stringtranslate.com

Casos de abuso sexual en la Iglesia Católica

Theodore McCarrick (nacido en 1930), ordenado en 2018 por el Papa Francisco a una vida de oración y penitencia . [1] Declarado culpable de delitos sexuales contra adultos y menores y abuso de poder, fue expulsado del clero en febrero de 2019. [2] Es el funcionario eclesiástico de mayor rango en los tiempos modernos en ser laicizado y es el primer cardenal laicizado por mala conducta sexual.
El Papa Francisco pronunciando un discurso en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (2018). La Iglesia Católica en Chile sufrió en 2018 uno de los peores casos de abusos sexuales católicos a nivel mundial, entre ellos el caso de Fernando Karadima , que resultó en varias condenas y renuncias.

Ha habido muchos casos de abuso sexual de niños por parte de sacerdotes , monjas y otros miembros de la vida religiosa en la Iglesia Católica . A finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI, los casos han involucrado muchas acusaciones, investigaciones, juicios, condenas, reconocimiento y disculpas por parte de las autoridades de la Iglesia, y revelaciones sobre décadas de casos de abuso e intentos de los funcionarios de la Iglesia de encubrirlos. [3] Los abusados ​​​​incluyen principalmente niños, pero también niñas, algunas de tan solo tres años, y la mayoría entre las edades de 11 y 14 años. [4] [5] [6] [7] Los casos penales en su mayor parte no cubren el acoso sexual de adultos. Las acusaciones de abuso y encubrimiento comenzaron a recibir atención pública a fines de la década de 1980. [8] Muchos de estos casos alegan décadas de abuso, frecuentemente hechos por adultos o jóvenes mayores años después de que ocurriera el abuso. También se han presentado casos contra miembros de la jerarquía católica que encubrieron las acusaciones de abuso sexual y trasladaron a los sacerdotes abusadores a otras parroquias , donde el abuso continuó. [9] [10]

En la década de 1990, los casos comenzaron a recibir una importante atención de los medios y del público en varios países, incluidos Canadá , Estados Unidos , Chile , Australia , Irlanda y gran parte de Europa y Sudamérica. [11] [12] [13] El papa Juan Pablo II fue criticado por los representantes de las víctimas de abuso sexual del clero por no responder con la suficiente rapidez a la crisis de abuso sexual católico. [14] Después de décadas de inacción, Sinéad O'Connor llevó el escándalo a un punto crítico cuando rompió una foto de Juan Pablo II en un episodio de Saturday Night Live de 1992. La protesta recibió elogios de los críticos de la iglesia, pero también la ira de muchos católicos, lo que dañó enormemente su carrera y tuvo una gran posibilidad de poner su vida en peligro. Su protesta vería una reevaluación positiva cada vez mayor a medida que la corrupción y los esfuerzos de supresión por parte de la iglesia relacionados con el abuso se hicieron más conocidos.

En 2002, una investigación del Boston Globe , que más tarde inspiró la película Spotlight , dio lugar a una amplia cobertura mediática del tema en los Estados Unidos. También se han descubierto abusos generalizados en Europa, Australia y Chile, lo que refleja patrones mundiales de abuso a largo plazo, así como el patrón de la jerarquía de la Iglesia de encubrir regularmente los informes de abuso. [nota 1]

Entre 2001 y 2010, la Santa Sede examinó casos de abusos sexuales que involucraban a unos 3.000 sacerdotes, algunos de los cuales se remontaban a cincuenta años atrás. [15] Los funcionarios diocesanos y académicos conocedores de la Iglesia Católica dicen que el abuso sexual por parte del clero generalmente no se discute y, por lo tanto, es difícil de medir. [16] Los miembros de la jerarquía de la Iglesia han argumentado que la cobertura de los medios fue excesiva y desproporcionada, y que tales abusos también ocurren en otras religiones e instituciones, una postura que consternó a los representantes de otras religiones que lo vieron como un dispositivo para distanciar a la Iglesia de la controversia. [17]

En una disculpa de 2001, Juan Pablo II calificó el abuso sexual dentro de la Iglesia como "una profunda contradicción de la enseñanza y el testimonio de Jesucristo ". [18] Benedicto XVI se disculpó, se reunió con las víctimas y habló de su "vergüenza" por el mal del abuso, pidiendo que los perpetradores sean llevados ante la justicia y denunciando el mal manejo por parte de las autoridades de la Iglesia. [19] [20] En enero de 2018, refiriéndose a un caso particular en Chile, el Papa Francisco acusó a las víctimas de inventar acusaciones; [21] en abril, se disculpó por su "trágico error", [22] y en agosto expresó "vergüenza y dolor" por la trágica historia. [23] Convocó una reunión cumbre de cuatro días con la participación de los presidentes de todas las conferencias episcopales del mundo, que se celebró en la Ciudad del Vaticano del 21 al 24 de febrero de 2019, para discutir la prevención del abuso sexual por parte del clero de la Iglesia Católica. [24] En diciembre de 2019, el Papa Francisco introdujo cambios radicales que permiten una mayor transparencia. [25] [26] En junio de 2021, un equipo de relatores especiales de la ONU para la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) criticó al Vaticano, señalando las persistentes acusaciones de que la Iglesia Católica había obstruido y no cooperado con los procedimientos judiciales nacionales para evitar la rendición de cuentas de los abusadores y la compensación de las víctimas. [27]

Algunos medios e instituciones cristianas han denunciado un sesgo anticatólico en los medios de comunicación. Un informe publicado por Christian Ministry Resources (CMR) en 2002 afirmó que, contrariamente a la opinión popular, hay más acusaciones de abuso sexual infantil en las congregaciones protestantes que en las católicas, y que la violencia sexual es cometida con mayor frecuencia por voluntarios en lugar de por los propios sacerdotes. [28] El informe también criticó la forma en que los medios de comunicación informaron sobre los delitos sexuales, afirmando que los medios australianos informaron sobre las acusaciones de abuso sexual contra el clero católico, pero ignoraron tales acusaciones contra las iglesias protestantes. [29] Stephen Joseph Rossetti , un sacerdote católico, informó que la frecuencia de la pedofilia entre el clero católico no era mayor que entre la población general, aunque no proporcionó estadísticas sólidas para respaldarlo. [30]

Alcance internacional del abuso

Porcentaje de Iglesias Católicas por país

Los abusos sexuales en la Iglesia católica se han registrado desde el siglo XI, cuando Pedro Damián escribió el tratado Liber Gomorrhianus contra tales abusos y otros. A finales del siglo XV, Katharina von Zimmern y su hermana fueron expulsadas de su abadía para vivir en la casa de su familia durante un tiempo, en parte porque los sacerdotes abusaban de las niñas. [31] En 1531, Martín Lutero afirmó que el Papa León X había vetado una medida por la que los cardenales debían restringir el número de niños que tenían para su placer, "de lo contrario se habría difundido por todo el mundo la forma abierta y desvergonzada en que el Papa y los cardenales en Roma practican la sodomía". [32]

El abuso sexual de niños menores de edad por parte de sacerdotes ha recibido una importante atención de los medios de comunicación y del público en los Estados Unidos , Canadá , Irlanda , el Reino Unido, Filipinas, Bélgica , Francia , Alemania y Australia . También se han denunciado casos en otras naciones de todo el mundo. [16] Muchos de los casos abarcan varias décadas y se presentan años después de que se produjo el abuso.

Aunque sólo se han llevado a cabo investigaciones a nivel nacional en Estados Unidos e Irlanda, así como una investigación australiana sobre las respuestas institucionales , se han denunciado y procesado casos de abuso sexual de menores por parte de clérigos en Nueva Zelanda , Canadá y otros países. En 1995, el cardenal austríaco Hans Hermann Groër renunció a su cargo de arzobispo de Viena por acusaciones de abuso sexual, aunque siguió siendo cardenal. [33] Desde 1995, más de 100 sacerdotes de varias partes de Australia fueron condenados por abuso sexual. [34] [ se necesita una fuente no primaria ]

En Irlanda, la Comisión de Investigación sobre el Abuso Infantil publicó un informe que abarcaba seis décadas (desde los años 50). Señalaba que los abusos sexuales eran "endémicos" en las instituciones católicas para niños, y decía que los líderes de la Iglesia estaban al tanto de los abusos y que los inspectores del gobierno no "detenían las palizas, las violaciones y las humillaciones". [ 35] [36] [37] El informe señalaba la "centralidad de la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad social en las vidas de las víctimas de abuso". [36]

En Australia, según Broken Rites , un grupo de apoyo y defensa de las víctimas de abuso sexual relacionado con la iglesia, hasta 2011 ha habido más de cien casos en los que sacerdotes católicos han sido acusados ​​de delitos sexuales contra menores. [38] [39] Un informe policial de 2012 afirmó que 40 muertes por suicidio estaban directamente relacionadas con el abuso por parte del clero católico en el estado de Victoria . [40] En enero de 2013, se convocó una Comisión Real Australiana sobre Respuestas Institucionales al Abuso Sexual Infantil para investigar el abuso sexual institucional de menores relacionado, pero no exclusivo, con asuntos relacionados con el clero de la Iglesia Católica. [41]

De los casos de abuso sexual católico en América Latina , el más conocido es el escándalo sexual del padre Marcial Maciel , fundador de la Legión de Cristo , una congregación católica romana . [42] Las revelaciones tuvieron lugar después de que la Legión pasara más de una década negando las acusaciones y criticando a las víctimas que denunciaron abusos. [43]

En Tanzania , el padre Kit Cunningham y otros tres sacerdotes fueron expuestos como pedófilos después de la muerte de Cunningham. [44] [45] El abuso tuvo lugar en la década de 1960, pero recién se reveló públicamente en 2011, en gran parte a través de un documental de la BBC. [46] [47]

Los funcionarios de la Iglesia y los académicos conocedores de la Iglesia Católica Romana del Tercer Mundo [¿ quiénes? ] dicen que el abuso sexual por parte del clero generalmente no se discute y, por lo tanto, es difícil de medir. [16] Esto puede deberse en parte a la estructura más jerárquica de la Iglesia en los países del Tercer Mundo, la "salud psicológica" del clero en esas regiones y porque los medios de comunicación, los sistemas legales y la cultura pública del Tercer Mundo no son tan propensos a discutir en profundidad el abuso sexual. [16] En Filipinas , donde en 2002 al menos el 85% de la población es católica, las revelaciones de abuso sexual por parte de sacerdotes, incluido el abuso sexual infantil, siguieron a las denuncias generalizadas de los Estados Unidos en 2002. [48]

El académico Mathew N. Schmalz cita a la India como ejemplo: "se escuchan chismes y rumores, pero nunca llegan al nivel de acusaciones formales o controversias". [16] Tradicionalmente, la Iglesia Católica Romana ha mantenido un control estricto sobre muchos aspectos de la vida eclesiástica en todo el mundo, pero dejó que los casos de abuso sexual se trataran a nivel local. [16] En 2001, la Iglesia exigió por primera vez que los casos de abuso sexual se denunciaran a Roma. [16] En julio de 2010, el Vaticano duplicó el plazo tras el 18º cumpleaños de la víctima para que los clérigos puedan ser juzgados en un tribunal eclesiástico. También agilizó los procesos para destituir a los sacerdotes abusadores. [49] [50] [51]

Según un estudio de investigación de 2004 realizado por el John Jay College of Criminal Justice para la Conferencia de Obispos Católicos de los Estados Unidos , 4.392 sacerdotes y diáconos católicos en ministerio activo entre 1950 y 2002 han sido acusados ​​plausiblemente (ni retirados ni refutados) de abuso sexual de menores por 10.667 personas. Estimando el número de sacerdotes y diáconos activos en el mismo período en 110.000, el informe concluyó que aproximadamente el 4% se ha enfrentado a estas acusaciones. El informe señaló que "es imposible determinar a partir de nuestras encuestas qué porcentaje de todos los casos reales de abuso que ocurrieron entre 1950 y 2002 se han denunciado a la Iglesia y, por lo tanto, están en nuestro conjunto de datos". [52] El cardenal Augustin Bea, SJ se especializa en asesoramiento sobre abusos y es considerado un experto en abuso clerical; Afirma que "aproximadamente el 4% de los sacerdotes durante el último medio siglo (y sobre todo en los años 1960 y 1970) han tenido una experiencia sexual con un menor". [53] [54] Según la revista Newsweek , esta cifra es similar a la tasa de frecuencia en el resto de la población adulta. [55]

En 2014, el Representante Permanente de la Santa Sede ante la ONU, Silvano Maria Tomasi , compareció ante el Comité contra la Tortura e informó que durante los diez años anteriores, se habían investigado 3420 casos de abuso contra menores y 884 sacerdotes habían sido removidos de sus cargos y reducidos a la condición de laicos . [56] Se han producido denuncias y condenas por abuso sexual por parte del clero en muchos países. No hay cifras precisas disponibles sobre el número de casos de abuso sexual en diferentes regiones. Pero, en 2002, The Boston Globe informó que "claramente el problema ha sido más destacado en los Estados Unidos". [16] Estados Unidos es el país con el mayor número de casos de abuso sexual católico denunciados. [57]

Después de Estados Unidos, el país con el siguiente mayor número de casos notificados es Irlanda. [36] También se ha notificado un número significativo de casos en Australia, Nueva Zelanda , Canadá y países de Europa , América Latina, África y Asia. [58]

En respuesta a la atención, los miembros de la jerarquía eclesiástica [ ¿quiénes? ] han argumentado que la cobertura mediática ha sido injusta, excesiva y desproporcionada. [17] [ Verificación fallida ] Según un estudio del Pew Research Center , en 2002 la cobertura mediática se centró en los EE. UU., donde una serie en The Boston Globe inició una amplia cobertura en la región. Sin embargo, en 2010 el foco se había desplazado a Europa. [12] [13]

En septiembre de 2011, se presentó una demanda ante la Corte Penal Internacional alegando que el Papa, el cardenal Angelo Sodano ( decano del Colegio Cardenalicio ), el cardenal Tarcisio Bertone ( cardenal secretario de Estado ) y el cardenal William Levada (entonces prefecto de la Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe ) habían cometido un crimen contra la humanidad al no prevenir ni castigar a los perpetradores de violación y violencia sexual en un ocultamiento "sistemático y generalizado" que incluía la falta de cooperación con las agencias policiales pertinentes. [59] En una declaración a Associated Press , el Vaticano describió esto como un "truco publicitario ridículo y un mal uso de los procesos judiciales internacionales". Los abogados y profesores de derecho enfatizaron que es probable que el caso quede fuera de la jurisdicción del tribunal. [60]

En 1996 Philip Jenkins , profesor del Departamento de Religión e Historia de la Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania , cuestionó las tesis del aumento del abuso sexual entre sacerdotes, diciendo que el porcentaje de sacerdotes acusados ​​de abusar de menores es del 1,8%, gran parte del cual no se trata solo de pedofilia. [61]

El 13 de mayo de 2017, centenario de la supuesta aparición de María en Fátima, donde a tres niños pequeños se les mostró supuestamente una visión del infierno y se les dijo que “los pecados que hacen que la mayoría de las almas vayan al infierno son los pecados de la carne”, [62] el Papa Francisco reconoció que el Vaticano tenía una acumulación de 2000 casos de abuso sexual. [63]

Casos importantes

A finales de la década de 1940, el sacerdote estadounidense Gerald Fitzgerald fundó la Congregación de los Siervos del Paráclito , una orden religiosa que trata a sacerdotes católicos romanos que luchan con dificultades personales como el abuso de sustancias y la mala conducta sexual. En una serie de cartas e informes a líderes católicos de alto rango a partir de la década de 1950, Fitzgerald advirtió sobre problemas sustanciales con los sacerdotes abusadores. Escribió, por ejemplo, que "es poco probable que los abusadores [de abusos sexuales] cambien y no deberían ser devueltos al ministerio". Discutió el problema con el Papa Pablo VI (1963-1978) y "en correspondencia con varios obispos". [64]

En 2001, el Vaticano exigió por primera vez que los casos de abuso sexual se denunciaran a la jerarquía vaticana; antes de eso, dejaba la gestión de los casos a las diócesis locales. [16] Después de que en 2002 el Boston Globe revelara que los casos de abuso estaban generalizados en la Iglesia de Massachusetts y otros lugares, el Dallas Morning News realizó una investigación de un año de duración. [4] En 2004 informó de que incluso después de estas revelaciones y de la protesta pública, la Iglesia institucional había trasladado a sacerdotes supuestamente abusadores fuera de los países en los que habían sido acusados, pero los había asignado de nuevo a "entornos que les ponen en contacto con niños, a pesar de las afirmaciones de la Iglesia de lo contrario". [4] Entre los hallazgos de la investigación figuraba que casi la mitad de los 200 casos "involucraban a clérigos que intentaron eludir a la policía". [4]

Los casos recibieron una importante atención de los medios de comunicación y del público en los Estados Unidos, Irlanda, donde se informó de que los abusos eran generalizados, Canadá y en todo el mundo. [16] En respuesta a la atención, los miembros de la jerarquía eclesiástica han argumentado que la cobertura de los medios ha sido excesiva y desproporcionada. [17] [ verificación fallida ] Según un estudio del Pew Research Center , la cobertura de los medios se generó principalmente en los Estados Unidos, a partir de 2002, con una serie en The Boston Globe que publicó cientos de informes de noticias. Por el contrario, en 2010 gran parte de los informes se centraron en el abuso infantil en Europa. [12] [13]

Américas

América Central

Costa Rica

En Costa Rica se han hecho públicos diferentes escándalos de abusos sexuales que involucran a miembros del clero católico, pues más de diez sacerdotes han sido acusados ​​formalmente. [65] Sin embargo, uno de los hechos más recientes y más dramáticos por su exposición mediática ocurrió en 2019 cuando las acusaciones judiciales contra los sacerdotes Mauricio Víquez [66] y Manuel Guevara [67] [68] llevaron al allanamiento e incautación de la Conferencia Episcopal por parte del Departamento de Investigación Judicial el 7 de marzo de 2019. [69] Víquez, quien era portavoz de la Conferencia Episcopal y profesor de la Universidad de Costa Rica , fue destituido del estado clerical por la Santa Sede y se inició el proceso de remoción de su titularidad universitaria. Huyó en enero de 2019 y se encontraba prófugo en el extranjero, motivo por el cual se giró una orden de captura internacional en su contra. [70] [71] Fue capturado en México en agosto de 2019 [72] y condenado en 2022 a 20 años de prisión por violación y abuso de un niño de 11 años. [73] En el caso de Guevara, párroco de Santo Domingo de Heredia , fue detenido por las autoridades. [74]

Otro sacerdote buscado por abuso sexual, Jorge Arturo Morales Salazar, fue arrestado por las autoridades cuando intentaba escapar por la frontera con Panamá y puesto bajo custodia preventiva. [75] Otros casos notables son el del padre Enrique Delgado, figura popular debido a su programa de televisión La Hora Santa , quien fue sentenciado a prisión por violación y abuso sexual contra tres menores, [76] [77] El padre Enrique Vázquez, quien escapó del país en 1998 aparentemente con ayuda financiera del obispo de San Carlos, Ángel Sancasimiro, fue capturado sirviendo como sacerdote en Honduras en 2007, pero los cargos no pudieron presentarse debido a la diferencia de edad de menos de 28 años entre las víctimas de 13-16 años y el perpetrador de 20 años, [65] [78] [ 79] [80] y el padre Minor Calvo, otra personalidad de la televisión con su programa de televisión Un encuentro con Cristo y como director de la estación de radio católica Radio María, quien fue encontrado en un auto con un adolescente en el Parque La Sabana a la medianoche. Aunque Calvo fue condenado por corrupción y malversación de fondos, no fue condenado por abuso sexual. [81]

República Dominicana

Józef Wesołowski , un ciudadano polaco que había sido nuncio (embajador papal), fue laicizado en 2014 debido a acusaciones de abuso sexual de menores durante los cinco años que sirvió como embajador del Vaticano en Santo Domingo . [82] La Santa Sede se negó a renunciar a su inmunidad diplomática para permitirle ser juzgado en Santo Domingo, pero lo acusó ante el tribunal penal del Vaticano. Sin embargo, en julio de 2015 el juicio se pospuso debido a la mala salud de Wesolowski; murió el 27 de agosto de 2015 antes de que pudiera celebrarse un juicio. [83]

El Salvador

En noviembre de 2015, en la única diócesis católica no militar de El Salvador, la Arquidiócesis de San Salvador, el padre Jesús Delgado, biógrafo y secretario personal del arzobispo Oscar Romero [84] [85] fue despedido por la Arquidiócesis después de que las investigaciones revelaran que había abusado sexualmente de una niña, que ahora tiene 42 años, cuando ella tenía entre 9 y 17 años . [85] Debido al estatuto de limitaciones, Delgado no podía enfrentar cargos criminales. [86] En diciembre de 2016, un tribunal canónico condenó a Delgado y a otros dos sacerdotes de El Salvador, Francisco Gálvez y Antonio Molina, por cometer actos de abuso sexual entre los años 1980 y 2000 y los laicizó del sacerdocio. [84] [87] [88] [86]

En noviembre de 2019, la Arquidiócesis reconoció el abuso sexual cometido por el padre Leopoldo Sosa Tolentino en 1994 y emitió una disculpa pública a su víctima. [84] Tolentino fue suspendido del ministerio y comenzó el proceso de juicio canónico . [89] Otro sacerdote de El Salvador, José Adonay Chicas Campos, fue laicizado en 2019 después de declararse culpable de abuso sexual en un juicio penal en el Vaticano y sentenciado a 16 años de prisión. [84]

Honduras

En 2018, el Papa Francisco aceptó la renuncia del obispo auxiliar Juan José Pineda, un colaborador cercano del cardenal Maradiaga, tras las revelaciones de abuso sexual de seminaristas y un escándalo financiero. [90]

América del norte

Canadá

A finales de los años 1980, se hicieron acusaciones de abuso físico y sexual cometido por miembros de los Hermanos Cristianos , que operaban el Orfanato Mount Cashel en St. John's, Terranova . El gobierno, la policía y la iglesia habían coludido en un intento de encubrir las acusaciones, pero en diciembre de 1989 fueron reportadas en el St. John's Sunday Express . Finalmente, más de 300 exalumnos presentaron denuncias de abuso físico y sexual en el orfanato. [91] La orden religiosa que dirigía el orfanato se declaró en quiebra ante numerosas demandas civiles que buscaban daños y perjuicios. [92] Desde el escándalo de Mount Cashel, varios sacerdotes en todo Canadá han sido acusados ​​de abuso sexual.

En agosto de 2005, el padre Charles Henry Sylvestre de Belle River, Ontario , se declaró culpable de 47 cargos de abuso sexual de mujeres, de entre nueve y catorce años de edad, entre 1952 y 1989. [93] Sylvestre fue condenado en octubre de 2006 a tres años de prisión y murió el 22 de enero de 2007 después de tres meses de prisión. [94]

En 2011, el sacerdote basiliano Padre William Hodgson Marshall, quien murió en 2014 a la edad de 92 años, se declaró culpable de 16 cargos de agresión indecente a menores y un cargo de agresión sexual por incidentes que ocurrieron entre 1952 y 1986 cuando enseñaba en las escuelas secundarias Assumption y Holy Names en Windsor, además de otras escuelas secundarias católicas en Toronto y Sudbury. [95] Fue sentenciado a dos años de prisión y cumplió 16 meses de su sentencia antes de ser liberado en libertad condicional en 2012. [95] Sin embargo, Marshall, quien recibió el apodo de "Happy Hands" en la década de 1950 debido a su tendencia a tocar a los estudiantes, luego se declaró culpable de más cargos de abuso sexual derivados de su tiempo en Saskatchewan. [95] El 30 de abril de 2020, la Corte Suprema de Canadá rechazó una apelación de los Padres Basilianos de Toronto para no otorgarle a Rod MacLeod, víctima de Marshall, un pago requerido de poco más de $2.5 millones, incluidos $500,000 en daños punitivos, derivados de un caso de agresión sexual en la década de 1960. [96] El pago fue ordenado por primera vez por un jurado en abril de 2018. [97] [96]

El 25 de agosto de 2020, el juez de Columbia Británica David Crossin ordenó a la oficina del obispo de Kamloops y sacerdote retirado Erlindo Molon, que entonces tenía 88 años, que pagara 844.140 dólares en daños y perjuicios a Rosemary Anderson, quien afirmó que Molon la violó entre 70 y 100 veces entre 1976 y 1977, comenzando cuando ella tenía 26 años. [98] Anderson afirmó que Molon le ofreció asesoramiento para ayudarla a lidiar con la muerte de su padre. [98] Durante la demanda, el ex obispo de Kamloops y futuro arzobispo de Vancouver, Adam Exner , que ahora tiene 90 años, admitió en el estrado que Molon "estaba abusando de personas", incluido Anderson. [98] Exner también declaró que Molon no fue despojado de su condición de sacerdocio hasta que Anderson le dijo que Molon la violó y le sugirió que se casara con él. [98]

En 1912, miles de niños de las Primeras Naciones asistían a escuelas residenciales , muchas de las cuales estaban dirigidas por la Iglesia Católica. En 1990, el líder de Manitoba Phil Fontaine reveló que había sido abusado sexual y físicamente en una escuela residencial católica. Afirmó que el abuso sexual era común en las escuelas residenciales en general. "En mi clase de tercer grado, si hubiera 20 niños, cada uno de ellos habría experimentado lo que yo experimenté. Habrían experimentado algún aspecto del abuso sexual". [99] El autor y artista canadiense, Michael D. O'Brien , también ha hablado sobre sus dolorosas experiencias de abuso en escuelas residenciales, revelando que "la explotación sexual de los jóvenes ha sido una epidemia en las escuelas residenciales y orfanatos católicos ". [100]

México

De los casos de abuso sexual católico en América Latina , el más conocido es el escándalo sexual del padre Marcial Maciel , fundador de la Legión de Cristo , una congregación católica romana en la década de 1970. [42] Había estado abusando sexualmente de al menos 60 menores y fue padre de seis hijos con tres mujeres. Las revelaciones tuvieron lugar en 1998 después de que la Legión pasara más de una década negando las acusaciones y criticando a las víctimas que denunciaron abusos. Fue obligado a retirarse del ministerio por el Papa Benedicto XVI en 2006. [43]

Luis Esteban Zavala Rodríguez, sacerdote de Irapuato , fue condenado a 65 años y tres meses de prisión y multado con 61.000 pesos en enero de 2021 por violar a una niña de 12 años mientras tomaba clases de catecismo en una iglesia de la ciudad. [101]

Estados Unidos

Estados Unidos ha sido el foco de muchos escándalos y reformas posteriores. [102] BishopAccountability.org, un "archivo en línea establecido por católicos laicos", ha informado de más de 3.000 demandas civiles contra la Iglesia, [103] algunos de estos casos han dado lugar a acuerdos multimillonarios con muchos demandantes, por un total de más de 3.000 millones de dólares desde 1950. [64] [103]

Aunque la Iglesia en los Estados Unidos afirma haber abordado el tema, algunos no están de acuerdo. Mark Honigsbaum, del periódico The Guardian, escribió en 2006 que, "a pesar de las propias estimaciones de la Junta Nacional de Revisión de que ha habido unos 5.000 sacerdotes abusadores en los Estados Unidos, hasta la fecha 150 han sido procesados ​​con éxito". Algunos críticos de la Iglesia, como Patrick Wall, atribuyen esto a una falta de cooperación de la Iglesia. En California, por ejemplo, la archidiócesis [ se necesita aclaración ] ha tratado de bloquear la divulgación de registros confidenciales de asesoramiento sobre dos sacerdotes, argumentando que tal acción violaría su derecho de protección religiosa de la Primera Enmienda. [104] Paul Lakeland afirma que los líderes de la Iglesia que permitieron el abuso fueron con demasiada frecuencia descuidados con respecto a su propia responsabilidad y la responsabilidad de los perpetradores. [105]

En 2004, la Diócesis Católica Romana de Orange resolvió casi 90 casos por 100 millones de dólares . [106] En julio de 2007, su archidiócesis matriz, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Los Ángeles, llegó a un acuerdo de 45 demandas por 60 millones de dólares. Para julio de 2007, [107] [108] se había llegado a un acuerdo de 660 millones de dólares con más de 500 presuntas víctimas .

