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Telenovela

Una telenovela , drama diurno o soap , para abreviar, es típicamente una serie de radio o televisión de larga duración , frecuentemente caracterizada por el melodrama , los elencos corales y el sentimentalismo . [1] El término "telenovela" se originó a partir de los dramas de radio que originalmente eran patrocinados por los fabricantes de jabones. [2] El término fue precedido por " ópera de caballos ", un término despectivo para los westerns de bajo presupuesto. [3]

The Archers de BBC Radio , emitida por primera vez en 1950, es la telenovela de radio de mayor duración del mundo. [4] La telenovela de televisión existente de mayor duración es Coronation Street , que se emitió por primera vez en ITV en 1960. [5] Guiding Light , que comenzó en radio en 1937, pasó a la televisión en 1952 y finalizó en 2009, tiene el récord de la telenovela de mayor duración de cualquier tipo.

Según Albert Moran, una de las características que definen a un programa de televisión como una telenovela es "esa forma de televisión que funciona con una narrativa abierta y continua. Cada episodio termina con la promesa de que la historia continuará en otro episodio". [6] En 2012, el columnista del diario Los Angeles Times Robert Lloyd escribió sobre los dramas diarios:

Aunque melodramáticamente llenas de acontecimientos, las telenovelas como ésta también tienen el lujo del espacio que las hace parecer más naturalistas; de hecho, la economía de la forma exige escenas largas, y conversaciones que una serie semanal de 22 episodios por temporada podría prescindir en media docena de líneas de diálogo pueden extenderse, como aquí, durante páginas. Se pasa más tiempo incluso con los personajes secundarios; los aparentes villanos se vuelven menos aparentemente villanos. [7]

Las historias de las telenovelas se desarrollan simultáneamente, se entrecruzan y conducen a desarrollos posteriores. Un episodio individual de una telenovela generalmente cambiará entre varios hilos narrativos simultáneos que a veces pueden interconectarse y afectarse entre sí o pueden funcionar de forma totalmente independiente entre sí. Los episodios pueden presentar algunas de las historias del programa, pero no siempre todas. Especialmente en las series diurnas y las que se transmiten todos los días de la semana, hay cierta rotación tanto de la historia como de los actores, por lo que cualquier historia o actor determinado aparecerá en algunos, pero generalmente no en todos los episodios de una semana. Las telenovelas rara vez concluyen todas sus historias al mismo tiempo. Cuando termina una historia, hay varios otros hilos narrativos en diferentes etapas de desarrollo . Los episodios de telenovelas generalmente terminan en algún tipo de suspenso , y el final de temporada (si una telenovela incorpora un descanso entre temporadas) termina de la misma manera, solo para resolverse cuando el programa regresa para el inicio de una nueva transmisión anual.

Las telenovelas vespertinas y aquellas que se emiten a un ritmo de un episodio por semana tienen más probabilidades de presentar a todo el elenco en cada episodio y presentar todas las tramas. Las telenovelas y seriales vespertinos que se emiten solo durante una parte del año tienden a llevar las cosas a un final de temporada dramático.

En 1976, la revista Time describió la televisión diurna estadounidense como "el mercado más rico de la televisión", destacando la lealtad de la base de fanáticos de las telenovelas y la expansión de varias series de media hora a transmisiones de una hora para maximizar los ingresos por publicidad. [8] El artículo explicaba que en ese momento, muchas series de horario estelar perdían dinero, mientras que las series diurnas obtenían ganancias varias veces más que sus costos de producción. [8] La portada de la edición presentó notablemente a sus primeras estrellas de telenovelas diurnas, Bill Hayes y Susan Seaforth Hayes de Days of Our Lives , [9] [10] una pareja casada cuyo romance en pantalla y en la vida real fue ampliamente cubierto tanto por las revistas de telenovelas como por la prensa convencional en general. [11]

Origen e historia del género

El primer programa considerado generalmente como una "telenovela" o serial diurno por los estudiosos del género es Painted Dreams , [12] [13] que se estrenó en la radio WGN de ​​Chicago, el 20 de octubre de 1930. [13] Se transmitía regularmente en un horario diurno, donde la mayoría de los oyentes serían amas de casa; por lo tanto, los programas estaban dirigidos a, y consumidos por, una audiencia predominantemente femenina. [2] Clara, Lu, 'n Em se convertiría en el primer serial de radio en red de este tipo cuando se transmitió en NBC Blue Network a las 10:30 pm, hora del Este , el 27 de enero de 1931. [14] Aunque no hizo el cambio hasta el 15 de febrero de 1932, Clara, Lu 'n Em se convertiría en el primer serial de red de este tipo en pasar a un horario diario de lunes a viernes, y por lo tanto también se convirtió en el primer serial diurno de red. [14]

Tramas y argumentos

Las principales características que definen a las telenovelas son "un énfasis en la vida familiar, las relaciones personales, los dramas sexuales, los conflictos emocionales y morales; alguna cobertura de temas de actualidad; ambientación en interiores domésticos familiares con sólo excursiones ocasionales a nuevos lugares". [15] En consonancia con estas características, la mayoría de las telenovelas siguen las vidas de un grupo de personajes que viven o trabajan en un lugar en particular, o se centran en una gran familia extendida. Las historias siguen las actividades cotidianas y las relaciones personales de estos personajes. "Las narrativas de las telenovelas, como las de los melodramas cinematográficos, están marcadas por lo que Steve Neale ha descrito como 'acontecimientos fortuitos, coincidencias, reuniones fallidas, conversiones repentinas, rescates y revelaciones de último momento, finales deus ex machina '". [16] [17] Estos elementos se pueden encontrar en toda la gama de telenovelas, desde EastEnders hasta Dallas . [16]

En muchas telenovelas, en particular las que se emiten en horario diurno en los Estados Unidos, los personajes suelen ser atractivos, seductores, glamorosos y ricos. Las telenovelas del Reino Unido y Australia tienden a centrarse en personajes y situaciones más cotidianos, y con frecuencia se desarrollan en entornos de clase trabajadora. [18] Muchas de las telenovelas producidas en esos dos países exploran historias de realismo social como la discordia familiar, la ruptura matrimonial o los problemas financieros. Tanto las telenovelas del Reino Unido como las australianas presentan elementos cómicos, a menudo estereotipos cómicos afectuosos como el chismoso o el viejo gruñón, presentados como un contraste cómico a la agitación emocional que los rodea. Esto difiere de las telenovelas estadounidenses, donde este tipo de comedia es poco común. [6] Las telenovelas del Reino Unido con frecuencia afirman presentar la "realidad" o pretenden tener un estilo "realista". [19] Las telenovelas del Reino Unido también suelen poner en primer plano su ubicación geográfica como una característica definitoria clave del programa, al tiempo que representan y capitalizan el atractivo exótico de los estereotipos relacionados con la ubicación. Como ejemplos, EastEnders se centra en la dura y sombría vida en el East End de Londres; Coronation Street y sus personajes exhiben la característica estereotipada del "norte de habla franca". [20]

Si queremos que un actor vuelva a aparecer en un espectáculo, siempre hay una manera. Generalmente, se puede encontrar una forma de retorcer y manipular algo. Rara vez se ve un cadáver, pero bueno, incluso si lo hace, él o ella siempre puede regresar para interpretar al gemelo idéntico malvado.

Marlena Laird en 1992, durante su etapa como productora de línea y directora de General Hospital . [21]

El romance , las relaciones secretas, las aventuras extramatrimoniales y el odio genuino han sido la base de muchas historias de telenovelas. En las series diurnas de Estados Unidos, los personajes de telenovelas más populares y las historias más populares a menudo involucraban un romance del tipo presentado en las novelas románticas de bolsillo . Las historias de las telenovelas tejen historias intrincadas, enrevesadas y a veces confusas de personajes que tienen aventuras, conocen extraños misteriosos y se enamoran, y que cometen adulterio, todo lo cual mantiene a los espectadores enganchados a la historia que se desarrolla. Crímenes como el secuestro, la agresión (a veces sexual) e incluso el asesinato pueden quedar impunes si se mantiene al perpetrador en la historia en curso.

Las telenovelas australianas y británicas también presentan una proporción significativa de historias románticas. En Rusia, las series más populares exploran el "romántico" de la vida criminal y/o de los oligarcas .

En las tramas de las telenovelas, niños, hermanos y gemelos (incluidos los malvados ) desconocidos de personajes establecidos suelen aparecer para alterar y revitalizar el conjunto de relaciones examinadas en la serie. Calamidades inesperadas interrumpen bodas, nacimientos y otros eventos importantes de la vida con una frecuencia inusual.

Al igual que en los cómics (otra forma popular de narración lineal iniciada en los EE. UU. durante el siglo XX), no se garantiza que la muerte de un personaje sea permanente . [21] En The Bold and the Beautiful , se mostró que Taylor Hayes ( Hunter Tylo ) tenía una línea muerta y tenía un funeral. Una vez que Tylo repitió su personaje en 2005, una retrocon explicó que Taylor en realidad había entrado en coma.

Las acrobacias y la acción física compleja están prácticamente ausentes, especialmente en los seriales diurnos. Estos acontecimientos de la historia a menudo ocurren fuera de la pantalla y se mencionan en los diálogos en lugar de mostrarse. Esto se debe a que las acrobacias o las escenas de acción son difíciles de representar adecuadamente sin movimientos complejos, tomas múltiples y edición de posproducción. Cuando los episodios se transmitían en vivo, el trabajo de posproducción era imposible. Aunque todos los seriales han pasado a ser grabados desde hace mucho tiempo, el extenso trabajo de posproducción y las tomas múltiples, si bien son posibles, no son factibles debido a los ajustados cronogramas de grabación y los bajos presupuestos.

Estados Unidos

Series diurnas en televisión

Fotografía publicitaria de Rosemary Prinz como Penny Hughes de As the World Turns

La primera telenovela diurna emitida en Estados Unidos fue These Are My Children en 1949, aunque los melodramas anteriores se habían emitido por las noches como programas semanales. Las telenovelas se convirtieron rápidamente en un elemento fijo de la televisión diurna estadounidense a principios de la década de 1950, junto con los concursos , las repeticiones de comedias de situación y los programas de entrevistas.

En 1988, H. Wesley Kenney , quien en ese momento se desempeñaba como productor ejecutivo de General Hospital , dijo a The New York Times : [22]

Creo que a la gente le gustan las historias que continúan para poder identificarse con esas personas. Se convierten en una especie de familia y el espectador se involucra emocionalmente. Parece haber dos actitudes por parte de los espectadores. Una, que las historias son similares a lo que les sucedió en la vida real, o dos, gracias a Dios que no soy yo.

—  H. Wesley Kenney

Muchas telenovelas estadounidenses de larga trayectoria establecieron entornos particulares para sus historias. The Doctors y General Hospital , al principio, contaban historias casi exclusivamente desde el interior de los confines de un hospital. As the World Turns trataba en gran medida de la práctica legal de Chris Hughes y las tribulaciones de su esposa Nancy , quien, cansada de ser "la ama de casa leal" en la década de 1970, se convirtió en una de las primeras mujeres mayores en las series estadounidenses en ingresar a la fuerza laboral. Guiding Light trataba sobre Bert Bauer ( Charita Bauer ) y su esposo alcohólico Bill, y sus interminables problemas matrimoniales. Cuando el estatus de Bert cambió a madre cariñosa y matriarca del pueblo, se mostraron los problemas matrimoniales de sus hijos. Search for Tomorrow contaba principalmente su historia a través de los ojos de Joanne Gardner ( Mary Stuart ). Incluso cuando las historias giraban en torno a otros personajes, Joanne era con frecuencia un actor clave en sus tramas. Days of Our Lives inicialmente se centró en el Dr. Tom Horton y su fiel esposa Alice. El programa luego se diversificó para centrarse más en sus cinco hijos. En The Edge of Night, el protagonista principal era Mike Karr, un detective de policía (que más tarde se convirtió en abogado) y se centraba principalmente en el crimen organizado. The Young and the Restless se centraba primero en dos familias: la próspera familia Brooks, con cuatro hijas, y la familia Foster, de clase trabajadora, formada por una madre soltera trabajadora con tres hijos. Sus tramas exploraban problemas realistas, como el cáncer, las enfermedades mentales, la pobreza y la infidelidad.

En cambio, Dark Shadows (1966-1971), Port Charles (1997-2003) y Passions (1999-2008) presentaban personajes sobrenaturales y abordaban tramas de fantasía y terror . Entre sus personajes había vampiros, brujas, fantasmas, duendes y ángeles.

