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List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes

This is a list of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of Indian religions.

From the second or first millennium BCE, ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes turned into most of the population in the northern part of the Indian subcontinentIndus Valley (roughly today's Punjab), Western India, Northern India, Central India, and also in areas of the southern part like Sri Lanka and the Maldives through and after a complex process of migration, assimilation of other peoples and language shift.[1][2][3]

Map 1: Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony[1]
Map 2: Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), its expansion into the Andronovo culture (orange) during the 2nd millennium BC, showing the overlap with the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (chartreuse green) in the south and also with the Afanasievo culture in the east. The location of the earliest chariots is shown in magenta. Several scholars associate Proto-Indo-Iranians with Sintashta-Petrovka culture.[2] These scholars also may associate some mentions in the Avesta (sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism), like the Airyanəm Vaēǰō – "Aryans' Expanse", as distant memories that were retained by oral tradition of this old land of origin.[1] There are also mentions of Āryāvarta – "Aryans Abode" (in sacred Hindu scriptures such as Dharmashastras and Sutras), the Hindu counterpart of Airyanəm Vaēǰō, although it refers to Northern India and they are later.
Map 3: The extent of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), according to the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. The BMAC culture and peoples influenced migrating Indo-Iranians that came from the north.
Map 4: The approximate extent of the Vedic period Āryāvarta is highlighted in pale yellow
Map 5: This detailed map shows the locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or Bharata Khanda.

Pancha Jana (Five tribes)

(पञ्च जना – Páñca Jánāḥ / Pancha-janah) The pancha Jana are five tribes inexplicitly listed together during the (Āryāvarta of this time, c. 1700–1500 BCE, roughly corresponds with the Punjab and closer regions) (see the map of Early Vedic Period)

Map 6: Early Vedic Culture (1700–1100 BCE) and location of early Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes

After roughly 1700 BCE Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes were swiftly expanding through ancient northern India, therefore the number of peoples, tribes and clans was increasing (as well as the number of Indo-Aryan language speakers) and Āryāvarta was becoming a very large area (see the map on the right side).

  1. Guṅgu[35]
  2. Iksvaku[36] (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western Āryāvarta)
Map 7: Late Vedic era map showing the boundaries of Āryāvarta with Janapadas in northern India. Beginning of Iron Age kingdoms in India— Kuru, Panchala, Kosala, Videha.

From roughly 1100 to 500 BCE Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes expanded even further throughout ancient northern India (see the map 6).

According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.[44]

Map 8: Mahajanapadas roughly in 500 BCE.

महाजनपद – Mahajanapada Shodasa Mahajanapadas (Sixteen Mahajanapadas) The Mahajanapadas were sixteen great kingdoms and republics that emerged after the more powerful political entities (initially based on the territories of peoples and tribes) had conquered many others. According to the Anguttara Nikaya, Digha Nikaya, Chulla-Niddesa (Buddhist Canon)

According to the Vyākhyāprajñapti / Bhagavati Sutra (Jain text)

Map 9: Ancient regions of Iranian Plateau and part of South Central Asia showing ancient Iranian peoples and tribes; this map also shows ancient peoples of the Indus Valley in Northwest Ancient India.

Northwest Ancient IndiaIndus River Basin

Other regions of Ancient India (India Intra Gangem)

