Portal: Historia moderna

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El portal de la historia moderna

La era moderna o el período moderno se considera el período histórico actual de la historia humana . Originalmente se aplicó a la historia de Europa y la historia occidental para los eventos que vinieron después de la Edad Media , a menudo alrededor del año 1500. A partir de la década de 1990, es más común entre los historiadores referirse al período posterior a la Edad Media y hasta el siglo XIX como el período moderno temprano . El período moderno se usa hoy con más frecuencia para los eventos desde el siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. El tiempo desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1945) también puede describirse como parte de la historia contemporánea . La definición común del período moderno hoy en día a menudo se asocia con eventos como la Revolución Francesa , la Revolución Industrial y la transición del nacionalismo hacia el orden internacional liberal .

El período moderno ha sido un período de desarrollo significativo en los campos de la ciencia , la política , la guerra y la tecnología . También ha sido una era de descubrimientos y globalización . Durante este tiempo, las potencias europeas y más tarde sus colonias, fortalecieron su colonización política, económica y cultural del resto del mundo. También creó un nuevo estilo de vida moderno y cambió permanentemente la forma de vida de las personas en todo el mundo.

En el siglo XIX y principios del XX , el arte , la política , la ciencia y la cultura modernistas llegaron a dominar no sólo Europa occidental y América del Norte , sino casi todas las áreas del mundo, incluidos movimientos considerados opuestos al mundo occidental y la globalización . La era moderna está estrechamente asociada con el desarrollo del individualismo , el capitalismo , la urbanización y la creencia en las posibilidades positivas del progreso tecnológico y político . ( Artículo completo... )

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* Luis XII , el Padre del Pueblo 1498-1515, bisnieto de Carlos V de Francia ( Artículo completo... )
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This article covers the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 2 June 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic. The state resulted from a decades-long process, the Risorgimento, of consolidating the different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state. That process was influenced by the Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered Italy's legal predecessor state.

In 1866, Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia and received the region of Veneto following their victory. Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1882, following strong disagreements with France about their respective colonial expansions. Although relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal, due in part to Italy's desire to acquire Trentino and Trieste from Austria-Hungary. As a result, Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allied Powers during World War I, as the western powers promised territorial compensation (at the expense of Austria-Hungary) for participation that was more generous than Vienna's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality. Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations.

In 1922, Benito Mussolini became prime minister of Italy, ushering in an era of National Fascist Party government known as "Fascist Italy". The Italian Fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values, and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church through the Lateran Treaties which created the Vatican City as a rump sovereign replacement for the Papal States. In the late 1930s, the Fascist government began a more aggressive foreign policy. This included war against Ethiopia, launched from Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, which resulted in its annexation; confrontations with the League of Nations, leading to sanctions; growing economic autarky; and the signing of the Pact of Steel. (Full article...)
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A Second Cold War, Cold War II, or the New Cold War has been used to describe heightened geopolitical tensions in the 21st century between usually, on one side, the United States and, on the other, either China or Russia—the successor state of the Soviet Union, which led the Eastern Bloc during the original Cold War.

The terms are sometimes used to describe tensions in multilateral relations. Some commentators have used them as a comparison to the original Cold War, while others have discouraged their use to refer to any ongoing tensions. (Full article...)
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The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR; French: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française (GPRF)) was the provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, following the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon, and lasting until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic. Its establishment marked the official restoration and re-establishment of a provisional French Republic, assuring continuity with the defunct French Third Republic.

It succeeded the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), which had been the provisional government of France in the overseas territories and metropolitan parts of the country (Algeria and Corsica) that had been liberated by the Free French. As the wartime government of France in 1944–1945, its main purposes were to handle the aftermath of the occupation of France and continue to wage war against Germany as one of the major Allies.

Its principal mission (in addition to the war) was to prepare the ground for a new constitutional order that resulted in the Fourth Republic. It also made several important reforms and political decisions, such as granting women the right to vote, founding the École nationale d'administration and laying the grounds of social security in France. (Full article...)
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The New-York Tribune printed this map on 9 November 1919, of the armed conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe in 1919, one year after World War I had ended:
Baltic States War of Independence and Russian Civil War
White Army of Yudenich
North Russia intervention
White Army of Kolchak: Siberia
Denikin: White Army
Petliura: Ukrainian directorate
Polish–Soviet War
Silesia tension between the Poles and Germans.
Romanian occupation of Hungary
Gabriele D'Annunzio seizes Fiume, creates the Italian Regency of Carnaro
Promiscuous fighting in Albania
Turkish War of Independence
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political, military, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous Roaring Twenties, a time of social and economic mobility for the middle class. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio, and more became common among populations in the first world. The era's indulgences were followed by the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies.