La telenovela estadounidense Guiding Light (titulada originalmente The Guiding Light hasta 1975) comenzó como un drama radiofónico en enero de 1937 y posteriormente se trasladó a la televisión en junio de 1952. Con la excepción de varios años a fines de la década de 1940, durante los cuales la creadora Irna Phillips estuvo involucrada en una disputa con Procter & Gamble , Guiding Light se escuchó o vio casi todos los días de la semana desde 1937 hasta 2009, lo que la convierte en la historia más larga jamás contada en un medio de transmisión.

Originalmente, los seriales se transmitían como entregas de 15 minutos cada día de la semana en franjas horarias diurnas. En 1956, As the World Turns y The Edge of Night , ambas producidas por Procter & Gamble Productions , debutaron como las primeras telenovelas de media hora en la cadena de televisión CBS . Todas las telenovelas transmitían episodios de media hora a fines de la década de 1960. Con el aumento de popularidad en la década de 1970, la mayoría de las telenovelas se habían expandido a una hora de duración para fines de la década ( Another World incluso se expandió a 90 minutos por un corto tiempo de 1979 a 1980). Más de la mitad de los seriales se habían expandido a episodios de una hora en 1980. A partir de 2012, tres de los cuatro seriales estadounidenses transmiten episodios de una hora cada día de la semana; solo The Bold and the Beautiful transmite episodios de 30 minutos.

Las telenovelas se transmitían originalmente en vivo desde el estudio, lo que creaba lo que muchos en ese momento consideraban una sensación similar a la de una obra de teatro. Como casi todas las telenovelas se originaron en esa época en la ciudad de Nueva York , varios actores de telenovelas también eran actores de teatro consumados que realizaban teatro en vivo durante los descansos de sus papeles en las telenovelas. En las décadas de 1960 y 1970, se produjeron nuevas series como General Hospital , Days of our Lives y The Young and the Restless en Los Ángeles . Su éxito convirtió a la Costa Oeste en una alternativa viable a las telenovelas producidas en Nueva York, que se estaban volviendo más costosas de realizar. A principios de la década de 1970, casi todas las telenovelas habían pasado a ser grabadas. As the World Turns y The Edge of Night fueron las últimas en hacer el cambio, en 1975.

Port Charles utilizó la práctica de ejecutar " arcos narrativos " de 13 semanas , en los que los eventos principales del arco se desarrollan y concluyen durante las 13 semanas, aunque algunas historias continuaron durante más de un arco. Según la edición de 2006 de Soap Opera Digest , se discutió brevemente que todos los programas de ABC podrían hacer arcos narrativos de telenovelas , pero esto fue rechazado.

Aunque las telenovelas estadounidenses diurnas generalmente no son retransmitidas por sus cadenas, ocasionalmente se retransmiten en otros lugares; CBS y ABC han hecho excepciones a esto, transmitiendo episodios más antiguos (ya sea los emitidos anteriormente en la temporada actual o los emitidos años antes) en días festivos importantes cuando la programación de eventos especiales no está programada o debido a aplazamientos de último momento de episodios programados para el día siguiente debido a la cobertura de noticias de último momento . ( Las paradas temporales de producción causadas por la pandemia de COVID-19 resultaron de manera similar en que CBS y ABC transmitieran repeticiones más antiguas de The Young and the Restless , The Bold and the Beautiful y General Hospital durante la primavera y el verano de 2020 para racionar los episodios de primera ejecución y, eventualmente, para llenar el tiempo de emisión después de que los programas se quedaron sin nuevos episodios para transmitir; Days of Our Lives , que produce sus episodios aproximadamente ocho meses antes de su transmisión inicial, no recurrió a emitir episodios más antiguos durante este tiempo, ya que tenía una mayor acumulación de episodios de primera ejecución). Los primeros episodios de Dark Shadows se repitieron en estaciones miembro de PBS a principios de la década de 1970 después de la cancelación del programa, y ​​​​la serie completa (a excepción de un solo episodio faltante) se repitió en Sci-Fi Channel en la década de 1990. Después de la cancelación de The Edge of Night en 1984, se mostraron repeticiones de los últimos cinco años del programa en las noches de USA Network desde 1985 hasta 1989. El 20 de enero de 2000, una red de cable digital y satélite dedicada al género, Soapnet , comenzó a retransmitir telenovelas que originalmente se emitieron en ABC, NBC y CBS.

Las cadenas de televisión por cable más nuevas desde finales de los años 1980, como Fox y las cadenas de televisión por cable , han evitado en gran medida las telenovelas en sus programaciones diurnas, y en su lugar han emitido programación sindicada y repeticiones. Ningún canal de televisión por cable ha producido su propia serie diurna, aunque The 101 Network de DirecTV se hizo cargo de la serie existente Passions y continuó la producción durante una temporada; mientras que TBS y CBN Cable Network emitieron respectivamente sus propias telenovelas, The Catlins (una telenovela en horario de máxima audiencia que utilizaba el formato de episodios diarios de sus contrapartes diurnas) y Another Life (una telenovela que combinaba el drama serial estándar con connotaciones religiosas), durante la década de 1980. Fox, la cuarta "cadena importante" , emitió una telenovela diurna de corta duración, Tribes , en 1990. Sin embargo, aparte de esto y un par de intentos piloto, Fox se mantuvo principalmente alejada de las telenovelas diurnas y no las ha intentado desde su ascenso al estado de cadena principal en 1994 (más tarde intentó una serie de telenovelas diarias en horario de máxima audiencia de 2006 a 2007, que se emitieron en la cadena hermana recién creada MyNetworkTV , pero el experimento fue en gran medida un fracaso después de los índices de audiencia decepcionantes).

Debido a la gran cantidad de episodios producidos para una serie, el lanzamiento de telenovelas en DVD (un medio popular para la distribución de series de televisión actuales y antiguas) se considera poco práctico. Con la excepción de especiales ocasionales, las telenovelas diurnas se destacan por su ausencia en los calendarios de lanzamiento de DVD (una excepción es la telenovela sobrenatural, Dark Shadows , que recibió un lanzamiento esencialmente completo tanto en VHS como en DVD; el único episodio perdido # 1219 se reconstruye por medio de una grabación de audio fuera del aire, imágenes fijas y material de recapitulación de episodios adyacentes).

Artistas

Ver lista de actores de telenovelas con más años de servicio

Los actores de telenovelas en Estados Unidos suelen dividirse en dos grupos principales: personajes principales (a veces denominados "actores contratados", ya que sus intérpretes firman contratos de trabajo o personajes principales) y personajes secundarios (a veces denominados personajes recurrentes ). Estos dos grupos de personajes conforman la gran mayoría de las personas que aparecen en una telenovela determinada. También hay personajes que aparecen solo por un corto tiempo según lo dicta una historia específica, e incluso personajes que pueden tener solo un nombre de pila y no tener una historia de personaje desarrollada con poco diálogo (a veces se los denomina "menores de 5 años", ya que reciben menos de cinco líneas de diálogo en cada episodio).

Debido a la longevidad de estos programas, no es raro que un mismo personaje sea interpretado por varios actores. El personaje clave de Mike Karr en The Edge of Night fue interpretado por tres actores.

Por el contrario, varios actores han seguido interpretando el mismo personaje durante muchos años, o incluso décadas. Helen Wagner interpretó a la matriarca de la familia Hughes, Nancy Hughes, en la telenovela estadounidense As the World Turns desde su debut el 2 de abril de 1956 hasta su muerte en mayo de 2010. Está incluida en el Libro Guinness de los récords mundiales [23] como la actriz con la actuación ininterrumpida más larga en un solo papel. Varios intérpretes interpretaron papeles durante 20 años o más, ocasionalmente en más de un programa. Rachel Ames interpretó a Audrey Hardy en General Hospital y Port Charles desde 1964 hasta 2007, y regresó en 2009. Susan Lucci interpretó a Erica Kane en All My Children desde el debut del programa en enero de 1970 hasta que terminó su emisión en televisión en cadena en ABC el 23 de septiembre de 2011. Erika Slezak interpretó a Victoria Lord # 3 en One Life to Live desde 1971 hasta que el programa terminó su emisión en televisión en cadena en ABC el 13 de enero de 2012, y reanudó el papel en su breve resurgimiento en línea el 29 de abril de 2013. [24]

Otros actores han interpretado varios personajes en diferentes programas. Millette Alexander , Bernard Barrow , Doris Belack , David Canary , Judith Chapman , Keith Charles , Jordan Charney , Joan Copeland , Nicolas Coster , Jacqueline Courtney , Augusta Dabney , Louis Edmonds , Don Hastings , Larry Haines , Vincent Irizarry , Lenore Kasdorf , Teri Keane , Lois Kibbee , John Loprieno , Lori March , Maeve McGuire , Robert Mili, James Mitchell , Lee Patterson , Christopher Pennock , Antony Ponzini , William Prince , Rosemary Prinz , Louise Shaffer , Mary Stuart , Richard Thomas , Diana van der Vlis , Mary K. Wells , Lesley Woods y Michael Zaslow , entre muchos otros, han interpretado múltiples papeles en telenovelas.

Evolución de la serie diurna

Durante varias décadas, la mayoría de las telenovelas diurnas se centraban en conflictos familiares y matrimoniales, dramas legales y romances. La acción rara vez salía de los escenarios interiores y muchos programas se desarrollaban en ciudades ficticias de tamaño mediano del Medio Oeste .

Las historias de problemas sociales generalmente estaban prohibidas cuando las telenovelas estaban comenzando, debido a la fuerte censura impuesta por la cadena en ese momento, pero la escritora y productora Agnes Nixon introdujo estas historias de manera lenta pero segura, primero en 1962 cuando la matriarca de The Guiding Light , Bert Bauer, desarrolló cáncer de útero [25] (ya que a la actriz, Charita Bauer , se le había diagnosticado la misma enfermedad en la vida real). La historia alentó a muchas mujeres a hacerse pruebas de Papanicolaou [25] y la sala de correo de CBS en la ciudad de Nueva York recibió una cantidad récord en ese momento de correo de admiradores deseándole lo mejor a Bauer (tanto a Bert como a Charita). Nixon continuaría contando muchas historias socialmente relevantes en sus telenovelas One Life to Live y All My Children a fines de la década de 1960 y en la de 1970.

Las tomas exteriores se fueron incorporando poco a poco a las series The Edge of Night y Dark Shadows . A diferencia de muchas series anteriores que se desarrollaban en ciudades ficticias, The Best of Everything y Ryan's Hope se desarrollaban en un lugar del mundo real, la ciudad de Nueva York.

El primer rodaje en un lugar exótico se realizó en St. Croix en 1978, con la producción de All My Children. Muchas otras telenovelas planearon historias fastuosas después del éxito del rodaje de All My Children . Las telenovelas Another World y Guiding Light se trasladaron a St. Croix en 1980. La primera de ellas culminó una historia de larga data entre los populares personajes Mac, Rachel y Janice, y la segunda sirvió como escenario exótico para el tórrido romance de Alan Spaulding y Rita Bauer . Search for Tomorrow se grabó durante dos semanas en Hong Kong en 1981. Más tarde ese año, parte del elenco y el equipo se aventuraron a Jamaica para grabar una historia de consumación amorosa entre los personajes de Garth y Kathy.

Durante la década de 1980, tal vez como reacción a las series dramáticas nocturnas que obtenían altos índices de audiencia, las series diurnas comenzaron a incorporar historias de acción y aventuras, más intrigas de grandes negocios y un mayor énfasis en el romance juvenil.

Una de las parejas más populares fue la de Luke Spencer y Laura Webber en General Hospital . Luke y Laura ayudaron a atraer fans tanto masculinos como femeninos. Incluso la actriz Elizabeth Taylor era fan y, a petición propia, le dieron un papel como invitada en el episodio de la boda de Luke y Laura. La popularidad de Luke y Laura llevó a otros productores de telenovelas a esforzarse por reproducir este éxito intentando crear sus propias superparejas.

Con historias de acción cada vez más extrañas poniéndose de moda, Luke y Laura salvaron al mundo de ser congelado, derrotaron a un mafioso al encontrar su libro negro en la estatua de un niño zurdo y ayudaron a una princesa a encontrar su tesoro azteca en México . Otras telenovelas intentaron historias de aventuras similares, a menudo con imágenes filmadas en exteriores, con frecuencia en lugares exóticos.

