public Administration (MPA) with Global Public Policy Network schools such as Sciences Po Paris,[174] the Hertie School of Governance and National University of Singapore, and a dual MPA-Master of Global Affairs (MGA) degree with the University of Toronto's Munk School of Global Affairs.[175]

The school also runs exchange programmes with a number of international business schools through the Global Master's in Management programme and an undergraduate student exchange programme with the University of California, Berkeley in Political Science. LSE is the only UK member school in the CEMS Alliance, and the LSE Global Master's in Management is the only programme in the UK to offer the CEMS Master's in International Management (CEMS MIM) as a double degree option, allowing students to study at one of 34 CEMS partner universities.[176][177] It also participates in Key Action 1 of the European Union-wide Erasmus+ programme, encouraging staff and student mobility for teaching, although not the other Key Actions in the programme.[178]

The school is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association,[179] the G5, the Global Alliance in Management Education, the Russell Group and Universities UK,[180] and is sometimes considered part of the 'Golden Triangle' of universities in south-east England, along with the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, University College London, Imperial College London, and King's College London.[181][182][183][184]

LSE's European Institute offers a Double Degree in European and International Public Policy and Politics with Bocconi University in Milan.[185]

Libraries and archives

The interior of the main LSE library, designed by Norman Foster

LSE's main library, the British Library of Political and Economic Science, is located in the Lionel Robbins Building, which reopened in 2001 following a two-year renovation by Foster and Partners. Founded in 1896, it is the world's largest library dedicated to social sciences and the United Kingdom's national social sciences library.[186][187] Its collections are recognised for their national and international significance and hold 'Designation' status by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA).[188] The library welcomes 1.8 million visits per year by students, staff, and the public and contains over 4 million print volumes, 60,000 online journals, and 29,000 electronic books.[189] The Digital Library contains digitised material from LSE Library collections and also born-digital material that has been collected and preserved in digital formats.[190]

The Women's Library, Britain's main library and archive on women and the women's movement, is located in a purpose-built facility with a reading room and exhibition space in the Lionel Robbins Building. The library relocated from London Metropolitan University in 2014.[191][192][193][194]

The Shaw Library, housed in the Founders' Room in the Old Building, contains the school's collection of fiction and general readings. It functions as a general-purpose reading and common room and hosts lunchtime music concerts, press launches, and the Fabian Window, which was unveiled by Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2006.[195][196]

Several subject-specific libraries exist at LSE, including the Seligman Library for Anthropology, the Himmelweit Library for Social Psychology, the Leverhulme Library for Statistics, the Robert McKenzie Library for Sociology, the Michael Wise Library for Geography, and the Gender Institute Library. Additionally, LSE staff and some students are permitted to access and borrow items from Senate House Library, the SOAS Library, and select institutions through the SCONUL Access scheme.[197][198][199]

LSE Summer School

The original LSE Summer School was established in 1989 and has since expanded to offer over 70 three-week courses in accounting, finance, economics, English language, international relations, government, law and management each July and August.[200] It is advertised as the largest and one of the most well-established university Summer Schools of its kind in Europe.[201]

In recent years, the school has expanded its summer schools both abroad and into executive education with the LSE-PKU Summer School in Beijing (run with Peking University), the LSE-UCT July School in Cape Town (run with the University of Cape Town) and the Executive Summer School at its London campus. In 2011, it also launched a Methods Summer Programme. Together these courses welcome over 5,000 participants from over 130 countries and some of the top colleges and universities around the world, as well as professionals from several multinational institutions. Participants are housed in LSE halls of residence or their overseas equivalents, and the Summer School provides a full social programme including guest lectures and receptions.[202]

Public lectures

Nelson Mandela arriving at LSE in 2000 to deliver a public lecture

Public lectures hosted by the LSE Events office, are open to students, alumni and the general public. As well as leading academics and commentators, speakers frequently include prominent national and international figures such as ambassadors, CEOs, Members of Parliament, and heads of state. A number of these are broadcast live around the world via the school's website.[203] LSE organises over 200 public events every year.[204]

Prominent speakers have included Kofi Annan, Ben Bernanke, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Noam Chomsky, Bill Clinton, Philip Craven, Niall Ferguson, Vicente Fox, Milton Friedman, Muammar Gaddafi, Julia Gillard, Alan Greenspan, Tenzin Gyatso, Lee Hsien Loong, Boris Johnson, David Harvey, Jean Tirole, Angelina Jolie, Paul Krugman, Dmitri Medvedev, Mario Monti, George Osborne, Robert Peston, Sebastián Piñera, Kevin Rudd, Jeffrey Sachs, Gerhard Schroeder, Carlos D. Mesa, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Aung San Suu Kyi, Amartya Sen, George Soros and Rowan Williams. Previously, the school has hosted figures including Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher.[205]