En septiembre de 2007, la Diócesis Católica Romana de San Diego llegó a un "acuerdo con 144 víctimas de abuso sexual infantil" por 198,1 millones de dólares . [109]

En julio de 2008, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Denver acordó “pagar 5,5 millones de dólares para resolver 18 denuncias de abuso sexual infantil”. [110]

En 1998, la Diócesis Católica Romana de Dallas pagó 30,9 millones de dólares a doce víctimas de un sacerdote (57,8 millones de dólares en términos actuales). [111] [112] Entre 2003 y 2009, otros nueve acuerdos importantes, que involucraban más de 375 casos con 1551 demandantes/víctimas, resultaron en pagos de más de 1.100 millones de dólares. [nota 2] Associated Press estimó que los acuerdos de los casos de abuso sexual entre 1950 y 2007 totalizaron más de 2.000 millones de dólares. [107] Para abordar "una avalancha de demandas por abuso", cinco diócesis (Tucson, Arizona; Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregón; Davenport, Iowa y San Diego) obtuvieron protección por bancarrota. [107] Ocho diócesis católicas se han declarado en bancarrota debido a casos de abuso sexual entre 2004 y 2011. [113]

Aunque los obispos habían enviado a sacerdotes que cometían abusos sexuales a centros como los que operaban los Siervos del Paráclito desde los años 50, hasta mediados de los años 60 hubo muy poca discusión pública sobre el problema. Incluso entonces, la mayor parte de la discusión se llevó a cabo en el seno de la jerarquía católica, con poca o ninguna cobertura en los medios de comunicación. Una discusión pública sobre el abuso sexual de menores por parte de sacerdotes tuvo lugar en una reunión patrocinada por la Asociación Nacional para la Renovación Pastoral celebrada en el campus de la Universidad de Notre Dame en 1967, a la que fueron invitados todos los obispos católicos de Estados Unidos. [ cita requerida ]

En años posteriores, los obispos católicos celebraron diversos debates locales y regionales sobre el problema. Sin embargo, no fue hasta la década de 1980 que el debate sobre el abuso sexual por parte de clérigos católicos romanos comenzó a cubrirse como un fenómeno en los medios de comunicación de los Estados Unidos. Según el Catholic News Service , la conciencia pública sobre el abuso sexual de niños en los Estados Unidos y Canadá surgió a fines de la década de 1970 y en la de 1980 como resultado de la creciente conciencia del abuso físico de los niños en la sociedad. [ cita requerida ]

En septiembre de 1983, el National Catholic Reporter publicó un artículo sobre el tema. [114] El tema ganó notoriedad nacional en octubre de 1985 cuando el sacerdote de Luisiana Gilbert Gauthe se declaró culpable de 11 cargos de abuso sexual de niños. [115] Después de que la cobertura de los crímenes de Gauthe disminuyó, el tema pasó a los márgenes de la atención pública hasta mediados de la década de 1990, cuando el tema volvió a ser llevado a la atención nacional después de que se publicaran varios libros sobre el tema. [116]

En 2002, la cobertura del Boston Globe, que ganó el premio Pulitzer, de los casos de abuso sexual que involucraban a sacerdotes católicos atrajo la atención , primero de los Estados Unidos y luego del mundo, sobre el problema. [117] [118] [119] Otras víctimas comenzaron a presentar sus propias denuncias de abuso, lo que resultó en más demandas y causas penales. [9] Desde entonces, el problema del abuso clerical de menores ha recibido mucha más atención de la jerarquía de la Iglesia, las agencias de aplicación de la ley, el gobierno y los medios de comunicación. Un estudio muestra que la cobertura del Boston Globe de los casos "tuvo un efecto negativo y duradero" en la matriculación en las escuelas católicas, y explicó "aproximadamente dos tercios de la disminución de la escolarización católica". [120]

En 2003, el arzobispo Timothy M. Dolan, de la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Milwaukee, autorizó pagos de hasta 20.000 dólares estadounidenses a sacerdotes abusadores sexualmente para convencerlos de que abandonaran el sacerdocio. [121]

En julio de 2003, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Louisville pagó 25,7 millones de dólares para "resolver las acusaciones de abuso sexual infantil hechas en 240 demandas que nombraban a 34 sacerdotes y otros trabajadores de la iglesia". [122] En 2003, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Boston también resolvió un gran caso por 85 millones de dólares con 552 presuntas víctimas. [123] En 2004, la Diócesis Católica Romana de Orange resolvió casi 90 casos por 100 millones de dólares . [124]

La Diócesis Católica Romana de Dallas pagó 30,9 millones de dólares en 1998 a doce víctimas de un sacerdote (57,8 millones de dólares en términos actuales [112] ). [122]

En abril de 2007, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Portland en Oregon acordó un acuerdo de $75 millones con 177 demandantes y la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Seattle acordó un acuerdo de $48 millones con más de 160 víctimas. [125] En julio de 2007, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Los Ángeles llegó a un acuerdo de $660 millones con más de 500 presuntas víctimas , en diciembre de 2006, la arquidiócesis tuvo un acuerdo de 45 demandas por $60 millones. [126] [127]

En 2011, al padre Curtis Wehmeyer se le permitió trabajar como sacerdote en Minnesota a pesar de que muchas personas habían expresado preocupación por su compulsión sexual y su comportamiento sospechoso con los niños. Wehmeyer fue contratado como sacerdote sin que se le hicieran las debidas comprobaciones de antecedentes. Wehmeyer fue condenado posteriormente por abusar sexualmente de dos niños. Tras el arresto de Wehmeyer hubo quejas de que el clero responsable estaba más preocupado por cómo presentar la historia de forma favorable que por ayudar a las víctimas. [128]

En julio de 2018, el cardenal Theodore McCarrick de la Arquidiócesis de Washington, DC, renunció al Colegio Cardenalicio (el primer cardenal en hacerlo desde 1927) tras acusaciones de abuso e intento de violación homosexual en una villa costera. [129] [130] En agosto, se reveló un "encubrimiento sistemático" de abuso sexual por parte de más de 300 sacerdotes en parroquias de Pensilvania. [131] [132] Los revisores de la situación indicaron que probablemente no se descubrieron muchas más víctimas y perpetradores. [132] En marzo de 2018, el arzobispo Anthony Apuron de Guam fue destituido de su cargo por el Vaticano. [1] Apuron había sido acusado de abusar sexualmente de monaguillos a fines de la década de 1970. Además, en el último caso, el sacerdote Louis Brouillard fue acusado de haber violado a monaguillos durante "fiestas de pijamas" cuando era adolescente. Más de quince sacerdotes, dos arzobispos y un obispo han sido reconocidos en casos de abuso sexual, desde la década de 1950 hasta la de 1990.

Para hacer frente a "una avalancha de denuncias de abuso", cinco diócesis (Tucson, Arizona; Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregón; Davenport, Iowa y San Diego) obtuvieron protección por bancarrota. [127] Ocho diócesis católicas se declararon en quiebra debido a casos de abuso sexual entre 2004 y 2011. [113]

El 19 de enero de 2023, un hombre llamado Scott Verti presentó una demanda alegando alrededor de 100 casos de abuso en la iglesia St. Elizabeth Ann Seton en Fort Collins, Colorado, de 1998 a 2003. Debido a la ley estatal de 2021 en Colorado, se abrió un período de ventana de tres años para permitir que se presentaran acusaciones sexuales que se remontan a 1960. El acusado Timothy Evans, un sacerdote, fue acusado de abuso sexual cuando Verti tenía entre 13 y 18 años. [133]

Informe de Jay

En los Estados Unidos, el Informe John Jay de 2004 , encargado por el John Jay College of Criminal Justice y financiado por la Conferencia de Obispos Católicos de los Estados Unidos (USCCB), se basó en encuestas realizadas a voluntarios por las diócesis católicas romanas de los Estados Unidos. El Informe John Jay de 2004 se basó en un estudio de 10.667 denuncias contra 4.392 sacerdotes acusados ​​de participar en abusos sexuales a menores entre 1950 y 2002. [134]

Ocultación de los nombres de los clérigos acusados

El 29 de diciembre de 2019, se reveló que numerosos obispos de los Estados Unidos ocultaron cientos de nombres de su lista de clérigos acusados. [135] [136] [137]

Permitir que clérigos acusados ​​abandonen el país

El 6 de marzo de 2020, se publicó una investigación conjunta realizada por Propublica y el Houston Chronicle que reveló que la Iglesia Católica transfirió a más de 50 clérigos católicos estadounidenses acusados ​​creíblemente a otros países después de que surgieran acusaciones de abuso sexual contra ellos. [138]

Informe del Vaticano sobre Theodore McCarrick

El informe de la Secretaría de Estado de la Santa Sede, publicado en noviembre de 2020, afirmó que el Papa Juan Pablo II fue informado de las acusaciones contra McCarrick pero no las creyó, y que Benedicto XVI , después de recibir más quejas, también hizo poco esfuerzo para detener a McCarrick. [139] El informe absolvió al Papa Francisco , pero culpó tanto al Papa Juan Pablo II como a Benedicto XVI por el ascenso al poder de Theodore McCarrick: ambos estaban al tanto de las acusaciones de abuso sexual en su contra. [140]

Sudamerica

Argentina

En 2009, el sacerdote Julio César Grassi fue condenado a 15 años de prisión por dos cargos de abuso sexual contra dos menores durante su estancia en una fundación para niños necesitados. [141]

El 17 de agosto de 2019, el obispo argentino Sergio Buenanueva de San Francisco, Córdoba , reconoció la historia de abuso sexual dentro de la Iglesia católica en Argentina. [142] [143] Buenanueva, quien fue etiquetado como "Prelado" de la Iglesia católica argentina, [143] también declaró que la crisis de abuso sexual de la iglesia en Argentina, que es el país natal del Papa Francisco, estaba "apenas comenzando". [143]

Un tribunal de tres jueces absolvió al ex sacerdote Carlos Eduardo José, de 62 años, de los cargos de abuso sexual cometidos entre 1999 y 2008 en Caseros, Buenos Aires, porque el plazo de prescripción había expirado el 9 de marzo de 2021. Las acusaciones datan de 2009, pero la iglesia no tomó ninguna medida hasta 2019. Otras tres denuncias contra el mismo sacerdote presentadas por otros estudiantes fueron desestimadas anteriormente por otros tribunales por motivos de prescripción. [144]

Bolivia

Un sacerdote en Bolivia fue arrestado tras ser acusado de agredir sexualmente a estudiantes de un seminario en 2013. El arresto se produce a raíz de un escándalo en el que el ex sacerdote Alfonso Pedrajas confesó haber abusado de 85 niños en Bolivia durante los años 1970 y 1980 en su diario personal antes de su muerte por cáncer en 2009. [145]

En 2023, el Papa envió a monseñor Jordi Bertomeu a Bolivia para investigar el asunto. Bertomeu ya había investigado las acusaciones contra sacerdotes en Chile en 2018. [146]

Chile

A principios de 2018, el Papa Francisco se reunió con el obispo Juan Barros de Chile en relación con los cargos de abuso sexual por parte del padre Fernando Karadima y las acusaciones de encubrimiento por parte de Barros. [147] Muchos laicos y víctimas de abuso sexual se presentaron para condenar a Barros por encubrir los delitos sexuales. Cuando el Papa Francisco visitó al obispo, los periodistas locales le preguntaron sobre el escándalo de abuso sexual que rodeaba a Barros. El Papa Francisco rápidamente condenó los cargos como una "calumnia", afirmando: "El día que me traigan pruebas contra el obispo Barros, hablaré. No hay una sola prueba en su contra. Es una calumnia. ¿Está claro?" [148] Tras la defensa del Papa de Barros, el cardenal de Boston Sean Patrick O'Malley , un asesor clave del Vaticano sobre el abuso del clero, reconoció que los comentarios de Francisco sobre Barros fueron "una fuente de gran dolor" para las víctimas. Francisco luego nombró al arzobispo Charles Scicluna de Malta para investigar las acusaciones de abuso en la iglesia chilena. [149] Al recibir el informe de Scicluna, Francisco escribió el 12 de abril que había "cometido graves errores en la evaluación y percepción de la situación, especialmente por falta de información veraz y equilibrada". [150] También declaró que la jerarquía de la Iglesia chilena era colectivamente responsable de "graves defectos" en el manejo de los casos de abuso sexual y la consiguiente pérdida de credibilidad sufrida por la Iglesia. Tras las declaraciones de Francisco, 33 obispos chilenos ofrecieron su renuncia. [151] El Papa Francisco luego pidió disculpas a las víctimas del escándalo de abuso sexual. A fines de abril de 2018, tres víctimas fueron invitadas al Vaticano. [152]

El 11 de junio de 2018, Francisco aceptó las renuncias del obispo Juan Barros Madrid de Osorno, [153] y el 28 de junio las de los obispos Horacio Valenzuela de Talca y Alejandro Goić Karmelić de Rancagua. [154] En septiembre aceptó los de Carlos Eduardo Pellegrín Barrera de Chillán y Cristián Contreras Molina de San Felipe. [155] Karadima fue laicizada el 28 de septiembre de 2018. [156]

El 13 de octubre de 2018, el Papa Francisco laicizó a dos ex arzobispos: Francisco José Cox Huneeus de La Serena y Marco Antonio Órdenes Fernández de Iquique. [157]

En marzo de 2019, el cardenal Ricardo Ezzati Andrello renunció como se le exigió al cumplir 75 años en medio de acusaciones de abuso sexual. [158]

El 21 de agosto de 2019, el nuncio de Chile anunció que el Vaticano había iniciado una investigación sobre las denuncias de que Bernardino Piñera , un influyente sacerdote chileno que también es tío paterno del presidente chileno Sebastián Piñera , abusó sexualmente de al menos un niño 50 años antes. [159] [160] [161]

Colombia

En 2021, una investigación de Vorágine y CONNECTAS reveló una lista de 43 sacerdotes de la Arquidiócesis de Medellín acusados ​​de pederastia y abuso sexual, de los cuales solo tres habían sido condenados por la justicia. [162] En 2022, la agencia de noticias AFP reportó uno de los casos más graves revelados hasta la fecha en el país, que involucra a una red de pederastia que incluiría al menos a 38 sacerdotes abusadores en la ciudad de Villavicencio, [163] de los cuales 19 de ellos habían sido suspendidos dos años antes por el Vaticano en medio de la investigación canónica. [164] La Corte Constitucional en una decisión histórica había ordenado en la Sentencia T-091 de 2020 a la Iglesia católica colombiana revelar su “archivo secreto” de denuncias, a los periodistas o ciudadanos que lo requirieran. [165] Desde esa fecha los jerarcas de la iglesia no han cumplido a cabalidad esa instrucción. [166]

Asia

Timor Oriental

Richard Daschbach fue condenado en el Tribunal de Distrito de Oecussi en 2021 por cargos de haber abusado sexualmente de niñas timorenses durante décadas. [167]

Las primeras acusaciones de abuso sexual de menores por parte del obispo Ximenes Belo aparecieron en la revista holandesa De Groene Amsterdammer el 28 de septiembre de 2022. [168]

India

En 2002, Mathew N. Schmalz señaló que los casos de abuso sexual en la Iglesia Católica en la India por lo general no se mencionan abiertamente, y afirmó que "se escuchan chismes y rumores, pero nunca llegan al nivel de acusaciones formales o controversias". [16]

En 2014, Raju Kokkan, vicario de la Iglesia de San Pablo en Thaikkattussery , Thrissur , Kerala , fue arrestado bajo cargos de violación de una niña de nueve años. Según la Policía de Kerala , Kokkan había violado a la niña en varias ocasiones diferentes, incluyendo al menos tres veces en su oficina durante el mes de abril. Kokkan prometió regalarle a la niña vestimentas costosas para su ceremonia de Sagrada Comunión antes de agredirla sexualmente. El abuso fue revelado después de que la víctima informara a sus padres que había sido violada por Kokkan el 25 de abril de 2014. Posteriormente, el sacerdote huyó a Nagercoil en el estado vecino de Tamil Nadu , y fue arrestado por la policía el 5 de mayo. Después del arresto, la Arquidiócesis de Thrissur declaró que el vicario había sido removido de su puesto dentro de la Iglesia. Entre febrero y abril de 2014, otros tres sacerdotes católicos fueron arrestados en el estado de Kerala acusados ​​de violar a menores. [169] [170]

En 2016, la Iglesia Católica volvió a nombrar a un sacerdote condenado y encarcelado en la diócesis de Ootacamund en Tamil Nadu, con poca consideración por los derechos de las víctimas y la seguridad de los niños. [171] [172] [173] [174] [175]

En 2017, el padre Robin Vadakkumchery, de la iglesia de San Sebastián en Kannur, fue arrestado en Kochi bajo la acusación de violar repetidamente a una niña de 15 años que luego dio a luz a un niño. [176] Se informa que el bebé fue llevado a un orfanato sin el consentimiento de la madre. [177] Ha sido sentenciado a 20 años de prisión por un tribunal especial constituido en virtud de la Ley de Protección de los Niños contra los Delitos Sexuales de 2012 en Thalassery. [178]

En 2018, tras una gran protesta pública, la policía de Kerala detuvo al obispo Franco Mulakkal el 21 de septiembre. El Vaticano acababa de relevarle "temporalmente" de sus responsabilidades pastorales. La monja que se quejó contra el obispo Mulakkal había mencionado a la policía que éste la había violado repetidamente en múltiples ocasiones entre 2014 y 2016. [179] Mulakkal fue declarado inocente por un tribunal de primera instancia de Kerala en 2022, aunque los abogados de la monja presentaron una impugnación a la absolución en 2023. Tras la impugnación, Mulakkal se retiró como obispo en junio de 2023. [180]

Singapur

En 2013, Jane Leigh, psicoterapeuta y autora nacida en Singapur y madre soltera de dos hijos que ahora vive en Melbourne, afirmó en su autobiografía My Nine Lives Last que había sufrido abusos sexuales por parte de sacerdotes católicos romanos cuando era adolescente. A partir de los 12 años, sufrió abusos durante dos años y medio durante las salidas individuales aisladas que hacía un sacerdote de 34 años a quien conoció inicialmente en una misa del barrio celebrada en su casa cuando ella tenía 12 años; supuestamente lo hacía mientras la recogía o la dejaba cuando sus padres estaban en el trabajo. Después de que ella le informara del asunto a su madre, la reprendieron por tentar al sacerdote y la enviaron a otro sacerdote católico para que recibiera asesoramiento. En consecuencia, la iglesia declaró que llevaría a cabo las investigaciones. [181]

En 2022, un destacado miembro de la orden católica de unos 60 años fue condenado a cinco años de prisión por abusar sexualmente de dos adolescentes en múltiples ocasiones. Los delitos tuvieron lugar entre 2005 y 2007. La identidad del agresor y sus víctimas no se reveló debido a una orden de censura impuesta por el tribunal. [182] Además, la policía emitió una advertencia por escrito al superior religioso del agresor por no denunciar los delitos a la policía después de enterarse de ellos. [183]

Europa

Austria

En noviembre de 2010, un grupo independiente de Austria [184] que opera una línea directa para ayudar a las personas a abandonar la Iglesia Católica publicó un informe que documentaba abusos físicos, sexuales y emocionales perpetrados por sacerdotes, monjas y funcionarios religiosos austríacos. El informe se basa en llamadas a la línea directa de 91 mujeres (28%) y 234 hombres (72%), que nombraron a 422 perpetradores de ambos sexos, el 63% de los cuales eran sacerdotes ordenados. [185]

Bélgica

En junio de 2010, la policía belga allanó la sede de la Iglesia católica belga en Bruselas , confiscando una computadora y los registros de una comisión de la Iglesia que investigaba las acusaciones de abuso infantil. Esto fue parte de una investigación sobre cientos de reclamos que se habían planteado sobre presuntos abusos sexuales a menores cometidos por el clero belga. Las acusaciones surgieron después de que Roger Vangheluwe , quien había sido el obispo de Brujas , renunciara en 2009 después de admitir que era culpable de abuso sexual. [186] El Vaticano protestó contra las redadas. [187] En septiembre de 2010, un tribunal de apelaciones dictaminó que las redadas eran ilegales. [188]

Croacia

En la actualidad se conocen tres casos principales de abusos sexuales en las iglesias católicas croatas: en la archidiócesis de Zagreb, la archidiócesis de Rijeka y la archidiócesis de Zadar. Los condenados son Ivan Čuček (2000), [189] [190] Drago Ljubičić (2011), [191] [192] y Nediljko Ivanov (2012) [193] [194] [195] respectivamente.

Francia

El cardenal Philippe Barbarin , arzobispo de Lyon , fue condenado el 7 de marzo de 2019 por no denunciar los abusos sexuales presuntamente cometidos por el sacerdote Bernard Preynat y recibió una pena de prisión suspendida de seis meses. [196] [197] [198] [ 199] [200] El 5 de julio de 2019, el papa Francisco laicizó al sacerdote al que Barbarin estaba acusado de proteger. [201] A pesar de que la condena de Barbarin fue revocada en apelación, el escándalo dio lugar a que el papa Francisco aceptara su dimisión como arzobispo de Lyon el 6 de marzo de 2020. [196]

El 14 de enero de 2020, Preynat, que ya había sido condenado por otro cargo de abuso sexual en 2016, [202] confesó durante su juicio penal que tenía la costumbre de "acariciar" a los Boy Scouts que supervisaba cuando servía como capellán scout en el suburbio lionés [202] de Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon y que lo hacía de una manera que le producía "placer sexual". [203] El 15 de enero, Preynat, acusado de abusar sexualmente de 80 Boy Scouts entre 1971 y 1991, [203] declaró que el Vaticano le permitió completar su educación en el seminario para convertirse en sacerdote después de haber recibido terapia en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Vinatier entre 1967 y 1968, y que había advertido al Vaticano sobre sus impulsos sexuales. [202] Tras la condena de Preynat en 2016 por abusos cometidos entre 1986 y 1991, [204] que también resultó en una sentencia de prisión suspendida de solo 18 meses, [204] Barbarin lo nombró, según se informa, para un puesto más alto dentro de la Arquidiócesis de Lyon. [204]

El 9 de noviembre de 2019, la Conferencia de Obispos Franceses aprobó una resolución en la que se acordaba que todos los obispos católicos franceses pagarían una indemnización por los abusos que tuvieron lugar en la Iglesia católica francesa. [205] [206] El 16 de marzo de 2020, Preynat recibió una sentencia de cinco años de prisión tras ser declarado culpable de agredir sexualmente a unos boy scouts. [207] El 11 de noviembre de 2020, Jean-Marc Sauve, jefe de la comisión independiente creada por la Iglesia católica en Francia para investigar las denuncias de abusos sexuales, reconoció que la línea directa de su comisión sobre abusos sexuales, que cerró el 31 de octubre de 2020, recibió 6.500 llamadas denunciando abusos sexuales en un período de 17 meses. [208] El 16 de diciembre de 2020, el ex nuncio apostólico en Francia Luigi Ventura recibió una sentencia de ocho meses de prisión suspendida por acoso sexual, que incluye libertad condicional y un pago requerido de 13.000 euros a las víctimas, así como 9.000 euros en honorarios legales. [209]

El 3 de octubre de 2021, una comisión independiente creada por la Conferencia Episcopal de Francia publicó un informe [210] en el que se estima que entre los 115.000 sacerdotes católicos y otros funcionarios religiosos que han existido en Francia desde la década de 1950 hay unos 3.000 abusadores. [211] [212] El informe estima que 216.000 niños fueron abusados ​​por sacerdotes católicos entre 1950 y 2020, y que si se tienen en cuenta los abusos cometidos por otros empleados de la Iglesia católica, el número total aumenta a unos 330.000. [213] Alrededor del 80% de las víctimas eran niños. [214]

Alemania

En septiembre de 2018, un informe de la Iglesia católica alemana encontró que 3.677 niños en Alemania, en su mayoría de 13 años o menos, habían sido abusados ​​sexualmente por el clero católico entre 1946 y 2014. [215] En agosto de 2020, 1.412 personas en Alemania acusaron a miembros de órdenes religiosas católicas de abusar sexualmente de ellos cuando eran niños, adolescentes y tutelados. [216] Al menos 654 monjes, monjas y otros miembros de órdenes religiosas fueron acusados ​​de abuso. [216] Alrededor del 80% de las víctimas eran hombres y el 20% mujeres. [216] Las órdenes fueron unas de las últimas organizaciones de la iglesia católica en Alemania en abordar el abuso sexual. [216] A pesar de los hechos de que las mujeres constituyen la mayor parte de los miembros de las órdenes religiosas alemanas, los miembros masculinos de las órdenes religiosas tuvieron la mayor proporción de acusaciones de abuso sexual. [216]

En mayo de 2021, el cardenal Reinhard Marx presentó su renuncia, citando como principal motivo el fracaso colectivo a la hora de abordar el abuso sexual. [217] Posteriormente, el papa Francisco rechazó su oferta, aunque enfatizó la importancia del arrepentimiento de Marx en su mandato posterior. [218]

Irlanda

En la República de Irlanda, a partir de la década de 1990, hubo una serie de causas penales e investigaciones gubernamentales relacionadas con acusaciones de que sacerdotes habían abusado de cientos de menores en las décadas anteriores. Las investigaciones ordenadas por el Estado documentaron "decenas de miles de niños entre la década de 1940 y la de 1990" que sufrieron abusos, incluidos abusos sexuales a manos de sacerdotes, monjas y personal eclesiástico en tres diócesis. [219]

En muchos casos, los clérigos de alto rango habían trasladado a sacerdotes acusados ​​de abuso a otras parroquias. En 2010, se habían publicado varios informes judiciales detallados, pero con relativamente pocos procesamientos. En ocasiones, el personal del Departamento de Educación , la policía y otros organismos gubernamentales se enteraron de los abusos. Han dicho que procesar al clero era extremadamente difícil dado el "ethos católico" de la República de Irlanda. [ cita requerida ] Además, en 2004, los Hermanos Cristianos habían presentado una demanda para obtener un acuerdo civil que prohibiera el procesamiento de cualquiera de sus miembros o el nombre de cualquier Hermano Cristiano en el informe de investigación del gobierno. Los Hermanos Cristianos tuvieron un mayor número de acusaciones contra su orden que contra otras. Tampoco se nombró a ninguna víctima en el informe.