Durante la década de 1990, las historias de mafia, acción y aventuras cayeron en desgracia entre los productores, debido a la disminución general de los índices de audiencia de las telenovelas diurnas en ese momento. Con los recortes presupuestarios resultantes, las telenovelas ya no pudieron filmarse en locaciones costosas en el extranjero como pudieron hacerlo en la década de 1980. Durante esa década, las telenovelas se centraron cada vez más en personajes más jóvenes y problemas sociales , como la adicción a las drogas de Erica Kane en All My Children , el resurgimiento del trastorno de identidad disociativo de Viki Lord en One Life to Live y Stuart Chandler lidiando con su esposa Cindy muriendo de SIDA en All My Children . Otros problemas sociales incluyeron el cáncer , la violación , el aborto y el racismo .

Varios programas durante las décadas de 1990 y 2000 incorporaron elementos sobrenaturales y de ciencia ficción en sus historias en un intento de aumentar sus índices de audiencia. Uno de los personajes principales de la telenovela anterior Dark Shadows fue Barnabas Collins , un vampiro, y One Life to Live presentó a un ángel llamado Virgil. Ambos programas presentaron personajes que viajaron hacia y desde el pasado. En 1995, Days of our Lives presentó una historia en la que el personaje favorito de los fanáticos, Marlena Evans, estaba poseído por el diablo, y en 1998, Guiding Light presentó una historia de clonación que involucraba al personaje heredado Reva Shayne .

Gramática tradicional de los seriales diurnos

Las telenovelas diurnas estadounidenses modernas se mantienen en gran medida fieles al formato original de las telenovelas. La duración y el formato de las historias y la gramática visual empleada por las telenovelas diurnas estadounidenses las distinguen de las telenovelas de otros países y de las telenovelas vespertinas. Estilísticamente, las telenovelas británicas y australianas, que suelen producirse para las franjas horarias de las primeras horas de la tarde, se sitúan en algún punto intermedio entre las telenovelas diurnas y vespertinas estadounidenses. Al igual que las telenovelas diurnas estadounidenses, las telenovelas británicas y australianas se graban en cinta de vídeo, y el reparto y las historias se rotan a lo largo de los episodios de la semana de modo que cada miembro del reparto aparecerá en algunos episodios, pero no en todos. Las telenovelas británicas y australianas avanzan a través de las historias a un ritmo más rápido que las telenovelas diurnas, lo que las hace más cercanas a las telenovelas vespertinas estadounidenses en este sentido.

Las telenovelas diurnas estadounidenses presentan elementos estilísticos que las distinguen de otros programas:

Rechazar

Los índices de audiencia de las telenovelas han caído significativamente en los EE. UU. desde la década de 2000. A partir de septiembre de 2022, solo cuatro telenovelas diurnas ( General Hospital , Days of Our Lives , The Young and the Restless y The Bold and the Beautiful ) todavía están en producción, con tres transmitiéndose en dos cadenas de transmisión y una en streaming, por debajo de un total de 12 telenovelas transmitidas durante la temporada 1990-91 y un máximo de 19 en la temporada 1969-70. Esta es la primera vez desde 1953 que solo se han transmitido cuatro telenovelas en televisión abierta . [28] The Young and the Restless , la telenovela de mayor audiencia desde 1988 hasta la actualidad, tenía menos de 5 millones de espectadores diarios en febrero de 2012, una cifra superada por varios programas sin guion como Judge Judy . [29] Las tiradas de revistas de telenovelas han disminuido y algunas incluso han dejado de publicarse. [30] Soapnet, que transmitía principalmente repeticiones de telenovelas, comenzó a eliminarse gradualmente en 2012 y cesó por completo sus operaciones al año siguiente. [31] Los Premios Daytime Emmy , que honran las telenovelas y otros programas diurnos, se trasladaron de la televisión en cadena en horario de máxima audiencia a canales de cable más pequeños en 2012, y luego no lograron ninguna transmisión televisiva en 2014, 2016 y 2017. [32]

Varias de las telenovelas más consolidadas de Estados Unidos terminaron entre 2009 y 2012. El drama de mayor duración en la historia de la televisión y la radio, Guiding Light , apenas alcanzó los 2,1 millones de espectadores diarios en 2009 y terminó el 18 de septiembre de ese año, después de 72 años de emisión (incluida la radio). [33] As the World Turns emitió su episodio final el 17 de septiembre de 2010, después de 54 años de emisión. As the World Turns fue la última de las 20 telenovelas producidas por Procter & Gamble, la empresa de jabones y bienes de consumo de la que el género obtuvo su nombre. [34] As the World Turns y Guiding Light también estuvieron entre las últimas telenovelas que se originaron en la ciudad de Nueva York. All My Children , otra telenovela con sede en Nueva York, trasladó su producción a Los Ángeles en un esfuerzo por reducir los costos y aumentar los índices de audiencia en caída; Sin embargo, tanto esta como One Life to Live , cada una con una duración de más de 40 años, fueron canceladas en 2011. All My Children emitió su final en cadena en septiembre de 2011, y One Life to Live siguió su ejemplo en enero de 2012. [35] Tanto All My Children como One Life to Live fueron revividos brevemente en línea en 2013, antes de ser cancelados nuevamente ese mismo año. [36] En 2019, la producción de Days of Our Lives se puso en "pausa indefinida" y se rescindieron todos los contratos del elenco, lo que generó preocupaciones dentro de las publicaciones de telenovelas de que se produciría una cancelación, [37] aunque el programa se renovó más tarde hasta septiembre de 2021. [38] En 2022, NBC anunció que Days of Our Lives se trasladaría exclusivamente a su servicio de transmisión, Peacock , lo que convirtió a NBC en la primera de las tres grandes cadenas en no emitir ninguna telenovela diurna. [39]

En marzo de 2024, CBS Studios , NAACP Venture , en asociación con P&G Studios , anunciaron que una nueva telenovela para CBS titulada The Gates está en desarrollo y será la primera telenovela desde Generations en contar con un elenco afroamericano . [40]

El 12 de abril de 2024, CBS renovó The Talk para una decimoquinta y última temporada, y el programa concluirá en diciembre de 2024. [41] Tres días después, el 15 de abril, The Gates (ahora titulada " Beyond the Gates ") recibió luz verde de CBS y está programado para estrenarse en enero de 2025, probablemente ocupando el horario de The Talk , lo que significa que será la primera telenovela diurna nueva que se estrena en una importante cadena de transmisión desde Passions en 1999. [42]

Causas

A medida que las mujeres trabajaban cada vez más fuera de casa, la audiencia televisiva durante el día disminuyó. [ cita requerida ] Las nuevas generaciones de espectadores potenciales no fueron criadas viendo telenovelas con sus madres, lo que hizo que las largas y complejas historias de los programas fueran ajenas a las audiencias más jóvenes. A medida que los espectadores envejecen, los índices de audiencia siguen cayendo entre las mujeres adultas jóvenes, el grupo demográfico por el que los anunciantes de telenovelas pagan más. [43] No se cuentan aquellos que podrían ver en las salas de descanso del lugar de trabajo, ya que Nielsen no rastrea la audiencia televisiva fuera del hogar. El auge del cable e Internet también ha proporcionado nuevas fuentes de entretenimiento durante el día. [43] La decadencia del género también se ha atribuido a la televisión de realidad que desplazó a las telenovelas como la forma dominante de melodrama de la televisión. [44] Un término temprano para el género de la televisión de realidad fue docu-soap . [45] Un precursor de la telerrealidad, el caso del asesinato de O.J. Simpson , televisado entre 1994 y 1995, se adelantó y compitió con una temporada entera de telenovelas, transformando los hábitos de visualización y dejando a las telenovelas con un 10 por ciento menos de espectadores después de que terminó el juicio. [46] [47]

Las alternativas de programación diurna, como los programas de entrevistas , los programas de juegos y los programas judiciales , cuestan hasta un 50% menos de producir que los dramas con guion, [48] lo que hace que esos formatos sean más rentables y atractivos para las cadenas, incluso si reciben los mismos índices de audiencia o ligeramente inferiores a los de las telenovelas. Una cadena puede incluso preferir devolver un espacio de tiempo a sus estaciones locales en lugar de mantener una telenovela con índices de audiencia decepcionantes en el aire, como fue el caso de Sunset Beach y Port Charles . Para agravar la presión financiera sobre la programación con guion en el período 2007-2010, se produjo una disminución de la publicidad durante la Gran Recesión , que llevó a los programas a reducir sus presupuestos y el tamaño del elenco. [49] Además de estos factores externos, los fanáticos de las telenovelas han citado una letanía de decisiones de producción que contribuyeron al declive del género, como tramas cliché, una falta de diversidad que redujo el atractivo para la audiencia y la eliminación de las familias centrales. [50]

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La serie de máxima audiencia

Los seriales producidos para el horario de máxima audiencia también han tenido éxito. La primera telenovela en horario de máxima audiencia fue Faraway Hill (1946), que se emitió el 2 de octubre de 1946 en la ahora desaparecida DuMont Television Network . [51] Faraway Hill duró 12 episodios y se transmitió principalmente en vivo, intercalados con breves clips de películas pregrabados y fotos fijas para recordar a la audiencia el episodio de la semana anterior.

La primera telenovela de larga duración en horario de máxima audiencia fue Peyton Place (1964-1969) de la cadena ABC. Se basó en parte en la película homónima de 1957 (que, a su vez, se basó en la novela de 1956 ).

La popularidad de Peyton Place impulsó a la cadena CBS a crear una telenovela propia, Our Private World , del popular personaje de As the World Turns , Lisa Miller , titulada originalmente "The Woman Lisa" en sus etapas de planificación. Our Private World se emitió de mayo a septiembre de 1965. El personaje de Lisa (y su intérprete, Eileen Fulton ) regresaron a As The World Turns después de que la serie terminara.

La estructura de Peyton Place , con sus tramas episódicas y arcos argumentales de larga duración, sentó las bases para las series de máxima audiencia de la década de 1980, cuando el formato alcanzó su apogeo.

Las series de mayor éxito de la década de 1980 incluyeron Dallas , su spin-off Knots Landing , Dynasty y Falcon Crest . Estos programas trataban con frecuencia de familias adineradas y sus problemas personales y empresariales. Las características comunes eran decorados y vestuario suntuosos, tramas complejas que examinaban intrigas y planes empresariales y espectaculares situaciones de suspenso en caso de desastre. Cada una de estas series presentaba a un antagonista rico, dominante, promiscuo y apasionado como personaje clave en la trama: respectivamente, JR Ewing ( Larry Hagman ), Abby Cunningham ( Donna Mills ), Alexis Colby ( Joan Collins ) y Angela Channing ( Jane Wyman ). Estos malvados conspiradores se convirtieron en figuras inmensamente populares que el público "amaba odiar".

A diferencia de los seriales diurnos, que se graban en video en un estudio utilizando la configuración de múltiples cámaras, estas series nocturnas se filmaron en película utilizando una configuración de una sola cámara y presentaron material filmado en locaciones sustanciales, a menudo en lugares pintorescos. Dallas , su spin-off Knots Landing y Falcon Crest inicialmente presentaron episodios con historias independientes y estrellas invitadas específicas que aparecían solo en ese episodio. Cada historia se resolvió por completo al final del episodio, y no hubo suspenso al final del episodio. Después del primer par de temporadas, los tres programas cambiaron su formato de historia al de una telenovela pura, con narrativas continuas entrelazadas que se desarrollaban a lo largo de varios episodios. Dynasty presentó este formato a lo largo de su recorrido.

La distintiva estructura de trama abierta y la continuidad compleja de las telenovelas se incorporaron cada vez más a los programas de televisión estadounidenses de máxima audiencia de la época. La primera serie dramática importante en hacer esto fue Hill Street Blues . Esta serie, producida por Steven Bochco , presentó muchos elementos tomados de las telenovelas, como un elenco coral , historias de varios episodios y un amplio desarrollo de los personajes a lo largo de la serie. Esta y la posterior Cagney & Lacey superpusieron la fórmula de la serie policial con narrativas continuas que exploraban las vidas personales y las relaciones interpersonales de los personajes regulares. [52] El éxito de estas series impulsó a otras series dramáticas, como St. Elsewhere y las series de comedia de situación, a incorporar historias serializadas y estructura de historia en diversos grados.