There are also a number of annual lecture series hosted by various departments. These include but are not limited to the Malinowski Memorial Lectures hosted by the department of anthropology, the Lionel Robbins Memorial Lectures and the Ralph Miliband programme.[206]

Publishing

In 2018, the university launched LSE Press in partnership with Ubiquity Press. This is intended to publish open-access journals and books in the social sciences. The first journal to be published by the press was the Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, edited by John Collins, executive director of LSE's International Drug Policy Unit. The press is managed through the LSE Library.[207]

Rankings

London School of Economic's national league table performance over the past ten years

LSE is ranked first in the UK in the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2025, in addition to being awarded University of the Year. It was also named as runner-up for University of the Year for Graduate Employment.[214]

LSE is ranked third in the UK in the Complete University Guide 2025,[215] and fourth in the Guardian University Guide 2025.[209]

In 2024, the QS World University Rankings placed the LSE among the global top five universities in the subjects of Communication and Media Studies (2nd), Geography (2nd), Philosophy (2nd), Social Policy and Administration (3rd), Development Studies (3rd), History (4th), Sociology (4th) and Politics (5th). It further ranked among the global top ten in Finance, Management, Economics, and Law. Overall, it was ranked 56th internationally.

Ian Diamond, former chief executive of the Economic and Social Research Council and later vice-chancellor of the University of Aberdeen, a member of the THE editorial board, wrote to Times Higher Education in 2007, saying: "The use of a citation database must have an impact because such databases do not have as wide a cover of the social sciences (or arts and humanities) as the natural sciences. Hence the low position of the London School of Economics, caused primarily by its citations score, is a result not of the output of an outstanding institution but the database and the fact that the LSE does not have the counterweight of a large natural science base."[216]

The 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings place LSE 8th for social sciences in the world, 11th for business and economics, 14th for law and 35th for arts and humanities, ranking the university 46th globally.[217] The Academic Ranking of World Universities ("Shanghai Ranking") for 2023 ranked LSE 7th in Political Science, 8th in Economics and 8th in Finance, placing it in the 151–200 range.[218]

According to data released by the Department for Education in 2018, LSE was rated as the best university for boosting graduate earnings, with male graduates seeing a 47.2% increase in earnings and female graduates seeing a 38.2% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate.[219]

According to Wealth-X and UBS's "Billionaire Census" in 2014, LSE ranked 10th in the list of 20 schools that have produced the most billionaire alumni.[220] The LSE was the only UK university to make the list.

In the 2020 National Student Survey LSE came 64th out of 154 for overall student satisfaction.[221] The LSE had scored well below its benchmark on this measure in previous years, coming 145th out of 148 in 2017.[222][223] The increase in student satisfaction in 2020 led to a climb of 14 places to fifth in the 2021 Guardian ranking.[224]

Student life

LSE students revising their work and preparing for future exams in Lincoln's Inn Fields

Student body

In the 2015–16 academic year there were 10,833 full-time students and around 700 part-time students at the university. Of these, approximately 7,500 came from outside the United Kingdom (approximately 70% of the total student body), making LSE a highly international school with over 160 countries represented.[225] LSE had more countries represented by students than the UN.[226] 32% of LSE's students come from Asia, 10% from North America, 2% each from South America and Africa. Combined over 100 languages are spoken at LSE.[227] Over half of LSE's students are postgraduates,[228] and there is approximately an equal split between genders with 51% male and 49% female students.[228] Alumni total over 160,000, covering over 190 countries with more than 80 active alumni groups.[9]

Students' Union

The logo of LSE Students' Union

The LSE Students' Union (LSESU) is affiliated to the National Union of Students and is responsible for campaigning and lobbying the school on behalf of students as well providing student support and the organisation and undertaking of entertainment events and student societies. It is often regarded as the most politically active in Britain – a reputation it has held since the well documented LSE student riots in 1966–67 and 1968–69,[229][230] which made international headlines. In 2015, the school was awarded the top spot for student nightlife by The Guardian newspaper[231] due in part to its central location and provision of over 200 societies, 40 sports clubs, a Raising and Giving (RAG) branch and a thriving media group. In 2013, the union moved into a purpose-built new building – the Saw Swee Hock Student Centre on the Aldwych campus.[232]