En 1994, Micheal Ledwith dimitió como presidente del St Patrick's College de Maynooth cuando se hicieron públicas las acusaciones de abuso sexual por su parte. El Informe McCullough de junio de 2005 concluyó que varios obispos habían rechazado las preocupaciones sobre el comportamiento inapropiado de Ledwith hacia los seminaristas "de manera tan completa y abrupta sin ninguna investigación adecuada", aunque su informe admitió que "habría sido difícil investigar de manera muy completa o sustancial una queja genérica sobre las aparentes propensiones de una persona". [220]

Se informó que el padre Brendan Smyth había abusado sexualmente y agredido indecentemente a 20 niños en parroquias de Belfast , Dublín y los Estados Unidos, durante el período entre 1945 y 1989. [221] La controversia sobre el manejo de su extradición a Irlanda del Norte llevó al colapso en 1994 del gobierno de coalición Fianna Fáil/Partido Laborista . [222]

En diciembre de 2010, el "sacerdote cantante" de la Arquidiócesis de Dublín, Tony Walsh, fue sentenciado a 123 años de prisión por 14 condenas por abuso infantil que involucraban delitos sexuales que databan desde mediados de la década de 1970 hasta mediados de la década de 1980. [223] [224] Sin embargo, las sentencias debían cumplirse simultáneamente, lo que suponía un máximo de 16 años. [224] Cuando se declaró culpable en diciembre de 2018 de agredir indecentemente a un adolescente con un crucifijo en una cita en 1983, Walsh ya había estado en prisión durante 13 años. [223]

Hasta 2011, seis informes de la Junta Nacional para la Protección de los Niños en la Iglesia Católica han establecido que seis sacerdotes irlandeses fueron condenados entre 1975 y 2011. [225] [226]

En agosto de 2018, se publicó una lista que reveló que más de 1.300 clérigos católicos en Irlanda habían sido acusados ​​de abuso sexual, de los cuales 82 habían sido condenados. [227] [228] En mayo de 2020, se reveló que antes de la fusión de 2004 con la Asociación Scout de Irlanda (SAI) que formó Scouting Ireland , los Boy Scouts Católicos de Irlanda (CBSI) encubrieron el abuso sexual cometido por personas que sirvieron en la organización. [229] En un período que abarcó décadas, tanto la CBSI como la SAI protegieron a 275 depredadores conocidos o sospechosos que abusaron de niños después de enterarse de los actos de abuso denunciados. [229] Scouting Ireland respaldó las conclusiones del informe y emitió una disculpa. [229]

Italia

En octubre de 2018, el grupo italiano de derechos de las víctimas Rete l'Abuso publicó una declaración diciendo que desde el año 2000 el sistema de justicia italiano había manejado alrededor de 300 casos de sacerdotes y monjas abusadores, con entre 150 y 170 condenas. [230] [231]

Noruega

En 2010 , tras las revelaciones del periódico noruego Adresseavisen , la Iglesia católica de Noruega y el Vaticano reconocieron que Georg Müller había dimitido en julio de 2009 del cargo de obispo de Trondheim, que ocupaba desde 1997, tras descubrirse que había abusado de un monaguillo dos décadas antes. El Vaticano citó el artículo 401 §2 del Código Canónico [232] , pero, como es habitual, no dio detalles. La Iglesia católica noruega fue informada del incidente en su momento, pero no alertó a las autoridades. La legislación noruega no permitía un procesamiento penal de Müller tanto tiempo después del suceso [233] .

Polonia

Durante 2013, el público de este país profundamente católico se mostró preocupado por los informes de escándalos de abuso sexual infantil dentro de la Iglesia, algunos de los cuales llegaron a los tribunales, y por la escasa respuesta de la Iglesia. La Iglesia se resistió a las demandas de pagar indemnizaciones a las víctimas. [234] [235] En octubre de 2013, la Iglesia católica en Polonia se negó explícitamente a publicar datos sobre abusos sexuales, pero dijo que "si se publicaran los datos, se vería que la escala sería muy baja". [236] El obispo Antoni Dydycz dijo que no se debería presionar a los sacerdotes para que denuncien los abusos sexuales a las autoridades estatales, invocando el " secreto de confesión " eclesiástico, que les prohíbe revelar lo que se dice en el rito de la confesión. [237]

El 27 de septiembre de 2018, el obispo Romuald Kamiński de la diócesis de Varsovia-Praga emitió una disculpa a aquellos que habían sido abusados ​​sexualmente por sacerdotes en su diócesis y que los líderes de la iglesia en Polonia habían completado el trabajo sobre un documento para abordar el abuso de menores y sugerir formas de prevenirlo. [238] Según el arzobispo Wojciech Polak , el jefe de la Iglesia católica de Polonia, el documento también incluirá datos sobre la escala del abuso sexual sacerdotal en Polonia. [238] Sin embargo, a principios de 2019, el documento aún no se había hecho público. [238] El 8 de octubre de 2018, un grupo de víctimas trazó un mapa de 255 casos de presunto abuso sexual en Polonia. [239]

El 14 de abril de 2019 se publicaron estadísticas encargadas por la Conferencia Episcopal de Polonia y con datos de más de 10.000 parroquias locales. Se descubrió que, desde 1990 hasta mediados de 2018, se presentaron a la Iglesia informes de abuso sobre 382 sacerdotes, y 625 niños, en su mayoría menores de 16 años, fueron abusados ​​sexualmente por miembros del clero católico. Hubo opiniones de que las cifras subestimaban la magnitud del problema y no respondían a preguntas que los funcionarios de la iglesia habían evitado durante años. [240] Marek Lisinski, cofundador de Don't Be Afraid , que representa a las víctimas de abuso clerical, dijo: "Cuéntenos cómo [los sacerdotes] lastimaron a esos niños y cuántas veces fueron transferidos a diferentes parroquias antes de que usted les avisara". Los datos se publicaron unas semanas después de que el Papa Francisco hubiera pedido "una batalla total contra el abuso de menores". En los años anteriores, tras presiones del Papa, la Iglesia polaca había pedido perdón públicamente por los abusos y aceptado la obligación de denunciar a los acusados ​​de tales delitos. En épocas anteriores, los superiores no exigían a los clérigos denunciados por abusos sexuales a menores que lo notificaran a la policía, sino que debían investigar ellos mismos y, en caso necesario, informar al Vaticano. [240]

El 11 de mayo de 2019, Polak emitió una disculpa en nombre de toda la Iglesia católica en Polonia. [241] El mismo día, Tell No One , un documental que detalla relatos de abuso sexual por parte del clero de la Iglesia católica en Polonia, se volvió viral y alcanzó los 8,1 millones de espectadores en YouTube el 13 de mayo. [242] Entre muchos, la película presentó a un sacerdote conocido como el padre Jan A., cuyo caso está siendo revisado por la diócesis de Kielce , quien confesó haber abusado sexualmente de muchas niñas. [241] La película también alega que al reverendo Dariusz Olejniczak, un sacerdote que fue sentenciado por abusar sexualmente de niñas de 7 años, se le permitió continuar trabajando con jóvenes a pesar de su condena. [241] El 14 de mayo de 2019, el partido gobernante de Polonia, Ley y Justicia (PiS), que durante mucho tiempo ha tenido una alianza con los obispos católicos del país, [242] acordó aumentar las penas por abuso sexual infantil elevando la pena máxima de prisión de 12 a 30 años y elevando la edad de consentimiento de 15 a 16. [243] El fiscal y legislador del PiS Stanislaw Piotrowicz, que encabeza la Comisión de Justicia del Parlamento polaco, también ha sido criticado por restar importancia a las acciones de un sacerdote que fue condenado por tocar y besar de forma inapropiada a niñas. [244]

El 25 de junio de 2020, el Papa Francisco nombró a Grzegorz Rys, arzobispo de Łódź, administrador apostólico de la diócesis de Kalisz, relevando a su obispo, Edward Janiak , de 67 años, de sus responsabilidades mientras estaba bajo investigación por proteger a sacerdotes que cometieron actos de abuso sexual. [245] El 17 de octubre, el Papa Francisco aceptó la renuncia de Janiak. [246]

En febrero de 2019, tres manifestantes derribaron una estatua del reverendo Henryk Jankowski tras las revelaciones de que abusó sexualmente de Barbara Borowiecka cuando era niña. [247] [248] Jankowski, contra quien también se desestimó una investigación penal por abuso sexual de un niño en 2004, había sido destituido en 2005. Sin embargo, murió en 2010 sin haber sido condenado nunca por abuso sexual. [248] También se ha reconocido que el capellán personal de Lech Walesa, el reverendo Franciszek Cybula, había sido acusado de cometer actos de abuso sexual mientras servía en el también. El 13 de agosto de 2020, el Papa Francisco destituyó al arzobispo de Gdansk, Slawoj Leszek Glodz, que se encontraba entre los que encubrieron los abusos cometidos por Jankowski y Cybula. Glodz también había presidido el funeral de Cybula. A pesar de que Glodz cumplió 75 años, la edad requerida para que los obispos católicos presenten su renuncia, la medida fue descrita como una "limpieza general", ya que es muy inusual que el Papa acepte una renuncia de este tipo en el mismo cumpleaños de un prelado. [247]

El 6 de noviembre de 2020, el nuncio de la Santa Sede en Polonia anunció que, tras una investigación de la Santa Sede sobre las acusaciones de abuso sexual, el cardenal Henryk Gulbinowicz [249] tenía ahora "prohibido cualquier tipo de celebración o reunión pública y el uso de sus insignias episcopales, y está privado del derecho a un funeral y entierro en la catedral". [250] También se le ordenó a Gulbinowicz que pagara una "suma apropiada" a sus presuntas víctimas. [250] Gulbinowicz es el ex arzobispo de Wrocław, cuyo apoyo al sindicato Solidaridad jugó un papel crítico en el colapso del comunismo en Polonia . El 16 de noviembre de 2020, 10 días después de las sanciones del Vaticano, Gulbinowicz murió. Pero como resultado de la acción disciplinaria del Vaticano, no pudo tener un funeral en la Catedral de San Juan Bautista de Wroclaw ni ser enterrado en la catedral. [251]

Portugal

En 1993, un sacerdote de la diócesis de Funchal, Frederico Cunha , fue condenado por el asesinato de Luís Correia, de 15 años. Su cadáver fue encontrado en el fondo del acantilado de Caniçal, en Ponta de São Lourenço , en el extremo oriental de la isla de Madeira , con signos de agresión. Durante el juicio, cuatro testigos, ahora adultos, relataron al tribunal cómo habían sido abusados ​​sexualmente por el sacerdote. [252] [253]

El obispo Teodoro de Faria protestó por la detención de Frederico Cunha y lo calificó de «inocente como Jesucristo », que también fue atacado injustamente por los judíos [254]. El padre Frederico también se comparó con Jesucristo, diciendo que, como hijo de Dios, era «víctima de la injusticia y del absurdo». Destacadas personalidades de la Iglesia fueron testigos elogiosos. El entonces presidente del Gobierno Regional de Madeira, Alberto João Jardim , acusó a «ciertos medios de comunicación del continente» de utilizar el caso «para denigrar la imagen de Madeira». En abril de 1998, Cunha huyó a Río de Janeiro, donde todavía vive a sus anchas. La sentencia expiró oficialmente el 8 de abril de 2018. [255] [256]

Un informe publicado en febrero de 2023 reveló que al menos 4.815 niños habían sido abusados ​​sexualmente por clérigos de la Iglesia católica en Portugal desde 1950. [257] [258]

Reino Unido

En 2013, el cardenal Keith O'Brien , arzobispo de Saint Andrews y Edimburgo , dimitió tras la publicación de acusaciones de que había incurrido en conducta sexual inapropiada y depredadora con sacerdotes y seminaristas bajo su jurisdicción y había abusado de su poder. [259]

En 2020, la Investigación Independiente sobre Abuso Sexual Infantil publicó un informe que afirmaba que la Iglesia Católica de Inglaterra y Gales "barrió bajo la alfombra" las acusaciones de abuso sexual infantil en el pasado por parte de numerosos clérigos católicos en Inglaterra y Gales. [260] Según el informe, "no hubo ningún reconocimiento de responsabilidad personal" por parte de Vincent Nichols , desde 2014, cardenal y clérigo católico de mayor rango en Inglaterra y Gales. [260] El informe decía que a Nichols le importaba más el impacto del abuso en la reputación de la Iglesia que en las víctimas, y carecía de compasión hacia ellas. [261]

Irlanda del Norte

En Irlanda del Norte , la Investigación sobre Abuso Institucional Histórico de Irlanda del Norte comenzó en enero de 2014. Fue la investigación más grande en la historia legal del Reino Unido sobre abuso sexual y físico en ciertas instituciones (incluidas las no católicas) que estaban a cargo de niños desde 1922 hasta 1995. Los Hermanos De La Salle y las Hermanas de Nazaret admitieron al principio de la investigación el abuso físico y sexual de niños en instituciones en Irlanda del Norte que controlaban, y emitieron una disculpa a las víctimas. [262] [263] Un informe de 2017 también afirmó que la policía local, que también había investigado mal las denuncias de abuso sexual en el Hogar de Niños no católico Kincora, [264] [265] había desempeñado un papel en ayudar a los funcionarios católicos locales a encubrir la actividad de abuso sexual denunciada en cuatro hogares para niños dirigidos por católicos en el área de Belfast y que estos cuatro hogares habían contenido el nivel más alto de abuso sexual denunciado de todos los 22 hogares que fueron investigados. [266] [267]

Oceanía

Australia

La Iglesia católica en Australia ha sido criticada por manejar mal los casos de abuso sexual infantil que son de naturaleza grave y generalizados en extensión. [268] Los sacerdotes católicos fueron acusados ​​en 2011 en más de 100 casos de abuso sexual infantil en Australia. [269] La Iglesia católica había pagado en secreto el equivalente a $276,1 millones en 2017 en compensación a miles de víctimas de abuso sexual infantil por parte de sacerdotes y hermanos religiosos. [270] Las investigaciones establecieron que históricamente los funcionarios de la iglesia católica australiana a menudo, cuando el cardenal George Pell sabía sobre el abuso sexual en la iglesia católica ya en 1973, [271] ignoraban o castigaban a la víctima infantil, no investigaban las acusaciones, los documentos eran destruidos o no se conservaban, no impedían futuros abusos por parte del clero que había llegado a su conocimiento transfiriendo al clero y a los miembros religiosos a nuevas parroquias o diócesis que no conocían su pasado y no despojándolos de su estatus religioso. [39] [272] [273] Juan Pablo II y Benedicto XVI pidieron disculpas por el abuso en Australia. [268] [274]

La Comisión Real sobre Respuestas Institucionales al Abuso Sexual Infantil (2015-17) encontró que el 7% de todos los sacerdotes católicos en Australia eran "presuntos perpetradores de abuso sexual infantil", [275] [276] la edad promedio de las víctimas era de 11,5 años para los niños y 10,5 años para las niñas. [275] La Comisión Real encontró que el 46% (92 de 201) de las Iglesias Católicas tenían casos de abuso sexual infantil. [276] La Comisión Real tenía 4.756 casos de abuso sexual infantil de 4.444 víctimas contra 1.880 acusados, en el 62% de los casos los acusados ​​eran sacerdotes católicos y hermanos religiosos y el resto eran miembros de la iglesia. [277] [278] [276] La víctima de abuso Amber Louise criticó el protocolo Towards Healing de la Iglesia , iniciado en 1996 para "establecer un sistema compasivo y justo para tratar las denuncias de abuso", [279] quien dijo a la Comisión Real que el programa retrasó la presentación de su denuncia. [280] En junio de 2019, 18 meses después de que la Comisión Real le ordenara hacerlo, la Iglesia Católica Australiana publicó sus Normas Nacionales de Protección Católica, que reflejan fielmente las recomendaciones de la Comisión Real y los Principios Nacionales del gobierno para las Organizaciones de Seguridad Infantil. [281]

En 2019, el padre Vincent Gerald Ryan, que había cumplido 14 años de prisión por abusar sexualmente de 34 niños entre 1973 y 1991, fue encarcelado durante al menos 14 meses por abuso sexual cometido contra dos monaguillos. [282]

En septiembre de 2020, el estado australiano de Queensland aprobó una ley que hace que las instituciones religiosas, como la iglesia católica, y sus miembros ya no puedan usar la santidad de la confesión como defensa contra el hecho de no informar sobre información material sobre el abuso sexual de niños. [283] [284] Según la nueva ley de Queensland, los clérigos que se nieguen a informar sobre confesiones de abuso sexual se enfrentarán a una pena máxima de tres años de prisión. [283] En octubre de 2020, la Comisión Real de Respuestas Institucionales al Abuso Sexual Infantil encontró que la iglesia no había intervenido contra Thomas Butler, un hermano marista conocido como el hermano Patrick, cuando los estudiantes informaron que abusó sexualmente de ellos dentro del período de tres años que enseñó en el Marist College Ashgrove de la capital de Queensland, Brisbane . [285] Butler había recibido denuncias de abuso sexual entre 1991 y 1993. [229] El Provincial de los Hermanos Maristas en Australia, el hermano Peter Carroll, presentó una disculpa en la audiencia pública de la comisión real. [229]

Respuestas gubernamentales y legales

Irlanda

En un discurso ante el Parlamento irlandés el 11 de mayo de 1999, el Taoiseach Bertie Ahern anunció un programa integral para responder al escándalo de los abusos en las instituciones de atención infantil de gestión católica del país. El discurso de Ahern incluyó la primera disculpa oficial a quienes habían sido víctimas de abusos físicos y sexuales mientras estuvieron al cuidado de esas instituciones. El Taoiseach pidió perdón a las víctimas de abusos, diciendo: "En nombre del Estado y de todos los ciudadanos del Estado, el Gobierno desea presentar una disculpa sincera y largamente esperada a las víctimas de abuso infantil por nuestro fracaso colectivo a la hora de intervenir, de detectar su dolor y de acudir en su ayuda". [222]

En respuesta al furor suscitado por los informes de los medios de comunicación sobre los abusos en las instituciones gubernamentales irlandesas dirigidas por órdenes religiosas, el gobierno irlandés encargó un estudio que tardó nueve años en completarse. El 20 de mayo de 2009, la comisión publicó su informe de 2.600 páginas, que se basó en el testimonio de miles de antiguos residentes y funcionarios de más de 250 instituciones. La comisión encontró que hubo miles de denuncias de abuso físico de niños de ambos sexos durante un período de seis décadas. Durante el mismo período, alrededor de 370 antiguos niños residentes denunciaron haber sufrido diversas formas de abuso sexual por parte de figuras religiosas y otras personas. [286] [287] El informe reveló que los inspectores del gobierno habían incumplido su responsabilidad de detectar y detener los abusos. El informe caracterizó el abuso sexual como "endémico" en algunas escuelas industriales y orfanatos para niños dirigidos por la Iglesia. [288]

A raíz de la emisión de un documental de la BBC Television, Suing the Pope , que destacó el caso de Seán Fortune , uno de los delincuentes sexuales clericales más notorios, el gobierno irlandés inició una investigación oficial sobre las acusaciones de abuso sexual clerical en la Diócesis católica romana irlandesa de Ferns . [289] La investigación resultó en la publicación del Informe Ferns en 2005.

En respuesta al Informe Ferns, el Primer Ministro de Irlanda, Brian Cowen, declaró que estaba "avergonzado por la magnitud, la duración y la crueldad" del abuso infantil y pidió disculpas a las víctimas por la inacción del gobierno a la hora de intervenir en los casos endémicos de abuso sexual y palizas en las escuelas durante gran parte del siglo XX. Cowen también prometió reformar los servicios sociales de Irlanda para los niños de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del informe de la Comisión de Investigación sobre el Abuso Infantil . [290] La Presidenta irlandesa Mary McAleese y Cowen presentaron nuevas mociones para iniciar una investigación penal contra miembros de las órdenes religiosas católicas romanas en Irlanda. [291]

En noviembre de 2009, la Comisión de Investigación sobre el Abuso Infantil informó sus conclusiones, en las que concluyó que:

"Las preocupaciones de la Archidiócesis de Dublín al tratar los casos de abuso sexual infantil, al menos hasta mediados de los años 1990, eran el mantenimiento del secreto, la prevención del escándalo, la protección de la reputación de la Iglesia y la preservación de sus bienes. Todas las demás consideraciones, incluido el bienestar de los niños y la justicia para las víctimas, estaban subordinadas a estas prioridades. La Archidiócesis no implementó sus propias normas de derecho canónico e hizo todo lo posible para evitar cualquier aplicación de la ley del Estado". [292]

En 2009, el Informe Murphy es el resultado de una investigación pública de tres años realizada por el gobierno irlandés sobre el escándalo de abusos sexuales en la archidiócesis de Dublín , publicado unos meses después del informe Ryan . El informe Murphy afirmó que "la Comisión no tiene ninguna duda de que el abuso sexual infantil por parte del clero fue encubierto por la archidiócesis de Dublín y otras autoridades de la Iglesia". Encontró que "las estructuras y reglas de la Iglesia Católica facilitaron ese encubrimiento". Además, el informe afirmó que "las autoridades estatales facilitaron ese encubrimiento al no cumplir con sus responsabilidades de garantizar que la ley se aplicara por igual a todos y permitir que las instituciones de la Iglesia estuvieran fuera del alcance de los procesos normales de aplicación de la ley". El informe criticó a cuatro arzobispos -John Charles McQuaid , que murió en 1973, Dermot Ryan , que murió en 1984, Kevin McNamara , que murió en 1987, y el cardenal retirado Desmond Connell- por no entregar acusaciones e información sobre los abusadores a las autoridades legales. [293]

Naciones Unidas

A principios de 2014, el Comité de los Derechos del Niño de las Naciones Unidas publicó un informe en el que afirmaba que el Papa y la Iglesia Católica Romana no habían hecho lo suficiente y que protegían su reputación en lugar de proteger a los niños. [294] Una declaración conjunta del panel decía:

El Comité está profundamente preocupado por el hecho de que la Santa Sede no ha reconocido el alcance de los crímenes cometidos, no ha tomado las medidas necesarias para abordar los casos de abuso sexual infantil y proteger a los niños, y ha adoptado políticas y prácticas que han llevado a la continuación del abuso y a la impunidad de los perpetradores [295] [296] Debido a un código de silencio impuesto a todos los miembros del clero bajo pena de excomunión, los casos de abuso sexual infantil casi nunca han sido denunciados a las autoridades policiales en los países donde ocurrieron tales crímenes. [296]

La presidenta del comité , Kirsten Sandberg, enumeró algunos de los hallazgos más importantes, entre ellos que los sacerdotes abusadores fueron enviados a nuevas parroquias o a otros países sin informar a la policía, que el Vaticano nunca insistió en que los obispos denunciaran los abusos a la policía y que los abusadores conocidos todavía tienen acceso a los niños. Barbara Blaine de SNAP dijo:

Este informe da esperanza a los cientos de miles de víctimas de abusos sexuales cometidos por sacerdotes en todo el mundo, que todavía sufren y están profundamente heridas. Ahora les toca a los funcionarios seculares seguir el ejemplo de la ONU e intervenir para proteger a los vulnerables, porque los funcionarios católicos son incapaces o no están dispuestos a hacerlo. [295]

El informe de la ONU provocó debates sobre áreas específicas de controversia, incluido un velo de secreto entre los obispos y declaraciones del Vaticano que niegan la responsabilidad legal canónica.