Las telenovelas y series dramáticas de máxima audiencia de la década de 1990, como Beverly Hills, 90210 , Melrose Place , Party of Five , The OC y Dawson's Creek , se centraron más en personajes más jóvenes. En la década de 2000, ABC comenzó a revitalizar el formato de telenovela de máxima audiencia con programas como Desperate Housewives , Grey's Anatomy , Brothers & Sisters , Ugly Betty , Private Practice y, más recientemente, Revenge , Nashville , Scandal , Mistresses y anteriormente Ringer , que su productora hermana ABC Studios coprodujo con CBS Television Studios para The CW . Si bien no son telenovelas en el sentido tradicional, estos programas lograron atraer a un público amplio con su alto drama mezclado con humor, y son telenovelas por definición. Estos éxitos llevaron a NBC a lanzar seriales, incluidos Heroes y Friday Night Lights . [ cita requerida ] La emergente MyNetworkTV, una cadena hermana de Fox, lanzó una línea de telenovelas en horario de máxima audiencia (un género similar a las telenovelas en términos de contenido) en su lanzamiento en septiembre de 2006, pero descontinuó el uso del formato en agosto de 2007 después de índices de audiencia decepcionantes. [ cita requerida ]

El 13 de junio de 2012, Dallas , una continuación de la serie original de 1978, se estrenó en la cadena de cable TNT . La serie revivida, que fue cancelada después de tres temporadas en 2014, entregó calificaciones sólidas para el canal, solo perdiendo audiencia después de que la estrella más establecida del programa, Larry Hagman , muriera a mitad de la serie. En 2012, Nick at Nite estrenó una telenovela en horario estelar, Hollywood Heights , que transmitía episodios cinco noches a la semana (de lunes a viernes) de manera similar a una telenovela diurna, en lugar de la salida de episodios de una vez a la semana común de otras telenovelas en horario estelar. La serie, que fue una adaptación de la telenovela mexicana Alcanzar una estrella , sufrió de bajos índices de audiencia (generalmente recibió menos de 1 millón de espectadores) y luego se trasladó al canal de cable hermano TeenNick a mitad de su recorrido para quemar los episodios restantes.

En 2015, Fox estrenó Empire , una serie musical en horario de máxima audiencia centrada en la lucha de poder entre los miembros de la familia dentro de la compañía discográfica titular. Creado por Lee Daniels y Danny Strong y dirigido por los nominados al Oscar Terrence Howard y Taraji P. Henson , el drama se estrenó con altos índices de audiencia. El programa está fuertemente influenciado por otras obras como El rey Lear de William Shakespeare , El león en invierno de James Goldman y la telenovela de los años 80 Dinastía . También en 2015, E! presentó The Royals , una serie que sigue la vida y el drama de una familia real inglesa ficticia, que también se inspiró en Dinastía (incluso presenta a Joan Collins como la madre de la Reina). Además, ABC estrenó una telenovela en horario de máxima audiencia Blood & Oil , que sigue a una joven pareja que busca ganar dinero con el auge petrolero de Williston en la actualidad , que se estrenó el 27 de septiembre de 2015.

Lista de series de máxima audiencia

Telenovelas

La telenovela , un formato más breve de melodrama serial, comparte cierta similitud temática y, especialmente, estilística con la telenovela, lo suficiente como para que haya surgido el término coloquial telenovela para describir el formato. La principal diferencia entre las dos es la duración de la serie; mientras que las telenovelas suelen tener una duración indefinida, las telenovelas suelen tener un arco argumental central con un final prescrito dentro de un año o dos del lanzamiento del programa, lo que requiere una narración más concisa.

Las cadenas en español, principalmente Univisión y Telemundo , han tenido éxito transmitiendo telenovelas para el creciente mercado hispano de Estados Unidos. Tanto los dramas latinoamericanos producidos originalmente como los importados (así como los dramas turcos importados desde la década de 2020) son características populares de las programaciones diurnas y primetime de las cadenas, a veces superando a las cadenas en inglés en los índices de audiencia. [53] [54]

Publicaciones seriadas en línea

Algunas series web son telenovelas, como Degrassi: In Session o Venice: The Series . En 2013, la productora Prospect Park revivió All My Children y One Life to Live para la web, contratando a la creadora original Agnes Nixon como consultora y manteniendo a muchos de los mismos actores (Prospect Park compró los derechos de ambas series meses después de su cancelación por ABC en 2011, aunque inicialmente suspendió los planes de relanzar las telenovelas más tarde ese mismo año debido a problemas para recibir la aprobación de los sindicatos de actores y producción). [55] Cada programa produjo inicialmente cuatro episodios de media hora a la semana, pero rápidamente se redujo a dos episodios de media hora cada uno. [56] En medio de (aunque no directamente relacionado con) una demanda entre Prospect Park y ABC, el experimento terminó ese mismo año, y ambos programas fueron cancelados nuevamente. [36]

Pavo

A partir de 2017, Turquía es el segundo mayor exportador de telenovelas de televisión. En 2016, las exportaciones de televisión turcas ganaron $ 350 millones, lo que lo convierte en el segundo mayor exportador de drama en el mundo detrás de los Estados Unidos. [57] [58] Las telenovelas turcas tienen un gran número de seguidores en Asia , los Balcanes , Europa del Este , América Latina , Oriente Medio y África . [59] [60]

Reino Unido

Las telenovelas en el Reino Unido comenzaron en la radio y, en consecuencia, se asociaron con la BBC. Se había resistido a las telenovelas por considerarlas antitéticas a su imagen de calidad, pero comenzó a transmitir Front Line Family en abril de 1941 en su servicio de onda corta de América del Norte para alentar la intervención estadounidense en nombre de Gran Bretaña en la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [61] La BBC continúa transmitiendo la telenovela de radio de mayor duración del mundo, The Archers , que se emitió por primera vez en mayo de 1950 y se ha estado emitiendo a nivel nacional desde 1951. [4] Actualmente se transmite en BBC Radio 4 y continúa atrayendo a más de cinco millones de oyentes, o aproximadamente el 25% de la población de radioescuchas del Reino Unido en ese momento de la noche.

En el Reino Unido, las telenovelas son uno de los géneros más populares, y la mayoría se emiten durante el horario de máxima audiencia. La mayoría de las telenovelas del Reino Unido se centran en las comunidades cotidianas de la clase trabajadora, influenciadas por las convenciones del drama de la cocina . [62] Las telenovelas más populares en el Reino Unido son Coronation Street , EastEnders , Emmerdale , Hollyoaks , Doctors y las producidas en Australia Neighbours y Home and Away . Las tres primeras de estas se encuentran constantemente entre los programas de mayor audiencia en la televisión británica. [63] Tal es la magnitud de la popularidad del género de las telenovelas en el Reino Unido que, según se dice, todos los seriales de televisión del país son disfrutados por miembros de la Familia Real Británica . El propio rey Carlos III hizo apariciones especiales en dos de los seriales más importantes del Reino Unido durante su etapa como Príncipe de Gales : Coronation Street y EastEnders , este último junto a su esposa, la reina Camilla (entonces duquesa de Cornualles ), en 2000 y 2022 respectivamente. Los eventos importantes de la cultura británica a menudo se mencionan en la trama, como la participación de las naciones locales en la Copa del Mundo y la muerte de la princesa Diana . [64] Desde 1999, los premios British Soap Awards se han televisado en ITV . [65]

Una escena de EastEnders el día de Navidad de 1986, vista por 30,15 millones de espectadores. La historia, en la que Den Watts ( Leslie Grantham ) le entrega los papeles del divorcio a su esposa Angie ( Anita Dobson ) , fue el episodio de telenovela con mayor audiencia en la historia británica y el programa con mayor audiencia en el Reino Unido durante la década de 1980. Solo la final de la Copa del Mundo de 1966 y el funeral de la princesa Diana ocupan un lugar más alto en las clasificaciones de todos los tiempos. [63]

El episodio del día de Navidad de 1986 de EastEnders se considera a menudo el episodio de telenovela del Reino Unido con mayor audiencia de todos los tiempos, con 30,15 millones de espectadores (más de la mitad de la población en ese momento). [63] La cifra de 30,15 millones fue en realidad una combinación de la emisión original, que tuvo poco más de 19 millones de espectadores, y la edición ómnibus del domingo con 10 millones de espectadores. La cifra de audiencia combinada de 30,15 millones hace que el mencionado episodio del día de Navidad de 1986 de EastEnders sea la emisión de un solo canal con mayor audiencia en la historia de la televisión del Reino Unido. En general, ocupa el tercer lugar detrás de la final de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA de 1966 (32,3 millones de espectadores) y el funeral de la princesa Diana en 1997 (32,1 millones de espectadores) que se transmitieron tanto en BBC One como en ITV . [63]

Televisión

Una de las primeras series de televisión fue The Grove Family de la BBC, que produjo 148 episodios entre 1954 y 1957. El programa se transmitía en vivo y solo se conservaron unas pocas grabaciones en los archivos. La primera serie bisemanal del Reino Unido fue Emergency - Ward 10 de ITV , que se emitió entre 1957 y 1967.

En la década de 1960, Coronation Street revolucionó la televisión británica y rápidamente se convirtió en una institución británica. El 17 de septiembre de 2010, se convirtió en la telenovela de televisión de mayor duración del mundo y fue incluida en el Libro Guinness de los récords mundiales . [5] La BBC también produjo varios seriales: Compact trataba sobre el personal de una revista femenina; The Newcomers trataba sobre la conmoción causada por una gran empresa que instalaba una planta en una pequeña ciudad; United! contenía 147 episodios y se centraba en un equipo de fútbol; 199 Park Lane (1965) era un serial de clase alta, que duró solo 18 episodios. Ninguno de estos seriales se acercó a tener el mismo impacto que Coronation Street . De hecho, la mayoría de los seriales de la BBC de la década de 1960 fueron prácticamente eliminados .

Durante la década de 1960, el principal rival de Coronation Street fue Crossroads , una serie diaria que comenzó en 1964 y se emitió en ITV a primera hora de la tarde. Crossroads se desarrollaba en un motel de Birmingham y, aunque el programa era popular, su supuesto bajo nivel técnico y sus malas actuaciones fueron muy objeto de burlas. En la década de 1980, sus índices de audiencia habían comenzado a declinar. Varios intentos de renovar el programa a través de cambios de reparto y, más tarde, ampliando el enfoque del motel a la comunidad circundante no tuvieron éxito. Crossroads se canceló en 1988 (posteriormente se produjo una nueva versión de Crossroads , que se emitió desde 2001 hasta 2003).

Un rival posterior de Coronation Street fue Emmerdale Farm de ITV (más tarde rebautizada como Emmerdale ), que comenzó a emitirse en 1972 en horario diurno y se desarrollaba en la zona rural de Yorkshire . El aumento de audiencia hizo que Emmerdale se trasladara a un horario de máxima audiencia en los años 80.

Pobol y Cwm ( People of the Valley ) es una serie en galés producida por la BBC desde octubre de 1974, y es la telenovela de mayor duración producida por la emisora. Pobol y Cwm se emitió originalmente en la televisión de la BBC de Gales de 1974 a 1982; luego se trasladó a la estación de televisión en galés S4C cuando se inauguró en noviembre de 1982. El programa se emitió ocasionalmente en la BBC1 en Londres durante los períodos de exclusión regional a mediados y fines de la década de 1970. Pobol y Cwm se emitió brevemente en el resto del Reino Unido en 1994 en la BBC2 , con subtítulos en inglés ; es constantemente el programa más visto cada semana en S4C. [66]

Década de 1980

Las telenovelas diurnas no existían hasta la década de 1970 porque prácticamente no había televisión diurna en el Reino Unido. ITV introdujo General Hospital , que más tarde se trasladó a un horario de máxima audiencia. En 1980, Scottish Television estrenó Take the High Road , que duró más de veinte años. Más tarde, las franjas horarias diurnas se llenaron con una afluencia de telenovelas australianas como The Sullivans (emitida en ITV desde 1977), The Young Doctors (desde 1982), Sons and Daughters (desde 1983), A Country Practice (desde 1982), Richmond Hill (de 1988 a 1989) y, finalmente, Neighbours fue adquirida por la BBC en 1986, y Home and Away se emitió en ITV a partir de 1989. Estas alcanzaron niveles significativos de popularidad; Neighbours y Home and Away se trasladaron a franjas horarias de primera hora de la tarde, lo que ayudó a iniciar el auge de las telenovelas en el Reino Unido a finales de la década de 1980.