A weekly student newspaper The Beaver, is published each Tuesday during term time and is amongst the oldest student newspapers in the country. It sits alongside a radio station, Pulse! which has existed since 1999 and a television station LooSE Television since 2005. The Clare Market Review one of Britain's oldest student publications was revived in 2008.[233] Over £150,000 is raised for charity each year through the RAG (Raising and Giving), the fundraising arm of the Students' Union,[234] which was started in 1980 by then Student Union Entertainments Officer and former New Zealand MP Tim Barnett.[235]

Sporting activity is coordinated by the LSE Athletics Union, which is a constituent of British Universities & Colleges Sport (BUCS).[233]

Student housing

Northumberland House

LSE owns or operates 10 halls of residence in and around central London and there are also two halls owned by urbanest and five intercollegiate halls (shared with other constituent colleges of the University of London) within a 3-mile radius of the school, for a total of over 4,000 places.[236] Most residences take both undergraduates and postgraduates, although Carr-Saunders Hall and Passfield Hall are undergraduate only, and Butler's Wharf Residence, Grosvenor House and Lillian Knowles House are reserved for postgraduates. Sidney Webb House, managed by Unite Students, takes postgraduates and continuing students.[237] There are also flats available on Anson and Carleton roads, which are reserved for students with children.[238]

The school guarantees accommodation for all first-year undergraduate students and many of the school's larger postgraduate population are also catered for, with some specific residences available for postgraduate living.[239] Whilst none of the residences are located at the Aldwych campus, the closest, Grosvenor House is within a five-minute walk from the school in Covent Garden, whilst the farthest residences (Nutford and Butler's Wharf) are approximately forty-five minutes by Tube or Bus.

Each residence accommodates a mixture of students both home and international, male and female, and, usually, undergraduate and postgraduate. New undergraduate students (including General Course students) occupy approximately 55% of all spaces, with postgraduates taking approximately 40% and continuing students about 5% of places.[239]

The largest LSE student residence, Bankside House, a refurbished early 1950s office block and former headquarters of the Central Electricity Generating Board,[240] opened to students in 1996 and is fully catered, accommodating 617 students across eight floors overlooking the River Thames. It is located behind the Tate Modern art gallery on the south bank of the river.[241][242] The second-largest residence, the High Holborn Residence in High Holborn, was opened in 1995 and is approximately 10 minutes walk from the main campus. It is self-catering, accommodating 447 students in flats of four our five bedrooms with shared facilities.[243]

Notable people

The LSE has a long list of notable alumni and staff, spanning the fields of all scholarship provided by the school.[244] The school has over 50 fellows of the British Academy on its staff, while other notable former staff members include Brian Barry, Christopher Greenwood, Maurice Cranston, Anthony Giddens, Harold Laski, Ralph Miliband, Michael Oakeshott, A. W. Philips, Karl Popper, Lionel Robbins, Susan Strange, Bob Ward and Charles Webster. Mervyn King, the former Governor of the Bank of England, is also a former professor of economics.

Of the current 9 members of the Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee the following five have affiliation to the LSE: Jonathan Haskel (alumnus), Michael Saunders (alumnus), Gertjan Vlieghe (alumnus), Silvana Tenereyro (current professor of economics) and Governor Andrew Bailey (former Research Officer).

In the political arena notable alumni and staff include 53 past or present heads of state, 20 members of the current British House of Commons and 46 members of the current House of Lords. Former British Prime Minister Clement Attlee taught at the school from 1912 to 1923. In recent British politics, former LSE students include Virginia Bottomley, Yvette Cooper, Edwina Currie, Frank Dobson, Margaret Hodge, Robert Kilroy-Silk, former UK Labour Party leader Ed Miliband and former UK Liberal Democrats leader Jo Swinson. Internationally, the current and first female president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen, Brazilian defence minister Celso Amorim, Costa Rican President Óscar Arias, former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, President of India K. R. Narayanan, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Tsai Ing-wen, Italian prime minister and president of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, French Foreign Minister and president of the Constitutional Council Roland Dumas[245] as well as Singapore's President Tharman Shanmugaratnam all studied at LSE. A notable number of LSE students have also played a role in the Barack Obama administration, including Pete Rouse, Peter R. Orszag, Mona Sutphen, Paul Volcker and Jason Furman.[246] Physician Vanessa Kerry and American journalist Susan Rasky are also alumnae of the LSE. Notable American Monica Lewinsky pursued her MSc in Social Psychology at the LSE.Current leader of the opposition of the Sri Lankan government Sajith Premadasa also studied there.