El autor británico y activista social católico Paul Vallely sostuvo que el informe de la ONU se había visto perjudicado por el hecho de que la Comisión había ido mucho más allá de la cuestión del abuso infantil al investigar otras cuestiones no relacionadas con el abuso sexual, como la anticoncepción. Sin embargo, también encontró que el informe ejercía una presión sustancial sobre el Vaticano para que subsanara cuestiones importantes, como la ausencia de un protocolo institucional adecuado para la denuncia de casos de abuso sexual a la policía. [297]

Estados Unidos

La Associated Press estimó que los acuerdos por casos de abuso sexual en la Iglesia estadounidense entre 1950 y 2007 ascendieron a más de 2.000 millones de dólares . [107] La ​​cifra fue de más de 3.000 millones de dólares en 2012 según BishopAccountability. [64] [103]

Demandas civiles

En julio de 2003, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Louisville pagó 25,7 millones de dólares para "resolver las acusaciones de abuso sexual infantil formuladas en 240 demandas que nombraban a 34 sacerdotes y otros trabajadores de la Iglesia". [111]

Según The Boston Globe , la Arquidiócesis de Boston resolvió en secreto demandas de abuso sexual infantil contra al menos 70 sacerdotes entre 1992 y 2002. [298] En 2003, la Arquidiócesis de Boston también resolvió un gran caso por 85 millones de dólares con 552 presuntas víctimas. [299]

En abril de 2007, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Portland en Oregón acordó un acuerdo de 75 millones de dólares con 177 demandantes y la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Seattle acordó un acuerdo de 48 millones de dólares con más de 160 víctimas. [300]

En julio de 2008, la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Denver acordó “pagar 5,5 millones de dólares para resolver 18 denuncias de abuso sexual infantil”. [301]

Para hacer frente a "una avalancha de denuncias de abuso", cinco diócesis (Tucson, Arizona; Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Davenport, Iowa y San Diego) obtuvieron protección por bancarrota. [107] Ocho diócesis católicas se han declarado en bancarrota debido a casos de abuso sexual entre 2004 y 2011. [113]

El costo que la Iglesia debe asumir para pagar indemnizaciones a las víctimas aumentó rápidamente. Si se tienen en cuenta las sumas concedidas a las víctimas por los jurados, los acuerdos extrajudiciales y los honorarios legales, las estimaciones pasaron de 500 millones de dólares a finales de los años 90 a más de 2600 millones en 2009. [302] Los católicos romanos gastaron 615 millones de dólares en casos de abusos sexuales en 2007. [303] [304] [305] [306]

The great number of compensatory settlements levied on the Church made it necessary for dioceses to reduce their ordinary operating expenses, some even closing churches and parochial schools in order to raise the funds to make these payments.[9] Several dioceses chose to declare Chapter 11 bankruptcy as a way to litigate settlements while protecting enough church assets needed for the maintaining of operations. In some cases, the dioceses filed bankruptcy just before civil suits against them were about to go to trial. This had the effect of producing the mandate that forced pending and future lawsuits against the Church to be settled in bankruptcy court. In 2007, the sexual abuse scandal cost each of the 195 dioceses "an average of $300,000 annually."[307]

Several dioceses adopted the preemptive practice of transferring the majority of their assets to their parishes and foundations before declaring bankruptcy, thereby decreasing the money available for settlement compensation. The Vatican's complicit involvement in this practice varied by case. In some cases, the Vatican had to approve the transfer of large amounts to foundations in order to shield them from seizure; in others it guided and supervised such transactions.[308]

Resignations, retirements, and laicizations

Some of the accused priests were forced to resign. Some priests whose crimes fell within statutes of limitation are in jail. Some have been laicized. Others – because they are elderly, because of the nature of their offenses, or because they have had some success fighting the charges – cannot be laicized under canon law. Some priests live in retreat houses that are carefully monitored and sometimes locked.[309]

Bernard Francis Law, Cardinal and Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, resigned after Church documents were revealed which suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.[310] On 13 December 2002, Pope John Paul II accepted Law's resignation as Archbishop and reassigned him to an administrative position in the Roman Curia, naming him archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and he later presided at one of the Pope's funeral masses. Law's successor in Boston, Archbishop (later Cardinal) Seán P. O'Malley, sold some of the archdiocese's real estate properties and drew on existing financial courses to pay the $127.4 million in claims against the archdiocese. Though these were closed parish properties, their closing was unrelated to the case as they were closed previous to the case.[311]

Two bishops of Palm Beach, Florida, resigned due to child abuse allegations. Resigned bishop Joseph Keith Symons was replaced by Anthony O'Connell, who later also resigned in 2002.[312]

Convictions

Critique

Comparisons to other environments

2011 graffiti in Portugal depicting a priest chasing two children

Comparison to Protestant Churches and Jehovah's Witnesses

A report which Christian Ministry Resources (CMR) released in 2002 stated that contrary to popular opinion, there are more allegations of child sexual abuse in Protestant congregations than there are in Catholic ones, and that sexual violence is most often committed by volunteers rather than by priests.[28] It also criticized the way the media reported sexual crimes in Australia. The Royal Commission in Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse revealed that between January 1950 and February 2015, 4,445 people alleged incidents of child sexual abuse in 4,765 claims. The media reportedly reported that as many as 7% of priests were accused of being a child sexual abuser, but ignored the same report on the Protestant Churches and Jehovah's Witnesses; Gerard Henderson stated:[29]

That's 2,504 incidents or allegations in the period between 1977, when the Uniting Church was formed, and 2017. This compares with 4,445 claims with respect to the Catholic Church between 1950 and 2015. And the Catholic Church is five times larger than the Uniting Church. Moreover, the Royal Commission did not include allegations in the period 1950 to 1977 with respect to the Presbyterian, Congregational and Methodist communities which folded into the Uniting Church in 1977. This would take the number of allegations beyond 2,504, especially since it seems that child sexual abuse was at its worst in the 1960s and 1970s. (...) Allegations against the Jehovah Witness religion, on a per capita basis, are dramatically higher than for either the Catholic or the Uniting churches.

— Gerard Henderson

One of the authors of an investigation by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution[313] drew parallels between the handling of sexual assaults in the Church and how medical authorities handled similar abuse and assaults by doctors and psychologists. In both systems, the abusers are in positions of trust, admiration, and authority; the abuse is treated as an illness; the perpetrator is allowed to return to practice following an apology or rehabilitation program; and the incidents are hidden from the public for the good of the organization.[314]

Comparison to schools

Hofstra University researcher Charol Shakeshaft, the author of a 2002 report on sexual offenses in schools, said sexual violence is much more prevalent in schools than in the Church.[315] Ernie Allen, former president of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, stated: "we don't see the Catholic Church as a hotbed of this [sexual abuse and pedophilia] or as a place that has a bigger problem [with this issue] than anyone else."[316] A 2017 report on sexual abuse in the United States, funded by Department of Justice, claimed that an "estimated 10% of K–12 students will experience sexual misconduct by a school employee by the time they graduate from high school".[317] In 2019, Juris Magazine, the journal of the Duquesne Law School, compared reports and concluded that sexual abuse by school teachers is proportionally higher than by Catholic priests - while about 4% Catholic priests and other clerics per year commit sexual abuse, this number rose to 5-7 % in the case of public school teachers. The magazine also argued that while "Catholic priest sexual abuse has been documented as far back as the 1950s, there have been very few reported cases after 2002, as the church has implemented practices to handle this issue."[316]

Debate over causes

There have been many debates over the causes of sex abuse cases.

Clerical celibacy

Opinion seems divided on whether there is any definite link or connection between the Roman Catholic institution of celibacy and incidents of child abuse by Catholic clergy.

A 2005 article in the conservative Irish weekly the Western People proposed that clerical celibacy contributed to the abuse problem by suggesting that the institution of celibacy has created a "morally superior" status that is easily misapplied by abusive priests: "The Irish Church's prospect of a recovery is zero for as long as bishops continue blindly to toe the Vatican line of Pope Benedict XVI that a male celibate priesthood is morally superior to other sections of society."[318] Christoph Schönborn and Hans Küng have also said that priestly celibacy could be one of the causes of the sex abuse scandals within the Catholic Church.[319]

Ernie Allen, president of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, said, "We don't see the Catholic Church as a hotbed of this or a place that has a bigger problem than anyone else. I can tell you without hesitation that we have seen cases in many religious settings, from traveling evangelists to mainstream ministers to rabbis and others."[320] Philip Jenkins, a long-time Catholic turned Episcopalian, asserts that his "research of cases over the past 20 years indicates no evidence whatever that Catholic or other celibate clergy are any more likely to be involved in misconduct or abuse than clergy of any other denomination—or indeed, than non-clergy. However determined news media may be to see this affair as a crisis of celibacy, the charge is just unsupported."[321]

Failure to disclose

Church authorities are often accused of covering up cases of sex abuse. In many cases, as discussed in the sections on different countries, clergy discovered by Church authorities to be criminally offending are not reported to civil authorities such as the police. They are often merely moved from one diocese to another, usually without any warning to the authorities or the congregations at the destination. While offending clergy could be subject to action such as laicization, this is rare; the intention of the Church until recent times has been to avoid publicity and scandal at all costs.[322]

In some cases offenders may confess their wrongdoing to a priest under the Sacrament of Penance. Church canon law unconditionally prohibits a priest hearing such a confession from making any disclosure about the existence or content of the confession to anybody, including Church and civil authorities—the "Seal of the Confessional". This obligation is taken very seriously throughout the Catholic Church; for example all serving archbishops in Australia told the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse that they would not report to police a colleague who admitted in the confessional to child rape.[323] This is not always in contradiction with civil law; the law in many, but not all, countries confers confessional privilege, a rule of evidence that forbids judicial inquiry into certain communications between clergy and members of their congregation.

Gay priests and homosexuality

According to the John Jay Report, 80.9% of the abuse victims in the United States were male,[324] and a study by Thomas Plante found the number may be as high as 90%.[325] A number of books, such as The Rite of Sodomy: Homosexuality and the Roman Catholic Church, have argued that homosexual priests view sex with minors as a "rite of passage" for altar boys and other pre-adult males.[326] William Donohue of the Catholic League said that the Church's child sexual abuse problem was really a "homosexual crisis",[327] which some have dismissed as unwarranted by stating a lack of correlation between a man identifying as homosexual and any particular likelihood he will abuse children.[328] Research on pedophilia in general shows a majority of abusers identify themselves as heterosexual,[329] and the Causes and Context Study of the John Jay Institute found no statistical support for linking homosexual identity and sexual abuse of minors.[330] Additionally The New York Times reported "the abuse decreased as more gay priests began serving the church."[331]

Impact of psychology from previous decades

Some bishops and psychiatrists have asserted that the prevailing psychology of the times suggested that people could be cured of such behavior through counseling.[332] Thomas Plante, a psychologist specializing in abuse counseling and considered an expert on clerical abuse, states "the vast majority of the research on sexual abuse of minors didn't emerge until the early 1980s. So, it appeared reasonable at the time to treat these men and then return them to their priestly duties. In hindsight, this was a tragic mistake."[53]

Robert S. Bennett, the Roman Catholic Washington attorney who headed the National Review Board's research committee, identified "too much faith in psychiatrists" as one of the key problems concerning Catholic sex abuse cases.[333] About 40% of the abusive priests had received counseling before being reassigned.[334]

Moral relativism

In 2019, Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI published a letter[335] (in German and then translated into English) in which he provided a unified perspective on several issues that, together, he believes contributed to the sexual abuse scandal. One of the chief reasons put forth by the Pope was the push by several prominent theologians for relativistic perspectives on morality where "there could no longer be anything that constituted an absolute good, any more than anything fundamentally evil; (there could be) only relative value judgments."

Pedophilia and ephebophilia

In Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, Cimbolic & Cartor (2006) noted that because of the large share of post-pubescent male minors among cleric victims there is need to further study the differential variables related to ephebophilia (sexual interest in mid-to-late adolescents, generally ages 15 to 19)[336][337] versus pedophilia (sexual interest in prepubescent children, generally those 13 years of age or younger) offenders.[338] Cartor, Cimbolic & Tallon (2008) found that 6 percent of the cleric offenders in the John Jay Report are pedophiles, 32 percent ephebophiles, 15 percent attracted to 11- and 12-year-olds only (both male and female), 20 percent indiscriminate, and 27 percent mildly indiscriminate.[339] Professor of psychology Thomas Plante (2004) criticized these findings, citing a report by Stephen Joseph Rossetti which found that only about 1% of Catholic priests have had a sexual experience with a child, while an additional 1% has had a sexual experience with an adolescent - totaling 2% of all Catholic clergy. This report also found that 80 percent to 90 percent of sexual abuse of children perpetrated by Catholic priests is directed towards adolescent boys; therefore, pedophilia among Catholic clergy appears to be rare with ephebophilia being more typical.[30]

They also found distinct differences between the pedophile and ephebophile groups. They reported that there may be "another group of offenders who are more indiscriminate in victim choice and represent a more heterogeneous, but still a distinct offender category" and suggested further research to determine "specific variables that are unique to this group and can differentiate these offenders from pedophile and ephebophile offenders" so as to improve the identification and treatment of both offenders and victims.[339]

All victims in the John Jay report were minors. Using a non-standard definition of "pre-pubescent", the Causes and Context Study of the John Jay College estimated that only a small percentage of offender priests were true pedophiles.[330] The study classified victims as pre-pubescent if they were age 10 or younger, whereas the age bracket specified in the current guidelines issued by the American Psychiatric Association is "generally age 13 or younger". A recent book estimates that if the latter definition were used instead of the former, the percentage of victims classified as prepubescent would have been 54% rather than the 18% figure cited by the Causes and Context report, and that a higher percentage of priests would therefore have been classified as pedophiles.[340]

Statement of Pope Francis

In July 2014, Pope Francis was quoted as having said in an interview that about 8,000 Catholic clergy (2% of the total), including bishops and cardinals, were pedophiles.[341] The Vatican indicated the interview had not been recorded nor notes taken during it and that quotes may have been misattributed in a deliberate attempt to manipulate readers. They stated that Pope Francis had not indicated that any cardinal abusers remained in their position.[342][343]

Shortage of priests

It has been argued that a shortage of priests caused the Roman Catholic hierarchy to act in such a way to preserve the number of clergy and ensure that sufficient numbers were available to man their congregations despite serious allegations that some of these priests were unfit for duty.[344]

Purported declining standards in the prevailing culture

In The Courage To Be Catholic: Crisis, Reform, and the Future of the Church, author George Weigel claims that it was the infidelity to orthodox Roman Catholic teaching, the "culture of dissent" of priests, women religious, bishops, theologians, catechists, Church bureaucrats, and activists who "believed that what the Church proposed as true was actually false" was mainly responsible for the sexual abuse of parishioners' children by their priests.[345] Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick, a retired Archbishop of Washington who was himself later laicized due to sexual misconduct, blamed the declining morals of the late 20th century as a cause of the high number of child molestations by priests.[346]

The hypothesis that a purported decline in general moral standards was associated with an increase in abuse by clergy was promoted by a study by John Jay College funded by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The study claimed that the liberal 1960s caused the increase in abuse, and the conservative Reagan years led to its decline. The study was branded the 'Woodstock Defence' by critics who said that the study's own figures showed a surge in abuse reported from the 1950s, and the passage of time meant that reports of abuse from earlier decades were unlikely.[347]

Seminary training

The 2004 John Jay Report, a report commissioned by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops, stated "the problem was largely the result of poor seminary training and insufficient emotional support for men ordained in the 1940s and 1950s."[348] A report by the National Review Board issued simultaneously with the John Jay Report pointed to two major deficiencies on the part of seminaries: failure to screen candidates adequately, followed by failure to "form" these candidates appropriately for the challenges of celibacy. These themes are taken up by a recent memoir by Vincent J. Miles[340] that combines a first-hand account of his life in a minor seminary during the 1960s with a review of the scientific literature about sexually abusive behavior. Miles identifies specific aspects of seminary life that could have predisposed future priests to engage in such behavior.

Male dominated culture of the church

Italian academic Lucetta Scaraffia [it] wrote in L'Osservatore Romano that a greater presence of women in the Vatican could have prevented clerical sexual abuse from taking place.[319]

This view has been challenged and severely criticized by several scholars for denying the cases of nuns implicated in sexual abuse and pedophilia. In 1986, a history scholar from Stanford University recovered archival information about investigations from 1619 to 1623 involving nuns in Vellano, Italy, secretly exploiting illiterate nuns for several years.[349] In 1998, a religious research national survey on revealed a very high number of nuns reporting childhood victimizations of sexual abuse by other nuns. It was further noted that the majority of nun-abuse victims are of the same sex.[350] In 2002, Markham examined the sexual histories of nuns to find several cases of nuns sexually abusing children.[351]

Church responses

The responses of the Catholic Church to the sex abuse cases can be viewed on three levels: the diocesan level, the episcopal conference level, and the Vatican. Responses to the scandal proceeded at levels in parallel, with the higher levels becoming progressively more involved as the gravity of the problem became more apparent. For the most part, responding to allegations of sexual abuse in a diocese was left to the jurisdiction of the local bishop or archbishop. According to Thomas Plante, a psychologist specializing in abuse counseling and considered an expert on clerical abuse, "unlike most large organizations that maintain a variety of middle management positions, the organizational structure of the Catholic Church is a fairly flat structure. Therefore, prior to the Church clergy abuse crisis in 2002, each bishop decided for himself how to manage these cases and the allegations of child sexual abuse by priests. Some have handled these matters very poorly (as evidenced in Boston) while others have handled these issues very well."[54]

After the number of allegations exploded following The Boston Globe's series of articles, the breadth and depth of the scandals became apparent in dioceses across the United States. The U.S. bishops felt compelled to formulate a coordinated response at the episcopal conference level. Although the Vatican did not respond immediately to the series of articles published by The Boston Globe in 2002, it has been reported that Vatican officials were, in fact, monitoring the situation in the U.S. closely.[352]

John L. Allen Jr., senior correspondent for the National Catholic Reporter, characterized the reaction of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) as calling for "swift, sure and final punishment for priests who are guilty of this kind of misconduct."[352] In contrast to this, Allen characterized the Vatican's primary concern as wanting to make sure "that everyone's rights are respected, including the rights of accused clergy" and wanting to affirm that it is not acceptable to "remedy the injustice of sexual abuse with the injustice of railroading priests who may or may not be guilty."[352]

Communis Vita

On 26 March 2019, Pope Francis made public an apostolic letter titled Communis Vita (Community Life). The letter, which was issued on 19 March 2019, amends Canon Law and requires superiors to a local religious to dismiss any member of their "religious house" if they have been absent for 12 months and out of contact.[353] Canon Law already required superiors to track them down and encourage them to return to their local order after they have been absent for six months.[354] The policy officially came into effect on 10 April 2019.[354][355] Parish transfers of abusive priests have existed in numerous Catholic sex abuse cases.[9][332]

Diocesan responses

Ireland

In 2009, eighteen religious orders agreed to pay €1.2 billion compensation to childhood victims of sexual abuse,[356] a 10 times increase from the €128 million compensation agreed in 2002, on the condition that the identities of abusers must be kept secret,[357] and victims will forgo the right to sue church and government.[356] Money was raised mainly by selling church property to government.[357]

Catholic Church Commission on Child Sexual Abuse (Ireland), also known as the Hussey Commission, was established by church in 2001 to investigate how complaints about clerical abuse of minors have been handled over the last three decades. In 2010 Vatican announced an investigation into Irish Catholic Establishment's handling of the sex abuse and subsequent scandal.[358]

Philippines

After the media in Philippines began reporting on sexual abuses by local catholic priests, in 2002 the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines apologized for sexual misconduct committed by its priests over the last two decades and committed to drafting guidelines on how to deal with allegations of such offenses. CBCP President Archbishop Orlando Quevedo stated that over the previous two decades nearly 200 of country's 7,000 catholic priests may have committed "sexual misconduct including child abuse, homosexuality and affairs".[359]

In August 2011, after women's rights group GABRIELA assisted a 17-year-old girl in filing sexual abuse allegations against a Catholic priest in Butuan, the local bishop, Juan de Dios Pueblos, took the accused priest under his custody without handing him over to civil and church authorities.[360] This behavior was also heavily criticized by retired Archbishop Oscar Cruz, who blamed Pueblos for showing his priests the "wrong way".[361]

United States

According to the John Jay Report, one in four child sex abuse allegations were made within 10 years of the incident.[362] Half were made between 10 and 30 years after the incident and the remaining 25% were reported more than 30 years after the incident.[362] The Report points at: failure by the RCC hierarchy in the United States to grasp the seriousness of the problem, overemphasis on the need to avoid a scandal, use of unqualified treatment centers for clergy removed for rehabilitation, a sort of misguided willingness by bishops to forgive sexual misconduct as a moral failing and not treat it a crime, allowance of recidivism upon reassignment of the priest, and insufficient accountability of the hierarchy for inaction.[363]

Rehabilitation efforts

Since 2002, a major focus of the lawsuits and media attention has been criticism of the approach taken by bishops when dealing with allegations of sexual abuse by priests. As a general rule, the allegations were not reported to legal authority for investigation and prosecution. Instead, many dioceses directed the offending priests to seek psychiatric treatment and for assessment of the risk of re-offending. In 2004, according to the John Jay report, nearly 40% of accused priests participated in psychiatric treatment programs. The remaining priests did not undergo abuse counseling because allegations of sexual abuse were only made after their death. The more allegations made against a priest, the more likely he was to participate in treatment.[304]

Some bishops repeatedly moved offending priests from parish to parish after abuse counseling, where they still had personal contact with children.[9] According to the USCCB, Catholic bishops in the 1950s and 1960s viewed sexual abuse by priests as "a spiritual problem, one requiring a spiritual solution, i.e. prayer".[364]

However, starting in the 1960s, the bishops came to adopt an emerging view based on the advice of medical personnel who recommended psychiatric and psychological treatment for those who sexually abused minors. This view asserted that with treatment, priests who had molested children could safely be placed back into ministry, although perhaps with certain restrictions such as not being in contact with children.[365] This approach viewed pedophilia as an addiction, such as alcoholism which can be treated and restrained.[364]

Some of the North American treatment facilities most frequently used for this purpose included the Saint Luke Institute in Maryland; centers operated by the Servants of the Paraclete in Jemez Springs, New Mexico, and St. Louis, Missouri; John Vianney Center in Downingtown, Pennsylvania.; the Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut; and the Southdown Institute near Toronto, Ontario, in Canada.[366] This approach continued into the mid-1980s, a period which the USCCB characterizes as the "tipping point in the understanding of the problem within the church and in society".[364] According to researcher Paul Isley, however, research on priest offenders is virtually nonexistent and the claims of unprecedented treatment success with clergy offenders have not been supported by published data.[367]

Prevention efforts

The USCCB perceived a lack of adequate procedures for the prevention of sexual abuse of minors, the reporting of allegations of such abuse and the handling of those reports. In response to deficiencies in canonical and secular law, both ecclesiastical and civil authorities have implemented procedures and laws to prevent sexual abuse of minors by clergy and to report and punish it if and when it occurs. In June 2002, the USCCB adopted a zero tolerance policy to future sex abuse that required responding to allegations of sexual abuse.[368] It promulgated a Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People that pledged the Catholic Church in the U.S. to providing a "safe environment" for all children in Church-sponsored activities.[368]

The Charter instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for Church employees.[369] The Charter requires dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.[369] A Dallas Morning News article reported nearly two-thirds of the bishops attending the conference had covered for sexually abusive priests.[370] According to Catholic News Service by 2008, the U.S. church had trained "5.8 million children to recognize and report abuse," run criminal checks on volunteers and employees and trained them to create a safe environment for children.[371]

Analysing the results of prevention reforms implemented in the 1990s and 2000s, the John Jay report from May 2011 found a "marked decrease in the incidence and a sustained suppression of abusive behavior" in the 1980s, and stated that sexual abuse in the Catholic Church declined sharply in the 1980s and continued to decline in the 1990s and 2000s.[372] The report recorded 975 sexual abuse cases by Catholic priests between 1985 and 1989, 253 between 1995 and 1999, and 73 for the years 2004–2008. According to the report, there have been "continuing very low levels of sexual abuse of minors" in the Catholic Church ever since the early 2000s;[373] The report also stated that though "more cases of sexual abuse continue to be reported to dioceses today, almost all of these allegations are of abuse that occurred decades earlier."[374] A majority of sexual abuse cases in the Catholic Church involve incidents that occurred between 1950 and 1969; the overwhelming majority of these cases involve priests who were ordained before 1970. In comparison, less than 2% of sexual abuse cases in the Catholic Church concerned priests ordained after 1989.[372]

Reception by the laity

A 2006 study by Jesuit Georgetown University Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA) found lay Catholics were unaware of the specific steps that the church has decided to take, but 78% strongly approved reporting allegations of sexual abuse to civil authorities and 76% strongly approved of removing people credibly accused of sexual abuse of a minor.[375][376][377]

In 2005, Kathleen McChesney of the USCCB said "In 2004, at least 1,092 allegations of sexual abuse were made against at least 756 Catholic priests and deacons in the United States. ... What is over is the denial that this problem exists, and what is over is the reluctance of the Church to deal openly with the public about the nature and extent of the problem."

In early 2009, the sexual impropriety including molesting boys by Marcial Maciel Degollado, the founder of the Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic congregation of pontifical right made up of priests and seminarians studying for the priesthood, was disclosed publicly.[378][379][380] In March, the Vatican ordered an apostolic visitation of the sexual abuse scandal in the Legion of Christ.[381] In June 2009 Vatican authorities named five bishops from five different countries, each one in charge of investigating the Legionaries in a particular part of the world.[382]

Episcopal responses

United Kingdom

The 2001 Lord Nolan recommendations, accepted in full by the bishops, became model guidelines for other bishops' conferences around the world, and a model for other institutions in Britain.[383] One guideline was that in each parish there should be a "safeguarding officer", a lay person who would vet through the Criminal Records Bureau, a government agency, anyone in the parish who had access to young people or vulnerable adults, and would be a contact for anyone with any concerns.[383]

United States

In June 2002, the USCCB established the "Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People", a comprehensive set of procedures for addressing allegations of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy. The charter includes guidelines for reconciliation, healing, accountability, reporting, and prevention of future acts of abuse.[369]

The USCCB's National Review Board for the Protection of Children and Young People now requires dioceses faced with an allegation of child sexual abuse (where the victim is currently a minor) to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation, and (in the case of an admission of guilt or finding of guilt by an appropriate investigation) remove the accused from duty.[384]

The Board also approached John Jay College of Criminal Justice to conduct a descriptive study of the nature and scope of the problem of child sexual abuse in the Catholic Church as well as the costs to the church of the scandal. Data collection commenced in March 2003, and ended in February 2004.[385] The findings of this study are discussed elsewhere on this page.