El día que Channel 4 comenzó a operar en 1982 lanzó su propia telenovela, Brookside , con sede en Liverpool , que redefiniría las telenovelas durante la siguiente década. El enfoque de Brookside era diferente de las telenovelas anteriores en el Reino Unido; estaba ambientada en un callejón sin salida de nueva construcción de clase media, a diferencia de Coronation Street y Emmerdale Farm , que estaban ambientadas en comunidades de clase trabajadora establecidas. Los personajes de Brookside eran generalmente personas que habían progresado desde los barrios residenciales del centro de la ciudad , o la clase media alta que había caído en tiempos difíciles. Aunque Brookside todavía se emitía en un horario anterior a la cuenca hidrográfica (8:00 p.m. y 8:30 p.m. de lunes a viernes, alrededor de las 5:00 p.m. para el ómnibus los sábados), era más liberal que otras telenovelas de la época: el diálogo incluía regularmente improperios. Esto se debió a la política general más liberal del canal durante ese período. La telenovela también estaba muy politizada. Bobby Grant ( Ricky Tomlinson ), un antihéroe militante sindicalista, era el personaje más abiertamente político. Las tramas eran a menudo más sensacionalistas que en otras telenovelas (a lo largo de la historia de la telenovela, hubo dos asedios armados en la calle) y se presentaban con más violencia (en particular, violaciones ).

In 1985, the BBC's EastEnders debuted and became a near instant success with viewers and critics alike, with the first episode attracting over 17 million viewers. The Christmas Day 1986 episode was watched by 30.15 million viewers and contained a scene in which divorce papers were served to Angie Watts (Anita Dobson) by her husband, Queen Vic landlord Den (Leslie Grantham).

A notable success in pioneering late-night broadcasting, in October 1984, Yorkshire Television began airing the cult Australian soap opera Prisoner, which originally ran from 1979 to 1986. It was eventually broadcast on all regions of the UK in differing slots, usually around 23:00 (but never before 22:30 in any region), under the title Prisoner: Cell Block H. It was probably most popular in the Midlands where Central Television consistently broadcast the serial three times a week from 1987 to 1991. Its airing in the UK was staggered, so different regions of the country saw it at a different pace. The program was immensely successful, regularly achieving 10 million viewers when all regions' ratings per episode were added together. Central bowed to fan pressure to repeat the soap, of which the first 95 episodes aired. Then, rival station Channel 5 also acquired rights to repeat the entire rerun of the program, starting in 1997. All 692 episodes have since been released on DVD in the UK.

1990s

In 1992, the BBC made Eldorado to daily alternate with EastEnders. The programme was heavily criticised and only lasted one year. Nevertheless, soap operas gained increasing prominence on UK television schedules. In 1995, Channel 4 premiered Hollyoaks, a soap with a youth focus which initially aired only once weekly, but became week-daily in November 2003. When Channel 5 launched in March 1997, it debuted the soap opera Family Affairs, which was formatted as a week-daily soap, airing Monday through Fridays.

Brookside's premise evolved during the 1990s, phasing out the politicised stories of the 1980s and shifting the emphasis to controversial and sensationalist stories such as child rape, sibling incest, religious cults and drug addiction, including the infamous 'body under the patio' storyline that ran from 1993 to 1995, and gave the serial its highest ratings ever with 9 million viewers.

Coronation Street and Brookside began releasing straight-to-video features. The Coronation Street releases generally kept the pace and style of conventional programs episodes with the action set in foreign locations. The Brookside releases were set in the usual locations, but featured stories with adult content not allowed on television pre-watershed, with these releases given '18' certificates.

Emmerdale Farm was renamed Emmerdale in 1989. The series was revamped in 1993 with many changes executed via the crash of a passenger jet that partially destroyed the village and killed several characters. This attracted criticism as it was broadcast near the fifth anniversary of the Lockerbie bombing. The storyline drew the soap its highest ever audience of 18 million viewers. The revamp was a success and Emmerdale grew in popularity.

Throughout the 1990s, Brookside, Coronation Street, EastEnders and Emmerdale continued to flourish. Each increased the number of episodes that aired on a weekly basis by at least one, further defining soap operas as the leading genre in British television.

2000s

Since 2000, new soap operas have continued to be developed. Daytime serial Doctors began in March 2000, preceding Neighbours on BBC One and had since become the BBC's flagship daytime series.[67] The series was cancelled in October 2023, with the final episode set to be screened in December 2024.[68] In 2002, as ratings for the Scottish serial High Road (formerly Take The High Road) continued to decline, BBC Scotland launched River City, which proved popular and effectively replaced High Road when it was cancelled in 2003. The long-running serial Brookside ended in November 2003 after 21 years on the air, leaving Hollyoaks as Channel 4's flagship serial. In 2023, it was announced that Hollyoaks had been removed from Channel 4's early evening schedule, but would remain on E4 and Channel 4's on demand service and would upload episodes to YouTube.

A new version of Crossroads featuring a mostly new cast was produced by Carlton Television for ITV in 2001. It did not achieve high ratings and was cancelled in 2003. In 2001, ITV also launched a new early-evening serial entitled Night and Day. This program too attracted low viewership and, after being shifted to a late night time slot, was cancelled in 2003.

Family Affairs, which was broadcast opposite the racier Hollyoaks, never achieved significantly high ratings leading to several dramatic casting revamps and marked changes in style and even location over its run. By 2004, Family Affairs had a larger fan base and won its first awards, but was cancelled in late 2005. In 2005, former Hollyoaks producer Sean O'Connor moved to Family Affairs, and planned a revamp including a new name and a younger, more glamorous cast, although these plans did not come to fruition due to the show's axing.

In 2008, ITV premiered The Royal Today, a daily spin-off of popular 1960s-based drama The Royal (itself a spin-off of Heartbeat), which had been running in a primetime slot since 2003. Just days later, soap opera parody programme Echo Beach premiered alongside its sister show, the comedy Moving Wallpaper. Both Echo Beach and The Royal Today ended after just one series due to low ratings. Radio soap opera Silver Street debuted on the BBC Asian Network in 2004. Poor ratings and criticism of the programme led to its cancellation in 2010.[69]

Format

UK soap operas for many years usually only aired two nights a week. The exception was the original Crossroads, which began as a week-daily soap opera in the 1960s, but later had its number of weekly broadcasts reduced.

In 1989, Coronation Street began airing three times a week. In 1996, it expanded to four episodes a week.

Brookside premiered in 1982 with two episodes a week. In 1990 it expanded to three episodes a week.

EastEnders increased its number of episodes a week in 1994 and Emmerdale did so in 1997.

Family Affairs debuted as a weekdaily soap in 1997, producing five episodes a week its entire run.

In 2004, Emmerdale began airing six episodes a week.

In a January 2008 overhaul of the ITV network, the Sunday episodes of Coronation Street and Emmerdale were moved out of their slots. Coronation Street added a second episode on Friday evenings at 8:30 p.m. Emmerdale's Tuesday edition was extended to an hour, putting it in direct competition with EastEnders. In July 2009, the schedules of these serials were changed again. On 23 July 2009, Coronation Street moved from the Wednesday slot it held for 49 years, to Thursday evenings. Emmerdale reverted to running just one 30-minute episode on Tuesday evenings and the other 30-minute installment was moved to Thursday evenings.[70] Coronation Street later returned to a Wednesday slot, to air Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 19:30 and 20:30. Emmerdale airs at 19:00 every weeknight, and 20:00 on Thursdays.

Later, Coronation Street (which began airing two episodes on Monday nights in 2002) produced five episodes a week.

It was announced in June 2016 that starting late 2017, Coronation Street would air six episodes a week.[71]

Doctors aired five episodes a week until 2022, and four episodes from 2022 onwards, and is the only soap without a weekend omnibus repeat screening. Hollyoaks produces five episodes a week. The imported Neighbours screens as five new episodes a week. As of 2019, EastEnders produces four episodes a week.

UK soap operas are shot on videotape in the studio using a multi-camera setup. In their early years, Coronation Street and Emmerdale used 16 mm film for footage shot on location. Since the 1980s, UK soap opera have routinely featured scenes shot outdoors in each episode. This footage is shot on videotape on a purpose-built outdoor set that represents the community that the soap focuses on.

Hollyoaks and Family Affairs were taped on high-definition video, and used the filmizing process.

Australia

See List of longest-serving soap opera actors

Australia has had quite a number of well-known soap operas, some of which have gained cult followings in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and other countries. The majority of Australian television soap operas are produced for early evening or evening timeslots. They usually produce two or two and a half hours of new material each week, either arranged as four or five half-hour episodes a week, or as two one-hour episodes.

Stylistically, these series most closely resemble UK soap operas in that they are nearly always shot on videotape, are mainly recorded in a studio and use a multi-camera setup. The original Australian serials were shot entirely in studio. During the 1970s occasional filmed inserts were used to incorporate sequences shot outdoors. Outdoor shooting later became commonplace and starting in the late 1970s, it became standard practice for some on-location footage to be featured in each episode of any Australian soap opera, often to capitalise on the attractiveness and exotic nature of these locations for international audiences.[72] Most Australian soap operas focus on a mixed age range of middle-class characters and will regularly feature a range of locations where the various, disparate characters can meet and interact, such as the café, the surf club, the wine bar or the school.[72]

Early serials

The genre began in Australia on radio, as it had in the United States and the United Kingdom. One such radio serial, Big Sister, featured actress Thelma Scott in the cast and aired nationally for five years beginning in 1942. Probably the best known Australian radio serial was the long-running soap opera Blue Hills, which was created by Gwen Meredith and ran from 1949 to 1976. With the advent of Australian television in 1956, daytime television serials followed. The first Australian television soap opera was Autumn Affair (1958) featuring radio personality and Blue Hills star Queenie Ashton making the transition to television. Each episode of this serial ran for 15 minutes and aired each weekday on the Seven Network. Autumn Affair failed to secure a sponsor and ended in 1959 after 156 episodes. It was followed by The Story of Peter Grey (1961), another Seven Network weekday series aired in a daytime slot in 15-minute installments. The Story of Peter Grey ran for 164 episodes.

The first successful wave of Australian evening television soap operas started in 1967 with Bellbird, produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. This rural-based serial screened in an early evening slot in 15-minute installments as a lead-in to the evening news. Bellbird was a moderate success but built up a consistent and loyal viewer base, especially in rural areas, and enjoyed a ten-year run. Motel (1968) was Australia's first half-hour soap opera; the daytime soap had a short run of 132 episodes.

The 1970s

The first major soap opera hit in Australia was the sex-melodrama Number 96, a nighttime series produced by Cash Harmon Television for Network 10, which debuted March 1972. The program dealt with such topics as homosexuality, adultery, drug use, rape within marriage and racism, which had rarely been explored on Australian television programs before. The series became famous for its sex scenes and nudity and for its comedic characters, many of whom became cult heroes in Australia. By 1973, Number 96 had become Australia's highest-rated show. In 1974, the sexed-up antics of Number 96 prompted the creation of The Box, which rivaled it in terms of nudity and sexual situations and was scheduled in a nighttime slot. Produced by Crawford Productions, many critics considered The Box to be a more slickly produced and better written show than Number 96. The Box also aired on the Ten Network, programmed to run right after Number 96. For 1974 Number 96 was again the highest rating show on Australian television, and that year The Box occupied the number two spot.

Also in 1974, the Reg Grundy Organisation created its first soap opera, and significantly Australia's first teen soap opera, Class of '74. With its attempts to hint at the sex and sin shown more openly on Number 96 and The Box, its high school setting and early evening timeslot, Class of '74 came under intense scrutiny from the Broadcasting Control Board, who vetted scripts and altered entire storylines.

By 1975, both Number 96 and The Box, perhaps as a reaction to declining ratings for both shows, de-emphasised the sex and nudity shifting more towards comedic plots. Class of '74 was renamed Class of '75 and also added more slapstick comedy for its second year, but the revamped show's ratings declined, resulting in its cancellation in mid-1975. That year Cash Harmon's newly launched second soap The Unisexers failed in its early evening slot and was cancelled after three weeks; the Reg Grundy Organisation's second soap Until Tomorrow ran in a daytime slot for 180 episodes.

A feature film version of Bellbird entitled Country Town was produced in 1971 by two of the show's stars, Gary Gray and Terry McDermott, without production involvement by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Number 96 and The Box also released feature film versions, both of which had the same title as the series, released in 1974 and 1975 respectively. As Australian television had broadcast in black and white until 1975, these theatrical releases all had the novelty of being in colour. The film versions of Number 96 and The Box also allowed more explicit nudity than could be shown on television at that time.

In November 1976 The Young Doctors debuted on the Nine Network. This Grundy Organization series eschewed the adult drama of Number 96 and The Box, focusing more on relationship drama and romance. It became a popular success but received few critical accolades. A week later The Sullivans, a carefully produced period serial chronicling the effects of World War II on a Melbourne family, also debuted on Nine. Produced by Crawford Productions, The Sullivans became a ratings success, attracted many positive reviews, and won television awards. During this period Number 96 re-introduced nudity into its episodes, with several much-publicised full-frontal nude scenes, a cast revamp and a new range of shock storylines designed to boost the show's declining ratings. Bellbird experienced changes to its broadcast pattern with episodes screening in 60 minute blocks, and later in 30 minute installments.