Politically, the era coincided with the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, at the end of WWI, and ended with the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany and Italy. China was in the midst of a half-century of instability and the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang the Chinese Communist Party and many warlords. The empires of Britain, France, and others faced challenges as imperialism was increasingly viewed negatively and independence movements emerged in many colonies; in Europe, after protracted low-level fighting most of Ireland became independent.

The Russian, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and German Empires were dismantled, with the Ottoman territories and German colonies redistributed among the Allies, chiefly Britain and France. The western parts of the Russian Empire, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland became independent nations in their own right, and Bessarabia (now Moldova and parts of Ukraine) chose to reunify with Romania. (Full article...)
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In its modern history, Tunisia is a sovereign republic, officially called the Republic of Tunisia. Tunisia has over ten million citizens, almost all of Arab-Berber descent. The Mediterranean Sea is to the north and east, Libya to the southeast, and Algeria to the west. Tunis is the capital and the largest city (over 800,000); it is located near the ancient site of the city of Carthage.

Its first modern leader, President Habib Bourguiba brought to the office hard-won political experience, after many decades of service in the leadership of the independence movement. As the major figure of the Neo-Destour Party, he was instrumental in obtaining full independence for Tunisia in 1956. He dominated the government until his removal in 1987. During his years in office, his accomplishments included: a law reform, economic policies which detoured briefly in a socialist direction, a moderate but steady improvement in standard of living, and a foreign policy which retained an independent approach while maintaining trade and economic connections to the west.

Ben Ali became President of the Republic in 1987, and kept power until he was forced to leave in 2011. His economic policies emphasized a market orientation. His attempt at reapproachment with Islamist groups did not meet expectations. The ruling party was reorganized. Under his leadership Tunisia's economy continued to perform at a pace which yielded a moderate but overall steady rate of growth. (Full article...)
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The modern history of Yemen began with the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire. In 1839 the British set up a protective area around the southern port of Aden and in 1918 the northern Kingdom of Yemen gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. North Yemen became a republic in 1962, but it was not until 1967 that the British Empire withdrew from what became South Yemen. In 1970, the southern government adopted a communist governmental system. The two countries were officially united as the Republic of Yemen on May 22, 1990. (Full article...)
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The French Fourth Republic (French: Quatrième république française) was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946. Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of the French Third Republic which governed from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, it suffered many of the same problems which led to its end. The French Fourth Republic was a parliamentary republic.

Despite political dysfunction, the Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after World War II, with assistance from the United States through the Marshall Plan. It also saw the beginning of the rapprochement with France's longtime enemy Germany, which led to Franco-German co-operation and eventually to the European Union.

The new constitution made some attempts to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation before the war, but instability remained and the French Fourth Republic saw frequent changes of government – there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history. Moreover, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization of the numerous remaining French colonies. After a series of crises culminating in the Algerian crisis of 1958, the French Fourth Republic collapsed. Wartime leader Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration empowered to design a new French constitution. The Fourth Republic was dissolved on 5 October 1958 following a public referendum which established the current French Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency. (Full article...)
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A scene on the ice, Dutch Republic, first half of the 17th century

The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCI), to December 31, 1700 (MDCC).

It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis.

From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the English monarch became increasingly involved in conflicts with the Parliament - this would culminate in the English civil war and an end to the dominance of the English monarchy. (Full article...)
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The Italian colonization of Libya began in 1911 and it lasted until 1943. The country, which was previously an Ottoman possession, was occupied by Italy in 1911 after the Italo-Turkish War, which resulted in the establishment of two colonies: Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica. In 1934, the two colonies were merged into one colony which was named the colony of Italian Libya. In 1937, this colony was divided into four provinces, and in 1939, the coastal provinces became a part of metropolitan Italy as the Fourth Shore. The colonization lasted until Libya's occupation by Allied forces in 1943, but it was not until the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty that Italy officially renounced all of its claims to Libya's territory. (Full article...)
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Libya (Italian: Libia; Arabic: ليبيا الايطالية, romanized: Lībyā al-Īṭālīya) was a colony of Fascist Italy located in North Africa, in what is now modern Libya, between 1934 and 1943. It was formed from the unification of the colonies of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, which had been Italian possessions since 1911.

From 1911 until the establishment of a unified colony in 1934, the territory of the two colonies was sometimes referred to as "Italian Libya" or Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI). Both names were also used after the unification, with Italian Libya becoming the official name of the newly combined colony. It had a population of around 150,000 Italians.

The Italian colonies of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were taken by Italy from the Ottoman Empire during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, and run by Italian governors. In 1923, indigenous rebels associated with the Senussi Order organized the Libyan resistance movement against Italian settlement in Libya, mainly in Cyrenaica. The rebellion was put down by Italian forces in 1932, after the pacification campaign, which resulted in the deaths of a quarter of Cyrenaica's population. In 1934, the colonies were unified by governor Italo Balbo, with Tripoli as the capital. (Full article...)
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The French Third Republic (French: Troisième République, sometimes written as La III^e République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government. The French Third Republic was a parliamentary republic.