Business people who studied at LSE include the CEO of AirAsia Tony Fernandes, former CEO of General Motors Daniel Akerson, director of Louis Vuitton Delphine Arnault, founder of easyJet Stelios Haji-Ioannou, CEO of Abercrombie & Fitch Michael S. Jeffries, Greek business magnate Spiros Latsis, American banker David Rockefeller, CEO of Newsmax Media Christopher Ruddy, founder of advertising agency Saatchi and Saatchi Maurice Saatchi, hedge fund managers George Soros and Michael Platt and Andreas Utermann, former CEO of Allianz Global Investors.

The LSE has also produced many notable lawyers and judges, including Manfred Lachs (former President of the International Court of Justice), Dorab Patel (former Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan), Mónica Feria Tinta (British-Peruvian barrister specialising in international law), Anthony Kennedy (former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States), chief architect of the Indian Constitution and jurist B. R. Ambedkar.

A survey by employment specialists Emolument.com found that it on average took LSE graduates 11.6 years in the workforce to begin earning base salaries in excess of £500,000; the shortest timespan of any university in the United Kingdom.[247]

Convicted British terrorist, Omar Saeed Sheikh, studied statistics at LSE, but did not graduate. He served five years in an Indian prison for kidnapping British tourists in 1994. In 2002, he was arrested and convicted in the kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl. The Guardian reported that Sheikh came into contact with radical Islamists at the LSE.[248]

Faculty and Nobel laureates

As of 2019, 18 Nobel Prizes in economics, peace and literature are officially recognised as having been awarded to LSE alumni and staff.[244]

LSE in literature and other media

The London School of Economics has been mentioned and formed the basis of setting for numerous works of fiction and in popular culture. The first notable mention of the LSE was in literature was in the epilogue to Bernard Shaw's 1912 play Pygmalion, Eliza Doolittle is sent to the LSE.[249]

In around a dozen other novels, the LSE was mentioned as short-hand for a character being witty and clever but outside the establishment. This is best exhibited by Ian Fleming's CV of James Bond that included the detail that his father, Andrew, is an LSE graduate.[250] These occurrences have continued into contemporary fiction: Lenny is the young 'hip' LSE graduate and criminologist in Jake Arnott's tour of the London underworld in The Long Firm. Robert Harris' Enigma includes Baxter, a code breaker with leftist views, who has been an LSE lecturer before the war and My Revolutions by Hari Kunzru traces the career of Chris Carver aka Michael Frame who travels from LSE student radical to terrorist and on to middle England.[250]

LSE alumna Hilary Mantel, in The Experience of Love, never mentions LSE by name but Houghton Street, the corridors of the LSE Old Building and Wright's Bar are immediately recognisable references to the campus of the school. A. S. Byatt's The Children's Book returns to LSE's Fabian roots with a plot inspired in part by the life of children's writer E. Nesbitt and Fabian Hubert Bland, and characters that choose LSE over older educational establishments (namely Oxford and Cambridge).

On the small screen, the popular 1980s British sitcom Yes Minister and Yes Prime Minister make regular references to the LSE with Minister Jim Hacker (later Prime Minister) and Sir Mark Spencer (special advisor to the Prime Minister) regularly being subtly ridiculed for having attended the LSE.[251] A fictional LSE graduate also appears in season three episode six of the US series, Mad Men.[251] The popular American series The West Wing following the Democratic administration of Josiah (Jed) Bartlet makes several references to Josiah Bartlet being an alumnus of the LSE.[251] Other fictional LSE alumni are present in Spooks, at least one episode of The Professionals and The Blacklist series.

In movies and motion pictures, in the 2014 action spy thriller Shadow Recruit, the young Jack Ryan, based on a Tom Clancy character, proves his academic credentials by walking out of the Old Building as he graduates from the LSE before injuring his spine being shot down in Afghanistan.[251] The LSE is acknowledged in The Social Network naming the institution along with Oxford and Cambridge universities in a reference to the rapid growth Facebook enjoyed both within and outside the United States in its early years.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Includes those who indicate that they identify as Asian, Black, Mixed Heritage, Arab or any other ethnicity except White.
  2. ^ Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.
  1. ^ Attended only for a term; did not graduate.
  2. ^ Attended; did not graduate.
  3. ^ Anthony Kennedy attended a year at the LSE; did not graduate with any degree.

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Further reading

External links