Bellbird, Number 96 and The Box, which had been experiencing declining ratings, were cancelled in 1977. Various attempts to revamp each of the shows with cast reshuffles or spectacular disaster storylines had proved only temporarily successful. The Young Doctors and The Sullivans continued to be popular. November 1977 saw the launch of successful soap opera/police procedural series Cop Shop (1977–1984) produced by Crawford Productions for Channel Seven. In early December 1977 Channel Ten debuted the Reg Grundy Organisation produced The Restless Years (1977–1981), a more standard soap drama focusing on several young school leavers.

The Seven Network, achieving success with Cop Shop produced by Crawford Productions, had Crawfords produce Skyways, a series with a similar format but set in an airport, to compete with the Nine Network's popular talk show The Don Lane Show. Skyways, which debuted in July 1979, emphasised adult situations including homosexuality, marriage problems, adultery, prostitution, drug use and smuggling, crime, suicide, political intrigue, and murder, and featured some nudity. Despite this, the program achieved only moderate ratings and was cancelled in mid-1981.

The 1980s

The Reg Grundy Organisation found major success with the women's-prison drama Prisoner (1979–1986) on Network Ten, and melodramatic family saga Sons and Daughters (1982–1987) on the Seven Network. Both shows achieved high ratings in their original runs, and unusually, found success in repeats after the programs ended.

Grundy soap The Young Doctors and Crawford Productions' The Sullivans continued on the Nine Network until late 1982. Thereafter Nine attempted many new replacement soap operas produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation: Taurus Rising (1982), Waterloo Station (1983), Starting Out (1983) and Possession (1985), along with Prime Time (1986) produced by Crawford Productions. None of these programs were successful and most were cancelled after only a few months. The Reg Grundy Organisation also created Neighbours, a suburban-based daily serial devised as a gentle family drama with some comedic and lightweight situations, for the Seven Network in 1985.

Produced in Melbourne at the studios of HSV-7, Neighbours achieved high ratings in Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide, but not in Sydney, where it aired at 5.30 p.m. placing it against the hit dating game show Perfect Match on Channel 10. The Seven Network's Sydney station ATN-7 quickly lost interest in Neighbours as a result of the low ratings in Sydney. HSV-7 in Melbourne lobbied heavily to keep Neighbours on the air, but ATN-7 managed to convince the rest of the network to cancel the show and instead keep ATN-7's own Sydney-based dramas A Country Practice and Sons and Daughters.

After the network cancelled Neighbours, it was immediately picked up by Channel Ten, which revamped the cast and scripts slightly and aired the series in the 7.00 p.m. slot starting 20 January 1986. It initially attracted low audiences; however, after a concerted publicity drive, Ten managed to transform the series into a major success, turning several of its actors into major international stars. The show's popularity eventually declined and it was moved to the 6.30 p.m. slot in 1992. In January 2011 it moved to Eleven and ended after 8,903 episodes on 28 July 2022. In November 2022, Amazon Freevee revived the show with an order of 400 episodes to begin airing in 2023. It is Australia's longest-running soap opera.

The success of Neighbours in the 1980s prompted the creation of somewhat similar suburban and family or teen-oriented soap operas such as Home and Away (1988–present) on Channel Seven and Richmond Hill (1988) on Channel Ten. Both proved popular, however Richmond Hill emerged as only a moderate success and was cancelled after one year to be replaced on Ten by E Street (1989–1993).

Nine continued trying to establish a successful new soap opera, without success. After the failure of family drama Family and Friends in 1990, it launched the raunchier and more extreme Chances in 1991, which resurrected the sex and melodrama of Number 96 and The Box in an attempt to attract attention. Chances achieved only moderate ratings, and was moved to a late-night timeslot. It underwent several revamps that removed much of the original cast, and refocused the storylines to incorporate science-fiction and fantasy elements. The series continued in a late night slot until 1992, when it was cancelled due to low ratings despite the much-discussed fantasy storylines.

Australian soaps internationally

Several Australian soap operas have also found significant international success. In the UK, starting in the mid-1980s, daytime broadcasts of The Young Doctors, The Sullivans, Sons and Daughters and Neighbours (which itself was subsequently moved to an early-evening slot) achieved significant success. Grundy's Prisoner began airing in the United States in 1979 and achieved high ratings in many regions there, however, the show ended its run in that country three years into its run. Prisoner also aired in late-night timeslots in the UK beginning in the late 1980s, achieving enduring cult success there. The show became so popular in that country that it prompted the creation of two stage plays and a stage musical based on the show, all of which toured the UK, among many other spin-offs. In the late 1990s, Channel 5 repeated Prisoner in the UK. Between 1998 and 2005, Channel 5 ran late-night repeats of Sons and Daughters. During the 1980s, the Australian attempts to emulate big-budget U.S. soap operas such as Dallas and Dynasty had resulted in the debuts of Taurus Rising and Return to Eden, two slick soap opera dramas with big budgets that were shot entirely on film. Though their middling Australian ratings resulted in the shows running only for a single season, both programs were successfully sold internationally.

Other shows to achieve varying levels of international success include Richmond Hill, E Street, Paradise Beach (1993–1994), and Pacific Drive (1995–1997). Indeed, these last two series were designed specifically for international distribution. Channel Seven's Home and Away, a teen soap developed as a rival to Neighbours, has also achieved significant and enduring success on UK television.

The 1990s and beyond

Something in the Air, a serial examining a range of characters in a small country town ran on the ABC from 2000 to 2002.

Attempts to replicate the success of daily teen-oriented serials Neighbours and Home and Away saw the creation of Echo Point (1995) and Breakers (1999) on Network Ten. These programs foregrounded youthful attractive casts and appealing locations but the programs were not long-running successes and Neighbours and Home and Away remained the most visible and consistently successful Australian soap operas in production. In their home country, they both attracted respectable although not spectacular ratings in the early 2000s. By 2004, Neighbours was regularly attracting just under a million viewers per episode[73] – considered at that time a low figure for Australian prime time television. By March 2007, the Australian audience for Neighbours had fallen to fewer than 700,000 a night. This prompted a revamp of the show's cast, its visual presentation, and a move away from the recently added action-oriented emphasis to refocus the show on the domestic storylines it is traditionally known for.[74] During this period Neighbours and Home and Away continued to achieve significant ratings in the UK. This and other lucrative overseas markets, along with Australian broadcasting laws that enforce a minimum amount of domestic drama production on commercial television networks, help ensure that both programs remain in production. Both shows get higher total ratings in the UK than in Australia (the UK has three times the total population of Australia) and the UK channels make a major contribution to the production costs.

It has been suggested that with their emphasis on the younger, attractive and charismatic characters, Neighbours and Home and Away have found success in the middle ground between glamorous, fantastic U.S. soaps with their wealthy but tragic heroes[15] and the more grim, naturalistic UK soap operas populated by older, unglamorous characters.[72] The casts of Neighbours and Home and Away are predominantly younger and more attractive than the casts of UK soaps, and without excessive wealth and glamour of the U.S. daytime serial,[15] a middle-ground in which they have found their lucrative niche.

Neighbours was carried in the United States on the Oxygen cable channel in March 2004; however it attracted few viewers, perhaps in part due to its scheduling opposite well-established and highly popular U.S. soap operas such as All My Children and The Young and the Restless, and was dropped by the network shortly afterwards due to low ratings.

headLand made its debut on Channel Seven in November 2005, the series arose out of a proposed spinoff of Home and Away that was to have been produced in conjunction with Home and Away's UK broadcaster, Channel 5. The idea for the spin-off was scuttled after Five pulled out of the deal, which meant that the show could potentially air on a rival channel in the UK; as such, Five requested that the new show be developed as a standalone series and not be spun off from a series that it owned a stake in. The series premiered in Australia on November 15, 2005, but was not a ratings success and was cancelled two months later on January 23, 2006. The series broadcast on E4 and Channel 4 in the UK. Nickelodeon's H2O: Just Add Water appeared in July 2006 on Network Ten. Since Connie considered this mention as a torrid soap opera, this was mentioned in the Steven Universe episode "Love Letters".

After losing the UK television rights to Neighbours to Five, the BBC commissioned a replacement serial Out of the Blue, which was produced in Australia. It debuted as part of BBC One's weekday afternoon schedule on 28 April 2008[75] but low ratings prompted its move to BBC Two on 19 May 2008.[76][77] The series was cancelled after its first season.[78]

Neighbours' continued low ratings in Australia resulted in it being moved to Ten's new digital channel, Eleven on January 11, 2011.[79] However, it continues to achieve reasonable ratings on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom, and as of March 2013 still reportedly achieved significant international sales.[80]

Neighbours was cancelled due to Channel 5, the UK broadcaster of the show, deciding to drop the programme – the money they were paying for the rights was providing the majority of its funding. It ended on 29 July 2022. Months after its series finale, Fremantle Australia, the programme's production company, announced on 17 November 2022, that production on the programme will restart in 2023 after the company agreed on a deal with Amazon Freevee. Amazon Freevee will air the programme for free in the UK and the US while Network 10 will retain the rights to the programme.[81]

New Zealand

Television

Pioneering series Pukemanu[82] aired over two years (1971–72) and was the NZBC's first continuing drama. It followed the goings-on of a North Island timber town.[83]Close to Home is a New Zealand television soap opera that ran on TVNZ 1 from 1975 to 1983. At its peak in 1977 nearly one million viewers tuned in twice weekly to watch the series co-created by Michael Noonan and Tony Isaac (who had initially only agreed to make the show on the condition they would get to make The Governor).[84] Gloss is a television drama series that screened from 1987 to 1990. The series is about a fictional publishing empire run by the Redfern family. Gloss was NZ's answer to US soap Dynasty, with the Carrington oil scions replaced by the wealthy Redferns and their Auckland magazine empire. It was a starting point for many actors who went on to many productions in New Zealand, Australia and around the world including Temuera Morrison, Miranda Harcourt, Peter Elliott, Lisa Chappell, Danielle Cormack and Kevin Smith. Many of them would go on to star in Shortland Street, which has been New Zealand's most popular soap since its debut in 1992. It airs on TVNZ 2.

Radio

Radio New Zealand began airing its first radio soap You Me Now in September 2010. It is available for podcast on its website.

Canada

Relatively few daily soap operas have been produced on English Canadian television, with most Canadian stations and networks that carry soap operas airing those imported from the United States or the United Kingdom. Notable daily soaps that did exist included Family Passions, Scarlett Hill, Strange Paradise, Metropia, Train 48 and the international co-production Foreign Affairs. Family Passions was an hour-long program, as is typical of American daytime soaps; all of the others ran half-hour episodes. Unlike American or British soap operas, the most influential of which have run for years or even decades, even daily Canadian soap operas have run for a few seasons at most. Short-run soaps, including 49th & Main and North/South, have also aired. Many of these were produced in an effort to comply with Canadian content regulations, which require a percentage of programming on Canadian television to originate from Canada.

Notable prime time soap operas in Canada have included Riverdale, House of Pride, Paradise Falls, Lance et Compte ("He Shoots, He Scores"), Heartland, Loving Friends and Perfect Couples, and The City. The Degrassi franchise of youth dramas also incorporated some elements of the soap opera format.

On French-language television in Quebec, the téléroman has been a popular mainstay of network programming since the 1950s. Notable téléromans have included Rue des Pignons, Les Belles Histoires des pays d'en haut, Diva, La famille Plouffe, and the soap opera parody Le Cœur a ses raisons.

India

Unlike the season-based production in most countries, most of Indian television fiction tends to be regular-broadcasting soap opera. These started in the 1980s, as more and more people began to purchase television sets. At the beginning of the 21st century, soap operas became an integral part of Indian culture. Indian soap operas mostly concentrate on the conflict between love and arranged marriages occurring in India, and many includes family melodrama. Indian soap operas have multilingual production.[85]

Many soap operas produced in India are also broadcast overseas in the UK, Canada, the United States, and some parts of Europe, South Africa, Australia and South East Asia. They are often mass-produced under large production banners, with companies like Balaji Telefilms running different language versions of the same serial on different television networks or channels.[86]

Europe

Remakes of Australian serials

The Australian serial The Restless Years was remade in the Netherlands as Goede tijden, slechte tijden (which debuted in 1990) and in Germany as Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten (which has aired since 1992): both titles translate to "good times, bad times". These remakes are still airing, but have long since diverged from the original Australian storylines. The two shows are the highest-rated soap operas in their respective countries.

