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Muerte y funerales de Estado de Fidel Castro

El ex primer secretario del Partido Comunista de Cuba y presidente del Consejo de Estado , Fidel Castro, murió por causas naturales a las 22:29 ( CST ) de la noche del 25 de noviembre de 2016, a la edad de 90 años. Su hermano, Raúl Castro , quien era presidente del Consejo de Estado en ese momento, anunció la muerte de Fidel en la televisión estatal. [1] Uno de los líderes políticos más controvertidos de su época, [2] Castro inspiró y consternó a personas de todo el mundo durante su vida. [3] El London Observer afirmó que lo único en lo que sus "enemigos y admiradores" estaban de acuerdo era en que era "una figura imponente" en los asuntos mundiales que "transformó una pequeña isla caribeña en una fuerza importante en los asuntos mundiales". [4] El Daily Telegraph señaló que en todo el mundo era "o bien elogiado como un valiente campeón del pueblo, o ridiculizado como un dictador loco por el poder". [5] El cuerpo de Castro fue incinerado y sus cenizas fueron enterradas en Santiago de Cuba el 4 de diciembre de 2016, y cientos de miles de cubanos conmemoraron el evento.

Fondo

Grafiti en La Habana conmemorando el 90 cumpleaños de Castro.

En abril de 2016, Castro declaró al Partido Comunista : "Pronto cumpliré 90 años. Pronto seré como todos los demás. A todos nos llegará la hora, pero las ideas de los comunistas cubanos quedarán como prueba en este planeta de que si se trabajan con fervor y dignidad, pueden producir los bienes materiales y culturales que los seres humanos necesitamos, y para obtenerlos es necesario luchar sin tregua". [6] En febrero de 2016, su hermano mayor Ramón murió a los 91 años.

La muerte de Castro era esperada en el sur de Florida , y los medios de comunicación y los gobiernos esperaban y esperaban que provocara celebraciones caóticas y planes de cambio de régimen . La ciudad de Miami había planeado abrir el Miami Orange Bowl para celebraciones; las escuelas podrían haber cerrado temprano; y la policía y los funcionarios del gobierno podrían haber bloqueado los muelles de los barcos para evitar que los exiliados cubanos intentaran invadir la isla. El Miami Herald creó un "plan Cuba" más de 20 años antes de la muerte de Castro; de hasta 60 páginas de extensión, incluía múltiples extras de periódicos y reporteros que se unían a la Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos mientras manejaba la gran cantidad esperada de refugiados que huían de la isla. Sus periodistas se prepararon para ingresar subrepticiamente a Cuba; los empleados sabían que la muerte de Castro interrumpiría cualquier vacación o fin de semana. Después de que Raúl Castro se convirtió en el líder del país y visitar Cuba se volvió más fácil, tales planes perdieron importancia. [7] [8] [9]

Funeral

Procesión fúnebre de Fidel Castro a su paso por la provincia de Sancti Spíritus , Cuba.

Tras la muerte de Castro, su hermano Raúl Castro anunció que el cuerpo de Castro sería incinerado . [10] La cremación fue un asunto privado, al que asistieron solo funcionarios estatales y del partido junto con la familia y amigos de Fidel.

El féretro con sus cenizas fue expuesto para que los cubanos rindieran homenaje a Castro en el Memorial José Martí en La Habana el 28 y 29 de noviembre. [11] Luego se realizó un acto conmemorativo en la Plaza de la Revolución [12] a las 19:00 horas del 29 de noviembre [11] en el que el presidente Raúl Castro, así como varios líderes mundiales que eran aliados de Castro rindieron homenaje, incluidos los presidentes de Panamá, [13] México, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela y Sudáfrica, junto con el primer ministro de Grecia y líderes de una serie de países más pequeños de África. [14] Del 29 de noviembre al 3 de diciembre, el féretro con sus cenizas viajó a lo largo de una ruta de 900 kilómetros hasta Santiago de Cuba , siguiendo en sentido inverso la ruta de la "Caravana de la Libertad" de enero de 1959 en la que Castro y sus rebeldes tomaron el poder. [15] [16] En un momento dado, el jeep se averió y tuvo que ser empujado por los soldados que lo asistían. [17]