Holy See's Response

John L. Allen Jr., Vatican correspondent for the National Catholic Reporter, commented that many American Catholics saw the Vatican's initial silence on The Boston Globe stories as showing a lack of concern or awareness about the issue. However, Allen said that he did not know anyone in the Roman Curia who was not at least horrified "by the revelations that came out of the Globe and elsewhere" or who would defend "Cardinal Law's handling of the cases in Boston" or "the rather shocking lack of oversight that revealed itself" though "they might have different analyses of what should have happened to him".[352] Allen described the Vatican's perspective as being somewhat skeptical of the media handling of the scandal. In addition, he asserted that the Vatican viewed American cultural attitudes toward sexuality as being somewhat hysterical as well as exhibiting a lack of understanding of the Catholic Church.[352]

No one [in the Vatican] thinks the sexual abuse of kids is unique to the States, but they do think that the reporting on it is uniquely American, fueled by anti-Catholicism and shyster lawyers hustling to tap the deep pockets of the church. And that thinking is tied to the larger perception about American culture, which is that there is a hysteria when it comes to anything sexual, and an incomprehension of the Catholic Church. What that means is that Vatican officials are slower to make the kinds of public statements that most American Catholics want, and when they do make them they are tentative and halfhearted. It's not that they don't feel bad for the victims, but they think the clamor for them to apologize is fed by other factors that they don't want to capitulate to.[386]

According to Allen, cultural differences between the Vatican and American Catholics complicated the process of formulating a comprehensive response to the sexual abuse scandal: "there is a lot about the American culture and the American Church that puzzles people in the Vatican, and there is much about the Vatican that puzzles Americans and English speakers generally."[352]

Motu Proprio Vos estis lux mundi

On 9 May 2019, Pope Francis issued the Motu Proprio Vos estis lux mundi[387] requiring both clerics and religious brothers and sisters, including Bishops,[388] throughout the world to report sex abuse cases and sex abuse cover-ups by their superiors.[388][389][390] Under the new Motu Proprio, all Catholic dioceses throughout the world are required to establish stable mechanisms or systems through which people may submit reports of abuse or its cover-up by June 2020.[391] All metropolitan Archdioceses are also required to send reports to the Holy See on the progress of the investigation, whether in their Archdiocese or suffragan dioceses, every 30 days and to complete the investigation within 90 days unless granted an extension.[392] The law is effective for a three-year experimental period with a vacatio legis of 1 June 2019. According to Canon law professor Kurt Martens:

This new law is without a doubt a rare gift to the entire church and sets, along with the companion Vatican law providing for jail time for any public official of the Vatican who fails to report abuse, an unmistakable new course. The painful, sometimes bitter, experience of the church in the United States and the voices of the faithful worldwide have helped bring about a change in attitude and a change in law. There is no turning back now, and the tone has been set for the future.[393]

On 17 December 2019, Pope Francis issued a canon law instruction "On the confidentiality of legal proceedings" lifting the "pontifical secret" in the cases relating to: violence or abuse of authority in forcing sexual acts, sexual abuse of minors or vulnerable persons, crimes of paedophilia involving children under 18 years of age or with incapacitated subjects and the concealment of those conducts from ecclesiastical or civil inquiries. Under the new provisions, are excluded from the pontifical secret all the stages of the canonical trials, from the denunciation, to the phase of the preliminary investigations, to the phase of the proper debate, and up to the final decision, as well as any witness statements and documents produced in trial. It concerns both the procedures that take place at the local level, and those that take place in Rome, at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.[394]

The instruction provides however that the information obtain in a canonical trial be treated in such a way as to ensure its security, integrity and confidentiality with a view to protecting the good name, image and privacy of all persons involved. According to Archbishop Juan Ignacio Arrieta, Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts: "the fact that knowledge of these criminal actions is no longer bound by the "pontifical secret" does not mean that it provides the freedom to make it public by those in possession of it, which in addition to being immoral, would undermine the right to a good reputation".[315] Moreover, the Instruction does not in any way counter the absolute duty of the Priest to observe the sacramental seal nor the duty of observe the confidentiality of information acquired outside of confession within the whole forum called "extra-sacramental".[315]

The professional secrecy of those involved in a canonical trial should not constitute an obstacle to "the fulfilment of the obligations laid down in all places by the laws of the State, including any reporting obligations [of possible news of a crime], and the execution of the enforcement requests of the civil courts" which, naturally, could oblige the delivery of documentary material to the civil courts. In this regard, Prof. Giuseppe Dalla Torre, former president of the Vatican City State Tribunal, observed that:

Should the State law provide for the obligation to report on the part of those who are informed of the facts, the removal of papal secrecy and the clarification of the limits of official secrecy allow the fulfilment of the provisions of the law, thus promoting full cooperation with the civil authorities and avoiding unlawful incursions of civil authority in the canonical sphere. The same is true of executive measures of the state judicial authority, the non-compliance with which would subject – among other things – the competent ecclesiastical authority to serious sanctions for violation of criminal law.[394]

According to Archbishop Charles Scicluna, adjunct secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the abolition of pontifical secrecy means that:

The documents in a penal trial are not public domain, but they are available for authorities, or people who are interested parties, and authorities who have a statutory jurisdiction over the matter. So I think that when it comes, for example, to information that the Holy See has asked to share, one has to follow the international rules: that is, that there has to be a specific request, and that all the formalities of international law are to be followed. But otherwise, on the local level, although they are not public domain, communication with statutory authorities and the sharing of information and documentation are facilitated.[395]

Prof. Dalla Torre underlined that this instruction is a canonical instrument which does not affect the application of the civil laws, as it regards the conduction of the trials and the cooperation with ecclesiastica authorities:

It has been said that the Instruction is an internal act of the Church, but with repercussions outside the canonical order. It is obvious, however, to specify that, as far as the exercise of secular justice in the matter in question is concerned, it will be necessary to adhere the internal legislation of each State. For example, in the case of systems that provide for the prosecution of crimes of abuse only on complaint by one party, the fall of papal secrecy and, in the sense mentioned, of official secrecy, can only operate once the injured party has activated criminal proceedings with the due request to the judicial authority to proceed against the perpetrator of the crime. Furthermore: in the States with a concordatory regime, the new pontifical provisions will be implemented in harmony with the specific norms eventually in force for the protection of the sacred ministry. Finally, there remains a fundamental difference depending on whether the requests of the civil authorities are addressed to the local ecclesiastical authorities (Bishops, Major Superiors in the case of religious), or to the Holy See and, more precisely, to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. In the latter case, in fact, they must take place through those forms of judicial cooperation between different jurisdictional authorities, for the performance of activities relating to a process (such as the assumption of information or documents, etc.), known as letters rogatory. In the first case, instead, such requests will take place according to the internal provisions of the individual state systems. Certainly, in both cases, the proceeding civil authority will have to formulate the requests with detailed, precise and not generic indications, but this is a problem entirely internal to the state systems, which falls outside the sphere of competence of the canonical system.[394]

Response by year
1962

Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, sent a letter which became known as the Crimen sollicitationis. In this letter, addressed to "all Patriarchs, Archbishops, Bishops and other Local Ordinaries, including those of Eastern Rite", the Holy Office laid down procedures to be followed in dealing with cases of clerics (priests or bishops) of the Catholic Church accused of having used the sacrament of Penance to make sexual advances to penitents; its rules were more specific than the generic ones in the Code of Canon Law.[396]

In addition, it instructed that the same procedures be used when dealing with denunciations of homosexual, pedophile or zoophile behaviour by clerics. It repeated the rule that any Catholic who failed for over a month to denounce a priest who had made such advances in connection with confession was automatically excommunicated and could be absolved only after actually denouncing the priest to the Ordinary of the place or to the Holy Congregation of the Holy Office, or at least promising seriously to do so.[397]

1983

The Vatican promulgated a revised Code of Canon Law which included a canon (1395, §2) which explicitly named sex with a minor by clerics as a canonical crime "to be punished with just penalties, not excluding dismissal from the clerical state if the case so warrants."[398] According to De delictis gravioribus, the letter sent in May 2001 by then Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (who later became Pope Benedict XVI) – Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, and according to Father Thomas Patrick Doyle, who has served as an expert witness on Pontifical Canon Law, Crimen Sollicitationis was in force until May 2001.[399][400]

2001

In April, Pope John Paul II issued a letter stating that "a sin against the Sixth Commandment of the Decalogue by a cleric with a minor under 18 years of age is to be considered a grave sin, or 'delictum gravius.'"[375] In the letter, Sacramentorum sanctitatis tutela (Safeguarding the Sanctity of the Sacraments), "§1 Reservation to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) is also extended to a delict against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue committed by a cleric with a minor below the age of eighteen years. §2 One who has perpetrated the delict mentioned in §1 is to be punished according to the gravity of the offense, not excluding dismissal or deposition."[401] In other words, the CDF was given a broader mandate to address the sex abuse cases only from 2001[402] – prior to that date, the 1917 Code of Canon Law permitted sexual abuse cases by the clergy to be handled by the Congregation, for the Congregation to open cases itself, or for the Ordinary to handle judgement.[403] All priestly sex crimes cases were placed under the CDF which, in the majority of cases, then recommended immediate action.[404]

The "Guide to Understanding Basic CDF Procedures concerning Sexual Abuse Allegations" explain briefly the procedures which have been derived from the 1983 Code of Canon Law and put in place since 30 April (the same day).[405][406] Among the points made:

In May, in line with the 1983 Code of Canon Law and the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, a letter from the CDF was sent to the Catholic bishops.[407]

2002

The Vatican instituted reforms to prevent future United States abuse by requiring background checks for all church employees who have contact with children.[369] Since then, in the US, over 2 million volunteers and employees; 52,000 clerics; 6,205 candidates for ordination have had their backgrounds evaluated.[408]

In June, the USCCB established the "Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People", a comprehensive set of procedures for addressing allegations of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy. (More details in the Episcopal Responses section above.).[citation needed]

2003

Pope John Paul II stated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[409]

In April, the Pontifical Academy for Life organized a three-day conference, entitled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican dicasteries' representatives. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops. One expert called such policies a "case of overkill" since they do not permit flexibility to allow for differences among individual cases.[375]

2004

In June, Louisville, Kentucky lawyer William McMurry filed suit against the Vatican[410] on behalf of three men alleging abuse as far back as 1928, accusing church leaders of organizing a cover-up of cases of sexual abuse of children.

2005

In August, Pope Benedict was personally accused in a lawsuit of conspiring to cover up the molestation of three boys in Texas by Juan Carlos Patino-Arango in Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. He sought and obtained immunity from prosecution as head of state of the Holy See.[411] The Department of State "recognize[d] and allow[ed] the immunity of Pope Benedict XVI from this suit."[412] See International position of the Pope for information on head-of-state immunity of a pope.

In November, the Vatican published Criteria for the Discernment of Vocation for Persons with Homosexual Tendencies, issuing new rules which forbid ordination of men with "deep-seated homosexual tendencies". While the preparation for this document had started ten years before its publication,[413] this instruction is seen as an official answer by the Catholic Church to what was seen as a "pedophile priest" crisis.[414] The US National Review Board cited the preponderance of adolescent males among the victims of clerical sexual abuse of minors in its report.[415] The document was criticized by the National Association of Catholic Diocesan Lesbian and Gay Ministries for what some see as its implying that homosexuality is tied to the sexual abuse of children.[416]

2007

Archbishop Csaba Ternyak, secretary of the Congregation for Clergy, put the following question to the experts: "[T]o what degree one can talk about the rehabilitation of the offender, what are the most effective methods of treatment, and on what grounds we can say that a person who has never offended is at risk to sexually molest someone?"[417]

Ternyak spoke about the way that the crisis had damaged the priest-bishop relationship. He noted that there was a "sense of gloom" felt by the overwhelming majority of priests who had not been accused of any abuse but nonetheless who perceived that their bishops had turned against them and therefore had "become disillusioned about the effectiveness of the laws of the Church to defend their dignity and their inalienable rights". Ternyak also noted that "there have been more than a few suicides among accused priests."[375]

2008

In April, during a visit to the United States, Pope Benedict admitted that he was "deeply ashamed" of the clergy sex abuse scandal that has devastated the American church. Benedict pledged that pedophiles would not be priests in the Roman Catholic Church.[418] Pope Benedict also apologized for child abuse scandal in Australia.[419]

In November, the United States Court of Appeals in Cincinnati denied the Vatican's claim of sovereign immunity, and allowed a lawsuit against the Catholic Church government by three men who claim they were sexually abused as children by priests in the Louisville, Kentucky, US archdiocese to proceed. The Vatican did not appeal the ruling.[420]

2009

Two researchers reported that abuse cases had "steeply declined" after 1985 and that responses to abuse had changed substantially over 50 years, with suspension becoming more common than reinstatement.[421]

In a statement, read by Archbishop Silvano Maria Tomasi at a meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva on 22 September 2009, the Holy See stated that the majority of Catholic clergy who had committed acts of sexual abuse against under-18-year-olds should not be viewed as pedophiles, but as homosexuals who are attracted to sex with adolescent males. The statement said that rather than pedophilia, "it would be more correct to speak of ephebophilia; being a homosexual attraction to adolescent males ... Of all priests involved in the abuses, 80 to 90% belong to this sexual orientation minority which is sexually engaged with adolescent boys between the ages of 11 and 17."[422]

However, Margaret Smith and Karen Terry, two researchers who worked on the John Jay Report, cautioned against equating the high incidence of abuse by priests against boys with homosexuality, calling it an oversimplification and "an unwarranted conclusion" to assert that the majority of priests who abused male victims are gay. Though "the majority of the abusive acts were homosexual in nature ... participation in homosexual acts is not the same as sexual identity as a gay man." She further stated that "the idea of sexual identity [should] be separated from the problem of sexual abuse... [A]t this point, we do not find a connection between homosexual identity and the increased likelihood of subsequent abuse from the data that we have right now."[328] Tomasi's move angered many gay rights organisations, who claimed it was an attempt by the Vatican to redefine the Church's past problems with pedophilia as problems with homosexuality.[423]

Empirical research shows that sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.[424][425][426] Many child molesters cannot be characterized as having an adult sexual orientation at all; they are fixated on children.[424]

2010

In April 2010, in response to extensive negative publicity and criticism of the Pope, the Vatican entered what the Associated Press called "full damage control mode".[427] Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, the Vatican's secretary of state, during a visit to Chile, linked the scandal to homosexuality.[428] In response to widespread criticism of that statement, Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi said Bertone's statement went outside the remit of church authorities, while maintaining that "the statement was aimed at 'clarifying' Cardinal Bertone's remarks and should not be seen as the Holy See 'distancing' itself from them." He also noted that 10 per cent of the cases concerned paedophilia in the "strict sense", and the other 90 per cent concerned sex between priests and adolescents.[429] Giovanni Maria Vian, editor of L'Osservatore Romano, the Vatican's official newspaper, said the continuing criticism of Pope Benedict XVI and the Vatican in handling the clerical sex abuse crisis is part of a media campaign to sell newspapers.[430] The Pope issued a statement that the "Church must do penance for abuse cases".[431]

Msgr. Charles J. Scicluna explained in an interview with the Italian newspaper Avvenire:[401][402] "Between 1975 and 1985 I do not believe that any cases of pedophilia committed by priests were brought to the attention of our Congregation. Moreover, following the promulgation of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, there was a period of uncertainty as to which of the "delicta graviora" were reserved to the competency of this dicastery. Only with the 2001 "Motu Proprio" did the crime of pedophilia again become our exclusive remit... In the years (2001–2010) the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) had "considered accusations concerning around three thousand cases of diocesan and religious priests, which refer to crimes committed over the last fifty years."[401][402]

Pope Benedict issued an apology to those who had suffered from child abuse in Ireland in March 2010.[432] The letter stated that the Pope was "truly sorry" for what they had suffered, and that "nothing can undo the wrong you have endured. Your trust has been betrayed and your dignity violated."[433] Nevertheless, the letter was not enough to satisfy many critics, who felt that the letter failed to address their concerns, and mistakenly presented the abuse as an issue within the Church in Ireland, rather than acknowledging that it was a systemic problem.[432][434]

In July 2010, the Vatican issued a document to clarify their position. They doubled the length of time after the 18th birthday of the victim that clergymen can be tried in a church court and to streamline the processes for removing abusive priests.[49][50][51] However, the new rules that applied globally were criticized as being less strict than those that were already in place in the United States.[50][435]

2011

In May, the Vatican published new guidelines, drawn up by Cardinal William Levada, the head of the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, on dealing with the clergy sexual abuse cases.[436] The guidelines tell the bishops and heads of Catholic religious orders worldwide to develop "clear and coordinated" procedures for dealing with the sexual abuse allegation by May 2012.[437] The guidelines instruct the bishops to cooperate with the police and respect the relevant local laws in investigating and reporting allegations of sexual abuse by the clergy to the civic authorities, but do not make such reporting mandatory. The guidelines also reinforce bishops' exclusive authority in dealing with abuse cases. Victims advocacy groups criticized the new guidelines as insufficient, arguing that the recommendations do not have the status of church law and do not provide any specific enforcement mechanisms.[438][439]

2014

The Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors (Italian: Pontificia Commissione per la Tutela dei Minori) was instituted by Pope Francis on 22 March 2014 for the safeguarding of minors.[440] It is headed by Boston's cardinal archbishop, Sean P. O'Malley, O.F.M. Cap.

In November 2014, Pope Francis laicized and excommunicated abusive priest Father Jose Mercau of Argentina.[441][442]

2018

At the beginning of 2018, Francis denied overwhelming reports of widespread sexual abuse by priests in Chile. In the face of the resulting outcry, he introduced an investigation that led to every bishop in Chile submitting his resignation; only a few of these were accepted, however.[443]

At mid-year, amidst a series of abuse scandals in many countries, including the revelation that over a 50-year period, more than 300 priests were plausibly accused of abuse in the state of Pennsylvania alone, Pope Francis spoke of his "shame", without however offering concrete steps to remove abusive priests or sanction those who took part in cover-ups.[444]

2019

From 21 to 24 February 2019, a four-day Catholic Church summit meeting was held in Vatican City, called the Meeting on the Protection of Minors in the Church (Italian: Incontro su "La Protezione dei Minori nella Chiesa") with the participation of the presidents of all the episcopal conferences of the world to discuss preventing sexual abuse by Catholic Church clergy.[24]

On 26 March 2019, one month after the summit was held,[445] Pope Francis adopted:

According to Andrea Tornielli, these:

are very specific laws, norms and indications destined, first of all, for those to whom they are addressed: in fact, they concern only Vatican City State, where a large number of priests and religious work, but where there are very few children. Although they have been conceived and written for a unique reality, in which the highest religious authority is also the sovereign and legislator, these three documents contain exemplary indications that take into account the most advanced international parameters."[446]

Law No. CCXCVII requiries Vatican City officials, including those in the Roman Curia,[445] and diplomatic personnel of the Holy See, such as the Apostolic Nuncios, to report sex abuse.[447][448][449] Failure to do so can result in a fine of up to 5,000 euros (about $5,600) or, in the case of a Vatican gendarme, up to six months in prison.[447][450] In addition, all crimes related to child abuse, including mistreatment, are persecutable "ex officio", even when the purported victim does not file an official report. The law also extends the statute of limitations to 20-year prescription that, in the case of and offence against a minor, begin to count from on his or her eighteenth birthday. In addition, the Governorate of the Vatican City State is required to set up, within the Vatican Department of Health and Welfare, service to support and assist the victims of abuse, providing them with medical and psychological assistance and informing them of their rights and of how to enforce them.[446]

The motu proprio extends the application of the Vatican law to the Roman Curia and its personnel. It requires that, when recruiting staff, the candidate's suitability to interact with minors must be ascertained.[446]

The Guidelines for the Vicariate of Vatican City are addressed to the canons, parish priests and coadjutors of the two parishes located within the Vatican, as well as to the priests, deacons and educators of the Saint Pius X Pre-Seminary, to all the religious men and women who reside in the Vatican, and to all those who work within the ecclesiastical community of the Vicariate of Vatican City. The guidelines require that, in the course of pastoral activities, those persons must always be visible to others when they are in the presence of minors, and that it is strictly forbidden to establish a preferential relationship with a single minor, to address a minor in an offensive way or to engage in inappropriate or sexually allusive conduct, to ask a minor to keep a secret, to photograph or to film a minor without the written consent of his parents. The Vicar of Vatican City has also the obligation to report to the Promoter of Justice any news of abuse that is not manifestly unfounded, and to remove the alleged perpetrator of the abuse from pastoral activities as a precautionary measure.[446]

Criticisms of the church

In 2010, the BBC reported that the major causes of the scandal were the cover-ups and other alleged shortcomings in the way in which the church hierarchy has dealt with the abuses.[15] Particularly, the actions of Catholic bishops in responding to allegations of clerical abuse were harshly criticized.[451]

In September 2010, Pope Benedict XVI lamented that the Roman Catholic Church had not been vigilant enough or quick enough in responding to the problem of sexual abuse by Catholic clergy.[452] Pope Benedict laicized 400 priests for abuses in two years of his papacy.[1] A representative of Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP), a group representing abuse victims, criticized the pope's remarks as "disingenuous" because, in her opinion, the church had in fact been "prompt and vigilant" in concealing the scandal.[452] After Benedict's resignation in 2013, he was criticized by SNAP for allegedly protecting the church's reputation "over the safety of children". Representatives from the Center for Constitutional Rights (at the time engaged in an International Criminal Court case against Pope Benedict in which they were acting for SNAP), alleged that Pope Benedict had been directly involved in covering up some of the crimes.[453]

Failure to prevent current and future acts of abuse

It is easy to think that when we talk about the crisis of child rape and abuse that we are talking about the past – and the Catholic Church would have us believe that this most tragic era in church history is over. It is not. It lives on today. Pedophiles are still in the priesthood. Coverups of their crimes are happening now, and bishops in many cases are continuing to refuse to turn information over to the criminal justice system. Cases are stalled and cannot go forward because the church has such power to stop them. Children are still being harmed and victims cannot heal.

— Abuse victim, Mary Dispenza[454]

Mary Dispenza further states that crimes against children took place in the past, they take place now and they will continue to take place in the future unless Pope Francis and the bishops act decisively to ensure that child safety has higher priority than protecting priests and the image of the Catholic Church.[454]

Holy See's denial of canonical competence

A Vatican spokesman stated, "When individual institutions of national churches are implicated, that does not regard the competence of the Holy See...The competence of the Holy See is at the level of the Holy See."[455]

Citing canons 331 and 333 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, James Carroll of The Boston Globe asserted that "On the question of how far papal authority extends, the canon law of the Catholic Church could not be clearer" and alleged that the Holy See's denial of competency contravenes canon law. Canon 331 states that "The vicar of Christ... possesses full, immediate, and universal ordinary power in the Church, which he is always able to exercise freely", and canon 333 states that "...By virtue of his office, the Roman pontiff not only possesses power over the universal church, but also obtains the primacy of ordinary power over all particular churches and groups of them."[455]

Silvano Tomasi, the Holy See's permanent observer to the U.N. stated that the Vatican was not responsible for abusive priests because "priests are citizens of their own states, and they fall under the jurisdiction of their own country" but the United Nations report differed claiming that since priests are "bound by obedience to the pope" under canon law, then the Holy See is accountable. The report also urged the Vatican to insist that priests and bishops involve the police in all abuse reports and end a "code of silence" leading to whistleblowers being "ostracized, demoted and fired".[456]

Lack of transparency in the doctrinal congregation

To place the cases under the competence of the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith has been criticized by some as making the process more secretive and lengthening the time required to address the allegations. For example, in his biography of John Paul II, David Yallop asserts that the backlog of referrals to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith for action against sexually abusive priests is so large that it takes 18 months to merely get a reply.[457]

Vatican officials have expressed concern that the church's insistence on confidentiality in its treatment of priestly sexual abuse cases was seen as a ban on reporting serious accusations to the civil authorities. Early in 2010 Cardinal Claudio Hummes, the head of the Congregation for Clergy, finally said that instances of sexual abuse by priests were "criminal facts" as well as serious sins and required co-operation with the civil justice system. Italian academic Lucetta Scaraffia [it] described the conspiracy involved in hiding the offense as omerta, the Mafia code of silence, and said that "We can hypothesise that a greater female presence, not at a subordinate level, would have been able to rip the veil of masculine secrecy that in the past often covered the denunciation of these misdeeds with silence".[319]

Some parties have interpreted the Crimen sollicitationis – a 1962 document ("Instruction") of the Holy Office (which is now called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith) codifying procedures to be followed in cases of priests or bishops of the Catholic Church accused of having used the sacrament of Penance to make sexual advances to penitents[458][400] – as a directive from the Vatican to keep all allegations of sexual abuse secret, leading to widespread media coverage of its contents.[459] Daniel Shea, the US lawyer who found the document, said that the document "proves there was an international conspiracy to hush up sex abuse issues".[460] The Vatican responded that the document was not only widely misinterpreted, but moreover had been superseded by more recent guidelines in the 1960s and 1970s, and especially the 1983 Code of Canon Law.[461]

Non-removal of accused from church

Man holding a placard with Italian writing; translation in caption.
Rome, 2007. March organized by Facciamo Breccia against the interference of the Catholic Church in Italian Politics. The placard says: If Ratzinger really wants to play inquisitor that much, why doesn't he go deal with his pedophile priests?

The Catholic hierarchy has been criticized for not acting more quickly and decisively to remove, laicize and report priests accused of sexual misconduct. Cardinal Roger Mahony of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, said: "We have said repeatedly that ... our understanding of this problem and the way it's dealt with today evolved, and that in those years ago, decades ago, people didn't realize how serious this was, and so, rather than pulling people out of ministry directly and fully, they were moved."[462]

One early opponent of the treatment of sexually abusive priests was Father Gerald Fitzgerald, the founder of The Congregation of the Servants of the Paraclete. Although Fitzgerald started the Servants of the Paraclete to assist priests who were struggling with alcohol and substance abuse problems, he soon began receiving priests who had sexually abused minors. Initially, Fitzgerald attempted to treat such priests using the same spiritual methods that he used with his other "guests". However, as he grew convinced of the futility of treating sexually abusive priests, Fitzgerald came to oppose vehemently the return of sexual abusers to duties as parish priests. He wrote regularly to bishops in the United States and to Vatican officials, including the pope, of his opinion that many sexual abusers in the priesthood could not be cured and should be laicized immediately.[463]

Eventually, Fitzgerald lost control of the Servants of the Paraclete. The center began to employ medical and psychological professionals who added psychiatry and medical treatment to the spiritual regimen of treatment favored by Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald continued to oppose these modifications to his treatment regimen until his death in 1969.[463]

Bishop Manuel D. Moreno of Tucson, Arizona, United States repeatedly attempted to have two local abusive priests laicized and disciplined, pleading unsuccessfully in a letter of April 1997 with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger as head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to have one laicized; he was first suspended in 1990 and convicted by the church in 1997 of five crimes, including sexual solicitation in the confessional. The two were finally laicized in 2004.[464] Bishop Moreno had been strongly criticized for failing to take action until details of his efforts became public.

In a New York Times article, Bishop Blase J. Cupich, chairman of the United States Bishops Committee for the Protection of Children and Young People, is quoted explaining why Father Fitzgerald's advice "went largely unheeded for 50 years": First, "cases of sexually abusive priests were considered to be rare." Second, Father Fitzgerald's, "views, by and large, were considered bizarre with regard to not treating people medically, but only spiritually, and also segregating a whole population with sexual problems on a deserted island." And finally, "There was mounting evidence in the world of psychology that indicated that when medical treatment is given, these people can, in fact, go back to ministry." This was a view which Cupich characterized as one that "the bishops came to regret".[463]

In 2010, several secular and liberal Catholics were calling for Pope Benedict XVI's resignation, citing the actions of then Cardinal Ratzinger's blocking of efforts to remove a priest convicted of child abuse.[465] The pope did eventually resign in 2013, although he said that he did so because of his declining health.[466]

In 2012, William Lynn of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia was found guilty of one count of endangering the welfare of a child and sentenced to three to six years in prison.[467][468][469][470] Lynn became the first United States church official to be convicted of child endangerment because of his part in covering up child sex abuse allegations by clergy.