A later Australian serial, Sons and Daughters, has inspired five remakes produced under license from the original producers and based, initially, on original story and character outlines. These are Verbotene Liebe (Germany, 1995–2015); Skilda världar (Sweden, 1996–2002); Apagorevmeni agapi (Greece, 1998); Cuori Rubati (Italy, 2002–2003) and Zabranjena ljubav (Croatia, 2004–2008). Both The Restless Years and Sons and Daughters were created and produced in Australia by the Reg Grundy Organisation.

Another Australian soap opera reformatted for a European audience was E Street which ran on Network 10 in Australia from 1989 to 1993. Germany produced 37 episodes of Westerdeich ("Westside") in 1995 using scripts from 1989 episodes of E Street. It was also remade in Belgium as Wittekerke ("Whitechurch") and ran from 1993 to 2008.

Norway

The Norwegian soap opera Hotel Cæsar aired on TV 2 from 1998 to 2017, and is the longest-running television drama in Scandinavia. Popular foreign soaps in the country include Days of Our Lives (broadcast on TV6 (Norway), The Bold and the Beautiful (TNT (Norway) and Home and Away (TV 2), all of which are subtitled.

Netherlands

Serials have included Goede tijden, slechte tijden (1990–present), Onderweg naar Morgen (1994–2010) and Goudkust (1996–2001). In 2016 Goede tijden, slechte tijden spin-off Nieuwe Tijden started airing, but was ultimately cancelled by broadcaster RTL in 2018.[87] Linear viewership for Goede tijden, slechte tijden, the country's most prominent soap opera, has decreased in recent years. However, due to a rising viewership on streaming platforms, RTL has decided to continue producing the show throughout the 2022/2023 television season.[88] U.S. daytime serials As The World Turns and The Bold and the Beautiful have aired in the Netherlands; As the World Turns began airing in the country in 1990, with Dutch subtitles.

Germany

In the 1980s, West German networks successfully added American daytime and primetime soap operas to their schedule before Das Erste introduced its first self-produced weekly soap with Lindenstraße, which was seen as a German counterpart to Coronation Street. Like in other countries, the soap opera met with negative reviews, but eventually proved critics wrong with nearly 13 million viewers tuning in each week. Even though the format proved successful, it was not until 1992 before Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten became the first German daily soap opera. Early ratings were bad as were the reviews, but the RTL network was willing to give its first soap opera a chance; ratings would improve, climbing to 7 million viewers by 2002. Not long after Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten, Das Erste introduced Marienhof, which aired twice a week.

After successfully creating the first German daily soap, production company Grundy Ufa wanted to produce another soap for RTL. Like GZSZ, the format was based on an Australian soap opera from Reg Watson. But RTL did not like the plot idea about separated twins who meet each other for the first time after 20 years and fall in love without knowing that they are related. The project was then taken to Das Erste, which commissioned the program, titled Verbotene Liebe, which premiered on January 2, 1995. With the premiere of Verbotene Liebe, the network turned Marienhof into a daily soap as well. In the meanwhile, RTL debuted the Grundy Ufa–produced Unter uns in late 1994.

ZDF started a business venture with Canada and co-produced the short-lived series Family Passions, starring actors such as Gordon Thomson, Roscoe Born, Dietmar Schönherr and a young Hayden Christensen. The daytime serial premiered on December 5, 1994, lasting 130 episodes. After its cancellation, the network debuted Jede Menge Leben. Even after a crossover with three soaps, Freunde fürs Leben, Forsthaus Falkenau and Unser Lehrer Doktor Specht, the soap was canceled after 313 episodes. Sat.1 tried to get into the soap business as well, after successfully airing the Australian soap opera Neighbours, which was dropped in 1995 due to the talk show phenomenon that took over most of the daytime schedules of German networks. The network first tried to tell a family saga with So ist das Leben! Die Wagenfelds, before failing with Geliebte Schwestern. RTL II made its own short-lived attempt with Alle zusammen – jeder für sich.

The teen soap opera Schloss Einstein debuted on September 4, 1998, focusing on the life of a group of teenagers at the fictional titular boarding school near Berlin. As of July 2014, the series has produced over 815 episodes during the course of 17 seasons, a milestone in German television programming, and was renewed for an 18th season to debut in 2015.

In 1999, after the lasting success of Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten, Marienhof, Unter uns and Verbotene Liebe, ProSieben aired Mallorca – Suche nach dem Paradies, set on the Spanish island with the same name. After nine months, the network canceled the program due to low viewership and high production costs. Even though ratings had improved, the show ended its run in a morning timeslot. The soap opera became something of a cult classic, as its 200-episode run was repeated several times on free-to-air and pay television.

In 2006, Alles was zählt became the last successful daily soap to make its debut, airing as a lead-in to Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten and also produced by Grundy Ufa. Since Germany started to produce its own telenovelas, all soap operas faced declines in ratings. Unter uns was in danger of cancellation in 2009, but escaped such a fate due to budget cuts imposed by the show's producers and the firing of original cast member Holger Franke, whose firing and the death of his character outraged fans, resulting in a ratings spike in early 2010. After Unter uns was saved, Das Erste planned to make changes to its soap lineup. Marienhof had to deal with multiple issues in its storytelling, as well as in producing a successful half-hour show. Several changes were made within months, however Marienhof was canceled in June 2011. Verbotene Liebe was in danger of being cancelled as well, but convinced the network to renew it with changes that it made in both 2010 and 2011; the soap was later expanded to 45 minutes after Marienhof was canceled, and the network tried to decide on whether to revamp its lineup.

While Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten, Unter uns and Alles was zählt are currently the only daily soaps on the air after Verbotene Liebe has been cancelled and aired its last episode in June, 2015 due to low ratings, the telenovelas Sturm der Liebe and Rote Rosen are considered soaps by the press as well, thanks to the changing protagonists every season.

Belgium

Leah Thys, actress in the Belgian soap Thuis. At the back Peter Rouffaer is visible.

In Belgium, the two major soap operas are Thuis ("Home") and Familie ("Family"), both prime time soap operas. Soap operas have been very popular in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Familie debuted in late 1991, and with more han 6,700 half-hour episodes, it has the highest episode total of any soap in Europe outside of the United Kingdom. The highest-rated soap opera is Thuis, which has aired on "één" since late 1995. Thuis is often one of the five most-watched Belgian shows and regularly garners over one million viewers (with 6.6 million Flemings in total).

During the 1990s, foreign soap operas such as Neighbours and The Bold and the Beautiful were extremely popular, the latter having achieved a cult status in Belgium and airing in the middle of the decade during prime time. Both soaps still air today, along with other foreign soaps such as Days of Our Lives, Australia's Home and Away and Germany's "Sturm der Liebe". Vitaya unsuccessful attempted to air the Dutch soap opera "Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden" in 2010. Other foreign soaps that previously aired on Belgian television include The Young and the Restless, EastEnders (both on VTM), "Port Charles" (at één, then known as TV1) and "Coronation Street" (on Vitaya). "Santa Barbara" aired during the 1990s on VTM for its entire run.

In the early 2000s, the only teen soap opera on Belgian television was Spring ("Jump" in English), which aired on the youth-oriented Ketnet and produced over 600 15-minute episodes from late 2002 until 2009, when it was cancelled after a steady decline in ratings following the departures of many of its original characters.

Italy

The most successful soap opera in Italy is the evening series Un posto al sole ("A Place Under the Sun"), which had aired on Rai 3 since 1996 (whose format is based on the Australian soap opera Neighbours). Several other Italian soaps have been produced such as Ricominciare ("Starting Over"), Cuori rubati ("Stolen Hearts"), Vivere ("Living"), Sottocasa ("Downstairs"), Agrodolce ("Bittersweet") and Centovetrine ("Hundred Shop Windows").

The most popular Italian prime-time soap opera, Incantesimo ("Enchantment"), which ran from 1998 to 2008, became a daytime soap opera for the final two years of its run, airing five days a week on Rai 1. The same happened with Il paradiso delle signore (Woman's Paradise), a period drama, which ran from 2015 to 2017 in prime time, and became a daytime period soap opera from 2018.

Ireland

Television

In the early years of RTÉ, the network produced several dramas but had not come close to launching a long-running serial. RTÉ's first television soap was Tolka Row, which was set in urban Dublin. For several years, both Tolka Row and The Riordans were produced by RTÉ; however, the urban soap was soon dropped in favor of the more popular rural soap opera The Riordans, which premiered in 1965.[89] Executives from Yorkshire Television visited during on-location shoots for The Riordans in the early 1970s and in 1972, debuted Emmerdale Farm (now Emmerdale), based on the successful format of the Irish soap opera. In the late 1970s, The Riordans was controversially dropped. The creator of that series would then go on to produce the second of his "Agri-soap" trilogy Bracken, starring Gabriel Byrne, whose character had appeared in the last few seasons of The Riordans. Bracken was soon replaced by the third "Agri-soap" Glenroe, which ran until 2001. As RTÉ wanted a drama series for its Sunday night lineup rather than a soap opera, On Home Ground (2001–2002), The Clinic (2002–2009) and RAW (2010–2013) replaced the agri-soaps of the previous decades.

In 1989, RTÉ decided to produce its first Dublin-based soap opera since the 1960s. Fair City, which is set in the fictional city of Carrickstown, initially aired one night a week during the 1989–90 season, and similar to its rural soaps, much of the footage was filmed on location – in a suburb of Dublin City. In 1992, RTÉ made a major investment into the series by copying the houses used in the on-location shoots for an on-site set in RTÉ's Headquarters in Dublin 4. By the early 1990s, it was airing two nights a week for 35 weeks a year. With competition from the UK soap operas, RTÉ expanded Fair City to three nights a week for most of the year and one night a week during the summer in 1996, later expanding to four nights a week and two nights during the summer. Until the early 2000s, the series produced four episodes a week, airing all 52 weeks of the year. Fair City airs Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays at 8.00 p.m. GMT on RTÉ One; however, after rival network TV3 moved Coronation Street to Thursday night, the Wednesday night episode of Fair City began airing at 7:30 p.m. each week.

TG4 produce the Irish language soap Ros na Rún ("Headland of the Secrets" or "Headland of the Sweethearts"); set in the fictional village of Ros Na Rún, located outside Galway and near Spiddal, it centres on the domestic and professional lives of the town's residents. It is modeled on an average village in the West of Ireland, but with its own distinct personality – with a diverse population that share secrets, romances and friendships among other things. While the core community has remained the same, the look and feel of Ros Na Rún has changed and evolved over the years to incorporate the changing face of rural Ireland. It has an established a place not only in the hearts and minds of the Irish speaking public, but also the wider Irish audience. The program has dealt with many topics, including domestic violence, infidelity, theft, arson, abortion, homosexuality, adoption, murder, rape, drugs, teen pregnancy and paedophilia. It runs twice a week for 35 weeks of the year, currently airing Tuesday and Thursday nights. Ros na Rún is the single largest independent production commissioned in the history of Irish broadcasting. Prior to TG4's launch, it originally aired on RTÉ One in the early 1990s.

Although Ireland has access to international soaps (such as Coronation Street, Emmerdale, EastEnders, Home and Away, Hollyoaks and Neighbours), Fair City continues to outperform them all, and is Ireland's most popular soap opera, with the show peaking at over 700,000 viewers.

January 2015 Red Rock has broadcast on TV3. Red Rock airs twice a week on Wednesday and Thursday nights. The series is base in a fishing village in Dublin. The soaps centres around the local Garda station but also includes stories from the village.

Radio

RTÉ Radio produced its first radio soap, Kennedys of Castleross, which ran from April 13, 1955, to 1975.[90] In 1979 RTÉ long running TV soap The Riordans moved to Radio until December 24, 1985.[91] In the mid-1980s, RTÉ debuted a new radio soap, Harbour Hotel, which ran until the mid-1990s. The network later ran two short-lived radio soaps, Konvenience Korner and Riverrun, which were followed in 2004 by Driftwood.[92] RTÉ does not run any radio soaps, however RTÉ Radio 1 continues to air radio dramas as part of its nighttime schedule.[93]

France

Greece

In Greece, there have been several soap operas.

ANT1

An early serial was Sti skia tou hrimatos ("Money Shadows"), which ran from 1990 to 1991. September 1991 saw the debut of Lampsi ("the Shining"), from creator Nicos Foskolos. The series would become Greece's longest-running soap opera. After the success of Lampsi came the short lived To galazio diamandi ("Blue Diamond") and Simphonia siopis ("Omertà"). Lampsi was canceled in June 2005 due to declining ratings. It was replaced by Erotas ("Love"), a soap that ran from 2005 to 2008. After that series ended, ANT1 abandoned the soap opera genre and focused on comedy series and weekly dramas.