El 3 de diciembre, a las 19:00 horas, tuvo lugar otra concentración multitudinaria en la Plaza Antonio Maceo de Santiago de Cuba, con Raúl y otros dirigentes y dignatarios extranjeros. La gente ondeó la bandera de Cuba y cantó el himno nacional. Raúl Castro dijo en un discurso final que Castro demostró que era "posible mantener firmemente los principios inalienables de nuestra soberanía sin temor al chantaje nuclear de los Estados Unidos durante aquellos días de la crisis de los misiles en octubre de 1962". Agregó además que no se exhibirían imágenes ni estatuas de Castro en lugares públicos y que no se pondrían sus nombres en las calles. "El líder de la revolución se opuso firmemente a cualquier manifestación de culto a la personalidad" [18] y volvió a rendir homenaje a Fidel. [19] Al día siguiente, 4 de diciembre, a las 7:00 horas, se realizó el entierro de las cenizas de Castro en una ceremonia privada en el cementerio de Santa Ifigenia en Santiago de Cuba, donde también está enterrado el héroe nacional cubano José Martí . [11] [20] Mientras un coche fúnebre de color verde camuflaje se dirigía al cementerio, los dolientes se alineaban en las calles y gritaban "¡Viva Fidel!" y "¡Yo soy Fidel!". En el lugar también había una tumba construida en secreto. Los últimos acontecimientos se produjeron cuando se disparó una salva de 21 cañonazos y las cenizas, en un ataúd envuelto en la bandera cubana, desaparecieron de la vista del público, ya que no se permitió el ingreso de cámaras de televisión ni periodistas, salvo los camarógrafos del Sistema Informativo de la Televisión, que proporcionaba la cobertura en directo para los canales de televisión de toda la isla. [ cita requerida ]

Dignatarios extranjeros que asisten al funeral de Estado

La mayoría de los Estados enviaron delegaciones encabezadas por funcionarios de alto o mediano rango al funeral; muchos Estados africanos y latinoamericanos enviaron delegaciones encabezadas por presidentes o primeros ministros. [21] Al funeral asistieron 30 jefes de Estado y de gobierno, dos líderes multilaterales y ocho ex líderes.

El líder de la oposición del Reino Unido, Jeremy Corbyn, tenía previsto asistir como parte de la delegación de su país. [61] Sin embargo, su asistencia fue posteriormente denegada. [62] El predicador estadounidense y líder de los derechos civiles, el reverendo Jesse Jackson, habló en un memorial para Castro en La Habana. [63] Otros asistentes incluyeron a Danny Glover de Hollywood [64] y el futbolista argentino Diego Maradona , quien dijo: "Me siento cubano". [65]

Otros monumentos conmemorativos

Se realizaron homenajes a Castro en lugares fuera de Cuba:

Argelia declaró ocho días de luto; [66] Bolivia decretó siete días de luto nacional; [67] Guinea Ecuatorial decretó tres días de luto nacional; [68] Nicaragua decretó nueve días de luto nacional; [69] Corea del Norte declaró un período de luto de tres días; [ cita requerida ] y Venezuela decretó tres días de luto nacional., [70] Namibia declaró un período de luto de tres días . [71] Uruguay, [72] Vietnam, [73] Angola decretó un día de luto nacional; [74] Trinidad y Tobago decretó que la bandera nacional ondeara a media asta durante un día; [75] mientras que Haití decretó tres días de luto; [76] y Dominica declararon luto nacional por Castro. [77]

En Venezuela, se celebró una ceremonia en el Cuartel de la Montaña, donde el presidente Nicolás Maduro dijo a una multitud el 27 de noviembre: "¡Hombres y mujeres de esta gran patria latinoamericana y caribeña! Fidel y (Hugo) Chávez, que ya están juntos allí en el cielo de los justos, son más futuro que cualquier otra cosa en las batallas que vamos a librar hoy. Y estoy seguro de que tienen un solo destino: la victoria definitiva de sus ideas. Viva la memoria eterna de Fidel Castro. Viva el ejemplo de los mártires. Viva el legado de Hugo Chávez". En Bolivia, el presidente Evo Morales habló en Ivirgarzama en Cochabamba y dijo que la lucha de Castro no había sido solo por el pueblo cubano y latinoamericano, sino "por los pueblos del mundo que luchan por su liberación". Además, rindió homenaje a "un ser humano" que "dio su vida por los pueblos del mundo". En Quito , Ecuador, la estatua de Castro fue un punto focal mientras la gente también se congregaba fuera del Teatro Nacional en homenaje. Los dolientes también firmaron un libro de condolencias en la embajada cubana, mientras se organizaba un concierto frente a la Casa de la Cultura, que Castro había visitado alguna vez. [ cita requerida ]