Secrecy among bishops

As reported by the Boston Globe, some bishops had facilitated compensation payments to victims on condition that the allegations remained secret.[298] For example,

In November 2009, the Irish Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse reported its findings in which it concluded that:[292]

the Dublin Archdiocese's pre-occupations in dealing with cases of child sexual abuse, at least until the mid 1990s, were the maintenance of secrecy, the avoidance of scandal, the protection of the reputation of the Church, and the preservation of its assets. All other considerations, including the welfare of children and justice for victims, were subordinated to these priorities. The Archdiocese did not implement its own canon law rules and did its best to avoid any application of the law of the State.

In April 2010, Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins wanted to prosecute the Pope for crimes against humanity due to what they see as his role in intentionally covering up abuse by priests.[471][472] In a CNN interview a few days later, however, Dawkins declined to discuss the international crime law court's definition of crimes against humanity, saying it is a difficult legal question.[citation needed]In April 2010, a lawsuit was filed in the Milwaukee Federal Court by an anonymous "John Doe 16" against the Vatican and Pope Benedict XVI. The plaintiff accused Ratzinger and others of having covered up abuse cases to avoid scandal to the detriment of the concerned children.[473]In February 2011, two German lawyers initiated charges against Pope Benedict XVI at the International Criminal Court. As one of the reasons for the charges they referred also to the "strong suspicion" that Joseph Ratzinger, as head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, covered up the sexual abuse of children and youths and protected the perpetrators.[474]

Internal division became public, with Christoph Cardinal Schönborn accusing Cardinal Angelo Sodano of blocking Ratzinger's investigation of a high-profile case in the mid-1990s.[475]

In the trial of the French bishop Pierre Pican, who received a suspended jail sentence for failing to denounce an abusive priest, the retired Cardinal Dario Castrillon Hoyos wrote a letter to support Pican in his decision. Exposed to heavy critiques, Hoyos claimed to have had the approval of Pope John Paul II.[476][477]

In 2011, Hoyos was heavily criticized again. This time, the Congregation for the Clergy was blamed of having opposed in 1997 to the newly adapted rules of the Irish bishops, demanding the denouncement of every abusive priest to the police. The Archbishop of Dublin Diarmuid Martin described the cooperation with the Congregation for the Clergy as "disastrous".[478]

An article in The Washington Post published 27 December 2019, accuses former American Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick of paying bribes totaling US$600,000 to Pope John Paul II ($50,000) and Pope Benedict XVI ($291,000) and 100 Vatican employees to cover-up sexual misconduct accusations against him.[479]

Coverage

Media coverage

The media coverage of Catholic sex abuse cases is a major aspect of the academic literature. In 2002, the discovery that the sex abuse by Catholic priests was widespread in the U.S. received significant media coverage. For the first 100 days, The New York Times had 225 pieces, including news and commentary, and the story appeared on its front page on 26 occasions.[480] Walter V. Robinson, an American journalist and journalism professor, led The Boston Globe's coverage of the Roman Catholic sex abuse cases, for which the newspaper won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. Robinson was also a Pulitzer Prize finalist in Investigative Reporting in 2007.[481][482]

In Ireland, television journalism similarly played a key role in helping public awareness of widespread sexual abuse of children by priests.[483] British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) produced the documentary Sex Crimes and the Vatican by a victim which included the claim that all allegations of sex abuse are to be sent to the Vatican rather than the civil authorities, and that "a secret church decree called 'Crimen sollicitationis' ... imposes the strictest oath of secrecy on the child victim, the priest dealing with the allegation, and any witnesses. Breaking that oath means instant banishment from the Catholic Church – excommunication."[484] Documentary also quoted the 2005 Ferns Report.

Accusations of biased and excessive coverage

Some critics have stated that the oversaturation of Church sex abuse stories has led to the perception that the Catholic Church is more rife with pedophilia than in reality. A Wall Street Journal-NBC News poll found that 64 percent of those queried thought Catholic priests "frequently" abused children; however, there is no data that indicates that priests commit abuse more often than the general population of males.[485] Anglican writer Philip Jenkins supported many of these arguments stating that media coverage of the abuse story had become "a gross efflorescence of anti-catholic rhetoric".[486]

Commentator Tom Hoopes wrote that during the first half of 2002, the 61 largest newspapers in California ran nearly 2,000 stories about sexual abuse in Catholic institutions, mostly concerning past allegations. During the same period, those newspapers ran four stories about the federal government's discovery of the much larger – and ongoing – abuse scandal in public schools.[487] Santa Clara University professor Thomas Plante states that the extensive media attention sexual abuse in the Catholic Church has spread many myths and misconceptions, such as the belief that Catholic priests are more likely to be pedophiles than laic men in general. His research found out that the percentage of Catholic priests who sexually abuse minors is not greater than the percentages of male clergy from other religious traditions who sexually victimize minors.[30] At the same time, he comments that the Catholic Church has historically acted in a highly defensive and arrogant manner regarding this topic, which could have provoked excessive media coverage.[30]

Publications

A number of memoirs and non-fiction books have been written about these issues, including Andrew Madden's Altar Boy: A Story of Life After Abuse, Carolyn Lehman's Strong at the Heart: How it Feels to Heal from Sexual Abuse, Larry Kelly's The Pigeon House which deals with abuse in the Pigeon House TB Sanatorium at Ringsend;, and Kathy O'Beirne's bestseller Kathy's Story, which details physical and sexual abuse suffered in a Magdalene laundry in Ireland. Writing in The Daily Telegraph, Ed West has asserted that Kathy Beirne's story is "largely invented", based on Hermann Kelly's Kathy's Real Story, a book by the journalist on the Irish Daily Mail; Kelly is also former editor of The Irish Catholic.[488]

Films and documentaries

The Magdalene laundries were the subject of a drama film called The Magdalene Sisters (2002), which generated controversy as it was early in the revelations about abuses at Catholic homes. In 2006, a documentary called Deliver Us From Evil directed by Amy Berg and produced by Berg and Frank Donner was made about sexual abuse; it primarily focused on one priest and his crimes. It showed how far some clergy went in order to cover up the many reports of sexual abuse. In Ireland, the documentary series, Suffer the Children (UTV, 1994), was released.

A daily updated list of films and documentaries is available at the "Literature List Clergy Sexual Abuse"[489] composed by journalist and author Roel Verschueren [nl].

Music

In 2005, Limp Bizkit released the album The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1), which focuses on dark lyrical subject matter, including Catholic sex abuse cases, terrorism and fame.[490] Comedian Tim Minchin has the songs "The Pope Song",[491] and "Come Home (Cardinal Pell)".[492]

List of related topics

Sexual abuse cases in the Catholic Church
Sexual abuse cases in other Christian denominations
Critique & consequences related topics
Investigation, prevention and victim support related topics

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    • In Ireland, a 2009 report (Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse) covered cases during a span of six decades (from the 1950s), noting "endemic" sexual abuse in Catholic boys' institutions, with church leaders aware of the abuse, and government inspectors failing to "stop beatings, rapes and humiliation".("Police examine sex abuse report: The commission's report on church abuse ran to five volumes Police in the Irish Republic are examining if criminal charges can be brought over a damning report on child sex abuse at Catholic institutions". BBC News. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2012.)
    • In Australia, according to Broken Rites, a support and advocacy group for church-related sex abuse victims, as of 2011 there were over one hundred cases in which Catholic priests were charged for child sex offenses.("Black Collar Crime in Australia". Broken Rites. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.)(Campbell, James (29 August 2010). "Church must face scrutiny for child sex abuse". Sunday Herald Sun. Australia. Retrieved 24 September 2011.) A 2012 police report detailed 40 suicide deaths directly related to abuse by Catholic clergy in the state of Victoria.(Baker, Richard; Lee, Jane; McKenzie, Nick (13 April 2012). "Church's suicide victims". Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.)
    • Of the Catholic sexual abuse cases in Latin America, the most famous is arguably of the sexual scandal of Father Marcial Maciel, the leader of the Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic congregation of pontifical right made up of priests and seminarians studying for the priesthood.("Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)) This occurred after the Legion spent more than a decade denying allegations and criticizing the victims who claimed abuse.("Money paved way for Maciel's influence in the Vatican". National Catholic Reporter. April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2023.)
    • In Tanzania, Father Kit Cunningham, together with three other priests, was exposed as a pedophile after his death.
      • "Abused: Breaking the Silence (2011) : Documentary". Digiguide.tv. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
      • Stanford, Pter (19 June 2011). "He was my priest and my friend. Then I found out he was a paedophile". The Guardian. London.
      • Mary Kenny (20 June 2011). "Devastation and disbelief when abuse case hits close to home – Analysis, Opinion". Independent.ie. Retrieved 13 December 2011.("Abused: Breaking the Silence". BBC. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.) The abuse took place in the 1960s but was not revealed until 2011, largely through a BBC documentary.
      • "Fr Kit Cunningham's paedophile past: heads should roll after the Rosminian order's disgraceful cover-up". The Daily Telegraph. London. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
      • "Rosminian order admits 'inadequate' response to abuse". Catholicherald.co.uk. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
      • Crace, John (22 June 2011). "TV review: Abused: Breaking the Silence; Submarine School". The Guardian. London.
      • "Why didn't the Rosminian order tell us the truth about Fr Kit?". Catholicherald.co.uk. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
      • "TV review: Abused: Breaking the Silence; Submarine School – UKPlurk". Entertainment.ukplurk.com. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
      • "Former 1950s students to sue Catholic order over abuse". BBC News. 23 June 2011.
  2. ^ In July 2003 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville paid $25.7 million to "settle child sexual-abuse allegations made in 240 lawsuits naming 34 priests and other church workers."(Smith, Peter (11 June 2003). "Archdiocese to Pay Victims $25.7 Million for Sex Abuse: Louisville Settlement 2nd largest in U.S." The Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.) In 2003, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston settled a large case for $85 million with 552 alleged victims.(Gilgoff, Dan (14 September 2003). "A Settlement in Boston: The Archdiocese Agrees to a record $85 Million. Will Others Follow?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.) In 2004, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange settled nearly 90 cases for $100 million.("Diocese of Orange settles clergy abuse case". Associated Press/Casa Grande Dispatch. 23 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.) In April 2007 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon agreed to a $75 million settlement with 177 claimants and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle agreed to a $48 million settlement with more than 160 victims.(Langlois, Ed; Robert Pfohman (19 April 2007). "Portland Archdiocese ends bankruptcy with $75 million settlement". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.) In July 2007 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles reached a $660 million agreement with more than 500 alleged victims, in December 2006, the archdiocese had a settlement of 45 lawsuits for $60 million.(Wooden, Cindy; Ellie Hidalgo (2007). "L.A. Archdiocese reaches agreement with more than 500 abuse claimants". Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 27 June 2012.)("L.A. Archdiocese to settle suits for $660 million: Settlement represents Church's largest payout in sexual abuse scandal". MSNBC. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2012.) In September 2007, the Diocese of San Diego reached a $198.1 million agreement with 144 victims of childhood sexual abuse.(Martinez, Angelica; Karen Kucher (7 September 2007). "San Diego priest abuse claims settled". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.) In July 2008 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver agreed "to pay $5.5 million to settle 18 claims of childhood sexual abuse."(Richardson, Valerie (2 July 2008). "Denver Archdiocese Settles 18 Sex-Abuse Cases". The Washington Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.)