Greece's second longest-running soap is Kalimera Zoi ("Goodmorning Life"), which ran from September 1993 until its cancellation in June 2006 due to low ratings.

MEGA

Mega Channel began producing soap operas in 1990 with the prime time serial I Dipsa ("The Thirst"), which ran for 102 episodes. Other daytime soaps have included Paralliloi dromoi (1992–1994) and its successor Haravgi ("Daylight", 1994–1995), both of which were cancelled due to low viewership; as well as the serials Apagorevmeni Agapi ("Forbidden Love"), which ran from 1998 to 2006; Gia mia thesi ston Ilio ("A Spot Under the Sun"), which ran from 1998 to 2002; Filodoxies ("Expectations"), which ran from 2002 to 2006; and Vera Sto Deksi ("Ring on the Right Hand"), which ran from 2004 to 2006 and proved to be a successful competitor to Lampsi, causing that show's ratings to decline.

Ta Mistika Tis Edem ("Edem Secrets"), which was created by the producers of Vera Sto Deksi, debuted in 2008 and has eclipsed that show's success. Its ratings place it consistently among the three highest-rated daytime programs.

ERT

YENED (which was renamed ERT2 in 1982) was responsible for the first Greek soap operas I Kravgi Ton Likon and Megistanes. ERT also produced the long-running soap O Simvoleografos. Since 2000 and with the introduction of private television, ERT produced additional daily soap operas, which included Pathos ("Passion"), Erotika tis Edem ("Loving in Eden") and Ta ftera tou erota ("The Wings of Love"). These failed to achieve high ratings and were canceled shortly after their premiere.

ALPHA

Alpha produced Kato apo tin Acropoli ("Under the Acropolis"), which ran for 2½ years.

In 2022, Alpha produce a new soap opera Paradeisos based on the Italian soap Il Paradiso Delle Signore.

Cyprus

Weekday shows

The first daytime soap opera produced by a Cyprus channel was LOGOs TV's Odos Den Ksehno ("'Don't Forget' Street"), which ran from January to December 1996. It was followed by To Serial, which also ran for one year from September 1997 to June 1998.

CyBC created the third weekdaily soap, Anemi Tou Pathous ("Passion Winds"), running from January 2000 to June 2004, which was replaced by I Platia ("The Square") from September 2004 to July 2006. Epikindini Zoni ran from 2009 to 2010, and was cancelled after 120 episodes. Vimata Stin Ammo made its debut in September 2010 until 2014 and was followed by Halkina Hronia (2017-2022).

Sigma TV first commissioned the weekdaily comedic soap Sto Para Pente, which aired from September 1998 to June 2004, and was the longest weekday show in Cyprus television history, before it was surpassed by Se Fonto Kokkino, which ran from September 2008 to July 2012 and then by Galateia (2016-2020). Other Sigma TV weekday shows include Akti Oniron (which ran from 1999 to 2001), Vourate Geitonoi (which ran from 2001 to 2005, and was the most successful weekday series, achieving ratings shares of up to 70% of all television households in the country), Oi Takkoi (which ran from 2002 to 2005), S' Agapo (which ran from 2001 to 2002), Vasiliki (which ran from 2005 to 2006), Vendetta (which ran from September 2005 to December 2006), 30 kai Kati (which ran from 2006 to 2007), Mila Mou (which ran from September 2007 to January 2009), 7 ouranoi ke dinnefa alites (2012-2015) and Galateia (2016-2020)

ANT1 Cyprus aired the soap I Goitia Tis Amartias in 2002, which was soon canceled. Dikse Mou To Filo Sou followed from 2006 to 2009, along with Gia Tin Agapi Sou, which ran from 2008 to 2009 and itself was followed by Panselinos, which has aired 2009 to 2011.

Weekly shows

The longest-running weekly show on Cyprus television is Istories Tou Horkou ("Villages Stories", which premiered on CyBC in March 1996 and ran until its cancellation in June 2006; it was revived in September 2010 but was cancelled again in March 2011 due to very low ratings), followed by Manolis Ke Katina ("Manolis and Katina", which ran from 1995 to 2004). The most controversial of these series was To Kafenio ("The Coffee Shop"), which premiered on CyBC in 1993 as a weekly series, before moving to MEGA Channel Cyprus six years later in 1999 as a weekday show and then moved to ANT1 Cyprus in 2000, which canceled the show one year later. There were plans to move the show back to CyBC as a weekly series in 2001, with the original cast, however, this plan was never realised. The most successful weekly shows in Cyprus currently are ANT1's Eleni I Porni ("Eleni, The Whore"), which premiered in October 2010 and CyBC's Stin Akri Tu Paradisou ("At The Heaven's Edge"), which premiered in 2007. The most successful weekdaily soap was Aigia Fuxia, which aired on ANT1 Cyprus from 2008 to 2010.

Finland

Esko Kovero as Ismo Laitela in the TV series Salatut elämät

The Finnish soap opera, Salatut elämät (Secret Lives), has achieved popularity in Finland since its 1999 debut on MTV3. It focuses on the lives of people along the imaginary Pihlajakatu street in Helsinki. The show has also spawned several Internet spin-off series and a film based on the show that was released in 2012 and the sequel film released in 2014.

Another Finnish soap opera, Rantabaari [fi] (The Beach bar), started airing on MTV Sub in 2019. It focuses on the lives of the people working at the titular beach bar (later pizzeria) called Trissa, located in Taivallahti in Helsinki, and their friends and family. Rantabaari is the sister series of Salatut elämät and features some characters who formerly appeared at Salatut elämät.[94]

Other soap-like shows in Finland are YLE shows Uusi päivä (which has aired from 2010 to 2018) and Kotikatu (which ran from 1995 to 2012), however these programs did not adhere to a five-episode-a-week schedule.

Middle East

UAE - KSA

AL Mirath (also known as Al Meerath or Inheritance) is the world's first Arabic soap opera. It premiered on MBC 1 and Shahid VIP on March 1, 2020. The series is a melodramatic saga that delves into the social, economic, and cultural aspects of life in Saudi Arabia. It revolves around the intense rivalry between two families, the Bahitanis and the Khawatnis, and includes elements of romance, secrets, and schemes.

AL Mirath has been a highly successful series. Initially, it was commissioned for 250 episodes. Due to its popularity, the series continued with additional seasons, and by 2023, it had produced 750 episodes.

Egypt

In February 2022, MBC launched the first Egyptian daily soap opera, Downtown West El Balad. In Cairo, two brothers became enemies after the death of their father because the eldest son was excluded from the inheritance. 190 episodes have already been produced.

Latin America

In Latin America, for many years, primetime (as well as part of daytime) programming, for the most part, has been traditionally composed of telenovelas. However, throughout the years, there have been cases where a number of television programs tended to "mix" the concepts of television series and telenovela, such as, for example, a telenovela that lasted several seasons to end. With this "overlap", many people consider that these shows could be more accurately described as "soap operas". With this being said, the two most notable Latin American examples of TV programs that could fit on the definition of a "soap opera" are Chiquititas (in both Argentina and Brazil) and Malhação (only in Brazil).

Chiquititas was first broadcast in Argentina by Telefe in 1995 and soon became a national hit, especially among children. In regards to the audience, all eight seasons (the final season ended in 2006) of Chiquititas guaranteed the first place in the Argentine TV ratings for Telefe. Throughout the years, Chiquititas had a number of spin-offs not only in Argentina, but also in Brazil, Mexico and Portugal. In 1997, Silvio Santos, founder and owner of the Brazilian television network SBT, seeing the good ratings of Chiquititas in Argentina, decided to make a partnership with Telefe, and thus, SBT started to broadcast Chiquititas in Brazil, but in the format of "remake", with the use of the Portuguese language instead of Spanish, with the use of dubbing when singing the soundtrack songs (unlike the Argentine version, on which the actors themselves sung the songs), with a Brazilian cast and with slight modifications in regards to its plot (the Brazilian version was set in the city of São Paulo instead of Buenos Aires, although many scenes of the Brazilian adaptation were actually filmed at the same Telefe studios in Buenos Aires where the Argentine version was also recorded, due to the aforementioned partnership between Telefe and SBT). The Brazilian version of Chiquititas, which lasted five seasons and ended in 2001, was successful in the ratings as well, in a slightly smaller scale compared to the Argentine version, and despite the success of Malhação (see below), the soap opera was one of the most known TV programs of the late 1990s in Brazil, enough to put Chiquititas also in the imaginary of many Brazilian children (a proof of this is that the casting process for the third season of Chiquititas in 1999 reunited about 15,000 children in the city of São Paulo alone, a record number not seen even in any Brazilian telenovela). In 2013, SBT decided to make a second adaptation of Chiquititas, which lasted two seasons (the final season ended in 2015), but unlike the first version, which resembled more like its Argentine counterpart, the second version, produced only by SBT, is different not only because the soundtrack is entirely sung by the actors themselves (as well as on the Argentine version, on which the actors did not dub the songs, but unlike the first Brazilian adaptation). Despite the fact that the ratings of the 2013 version of Chiquititas were smaller, the soap opera was not considered a failure by the critics. SBT executives evaluated the ratings as being "satisfactory", and some fans consider the 2013 version to be a small "revival" of the 1997 version of Chiquititas.

Malhação has been transmitted by Rede Globo on almost every week since 1995 and has become the most successful Brazilian soap opera in the ratings. On each one of the 27 seasons shown as of 2021, the soap opera stayed in the first place on the ratings (like the Argentine version of Chiquititas). Moreover, Malhação also had a number of spin-offs being produced in Brazil. However, unlike Chiquititas, Malhação is more focused on teenagers, with more mature issues like teenage pregnancy, sexual relationships and the use of illicit drugs being discussed on its plot. Another interesting topic is that Malhação is considered by some fans as being the "entrance door" to many rookie actors who obtain the first opportunity of working on Rede Globo, because history has shown that a good acting in Malhação increases the possibility of being "promoted" to the primetime telenovelas (also broadcast by Rede Globo). In fact, estimates indicate that hundreds of actors participate in the casting process of Malhação each year, proving that many aspiring actors want to appear in this soap opera to further progress their careers.

Internet and mobile soap opera

With the advent of internet television and mobile phones, several soap operas have also been produced specifically for these platforms, including EastEnders: E20, a spin-off of the established EastEnders. For those produced only for the mobile phone, episodes may generally consist of about six or seven pictures and accompanying text.

On September 13, 2011, TG4 launched a new 10-part online series titled, Na Rúin (an Internet spin-off of Ros na Rún). The miniseries took on the theme of a mystery; the viewer had to read Rachel and Lorcán's blogs as well as watch video diaries detailing each character's thoughts to solve the mystery of missing teenage character Ciara.

In 1996, a canadian artificial intelligence researcher named Chris McKinstry created the online soap opera CR6 which was an accronym for Clickable Reality, despite its obscurity it got some media attention at the time and featured talent such as Brendan Fehr, the website had shown that at least 8 episodes of CR6 were released. It remains an early example of a web-series but despite the seemingly positive media buzz for the show according to McKinstry, he lost over 1 million dollars on the show and CR6 was considered a failure, McKinstry would take his own life in 2006. However thanks to its historical context it has amassed a cult following from lost media searchers.[95]

Home video release

Due to the massive number of episodes typically produced for a long-running soap opera (into the tens of thousands for some) and the fact many episodes are lost over time, home video release (in VHS, DVD or Blu-ray) of daily soap operas is generally considered impractical and impossible beyond occasional retrospective releases or highlights. A notable exception is the 1966–1971 series Dark Shadows, which has had its entire run of 1,225 episodes (with an audio recreation of its sole missing episode) released to home video. In the case of American "primetime soap operas" this generally does not apply as typically such series produce far fewer episodes (generally on par with that of other genres), allowing home video release.

Parodies

In motion pictures, the 1982 comedy Tootsie has the lead character impersonating a woman in order to gain acting work on a long running television soap opera. Several scenes parody the production of soaps, their outrageous storylines and idiosyncratic stylistic elements.

The 1991 comedy Soapdish stars Sally Field as an aging soap opera actress on the fictional series The Sun Also Sets who pines over her own neuroses and misfortunes, such as her live-in boyfriend who leaves her to go back to his wife, and the incidents of backstabbing and scheming behind the scenes, some of which are more interesting than the stories on the program.

Another 1991 comedy, Delirious, stars John Candy as a soap opera writer who, after a head injury, has a dream experience of being in his own creation. The dream experience is an increasingly outrageous exaggeration of soap opera plot elements.

On television, several soap opera parodies have been produced:

See also

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Bibliography

External links