Unas 500 personas se reunieron también en la embajada cubana en Ciudad de México . El presidente vietnamita Tran Dai Quang , que fue el último jefe de Estado que se reunió con Castro en Cuba, y el primer ministro Nguyen Xuan Phuc presentaron sus respetos en la embajada cubana en Hanoi el 28 de noviembre en conmemoración de Castro. Cientos de vietnamitas asistieron a la ceremonia y también llevaron flores a la embajada. En Ciudad del Cabo , los dolientes reflexionaron sobre la solidaridad de Castro contra el apartheid con Nelson Mandela . [ cita requerida ]

Anuncio de muerte

Una estatua del Che en Santa Clara, Cuba , con su popular frase "¡Hasta la victoria siempre!"

El presidente Raúl Castro anunció sombríamente en la televisión nacional: "El comandante en jefe de la revolución cubana murió a las 22:29 ( CST ) de esta noche". [ cita requerida ] Recordó al final de su discurso: "¡Hasta la victoria siempre!". [ 78 ]

El Consejo de Estado de la República de Cuba declaró nueve días de duelo nacional desde las 06:00 horas del 26 de noviembre hasta las 12:00 horas del 4 de diciembre. En un comunicado se podía leer: "Durante el período de duelo cesarán todos los actos y actividades públicas, la bandera nacional ondeará a media asta en los edificios públicos y en las instalaciones militares y la televisión y la radio transmitirán programas informativos, patrióticos e históricos". [20] [79] Esto incluyó el aplazamiento del gran desfile militar para conmemorar el 60 aniversario del desembarco del yate Granma y el Día de las Fuerzas Armadas en la Plaza de la Revolución de La Habana por un mes, del 2 de diciembre al 2 de enero de 2017. [80] El ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla, suspendió una visita a los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. [81]

La Embajada de Cuba en Estados Unidos publicó un comunicado por escrito: “¡Hasta siempre, Comandante! Este día 25, a las 10:29 pm, falleció el Comandante en Jefe de la Revolución Cubana Fidel Castro Ruz”. También publicó una imagen que decía: “Hasta siempre, Comandante”. [20]

Reacciones

Internacional

Supranacional

En la 71ª sesión de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, el Presidente Peter Thomson emitió una declaración que decía: "Fidel Castro fue uno de los líderes icónicos del siglo XX. Con un gran amor por su patria y el pueblo cubano, dedicó su vida a su bienestar y desarrollo. Incansable defensor de la equidad en la arena internacional, Fidel Castro fue una figura inspiradora para los países en desarrollo en particular. Su dedicación a su progreso, especialmente en los campos de la educación y la salud, será recordada por mucho tiempo". [84] Más tarde, el 29 de noviembre, encabezó la celebración de un minuto de silencio en memoria de Castro. [85]
  • El ex Secretario General Kofi Annan emitió una declaración que decía: "Hoy lamento la pérdida de un amigo, el difunto líder cubano Fidel Castro. Garantizar el bienestar del pueblo cubano y asegurar la independencia de su nación moldearon gran parte del pensamiento de Fidel Castro y muchas de sus acciones. Ya sea que uno compartiera sus opiniones políticas o no, Fidel Castro fue uno de los líderes más notables de América Latina. A lo largo de su larga vida superó innumerables adversidades y rara vez eligió el camino fácil y cómodo. Conocí a Fidel Castro muchas veces a lo largo de los años y llegué a apreciar su extraordinario intelecto, su mente aguda y su capacidad para entablar un diálogo constructivo. Adiós Fidel". [86]