See also


Notes

  1. ^ For example: RV 1.108.8; 7.18; 8.10.5; 6.46.8

References

  1. ^ a b c Anthony 2007.
  2. ^ a b Mallory & Adams 1997.
  3. ^ Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press
  4. ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 187. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
  5. ^ a b Jamison & Brereton 2014, p. 54.
  6. ^ a b c Witzel 1999.
  7. ^ a b Witzel 2001.
  8. ^ Witzel 1995a.
  9. ^ Witzel 1995, p. 262.
  10. ^ a b c d Witzel 1995, p. 235.
  11. ^ a b Jamison & Brereton 2014, p. 605, 695.
  12. ^ a b Witzel 1995, pp. 222, 262.
  13. ^ a b Jamison & Brereton 2014, p. 829.
  14. ^ a b Witzel 1995, p. 237.
  15. ^ Witzel 1995, p. 239.
  16. ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 187. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
  17. ^ Witzel 1995, p. 204.
  18. ^ a b Witzel 1995, p. 236.
  19. ^ Witzel 1995, p. 136.
  20. ^ Bremmer, Jan N. (2007). The Strange World of Human Sacrifice. Peeters Publishers. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-429-1843-6. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  21. ^ Macdonell & Keith 1995, p. 317.
  22. ^ Witzel 1995, p. 234.
  23. ^ a b Talageri, Shrikant G. (2005). "The textual evidence: The Rigveda as a source of Indo-European history". In Edwin F. Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (eds.). The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (PDF). London; New York: Routledge. pp. 332–340. ISBN 978-0-700-71463-6.
  24. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992). "Anu". Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (in German). Vol. 1 (Band 1). Heidelberg: Winter Verlag. p. 74. ISBN 978-3-8253-3826-8.
  25. ^ Bloomfield, M. (1899). "The Myth of Purūravas, Urvaçī, and Âyu". Journal of the American Oriental Society, 20, 180–183.
  26. ^ Zimmer, S. (1986). "On a special meaning of jána- in the Rgveda". Indo-Iranian Journal, 29 (2), 109–115.
  27. ^ Macdonell & Keith 1995.
  28. ^ Weller, H. (1937). "Who Were the Bhriguids?". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 18 (3), 296–302.
  29. ^ Hopkins, E. W. (1893). "Problematic passages in the Rig-Veda". Journal of the American Oriental Society, 15, 252–283.
  30. ^ Macdonell & Keith 1995, I 395.
  31. ^ Le Roux, Françoise; Guyonvarc'h, Christian-J (1982). Les Druides (in French). Paris: Ouest-France. p. 37.
  32. ^ "druid | Etymology, origin and meaning". Etymonline. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  33. ^ Raje, Sudhakar (15 February 2006). "Sanskrit in English". IndiaDivine.org.
  34. ^ Warraich, M. Tauqeer Ahmad (January–June 2011). "Gandhara: An appraisal of its meanings and history". Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 48 (1). PDF link – via University of the Punjab.
  35. ^ Grassmann, H. (Ed.). (1876). Rig-veda (Vol. 1). FA Brockhaus.
  36. ^ Pincott, Frederic (October 1887). "The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 19 (4): 598–624. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00019717. Art. XIX.
  37. ^ Wilson, H. H. (Horace Hayman) (1857). Rig-veda Sanhitá: A collection of ancient Hindu hymns. Vol. 3: Constituting the Third and Fourth Ashtakas of the Rig-Veda. London: Trübner; W.H. Allen & Co.
  38. ^ Pike, Albert (1930). Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig Veda. Council of Freemasonry, Southern Jurisdiction of the United States. [Kessinger Publishing (reprint) 1992.]
  39. ^ Perry, E. D. (1885). "Indra in the Rig-Veda". Journal of the American Oriental Society, 11, 117–208.
  40. ^ a b The Rig-Veda. Translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith. 1896.
  41. ^ Muller, F. M. (1869). Rig-veda-sanhita (Vol. 1).
  42. ^ Witzel, Michael (1999b). "Aryan and non-Aryan names in Vedic India: Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900–500 B.C.". In Johannes Bronkhorst; Madhav Desphande (eds.). Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, interpretation and ideology. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, University of Michigan – 25–27 October 1996. Harvard Oriental Series: Opera Minora III. Cambridge, Mass. (US): Harvard University; South Asia Books. doi:10.11588/xarep.00000112. ISBN 9781888789041.
  43. ^ a b Frawley 2001.
  44. ^ Misra, Sudama (1973). Janapada state in ancient India. Vārāṇasī: Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana. p. 78
  45. ^ a b Ian Worthington 2014, p. 219.[incomplete short citation]
  46. ^ a b Peter Green 2013, p. 418.[incomplete short citation]
  47. ^ a b Macdonell & Keith 1995, I 39.
  48. ^ Talageri, Shrikant G. (2000). The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. pp. 397–408.
  49. ^ Attwood, Jayarava (2012). "Possible Iranian Origins for the Śākyas and Aspects of Buddhism". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies. 3: 47–69.
  50. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2016). "Prologue: Scythian Philosophy – Pyrrho, the Persian Empire, and India". Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–21. doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691176321.003.0001. ISBN 978-0691166445.

Sources

Further reading