References

  1. ^ a b US prelate McCarrick resigns from College of Cardinals (AP)
  2. ^ "Comunicato della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, 16.02.2019" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  3. ^ Tara Isabella Burton, New Catholic sex abuse allegations show how long justice can take in a 16-year scandal, Vox, 20 August 2018
  4. ^ a b c d "Hundreds of priests shuffled worldwide, despite abuse allegations". USA Today. Associated Press. 20 June 2004.
  5. ^ Stephens, Scott (27 May 2011). "Catholic sexual abuse study greeted with incurious contempt". ABC Religion and Ethics. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  6. ^ Lattin, Don (17 July 1998). "$30 Million Awarded to Men Molested by 'Family Priest' / 3 bishops accused of Stockton coverup". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 23 July 2012. Attorney Jeff Anderson said the Howard brothers were repeatedly molested between 1978 and 1991, from age 3 to 13.
    Reverend Oliver O'Grady later confessed to the abuse of many other children. The documentary Deliver Us from Evil explored his story and the cover-up by Diocesan officials.
  7. ^ Bush R. & Wardell H.S. 1900, Stoke Industrial School, Nelson (Report of Royal Commission On, Together With Correspondence, Evidence and Appendix) Government Printer; Wellington, 8.
  8. ^ Ulrich L. Lehner, Mönche und Nonnen im Klosterkerker: ein verdrängtes Kapitel Kirchengeschichte. Kevelaer: Verl.-Gemeinschaft Topos Plus, 2015. Shorter English version under the title: Monastic Prisons and Torture Chambers (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock 2014)
  9. ^ a b c d e Bruni, Frank (2002). A Gospel of Shame: Children, Sexual Abuse, and the Catholic Church. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060522321.
  10. ^ "Sex abuse victim accuses Catholic church of fraud". USA Today. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  11. ^ MOORE, Chris, Betrayal of Trust: The Father Brendan Smyth Affair and the Catholic Church; Marino 1995, ISBN 1-86023-027-X; the producer's book about the programme's content
  12. ^ a b c "The Pope Meets the Press: Media Coverage of the Clergy Abuse Scandal". Pew Research Center. 11 June 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  13. ^ a b c William Wan (11 June 2010). "Study looks at media coverage of Catholic sex abuse scandal". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  14. ^ Radio, Southern California Public (24 April 2014). "Clergy sex abuse victims decry sainthood for Pope John Paul II". scpr.org.
  15. ^ a b Lewis, Aidan (4 May 2010). "Looking behind the Catholic sex abuse scandal". BBC News. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Paulson, Michael (8 April 2002). "World doesn't share US view of scandal: Clergy sexual abuse reaches far, receives an uneven focus". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 22 February 2003. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  17. ^ a b c Butt, Riazat; Asthana, Anushka (28 September 2009). "Sex abuse rife in other religions, says Vatican". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
  18. ^ Pope sends first e-mail apology; BBC; 23 November 2001
  19. ^ Pope Deeply Sorry for Child Abuse; www.abc.net.au; 19 July 2008
  20. ^ Pope's Apology: 'You have suffered grievously and I am truly sorry'; The Telegraph; 20 March 2010
  21. ^ Pope Francis accuses Chilean church sexual abuse victims of slander, The Guardian, 19 January 2018
  22. ^ Pope admits 'grave error,' apologizes for not believing Chilean sex abuse victims Washington Post, 12 April 2018
  23. ^ NPR, Pope Francis Expresses 'Shame And Sorrow' Over Pennsylvania Abuse Allegations, 16 August 2018
  24. ^ a b McElwee, Joshua J. (12 September 2018). "Francis summons world's bishop presidents to Rome for meeting on clergy abuse". National Catholic Reporter. Vatican City. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  25. ^ "Pope ends 'secrecy' rule on child sexual abuse in Catholic church". The Guardian. 17 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  26. ^ Delia Gallagher (17 December 2019). "Pope lifts secrecy rules for sex abuse cases". CNN.
  27. ^ In a letter to the Holy See sent in April 2021, the U.N. special rapporteurs expressed "utmost concern about the numerous allegations around the world of sexual abuse and violence committed by members of the Catholic Church against children, and about the measures adopted by the Catholic Church to protect alleged abusers, cover up crimes, obstruct accountability of alleged abusers, and evade reparations due to victims", noting "the persistent allegations of obstruction and lack of cooperation by the Catholic Church with domestic legal proceedings to prevent accountability of perpetrators and reparations to victims". They also highlighted "the concordats and other agreements negotiated by the Holy See with States that limit the ability of civil authorities to question, compel the production of documents, or prosecute people associated with the Catholic Church". ("UN experts urge Catholic Church to act against sexual abuse, provide reparations". www.ohchr.org. Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 21 June 2021. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.)
  28. ^ a b Clayton, Mark (2002). "Sex abuse spans spectrum of churches". The Christian Science Monitor.
  29. ^ a b Henderson, Gerard (2017). "Gerard Henderson: The media, the Commission and the Church". Catholic Weekly.
  30. ^ a b c d Plante, Thomas; Daniels, Courtney (2004). "The sexual abuse crisis in the Roman Catholic Church: What psychologists and counselors should know" (PDF). Santa Clara University. pp. 4–10. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  31. ^ "Katharina von Zimmern" (in German). frauen-und-reformation.de. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  32. ^ Derek Wilson (2007). Out of the Storm: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-180001-7.; This allegation was made in the pamphlet Warnunge D. Martini Luther/ An seine lieben Deudschen, Wittenberg, 1531.
  33. ^ "'Exile' for disgraced Austrian cardinal". BBC News. 14 April 1998. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  34. ^ "Sex-abuse in the Catholic Church in Australia". Brokenrites.alphalink.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 April 2001. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  35. ^ "Irish church knew abuse 'endemic'". BBC News. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  36. ^ a b c Garrett, Paul Michael. "A 'Catastrophic, Inept, Self-Serving' Church? Re-examining Three Reports on Child Abuse in the Republic of Ireland," Journal of Progressive Human Services, Vol. 24, Issue 1 (2013):43–65
  37. ^ "Police examine sex abuse report". BBC News. 25 May 2009.
  38. ^ "Black Collar Crime in Australia". Broken Rites. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  39. ^ a b Campbell, James (29 August 2010). "Church must face scrutiny for child sex abuse". Sunday Herald Sun. Australia. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  40. ^ Nick McKenzie, Richard Baker and Jane Lee. Church's suicide victims. Canberra Times 13 April 2012. http://www.canberratimes.com.au/victoria/churchs-suicide-victims-20120412-1wwox.html Archived 13 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine accessed 2 July 2012
  41. ^ Bianca Hall and Judith Ireland, "Sex Abuse Victims May Get Payouts", Sydney Morning Herald 12 January 2013, p. 1.
  42. ^ a b "Communique – Legion of Christ". legionariesofchrist.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  43. ^ a b "Money paved way for Maciel's influence in the Vatican". ncronline.org. 6 April 2010.
  44. ^
    *"Abused: Breaking the Silence (2011) : Documentary". Digiguide.tv. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
    * Stanford, Peter (19 June 2011). "He was my priest and my friend. Then I found out he was a paedophile". The Guardian. London.
    * Christmas Shopping (20 June 2011). "Mary Kenny: Devastation and disbelief when abuse case hits close to home – Analysis, Opinion". Independent.ie. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  45. ^ "One Programmes – Abused: Breaking the Silence". BBC. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  46. ^
    * "Fr Kit Cunningham's paedophile past: heads should roll after the Rosminian order's disgraceful cover-up". The Daily Telegraph. London. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
    • "Rosminian order admits 'inadequate' response to abuse". Catholicherald.co.uk. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
    • Crace, John (22 June 2011). "TV review: Abused: Breaking the Silence; Submarine School". The Guardian. London.
    • "Why didn't the Rosminian order tell us the truth about Fr Kit?". Catholicherald.co.uk. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
    • "TV review: Abused: Breaking the Silence; Submarine School – UKPlurk". Entertainment.ukplurk.com. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  47. ^ "Former 1950s students to sue Catholic order over abuse". BBC News. 23 June 2011.
  48. ^ "Philippines Church apologises for sex abuse". BBC News. 8 July 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  49. ^ a b John Hooper and Haroon Siddique (15 July 2010). "Catholics angry as church puts female ordination on par with sex abuse". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  50. ^ a b c "Tone-Deaf in Rome". The New York Times. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  51. ^ a b Robert Marquand (16 July 2010). "Vatican stirs storm on women priests in clarifying law on clergy abuse". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  52. ^ The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States, 1950–2002 (PDF). John Jay School of Criminal Justice. 2004.
  53. ^ a b Plante, Thomas, "A Perspective on Clergy Sexual Abuse", San Jose Mercury News, 24 March 2002 (updated online version)
  54. ^ a b Plante, Thomas G. and Courtney Daniels. "The Sexual Abuse Crisis in the Roman Catholic Church: What Psychologists and Counselors Should Know" (PDF). Pastoral Psychology, Vol. 52, No. 5, May 2004. Springer Publishing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
  55. ^ "Mean Men: The priesthood is being cast as the refuge of pederasts. In fact, priests seem to abuse children at the same rate as everyone else". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  56. ^ El Vaticano destituyó a 884 sacerdotes por abusos a menores en última década (in Spanish)
  57. ^ Gray, Mark M. "The Impact of Religious Switching and Secularization on the estimated size of the U.S. Adult Catholic Population". Review of Religious Research Article 49.4(2008)457–460.
  58. ^ Paulson, Michael (8 April 2002). "World doesn't share US view of scandal". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
  59. ^ McVeigh, Karen (13 September 2011). "Pope accused of crimes against humanity by victims of sex abuse". The Guardian. London.
  60. ^ "Why the ICC likely won't charge pope over Catholic Church sex abuses". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  61. ^ Jenkins, Philip (1999). "The Uses of Clerical Scandal". First Thing.
  62. ^ "What Sin Sends the Most People to Hell? The Terrifying Truth, Revealed by Our Lady of Fatima". 19 July 2019.
  63. ^ "Pope acknowledges 2,000-case backlog in sex abuse cases - SFGate". Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  64. ^ a b c Zoll, Rachel (31 March 2009). "Letters: Catholic bishops warned in '50s of abusive priests". USA Today. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  65. ^ a b Quesada, Jessica (10 February 2019). "Padre Víquez no es el único acusado de abusos sexuales que se va del país". CRHoy. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  66. ^ Murillo, Álvaro; Cascante, Luis (12 February 2019). ""Los monaguillos del padre Mauricio": el caso que compromete al Arzobispo de San José". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  67. ^ Valverde, Janeth (27 February 2019). "Supuesto abuso sexual del sacerdote Manuel Guevara se habría dado cuando la víctima tenía 12 años". Teletica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  68. ^ Quesada, Jessica (7 March 2019). "Surge nueva denuncia contra sacerdote Manuel Guevara". CRHoy. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  69. ^ "Allanan Conferencia Episcopal y Curia Metropolitana". Amelia Rueda. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  70. ^ Villalobos, Paula (26 February 2019). "Iglesia expulsa al sacerdote Mauricio Víquez, prófugo de la justicia de Costa Rica". Amelia Rueda. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  71. ^ Loaiza, Vanessa (25 February 2019). "Vaticano avala expulsar a sacerdote Mauricio Víquez por denuncias de abuso sexual". La Nación. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  72. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "México extradita a Mauricio Víquez acusado de abuso de niños | DW | 07.05.2021". DW.COM (in European Spanish). Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  73. ^ Murillo, Álvaro (31 March 2022). "Costa Rica condena a 20 años de cárcel a Mauricio Víquez, un sacerdote que violó a un niño". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  74. ^ Coto, Silvia (27 February 2019). "Captura del sacerdote Manuel Guevara tiene tristes y sorprendidos a los feligreses de Santo Domingo de Heredia". La Nación. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  75. ^ Murillo, Álvaro (21 March 2019). "Sacerdote acusado de abuso sexual intentó salir del país por Paso Canoas". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  76. ^ Vizcaíno, Irene (2005). "Padre Delgado irá 21 años a prisión por abusar de menores". La Nación. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  77. ^ "Padre Delgado publica hoy libro sobre su vida en la cárcel". La Nación. 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  78. ^ Cascante, Luis (21 April 2018). "Supuestos delitos de sacerdote por abuso sexual a menores no podrían investigarse en vía judicial". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  79. ^ Prensa, Redacción La. "Expectativa en Costa Rica por arresto de sacerdote en Honduras". www.laprensa.hn (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  80. ^ "Supuestos delitos de sacerdote por abuso sexual a menores no podrían investigarse en vía judicial • Semanario Universidad". semanariouniversidad.com (in Spanish). 21 August 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  81. ^ "Omar Chaves condenado por homicidio y Minor Calvo por estafa". La Nación. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  82. ^ "CNS STORY: Vatican laicizes former nuncio in connection to abuse alle…". Catholicnews.com. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  83. ^ Payne, Ed; Messia, Hada (28 August 2015), "Vatican official accused of child porn, pedophilia dies", Cable News Network, Greene, Richard, Turner Broadcasting Systems, retrieved 29 August 2015
  84. ^ a b c d "El Salvador archbishop apologizes over priest sex abuse case". Associated Press. 3 November 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  85. ^ a b "Senior El Salvador priest fired over alleged sex with minor". Reuters. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  86. ^ a b "Vatican court finds three El Salvador priests guilty of child abuse". Catholic Herald. 19 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  87. ^ "Vatican trial finds three El Salvadoran priests guilty of sex abuse". Reuters. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  88. ^ "Romero – Compromised Canonization". Gloria.tv. 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  89. ^ "Initiate canonical process and suspend priest accused of sexual abuse of minors". Catholic News Agency-ACIPrensa. 3 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  90. ^ CNA. "Honduran auxiliary bishop accused of sexual misconduct resigns". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  91. ^ "Sexual abuse by Catholic clergy – The Canadian situation". Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  92. ^ "2004 CanLII 66324 (ON SC)". CanLII. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  93. ^ Sims, Jane (4 August 2006). "'Guilty' 47 times- Rev. Charles Sylvestre admits to decades of sexual abuse involving 47 girls – many still suffering". The London Free Press. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006.
  94. ^ The Fifth Estate, CBC. "The Good Father". CBC News. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  95. ^ a b c "'Glad he is gone,' says victim as pedophile priest Hod Marshall passes away at 92". Windsor Star.
  96. ^ a b "'A beacon of hope': Catholic priests' appeal in sex-assault case rejected by Supreme Court". TVO.org.
  97. ^ "Victim of abuse by Sudbury priest awarded $2.5M". Sudbury.com. 27 April 2018.
  98. ^ a b c d Hainsworth, Jeremy. "BREAKING: Catholic priest sex abuse victim awarded $844,140". Delta Optimist. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  99. ^ Shocking testimony of sexual abuse, CBC interview with Chief Phil Fontaine from 1990-10-30. Page found 2011-05-11.
  100. ^ Victims, Scandals, Truth, Compassion Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, originally published in Catholic World Report, June 2002. Page retrieved 2011-06-27
  101. ^ "Condenaron a 65 años de prisión a cura que violó a una niña en Guanajuato". infobae (in European Spanish). 30 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  102. ^ "Timeline – US Church sex scandal". BBC News. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  103. ^ a b c Schaffer, Michael D. (25 June 2012). "Sex-abuse crisis is a watershed in the Roman Catholic Church's history in America". The Inquirer. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  104. ^ Honigsbaum, Mark (4 May 2006). "Everywhere I turned, I ran into sexual abuse". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  105. ^ "Accountability, Credibility and Authority" (PDF). Votf.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  106. ^ "Diocese of Orange settles clergy abuse case". Associated Press/Casa Grande Dispatch. 23 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  107. ^ a b c d e "L.A. Archdiocese to settle suits for $660 million: Settlement represents Church's largest payout in sexual abuse scandal". MSNBC. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  108. ^ Wooden, Cindy; Ellie Hidalgo (2007). "L.A. Archdiocese reaches agreement with more than 500 abuse claimants". Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  109. ^ Martinez, Angelica; Karen Kucher (7 September 2007). "San Diego priest abuse claims settled". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  110. ^ Richardson, Valerie (2 July 2008). "Denver Archdiocese Settles 18 Sex-Abuse Cases". The Washington Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  111. ^ a b Smith, Peter (11 June 2003). "Archdiocese to Pay Victims $25.7 Million for Sex Abuse: Louisville Settlement 2nd largest in U.S." The Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  112. ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  113. ^ a b c * Tucson Diocese emerges from Chapter 11 protection
    • "US Church offers abuse settlement". BBC News. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
    • "Iowa Diocese Files For Bankruptcy". CBS News. 10 October 2006.
    • Radio Iowa: Judge throws out Iowa City Regina priest suit Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    • SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Metro – S.D. Catholic diocese files for bankruptcy Archived 5 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
    • "Diocese of Wilmington reluctantly files for bankruptcy". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
    • "Filing Halts Abuse Trial" Archived 2012-07-19 at archive.today, Baltimore Sun. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
    • Urbina, Ian (20 October 2009). "Delaware Diocese Files for Bankruptcy in Wake of Abuse Suits". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
    • Johnson, Annysa; Gores, Paul (4 January 2011). "Archdiocese of Milwaukee files for bankruptcy protection". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  114. ^ "Sex Abuse Crisis: Sex abuse sparks program". Natcath.org. 5 April 2002. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  115. ^ Jenkins, Philip (2001). Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis. OUP USA. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-514597-7.
  116. ^ "What Percentage of Priests Abuse, And Whom Do They Victimize?".
  117. ^ "Abuse in the Catholic Church". Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  118. ^ "The Boston Globe: Challenging the Catholic Church | PBS NewsHour". pbs.org. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  119. ^ "The Clergy Sex Abuse Crisis and the Mourning of American Catholic Innocence – Springer". Pastoral Psychology. 56: 321–339. doi:10.1007/s11089-007-0099-5. S2CID 143230654.
  120. ^ Moghtaderi, Ali (1 February 2017). "Child Abuse Scandal Publicity and Catholic School Enrollment: Does the Boston Globe Coverage Matter?*". Social Science Quarterly. 99: 169–184. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12361. ISSN 1540-6237.
  121. ^ Goodstein, Laurie (30 May 2012). "In Milwaukee Post, Cardinal Authorized Paying Abusers". The New York Times.
  122. ^ a b Smith, Peter (11 June 2003). "Archdiocese to Pay Victims $25.7 Million for Sex Abuse: Louisville Settlement 2nd largest in U.S." The Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  123. ^ Gilgoff, Dan (14 September 2003). "A Settlement in Boston: The Archdiocese Agrees to a record $85 Million. Will Others Follow?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  124. ^ "Diocese of Orange settles clergy abuse case". Associated Press/Casa Grande Dispatch. 23 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  125. ^ Langlois, Ed; Robert Pfohman (19 April 2007). "Portland Archdiocese ends bankruptcy with $75 million settlement". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  126. ^ Wooden, Cindy; Ellie Hidalgo (2007). "L.A. Archdiocese reaches agreement with more than 500 abuse claimants". Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  127. ^ a b "L.A. Archdiocese to settle suits for $660 million: Settlement represents Church's largest payout in sexual abuse scandal". MSNBC. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  128. ^ Minnesota Public Radio (23 September 2013). "Archdiocese knew of priest's sexual misbehavior yet kept him in ministry". Minnesota Public Radio News.
  129. ^ Stewart, Emily. "High-ranking US cardinal resigns from Catholic Church amid sexual abuse allegations". Vox. MSN. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  130. ^ Elisabetta Povoledo and Sharon Otterman, Cardinal Theodore McCarrick Resigns Amid Sexual Abuse Scandal, New York Times 28 July 2018
  131. ^ "'Wasted our lives': Catholic sex abuse scandals again prompt a crisis of faith", The Washington Post, 19 August 2018
  132. ^ a b Predator Priests: The Catholic Church reels from yet another abuse crisis Archived 6 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, WNG News, 17 August 2018
  133. ^ Slevin, Colleen (20 January 2023). "Man sues Denver archdiocese over abuse by convicted priest". Religion News Service. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  134. ^ "A Report on the Crisis in the Catholic Church in the United States". USCCB. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  135. ^ Lauer, Claudia & Hoyer, Meghan "Hundreds of Accused Priests, Clergy Members Have Been Left Off Catholic Church's Sex Abuse Lists". Time.
  136. ^ Ruderman, Wendy (29 December 2019). "'Absolutely disgusting': Catholics in Philadelphia react to the latest child sex-abuse scandal". inquirer.com.
  137. ^ "Hundreds of accused clergy left off church's sex abuse lists". Los Angeles Times. 29 December 2019.
  138. ^ "Dozens of Catholic Priests Credibly Accused of Abuse Found Work Abroad, Some With the Church's Blessing". ProPublica. 6 March 2020.
  139. ^ Horowitz, Jason (10 November 2020). "Vatican Report Places Blame for McCarrick's Ascent on John Paul II". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  140. ^ "Popes knew of allegations against ex-Cardinal McCarrick, report finds". NBC News. 10 November 2020.
  141. ^ "La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación confirmó la condena de 15 años de prisión contra Julio César Grassi" (in Spanish). Judicial Information Center. March 2017.
  142. ^ "Argentina prelate says clerical abuse crisis 'just beginning' in pope's country - CatholicCitizens.org". catholiccitizens.org. 18 August 2019.
  143. ^ a b c Inés San Martín (17 August 2019). "Argentina prelate says clerical abuse crisis 'just beginning' in pope's country". Cruxnow.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  144. ^ CALATRAVA, ALMUDENA (9 March 2021). "Argentine court clears former priest in sexual abuse case". news.yahoo.com. AP. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  145. ^ Flores, Paola (20 May 2023). "Bolivian Catholic priest accused of abusing seminary students". AP News. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  146. ^ Valdez, Carlos (23 May 2023). "Pope sends Vatican official to Bolivia as abuse allegations escalate". AP News. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  147. ^ "Pope apologizes to sex abuse victims, defends accused Chilean bishop". Catholic News. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  148. ^ Briggs, Ken (23 January 2018). "Chile controversy contrasts with image of Pope Francis as a leveler". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  149. ^ Poblete, Jorge; McDonnell, Patrick J. (11 June 2018). "Pope accepts resignations of three Chilean bishops tied to Catholic Church's sexual abuse scandal". Los Angeles Times.
  150. ^ "Pope Francis' Letter to the Bishops of Chile, Following Archbishop Scicluna's Report". Zenit. 12 April 2018.
  151. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (18 May 2018). "All Chilean bishops offer their resignation over sexual abuse cover-up". The Guardian.
  152. ^ O'Connell, Gerard (30 April 2018). "Chilean abuse victims praise personal meetings with Pope Francis". America. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  153. ^ "Rinunce e nomine, 11.06.2018" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  154. ^ "Rinunce e nomine, 28.06.2018" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  155. ^ "Rinunce e nomine, 21.09.2018" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  156. ^ "Comunicado de la Oficina de Prensa de la Santa Sede, 29.09.2018" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  157. ^ "Pope Francis laicizes two Chilean Bishops". Vatican News. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  158. ^ San Martín, Inés (23 March 2019). "Pope accepts resignation of Chilean cardinal facing abuse cover-up probe". Crux. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  159. ^ Cristopher Ulloa (21 August 2019). "Chilean nunciature begins investigation against Archbishop Bernardino Piñera for alleged sexual abuse". cnnespanol.cnn.com – via Google Translate.
  160. ^ "Justicia australiana rechaza apelación del cardenal Pell a su condena por pederastia" [Australian Justice rejects Cardinal Pell's appeal of his conviction for pedophilia] (in Spanish). 21 August 2019.
  161. ^ "Chilean priest who is uncle of president probed in alleged child sex abuse". WSAU. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019.
  162. ^ "La lista que escondía la Iglesia de Medellín: los curas denunciados por pederastia y abuso sexual". Connectas.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  163. ^ "Meet two women who uncovered clergy sex abuse in Colombia". France24.com. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  164. ^ "La Iglesia católica de Colombia suspende a 19 sacerdotes por abuso sexual". 4 April 2020.
  165. ^ "T-091-20 Corte Constitucional de Colombia". www.corteconstitucional.gov.co. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  166. ^ "Los 33 momentos de la batalla jurídica por el archivo secreto de la Iglesia católica". 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  167. ^ "American ex-priest in East Timor found guilty of sex abuse". NBC News. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  168. ^ Lingsma, Tjitske (28 September 2022). "Sexual abuse of children by Nobel Peace Prize winner Bishop Belo in Timor-Leste". De Groene Amsterdammer.
  169. ^ "Kerala church priest, accused of raping nine-year-old, arrested". indiatoday.intoday.in. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  170. ^ "Priest Charged with Raping Minor". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  171. ^ "Why has South India's Catholic Church re-inducted a convicted child molester priest?". Thenewsminute.com. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  172. ^ "In Ooty, A Lawsuit From US Over Priest Convicted of Child Sex Abuse". Ndtv.com. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  173. ^ "Ooty diocese shelters priest facing sexual abuse charges". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  174. ^ "Priest accused of child abuse in US is in Ooty diocese". Indianexpress.com. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  175. ^ "Indian bishop lifts convicted priest's suspension". Ucanews.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  176. ^ "Kerala priest held for rape of minor who gave birth". Indianexpress.com. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  177. ^ Shehab Khan (March 2017). "Church blames 'consumerism' and 'temptations of body' after Catholic priest 'rapes 15-year-old girl'". The Independent. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  178. ^ "Kerala priest Fr. Robin gets 20 years in jail for raping, impregnating minor girl". TheNewsMinute.com. 16 February 2019.
  179. ^ PTI (21 September 2018). "Kerala Catholic bishop arrested over nun's rape". @businessline. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  180. ^ "Franco Mulakkal: Pope accepts resignation of bishop accused of rape". BBC News. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  181. ^ Catholic Church to probe Singapore-born author's sex abuse claims, Straits Times, 10 July 2013.
  182. ^ "Member of Catholic order in S'pore who committed sex acts on two teenage boys jailed 5 years". The Straits Times. 5 May 2022.
  183. ^ "Police issue advisory to man for not reporting sex crime by S'pore Catholic order member". The Straits Times. 7 May 2022.
  184. ^ "betroffen.at".
  185. ^ Schwärzler, Philipp (24 November 2010). "Abused, Ignored, Slandered: Victims of Church-related Violence" (PDF). Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  186. ^ Castle, Stephen (25 June 2010). "Belgian Catholic Church Offices Raided in Abuse Inquiry". The New York Times.
  187. ^ "Vatican 'indignant' over Belgium police raids". BBC News Online. BBC. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  188. ^ "Belgian church abuse raids ruled illegal". BBC News Online. BBC. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  189. ^ "Vjesnik on-line – Crna kronika". 2 April 2003. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003.
  190. ^ "Kratke vijesti". Vijesti.hrt.hr. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  191. ^ Novi list/tportal.hr (4 January 2011). "Prvi hrvatski svećenik pedofil koji ide u zatvor – tportal.hr /vijesti/". Tportal.hr. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  192. ^ "Uzdizanje ranjene Crkve na Rabu | Reportaža | Glas Koncila |1.5.2005. | 18 (1610)". Archived from the original on 27 October 2007.
  193. ^ "Zadarski svećenik optužen za pedofiliju: Crkva ga je kaznila, ali zakon ne može!". Dnevnik.hr.
  194. ^ "Prvi svećenik kojega je osudila crkva 'Don Nedjeljko Ivanov činio je djela pedofilije'". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 21 February 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  195. ^ Godeč, Željka (6 March 2014). "Ispovijest žrtve pedofila 'Don Nedjeljko silovao je i trojicu svećenika dok su oni bili dječaci'". Jutarnji list. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  196. ^ a b Winfield, Nicole (6 March 2020). "Pope lets French cardinal embroiled in abuse cover-up resign". Crux. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  197. ^ Povoledo, Elisabetta; Breeden, Aurelien (19 March 2019). "Pope Rejects Resignation of French Cardinal Convicted of Abuse Cover-Up". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  198. ^ Mongaillar, Vincent (19 March 2019). "Retrait de Mgr Barbarin: son remplaçant, Yves Baumgarten, a été percepteur des impôts" [Withdrawal of Bishop Barbarin: his successor, Yves Baumgarten, was a tax collector]. Le Parisien (in French). Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  199. ^ "Le pape François refuse la démission du cardinal Barbarin". Le Monde (in French). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  200. ^ "France: Card. Barbarin sentenced to six months suspended sentence – Vatican News". vaticannews.va. 7 March 2019.
  201. ^ Angela Charlton (5 July 2019). "French priest stripped of clergy status for abusing Scouts". Cruxnow.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  202. ^ a b c "Paedophile French priest says Church 'could have helped' him". France 24. 15 January 2020.
  203. ^ a b "French priest faces sex abuse accusers in court". BBC News. 14 January 2020.
  204. ^ a b c "Cardinal 'promoted priest' despite sex abuse conviction - The Local". Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
  205. ^ "French bishops approve payouts for sex abuse victims". France 24. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  206. ^ Thomas, Leigh (9 November 2019). "French Bishops Back Payments to Sex Abuse Victims". The New York Times. Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019.
  207. ^ "French priest gets 5-yr jail term for sex assault of boy scouts". France 24. 16 March 2020.
  208. ^ "French hotline for Church sex abuse received 6,500 calls within in 17 months". Deccan Herald. 11 November 2020.
  209. ^ "Archbishop Ventura sentenced to eight months' probation". Vatican News. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  210. ^ "Sexual Violence in the Catholic Church France 1950 – 2020" (PDF). Commission indépendante sur les abus sexuels dans l'Eglise. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  211. ^ "More than 330K Children Sexually Abused by French Catholic Church Clergy and Lay Ministers - October 5, 2021". Daily News Brief. 5 October 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  212. ^ "Some 3,000 paedophiles in French Catholic Church since 1950: probe". France24. 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  213. ^ "About 333,000 children were abused within France's Catholic Church, a report finds". npr.org. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  214. ^ "The numbers: France's report on church sex abuse of children", AP News, 5 October 2021
  215. ^ Kate Connolly (25 September 2018). "'Shocking' sexual abuse of children by German clergy detailed in report". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  216. ^ a b c d e Germany: Over 1,400 youths accuse Catholic religious orders of sexual abuse
  217. ^ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". www.zeit.de (in German). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  218. ^ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". www.zeit.de (in German). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  219. ^ "Pope: Irish clergy child sex abuse a 'mystery'". The New Zealand Herald. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  220. ^ "Bishops accused in college sex row". Independent.ie. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012.
  221. ^ Irish News. "Fr Brendan Smyth". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  222. ^ a b "Sexual Abuse and the Irish Church: Crisis and Responses". escholarship.bc.edu. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011.
  223. ^ a b Ardghail, Aoife Nic; Hoban, Brion (19 December 2018). "Former 'singing' priest Tony Walsh jailed for 3½ years over indecent assault". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  224. ^ a b McGarry, Patsy (11 December 2010). "Cruel crimes of the singing priest". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  225. ^ "Timeline: 85 priests were accused of abuse". bbc.co.uk. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  226. ^ "Timeline: National Board for Safeguarding Children". safeguarding.ie. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  227. ^ Fahey, Seán. "List of 80+ Irish paedophile priests published online". Buzz.ie. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  228. ^ "Call to name and shame abusive clergy". irishexaminer.com. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  229. ^ a b c d e O'Donoghue, Paul (15 May 2020). "Scouting Ireland abuse: a damning verdict, but there is more to be found". The Times. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  230. ^ Provera, Emanuela (2018). Giustizia divina [Divine Justice] (in Italian). Milano: Chiarelettere. ISBN 978-88-6190-935-9. OCLC 1090182012.
  231. ^ Armellini, Alvise; Klimkeit, Lena (14 October 2018). "Is Italy's Catholic Church in denial on clergy sex abuse scandals?". dpa International.
  232. ^ "Code of Canon Law - Book II - The People of God - Part II. (Cann. 368-430)". The Vatican. 401 §2. A diocesan bishop who has become less able to fulfill his office because of ill health or some other grave cause is earnestly requested to present his resignation from office.
  233. ^ "Norwegian bishop who resigned in 2009 was abuser". Reuters. 7 April 2010.
  234. ^ Jan Cienski (11 October 2013). "Polish Catholic Church rocked by sex abuse scandal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2014. The Church faces compensation claims from victims, the first of which is now in the Polish courts. While the Church is resisting demands to pay out, the claims underline the erosion of deference once afforded to the institution.
  235. ^ Matthew Day (11 July 2014). "Polish Catholics in decline". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2014. But Poland's Catholic Church has endured a torrid tame of late. A succession of child sex abuse scandals, and the Church's apparently clumsy response to the scandals, have shredded its once revered reputation, and put it on the defensive.
  236. ^ "Marcin Przeciszewski: pedofilia w Kościele ma charakter marginalny – Wiadomości". wiadomosci.onet.pl. 7 October 2013.
  237. ^ "Bp Dydycz w liście do wiernych o pedofilii i tajemnicy spowiedzi. 'Nie można naciskać na duchownych'". wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. November 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  238. ^ a b c "Polish bishop apologizes to victims of clergy sex abuse | Tulsa's 24-Hour News, Weather and Traffic". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  239. ^ "Victims group in Poland maps 255 sex abuse cases by priests". News24. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  240. ^ a b Joanna Berendt (14 March 2019). "Catholic Church in Poland Releases Study on Sexual Abuse by Priests". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  241. ^ a b c "Documentary about pedophile priests shakes up Poland - the Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  242. ^ a b Cienski, Jan (13 May 2019). "Poland's church sex abuse scandal becomes political". POLITICO.
  243. ^ "Poland airs tougher sex abuse penalties amid church crisis". AP NEWS. 14 May 2019.