Estados

África
Américas
Embajada de Cuba en Buenos Aires , Argentina.
Asia
Canciller iraní, Mohammad Javad Zarif, firma libro de condolencias en la embajada de Cuba en Teherán
Europa
La vicepresidenta del Sinn Féin, Mary Lou McDonald, firma el libro de condolencias a Fidel Castro en la Embajada de Cuba en Dublín.
Los miembros del gobierno dirigido por Fine Gael se distanciaron de las opiniones de Higgins al tiempo que defendieron su derecho a expresarlas. [177] [178] [179] [180] [181] El Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, Charles Flanagan, dijo: "Si bien su legado es complejo, Fidel Castro fue una figura importante en la historia del siglo XX y su muerte marca el final de una era". [182]
  • Sin embargo, la declaración de Higgins fue criticada por Fianna Fáil , [179] [181] [183] ​​Amnistía Internacional , [179] Mattie McGrath , [184] Ciarán Cannon , [181] Rónán Mullen , [179] y Renua . [185] Un portavoz del presidente negó cualquier falta de equilibrio, señalando una frase en la declaración: "Las reformas económicas y sociales introducidas fueron al precio de una restricción de la sociedad civil, lo que atrajo a sus críticos". [179] [185]
  • El Dáil Éireann no dio tiempo para declaraciones sobre la muerte de Castro: Sinn Féin, AAA–PBP y Thomas Pringle estaban a favor de dar tiempo, mientras que el gobierno, Fianna Fáil y Mattie McGrath se oponían. [186]
  • El alcalde de Dublín, Brendan Carr , abrió un libro de condolencias en Mansion House [187]
  • El presidente del Sinn Féin, Gerry Adams, escribió: "Fuair ​​Fidel bas RIP" ("Fidel murió en paz"). También publicó una foto suya junto a Castro. [188] Al llegar al funeral de Castro, dijo: "Estoy aquí porque Fidel era un buen amigo de Irlanda". [64]
  • El Partido de los Trabajadores expresó su "profunda tristeza" por la muerte de su " camarada ". [182]
  • El Partido Comunista de Irlanda afirmó que "Fidel Castro, "comandante en jefe de la Revolución cubana", fue un líder revolucionario destacado que no sólo condujo a su pueblo a la victoria sino que se convirtió en un símbolo de resistencia para las naciones colonizadas y millones de personas oprimidas. La Revolución cubana inspiró movimientos de liberación nacional en todo el mundo". [189]
Oceania

Others

During the early hours of 26 November, the Cuban-American diaspora in Little Havana, Miami,[20] as well as in Hialeah, Florida, also had celebrations amongst the thousands of exiles.[209] In San Francisco, California, the diasporic reaction was more mixed.[210] Cuban-American celebrities commented on Castro's death, including: Jose Canseco, who wrote he "[c]an't say I feel anything for his death. There is a reason many defected to USA;"[211] and Gloria Estefan, who stated that the event marks "the symbolic death of the destructive ideologies that he espoused that, I believe, is filling the Cuban exile community with renewed hope and a relief that has been long in coming."[212] Castro's death became public too late for eastern U.S. newspapers' print editions, but CNN covered Raúl Castro's announcement as breaking news.[8] The Herald posted online its long-ready obituary, written in 2001.[9]

Nobel Peace Prize laureate Adolfo Pérez Esquivel said: "From the roots of Our America Fidel left for eternity. Liberator, apostle, humanist, friend…"[81] His fellow Nobel laureate Rigoberta Menchú said: "Our revolution is humanist because it humanises man."[81] Former Argentine footballer Diego Maradona stated that Castro was a "great" man and that, while he was away for the 2016 Davis Cup in Croatia: "[t]hey called me from Buenos Aires and it was a shock. I'm terribly sad as he was like a second father."[20]

Minoru Hataguchi, who led Castro through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum as its director, said Castro sympathised with the ordeal of hibakusha. He quoted Castro as having said: "Che Guevara told me to go to Hiroshima. I'm glad I came." He added that Castro "sympathised with the people of Hiroshima and his death is unfortunate." He further noted that Castro's questions "showed his character, that he was trying to understand the agonies of the hibakusha." Masakazu Masukawa, another hibakusha who had met Castro during a visit to Cuba in 2012 recalled that Castro "was a person of influence. If he had called on the world to abandon nuclear weapons early on, momentum might have grown bigger."[154]

Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation Garry Kasparov wrote: "Fidel Castro was one of the 20th century's many monsters. We should lament only that he had so long to inflict misery on Cuba and beyond." Amnesty International's Americas Director Erika Guevara-Rosas issued a statement that described Castro as a "progressive but deeply flawed leader." It cited: "Access to public services such as health and education for Cubans were substantially improved by the Cuban revolution and for this, his leadership must be applauded. However, despite these achievements in areas of social policy, Fidel Castro's 49-year reign was characterised by a ruthless suppression of freedom of expression... Fidel Castro's legacy is a tale of two worlds. The question now is what human rights will look like in a future Cuba. The lives of many depend on it."[20]

See also

References

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