  244. ^ "Polish lawmaker panned for excusing priest who abused girls". Cruxnow.com. Associated Press. 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  245. ^ "Pope moves against Polish bishop accused of hiding predators". Toronto City News. Associated Press. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  246. ^ "Rinunce e nomine, 17.10.2020" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  247. ^ a b Winfield, Nicole; Gera, Vanessa (12 August 2021). "Pope cleans house in Poland after abuse, cover-up scandal". AP NEWS. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  248. ^ a b Goclowski, Marcin (21 February 2019). "Statue of Polish Solidarity priest accused of paedophilia removed". Reuters – via uk.reuters.com.
  249. ^ "Vatican imposes disciplinary measures on 97-year-old Polish cardinal". Catholic News Agency.
  250. ^ a b "UPDATE: Banned Polish cardinal unconscious in hospital". 6 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020.
  251. ^ Mares, Courtney (16 November 2020). "Cardinal Gulbinowicz dies ten days after Vatican sanctions". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  252. ^ Catarino, Manuel (20 May 2006). "Os pecados mortais do padre Frederico". Correio da Manha (Arch. in WayBack Machine). Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  253. ^ Soares, Ricardo (9 April 2014). "Terceiro escândalo sexual na Igreja da Madeira". Tribuna da Madeira (Arch. in WayBack Machine). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  254. ^ Martins, Rosario (25 May 2015). "O escândalo que abalou a Igreja na Madeira". Funchal Notícias (in Portuguese).
  255. ^ Araújo, Amtónio (9 September 2023). "Padre Frederico: coisas que não se entendem". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  256. ^ Ferreira, Roberto (13 March 2016). "O silêncio ensurdecedor da Igreja do Funchal". Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  257. ^ "Catholic clergy in Portugal sexually abused nearly 5,000 children since 1950, inquiry finds". France 24. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  258. ^ "Comissão Independente para o Estudo dos Abusos Sexuais de Crianças na Igreja Católica Portuguesa - Relatório Final" (PDF). Trust in News. February 2023.
  259. ^ "Three months on, a cardinal is banished but his church is still in denial". The Guardian. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  260. ^ a b Bowcott, Owen (10 November 2020). "Child sexual abuse in Catholic church was 'swept under the carpet', inquiry finds". The Guardian.
  261. ^ Catholic Church abuse: Cardinal Vincent Nichols criticised over leadership BBC
  262. ^ Henry McDonald (14 January 2014). "Sisters of Nazareth become second Catholic order to admit to child abuse". The Guardian.
  263. ^ "Rubane House 'like Hell upon Earth' for 69-year-old branded a liar for reporting his abuse as boy". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk.
  264. ^ "'Catalogue of failures' over Kincora abuse". Rte.ie. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  265. ^ "'No credible evidence' of paedophile ring at Kincora Boys' Home". Itv.com. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  266. ^ "'Widespread abuse' in children's homes". Bbc.com. 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  267. ^ McDonald, Henry (20 January 2017). "Northern Ireland child abuse inquiry singles out police and church". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  268. ^ a b Pope John Paul II (22 November 2001). "Ecclesia in Oceania". Apostolic exhortation. Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  269. ^ "Black Collar Crime in Australia". Broken Rites. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  270. ^ "Australian Catholic church has paid $276m to abuse victims so far, inquiry shows". Guardian Australia. Australian Associated Press. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  271. ^ Perper, Rosie. "George Pell, a former advisor to Pope Francis and Australia's most senior Catholic cleric, knew about child sex abuse within the Catholic Church for decades, report alleges". Business Insider.
  272. ^ "'Shocking' scale of Catholic Church sex crimes revealed". aljazeera.com.
  273. ^ "Case Study 50: Institutional review of Catholic Church authorities". Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 6 February 2017.
  274. ^ Totaro, Paola; Gibson, Joel (21 July 2008). "Pope meets abuse victims". The Sydney Morning Herald. AAP.
  275. ^ a b Eoin Blackwell, 7 Percent Of All Catholic Priests Were Alleged Sex Abuse Perpetrators: Royal Commission, Huffington Post, 2 June 2017
  276. ^ a b c Neuman, Scott (15 December 2017). "Catholic Church Singled Out in Australian Sex Abuse Report". Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  277. ^ Williams, Jecqueline (14 December 2017). "Australia and Catholic Church 'Failed' Abused Children, Inquiry Finds". The New York Times.
  278. ^ Royal Commission: Analysis of Claims of Child Sexual Abuse Made With Respect to Catholic Church Institutions in Australia Archived 31 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine; June 2017
  279. ^ "Towards Healing". Professional Standards Office. Australian Catholic Bishops Conference. 1996. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  280. ^ "Amber Louise's story". Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sex Abuse. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  281. ^ "Australian Catholic Church releases standards for child protection". National Catholic Reporter. 3 June 2019.
  282. ^ "'Burn in hell': Former priest Vincent Ryan to go back behind bars". 7NEWS.com.au. 22 May 2019.
  283. ^ a b "Queensland passes law to jail priests who don't report child sexual abuse confessions". ABC News. 8 September 2020.
  284. ^ "Queensland to force priests to report child sexual abuse - Criminal Law - Australia". www.mondaq.com.
  285. ^ Gramenez, Emile (20 October 2020). "Sex abuse royal commission finds Catholic church failed to act against Brisbane brother over abuse complaints". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  286. ^ "Commission Report Vol 3 Ch. 7". The Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  287. ^ "Commission Report Vol 3 Ch. 9". The Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  288. ^ "This week they said". The Irish Times. 23 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  289. ^ Suing the Pope BBC News
  290. ^ Shamed by child abuse, Ireland to reform services Reuters, 26 May 2009
  291. ^ "Irish Church Abusers Should Face Law, McAleese Says", Bloomberg, 30 May 2009
  292. ^ a b "Report by Commission of Investigation into Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin".
  293. ^ "Catholic Church in Ireland given immunity for child sexual abuse cover-up, report says". The Daily Telegraph. London. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  294. ^ "Pope Francis pressured by U.N. committee to act on priest sex abuse cases", AP via New York Daily News, 5 February 2014.
  295. ^ a b Winfield, Nicole, "Pope Francis under pressure to act on abuse after UN committee accuses Vatican of complicity" Archived 8 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, AP via Montreal Gazette, 6 February 2014.
  296. ^ a b "Scathing UN report demands Vatican act against child sex abuse", Reuters via Euronews, 5 February 2014.
  297. ^ Vallely, Paul, "Vatican Missteps and U.N. Blunders", The New York Times, 11 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  298. ^ a b "The Boston Globe / Spotlight / Abuse in the Catholic Church / Scandal and coverup". boston.com.
  299. ^ Gilgoff, Dan (14 September 2003). "A Settlement in Boston: The Archdiocese Agrees to a record $85 Million. Will Others Follow?". U, S, News & World Report. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  300. ^ Langlois, Ed; Robert Pfohman (19 April 2007). "Portland Archdiocese ends bankruptcy with $75 million settlement". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  301. ^ Richardson, Valerie (2 July 2008). "Denver Archdiocese Settles 18 Sex-Abuse Cases". The Washington Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  302. ^ Cozzens, Donald B. (2000). The changing face of the priesthood: A reflection on the priest's crisis of soul. Liturgical Press. p. 125.
  303. ^ "The Catholic Church has spent $615 million on sexual abuse cases in 2007". www.dhadm.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011.
  304. ^ a b Reese, Thomas J. (22 March 2004). "Facts, Myths and Questions". America. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  305. ^ "Letters: Catholic bishops warned in '50s of abusive priests - USATODAY.com". USA Today.
  306. ^ "Crimen_Sollicitationis". advancedchristianity.com.
  307. ^ United Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2006 Report: Findings and Recommendations (Washington: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2007) p. 16.
  308. ^ Saul, Josh (8 January 2020). "Catholic Church Shields $2 Billion in Assets to Limit Abuse Payouts". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  309. ^ Newman, Andy (31 August 2006). "A Choice for New York Priests in Abuse Cases". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  310. ^ Kristen Lombardi. "Cardinal sin". bostonphoenix.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015.
  311. ^ O'Malley, Seán P. (19 April 2006). "Financial Disclosure of the Archdiocese of Boston Regarding Sexual Abuse Settlements And Related Costs". Annual Reports. Archdiocese of Boston.
  312. ^ "Bishop who resigned because of sex abuse dies". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  313. ^ Doctors and Sexual Abuse - investigation by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
  314. ^ License to Betray (Think! Podcast from KERA)
  315. ^ a b c PROFITA, HILLARY (2006). "Has Media Ignored Sex Abuse in School?". CBS NEWS.
  316. ^ a b "Catholic Priest Sex Abuse Scandals: How the Media Shapes the Public Perception of Child Abuse in the Catholic Church". JurisMagazine. Duquesne University School of Law. 16 March 2019.
  317. ^ Billie-Jo Grant; Stephanie B. Wilkerson; deKoven Pelton; Anne Cosby; Molly Henschel (15 September 2017). "A Case Study of K–12 School Employee Sexual Misconduct: Lessons Learned from Title IX Policy Implementation" (PDF). Magnolia Consulting, LLC.
  318. ^ Western People, 2 Nov. 2005 Archived 9 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  319. ^ a b c Riazat Butt (11 March 2010). "Archbishop links priestly celibacy and Catholic sex abuse scandals". The Guardian.
  320. ^ "Priests Commit No More Abuse Than Other Males". newsweek.com. 8 April 2010.
  321. ^ Jenkins, Philip (3 March 2002). "Forum: The myth of the 'pedophile priest'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
  322. ^ Livni, Ephrat. (15 August 2018).The Catholic Church’s seven-point system for covering up abuse. Quartz (publication).
  323. ^ Paul Kennedy (30 June 2017). "George Pell's charging and what it means for the Catholic Church in Australia". ABC News. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  324. ^ John Jay College of Criminal Justice. The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deaconsin the United States: 4.3 Characteristics of children who alleged sexual abuse by Catholic priests. p. 69
  325. ^ Plante, Thomas. "A Perspective on Clergy Sexual Abuse". Online at: http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/plante.html (Accessed 25 August 2014).
  326. ^ Engel, Randy. "The Rite of Sodomy : Homosexuality and the Roman Catholic Church" (2006)
  327. ^ Donohue, William (2010). "Catholic Church's issue is homosexuality, not pedophilia". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
  328. ^ a b "New Catholic Sex Abuse Findings: Gay Priests Are Not the Problem". 18 November 2009. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  329. ^ Groth AN, Birnbaum HJ (May 1978). "Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 7 (3): 175–81. doi:10.1007/BF01542377. PMID 666571. S2CID 11477434. There were no examples of regression to child victims among peer-oriented, homosexual males. Pedophiles who are attracted to young boys tend not to be attracted to adult men. And many child molesters cannot be characterized as having an adult sexual orientation at all; they are fixated on children.
  330. ^ a b John Jay College of Criminal Justice (2011), The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950–2010 (PDF), United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, ISBN 978-1-60137-201-7, retrieved 1 June 2023
  331. ^ Goodstein, Laurie (17 May 2011). "Church Report Cites Social Tumult in Priest Scandals". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2012. If anything, the report says, the abuse decreased as more gay priests began serving the church.
  332. ^ a b Steinfels, A People Adrift (2003). pp. 40–6
  333. ^ Filteau, Jerry (2004). "Report says clergy sexual abuse brought 'smoke of Satan' into church". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 26 June 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  334. ^ Terry, Karen; et al. (2004). The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priests and Deacons. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from the original on 25 April 2005.
  335. ^ "Full text of Benedict XVI essay: 'The Church and the scandal of sexual abuse'". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  336. ^ Blanchard, R.; Lykins, A. D.; Wherrett, D.; Kuban, M. E.; Cantor, J. M.; Blak, T.; Dickey, R.; Klassen, P. E. (2008). "Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (3): 335–350. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9. PMID 18686026. S2CID 14957904.
  337. ^ Krafft-Ebing, R.; Moll, A. (1924). Psychopathia sexualis. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke.
  338. ^ Cimbolic & Cartor (2006). Looking at ephebophilia through the lens of priest sexual abuse. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 13(4), 347–359.
  339. ^ a b Cartor, Cimbolic & Tallon (2008). Differentiating Pedophilia from Ephebophilia in Cleric Offenders. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, Volume 15, Issue 4, pages 311 – 319.
  340. ^ a b Miles, Vincent J. (2012) Boys of the Cloth: The Accidental Role of Church Reforms in Causing and Curbing Abuse by Priests. Lanham, Maryland: Hamilton Books.
  341. ^ David Barrett; Nick Squires (13 July 2014). "Pope Francis says about 8,000 pedophiles are members of Catholic clergy, including bishops and cardinals". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  342. ^ Lachlan Williams (14 July 2014). "Pope says two percent of priests are pedophiles: report". ninemsn. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  343. ^ "Pope says about two percent of priests are pedophiles: paper". news.msn.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  344. ^ "Catholic Priests in India 'Outsourced' to Meet Clergy Shortage in West – 2004-06-11". Archived from the original on 14 January 2011.
  345. ^ George Weigel on the Church Crisis in U.S catholiceducation.org
  346. ^ "Down For Maintenance". Archived from the original on 22 May 2007.
  347. ^ Silk, Mark (25 May 2011). "'Woodstock defense' of abuse doesn't hold water". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  348. ^ Zoll, Rachel (18 May 2011). "Study: Gays Not to Blame for Pedophile Priests". The Edge/Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2012. the problem was largely the result of poor seminary training and insufficient emotional support for men ordained in the 1940s and 1950s, who were not able to withstand the social upheaval they confronted as pastors in the 1960s.
  349. ^ Myra L. Hidalgo (2007). Sexual Abuse and the Culture of Catholicism: How Priests and Nuns Become Perpetrators. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7890-2955-3.
  350. ^ Chibnall, J.T., Wolf, A. & Duckro, P.N. (1998). A National Survey of the Sexual Trauma Experiences of Catholic Nuns. Review of Religious Research Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 142–167 JSTOR 3512299
  351. ^ Markham, D. J. (2002). Some facts about women religious and child abuse. Covenant, September, 3
  352. ^ a b c d e f "SCU Conference on the Crisis". Connections. 4 (4). December 2003. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
  353. ^ "Google Translate". Google News. 26 March 2019.
  354. ^ a b Cindy Wooden (26 March 2019). "Pope amends canon law on religious who abandon their community". Crux. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019.
  355. ^ Renato Martinez (10 April 2019). "Mons. Rodríguez: 'Communis vita, don y responsabilidad para la vida religiosa'". Vatican News (in Spanish).
  356. ^ a b "CNS STORY: Irish religious orders agree to boost compensation for abuse victims". catholicnews.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009.
  357. ^ a b "Archbishop slams Irish Catholic orders over abuse". guardian.co.uk. 9 December 2015.
  358. ^ McDonald, Henry (13 September 2010). "Vatican inquiry into Irish paedophile priests to meet victim groups". The Guardian. London.
  359. ^ "Philippines Church apologises for sex abuse". BBC News. 8 July 2002. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  360. ^ "Gabriela calls on Butuan Bishop to stop coddling priest charged with rape of minor". Bulatlat.com. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  361. ^ "Butuan bishop urged to act on rape case vs priest". philstar.com. 29 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  362. ^ a b "Response from Dioceses and Religious Communities" (PDF). Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  363. ^ James T. O'Reilly, Margaret S. P. Chalmers: The Clergy Sex Abuse Crisis and the Legal Responses, Oxford University Press, 2014 ISBN 0199937931, 9780199937936 p. 291
  364. ^ a b c "Media Talk: Warnings of Sexual Abuse in the 1950s". Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  365. ^ Frawley-ODea, Perversion of Power: Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church (2007), p. 4
  366. ^ Barry, Ellen (3 April 2002), Priest treatment unfolds in costly, secretive world, retrieved 4 January 2009
  367. ^ Isley, Paul J. (March 1997). "Child sexual abuse and the Catholic church: An historical and contemporary review". Pastoral Psychology. 45 (4). Springer Netherlands: 277–299. doi:10.1007/BF02282657. S2CID 144414593.
  368. ^ a b "Insider's Guide to the Catholic Bishops' Conference - Beliefnet.com". beliefnet.com. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  369. ^ a b c d United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2005). "Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  370. ^ "Special Reports: Catholic Bishops and Sex Abuse". Dallas News. Archived from the original on 12 February 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  371. ^ Catholic News Service (19 December 2008 – 1 January 2009). We dare not become complacent on abuse, says U.S. bishops' new child protection head. Florida Catholic.
  372. ^ a b John Jay College of Criminal Justice (2011), The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950–2010 (PDF), United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, p. 38, ISBN 978-1-60137-201-7, retrieved 1 June 2023
  373. ^ John Jay College of Criminal Justice (2011), The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950–2010 (PDF), United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, p. 47, ISBN 978-1-60137-201-7, retrieved 1 June 2023
  374. ^ John Jay College of Criminal Justice (2011), The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950–2010 (PDF), United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, p. 46, ISBN 978-1-60137-201-7, retrieved 1 June 2023
  375. ^ a b c d Gallagher, Delia. "Vatican Study on Sex Abuse". Zenit. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012.
  376. ^ Mark M. Gray, P. M. Perl. (2006). "'Catholic Reaction to the News of Sexual Abuse Cases Involving Catholic Clergy'" Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine (CARA April 2006 Working Paper 8). Washington, DC: CARA Georgetown University. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  377. ^ Five Years Later: Many Catholics Lack Awareness of Steps Taken by the Church to Deal with and Prevent Abuse Archived 16 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, Georgetown University Wednesday, 16 May 2007
  378. ^ "Fr. Marcial, Founder of Legionaries of Christ, Fathered Child, Lived Double Life?". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.
  379. ^ Mexico City, Mexico, 4 March 2010 / 06:56 pm (CNA/EWTN News). The Legionaries of Christ released two statements today responding to the dramatic revelations by a woman and her three sons who claim to be the wife and children of Fr. Marcial Maciel.
  380. ^ "Pope Rewrites Epitaph for Legion of Christ Founder". ipsnews.net. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010.
  381. ^ "CNS STORY: Vatican orders apostolic visitation of Legionaries of Christ". catholicnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009.
  382. ^ "Apostolic visit to Legionaries of Christ to begin July 15 :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 7 September 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  383. ^ a b "America". 22 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  384. ^ "Scandals in the church: The Bishops' Decisions; The Bishops' Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". The New York Times. 15 June 2002. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  385. ^ "The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States". USCCB. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  386. ^ World doesn't share US view of scandal
  387. ^ Pope Francis (9 May 2019). "Apostolic Letter in the form of "Motu Proprio": "Vos estis lux mund"". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  388. ^ a b Telegraph, The Catholic (28 May 2023). "President of U.S. Bishops' Conference Issues Statement on Pope Francis's Motu Proprio Ordering Worldwide Response to the Evil of Sexual Abuse".
  389. ^ "Pope Francis issues groundbreaking law requiring priests, nuns to report sex abuse, cover-up". NBC News. 9 May 2019.
  390. ^ "Pope Francis issues broad new Vatican law on reporting of sexual abuse and cover-up". cbsnews.com. 9 May 2019.
  391. ^ Brockhaus, Hannah. "Pope Francis issues norms for reports of abuse of minors, seminarians, and religious". Catholic News Agency.
  392. ^ Tornielli, Andrea (9 May 2019). "New norms for the whole Church against those who abuse or cover up – Vatican News". vaticannews.va. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  393. ^ Martens, Kurt (10 May 2019). "Pope Francis' new sex abuse rules are a revolution for the Catholic Church". America. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  394. ^ a b c "Contribution of H.E. Msgr. Juan Ignacio Arrieta, secretary of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts, and Professor Giuseppe Dalla Torre, former president of the Vatican City State Tribunal on the publication of the Rescript of the Holy Father Francis on the confidentiality of legal proceedings". press.vatican.va.
  395. ^ "Interview of the editorial director, Andrea Tornielli, with Archbishop Charles Scicluna, adjunct secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the occasion of the publication of the Rescript of the Holy Father Francis concerning the Instruction on the Confidentiality of Legal Proceedings". press.vatican.va.
  396. ^ "CIC 1917: text – IntraText CT". intratext.com.
  397. ^ "18. «Fidelis vero, qui scienter omiserit eum, a quo sollicitatus fuerit, intra mensem denuntiare contra praescriptum (suprarelati) Canonis 904, incurrit in excommunicationem latae sententiae nemini reservatam, non-absolvendus nisi postquam obligationi satisfecerit aut se satisfacturum serio promiserit»"
  398. ^ "Code_of_Canon_Law,_Book_VI_Part_II:_Penalties_for_Particular_Offenses#TITLE_V:_OFFENSES_AGAINST_SPECIAL_OBLIGATIONS". Vatican. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  399. ^ "De delictis gravioribus" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis. 93: 785–788. 2001.
  400. ^ a b Ratzinger, Joseph & Bertone, Tarcisio. "Letter Explains New Norms for Vatican Handling of Certain Grave Offenses". Diocese of Austin. Archived from the original on 29 May 2003.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  401. ^ a b c "Sacramentorum Sanctitatis Tutela". Vatican (in Latin). Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  402. ^ a b c "Promoter of Justice at Doctrine of Faith on Paedophilia". Avvenire. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  403. ^ Mullaney, Michael (2003). "Graviora delicta: The Duty to Report Clerical Sexual Abuse to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith". Irish Theological Quarterly. 68 (3): 292–293. doi:10.1177/002114000306800306. S2CID 159752331.
  404. ^ Allen, John L, Jr. (2010). "Will Ratzinger's past trump Benedict's present?". National Catholic Reporter 46:12. pp9-10.
  405. ^ "Vatican publishes guide to abuse procedures". MercatorNet. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  406. ^ "Guide to Understanding Basic CDF Procedures concerning Sexual Abuse Allegations". Vatican. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  407. ^ "Epistula a Congregatione pro Doctrina Fidei missa ad totius Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopos aloisque Ordinarios et Hierarchas interesse habentes: de delictis gravioribus eidem Congregationi pro Doctrina Fidei reservatis" [The letter sent by the Congregation for Bishops of the Catholic Church aloisque interested ordinaries and hierarchs have the most serious offenses reserved to the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith] (in Latin).
  408. ^ "What has the Catholic Church done to effectively respond to sexual abuse by church personnel?" (PDF). United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  409. ^ Walsh, John Paul II: A Light for the World (2003), p. 62
  410. ^ "William F. McMurry". courtroomlaw.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009.
  411. ^ "Pope seeks immunity in Texas abuse case", Associated Press, 17 August 2005.
  412. ^ "In The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas Houston Division | Suggestion of Immunity Submitted by the United States of America" (PDF). Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  413. ^ "'Nothing Extraordinary'? Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine" in Inside the Vatican (ISSN 1068-8579), January 2006
  414. ^ *"Vatican Issues New Psychological Screening to Weed Out Pedophiles". Associated Press/Fow news. 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
    • "Future priests should undergo psychological screening: Vatican". CBC News. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
    • Hunt, Mary E. (9 December 2005). "American Catholics: Time for a Stonewall Moment". Seattle Gay News, Volume 33, Issue 49. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2012. this document, while purporting to 'clarify' church teaching or 'purify' the priesthood, is really nothing more than an effort to link the criminal activity of pedophile priests with homosexuality, and to distract from the reprehensible behavior of bishops who covered up their misconduct. Mary E. Hunt is a member of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force National Religious Leadership Roundtable and co-director of the Women's Alliance for Theology Ethics and Ritual (WATER)
    • "Vatican Sex Sting: An after-hours office meeting between a young man and a top Roman Catholic official has prompted a fresh inquiry into gay priests. What the investigation could mean for the Holy See". Newsweek. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
    • "Vatican approves gay tests for priests". The Australian. 31 October 2008. Pedophile priest scandals that have hit the Catholic Church in recent years were not the "primary cause" behind the document, [ ... ] the Congregation's secretary, Monsignor Jean-Louis Brugues, told a news conference. But they helped "accelerate" the process and were "certainly a determining factor," he said.
    • Owen, Richard (7 January 2008). "Pope Calls for Continuous Prayer to Rid Priesthood of Paedophilia". The Times. London. Retrieved 17 July 2012. Officials said that the prayers were in addition to support for legal action against paedophile priests by their victims and a code adopted two years ago by the Vatican to try to ensure that men "with deep-seated homosexual tendencies" do not enter seminaries to train for the priesthood.
    • Holusha, John (15 April 2008). "Pope says church is reviewing sexuality of would-be priests". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
    • Witkowski, D'Anne (2 November 2006). "Suffer little children: New documentary exposes pedophilia in Catholic Church". Pride Source. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2012. in the wake of the clergy abuse scandals, the Vatican issued instructions to weed out priests with "deep-seated" homosexual tendencies. (Film review of "Deliver Us from Evil")
    • Gueco, Luverne B. (24 September 2005). "Vatican to Bar Gays, and Even Those with Gay Thoughts, From Priesthood". Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. A10. Retrieved 17 July 2012. The text reflects the view among some Catholics – but disputed by others – that the presence of gay clergy in the Church's ranks was to blame for the string of child abuse scandals.
    • Horowitz, Jason (14 August 2004). "World Briefing: Europe: Austria: Conviction in Seminary Sex Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  415. ^ Pope Benedict XVI (2005). "Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders". Vatican Publishing House. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  416. ^ "Statement From The Board Of Directors and Staff of the National Association of Catholic Diocesan Lesbian and Gay Ministries" Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine 29 November 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
  417. ^ "Most unaware of bishops' responses to clergy sex abuse". National Catholic Reporter. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015.
  418. ^ "Pope apologises for sex abuse". News24. 16 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009.
  419. ^ Barich, Anthony (1 August 2008). "Pope apologises, celebrates Mass with abuse victims". The Record. Australia. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  420. ^ Suzanne Sataline (25 November 2008). "U.S. Court Allows Abuse Case vs. Vatican". WSJ.
  421. ^ Rachel Zoll (17 November 2009). "Report:Homosexuality no factor in abusive priests". USA Today.
  422. ^ Butt, Riazat (28 September 2009). "Sex abuse rife in other religions, says Vatican". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  423. ^ "The Vatican Would Prefer You Refer To Its Molesting Priests as Gay Molesting Priests / Queerty". Queerty.com. 30 September 2009.
  424. ^ a b Gregory M. Herek:Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  425. ^ Michael Lamb, Affidavit – United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2009) Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  426. ^ "Sexual orientation, homosexuality, and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  427. ^ "Vatican goes into damage control mode over abuse". Associated Press. 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011.
  428. ^ "Vatican cardinal blames scandal on gays". UPI. 14 April 2010.
  429. ^ "Vatican Backs Away from No 2's linking of paedophilia with gays". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 April 2010.
  430. ^ "Anti-church campaign seen in scandal stories, Vatican editor says". Catholic Spirit. 12 April 2010.
  431. ^ Brown, Stephen (15 April 2010). "Pope says church must do penance for abuse cases". Reuters.
  432. ^ a b Wynne-Jones, Jonathan. (20 March 2010). "Pope's apology: 'You have suffered grievously and I am truly sorry'". The Daily Telegraph, London. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  433. ^ Pope Benedict XVI. (2010). "Pastoral Letter of the Holy Father Pope Benedict XVI to the Catholics of Ireland", Vatican. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  434. ^ "Pope Benedict: Priest abuse mars legacy" (11 February 2013). CNN. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  435. ^ William Wan (16 July 2010). "Vatican issues new rules on abuse by priests; activists call them inadequate". The Washington Post.
  436. ^ Vatican Tells Bishops to Set Clear Strategy Against Abuse, The New York Times, 16 May 2011
  437. ^ Vatican suggests bishops report abuse to police Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 16 May 2011
  438. ^ Vatican's paedophile guidelines spark fury among sex abuse victims, Belfast Telegraph, 16 May 2011.
  439. ^ Vatican sex abuse guidelines 'leave bishops behind cover-ups in control', The Guardian, 16 May 2011.
  440. ^ "Comunicato della Sala Stampa: Istituzione della Pontificia Commissione per la Tutela dei Minori". Holy See Press Office. 22 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  441. ^ "Pope Francis Defrocks Pedophile Argentine Priest". The Huffington Post. 9 November 2014.
  442. ^ "Pope defrocks Argentine priest on sexual abuse charges". 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  443. ^ Jorge Poblete and Patrick J. McDonnell, Pope accepts resignations of three Chilean bishops tied to Catholic Church's sexual abuse scandal, Los Angeles Times 11 June 2018
  444. ^ Crawford, Jan (20 August 2018). "Pope Francis stops short of offering concrete steps to remove abusive priests". cbsnews.com.
  445. ^ a b "Pope releases new Vatican legislation on abuse : News Headlines". catholicculture.org.
  446. ^ a b c d Tornielli, Andrea (29 March 2019). "State-of-the-art standards for the protection of minors". Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  447. ^ a b "Pope Francis issues sexual abuse reporting laws for Vatican City and Holy See diplomats". cbsnews.com. 29 March 2019.
  448. ^ "Pope Francis issues sexual abuse reporting laws for Vatican City and Holy See diplomats". cbsnews.com. 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  449. ^ "Pope Francis announces new law to protect Vatican City children". UPI.
  450. ^ "Pope Francis demands sex abuse claims be reported in Vatican City". ABC7 Chicago. 29 March 2019.
  451. ^ Marziali, Carl (18 July 2003). Interview with former priest and scandal "fixer" Patrick Wall Archived 21 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine "This American Life."
  452. ^ a b "Pope addresses sex abuse scandal as he starts visit to Britain". CNN. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  453. ^ McVeigh, Karen. (11 February 2013). "Pope Benedict resigns: sex abuse survivors hope move eases prosecution", The Guardian, London. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  454. ^ a b Mary Dispenza (6 February 2014). "Opinion: Pope Francis must finally root out child abuse - CNN.com". CNN.
  455. ^ a b "No excuses for priestly child abuse". The Boston Globe.
  456. ^ Kington, Tom (5 February 2014). "Catholic Church 'systematically' protected abusive priests, U.N. says". Los Angeles Times.
  457. ^ Yallup, David (2009). The Power and the Glory: Inside the Dark Heart of Pope John Paul II's Vatican. Basic Books. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-465-01542-9.
  458. ^ "Thomas Doyle, The 1922 instruction and the 1962 instruction "Crimen sollicitationis" promulgated by the Vatican" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2010.
  459. ^ "Sex Crimes Cover-Up By Vatican?". cbsnews.com. 6 August 2003.
  460. ^ Owen Bowcott (18 August 2003). "Row over Vatican order to conceal priests' sex abuse". The Guardian.
  461. ^ "Signs of the Times". America. September 2003.
  462. ^ Roberts, Tom (20 March 2009). "Bishops were warned of abusive priests". Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  463. ^ a b c "Early Alarm for Church on Abusers in the Clergy" by Laurie Goodstein, The New York Times
  464. ^ Patty Machelor Arizona Daily Star (April 2010). "Moreno struggled to defrock 2 priests". Arizona Daily Star.
  465. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (10 April 2010). "Do Popes Quit?". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  466. ^ "Pope Benedict XVI announces his resignation at end of month". Vatican Radio. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  467. ^ "Philadelphia monsignor found guilty in church child sex abuse case". Reuters. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  468. ^ "Pa. monsignor seeks prison release, plans appeal". USA Today. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  469. ^ "Ex-altar boys testify of sex assaults by priest". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 25 April 2012.
  470. ^ "Monsignor William Lynn gets 3–6 years in Philadelphia church sex abuse cover-up". CBS News. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  471. ^ Richard Dawkins (13 April 2010). "The pope should stand trial". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  472. ^ Horne, Marc (11 April 2010). "Richard Dawkins calls for arrest of Pope Benedict XVI". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  473. ^ Nick Divito (22 April 2010). "Illinois Man Sues Pope, Vatican in Alleged Sex Abuse Case". Courthouse News Service. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  474. ^ Patsy McGarry (23 February 2011). "Charges initiated against Pope for crimes against humanity". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  475. ^ John L. Allen Jr. (28 June 2010). "Kiss-and-make-up session won't end debate on Sodano". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  476. ^ Harold Heckle (18 April 2010). "Cardinal: late pope backed priest-shielding". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  477. ^ Tom Heneghan (17 April 2010). "John Paul backed praise for hiding abuse: Cardinal". Reuters News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  478. ^ Patsy McGarry (17 January 2010). "Vatican edict in 1997 rejected calls to report priests who abused". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  479. ^ Rodrigo Vera (27 December 2019). "Aseguran que excardenal acusado de abuso sobornó a Juan Pablo II y Benedicto XVI" [Alleged that former cardinal accused of abuse bribed John Paul II and Benedict XVI]. Proceso (in Spanish).
  480. ^ Nelson, Jeffrey A. (2009). "Sex Abuse in the American Catholic Church and the Attempt at Redemption". Communication & Theater Association of Minnesota. Summer: 37–51. From a review of The New York Times, January 9 through April 18, 2002.
  481. ^ "The Boston Globe / Spotlight / Abuse in the Catholic Church". Boston.com. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  482. ^ "Walter V. Robinson, Globe Spotlight Team leader, to teach at Northeastern – Local News Updates". Boston.com. 3 August 2006. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  483. ^ Kenny, Colum (January 2009). "Significant Television: Journalism, Sex Abuse and the Catholic Church in Ireland". Irish Communications Review. 11.
  484. ^ "BBC NEWS – Programmes – Panorama – Sex crimes and the Vatican". bbc.co.uk.
  485. ^ "Priests Commit No More Abuse Than Other Males". news.uk.msn.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  486. ^ Jenkins, Philip, The New Anti-Catholicism – the Last Acceptable Prejudice, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 133–57
  487. ^ "Has Media Ignored Sex Abuse in School?". cbsnews.com. 24 August 2006.
  488. ^ "Mis lit: Is this the end for the misery memoir?", The Daily Telegraph 5 March 2008.
  489. ^ Roel Verschueren (7 February 2013). "International sexual abuse literature list". verschueren.at. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  490. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Unquestionable Truth, Pt. 1 – Limp Bizkit". Allmusic. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  491. ^ john neumann (20 March 2012), Tim Minchin – Fuck the motherfuckin Pope 720p Funny as hell (Anti child rape song)
  492. ^ Tim Minchin (16 February 2016), Come Home (Cardinal Pell) – Tim Minchin, archived from the original on 11 December 2021, retrieved 6 March 2016

Further reading

External links