The early days of the French Third Republic were dominated by political disruption caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, which the French Third Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. Social upheaval and the Paris Commune preceded the final defeat. The German Empire, proclaimed by the invaders in Palace of Versailles, annexed the French regions of Alsace (keeping the Territoire de Belfort) and Lorraine (the northeastern part, i.e. present-day department of Moselle). The early governments of the French Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy, but disagreement as to the nature of that monarchy and the rightful occupant of the throne could not be resolved. Consequently, the French Third Republic, originally envisioned as a provisional government, instead became the permanent form of government of France.

The French Constitutional Laws of 1875 defined the composition of the Third Republic. It consisted of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate to form the legislative branch of government and a president to serve as head of state. Calls for the re-establishment of the monarchy dominated the tenures of the first two presidents, Adolphe Thiers and Patrice de MacMahon, but growing support for the republican form of government among the French populace and a series of republican presidents in the 1880s gradually quashed prospects of a monarchical restoration. (Full article...)
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Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912. It corresponded roughly to the northern parts of modern-day Libya in historic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. It was initially established as an Ottoman province ruled by a pasha (governor) in Tripoli who was appointed from Constantinople, though in practice it was semi-autonomous due to the power of the local Janissaries. From 1711 to 1835, the Karamanli dynasty ruled the province as a de facto hereditary monarchy while remaining under nominal Ottoman suzerainty. In 1835, the Ottomans reestablished direct control over the region until its annexation by Italy in 1912.

Like the Ottoman regencies in Tunis and Algiers, the Regency of Tripoli was a major base for the privateering activities of the North African corsairs, who also provided revenues for Tripoli. A remnant of the centuries of Turkish rule is the presence of a population of Turkish origin, and those of partial Turkish origin, the Kouloughlis. (Full article...)
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The history of France from 1900 to the present includes:
- the later years of the Third Republic (1870–1940)
:* World War I (1914–1918)
:* Interwar Period (1918–1939)
:* World War II (1939–1945)
- the Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
- the Fifth Republic (since 1958)
(Full article...)
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The history of modern Greece covers the history of Greece from the recognition by the Great Powers — Britain, France and Russia — of its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1828 to the present day. (Full article...)

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Image 1La división de Europa durante la Guerra Fría (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 2Mapa de los cambios territoriales en Europa después de la Primera Guerra Mundial (a fecha de 1923). (del siglo XX )
Image 3Martin Luther King Jr. , líder del movimiento afroamericano por los derechos civiles ( Washington, agosto de 1963 ) ( siglo XX )
Image 4El Empire State Building es un edificio icónico de la década de 1930. (del siglo XX )
Image 5Tropas del ejército de Estados Unidos en la provincia de Kunar (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 6Primer vuelo del Wright Flyer de los hermanos Wright el 17 de diciembre de 1903 en Kitty Hawk, Carolina del Norte ; Orville pilotando con Wilbur corriendo en la punta del ala. (del siglo XX )
Image 7
Potencias e imperios mundiales en 1914, justo antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial.
(del siglo XX )
Image 8Salida de la Tierra , tomada el 24 de diciembre de 1968 por el astronauta William "Bill" Anders durante la misión espacial Apollo 8. Fue la primera fotografía tomada de la Tierra desde la órbita lunar . (Del siglo XX )
Image 9Charlie Chaplin en su película de 1921 The Kid , con Jackie Coogan . (del siglo XX )
Image 10Un sello conmemorativo de Alexander Fleming . Su descubrimiento de la penicilina cambió el mundo de la medicina al inaugurar la era de los antibióticos. (Del siglo XX )
Image 11Fotografía del astronauta estadounidense Buzz Aldrin durante el primer paseo lunar en 1969, tomada por Neil Armstrong . Las industrias de ingeniería aeroespacial, relativamente jóvenes, crecieron rápidamente en los 66 años posteriores al primer vuelo de los hermanos Wright. (del siglo XX )
Image 12Magnavox Odyssey de Ralph Baer , la primera consola de videojuegos, lanzada en 1972. (del siglo XX )
Image 13Hong Kong , bajo administración británica desde 1842 hasta 1997, es uno de los Cuatro Tigres Asiáticos originales . (del siglo XX )
Image 14Visualización de las distintas rutas a través de una parte de Internet. Mapa parcial de Internet basado en 2005. (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 15Elvis Presley en 1956, figura destacada del rock and roll y el rockabilly . (del siglo XX )
Image 16Países según tasa de crecimiento del PIB real en 2014. (Los países en marrón estaban en recesión.) (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 17La comunidad internacional creció significativamente en la segunda mitad del siglo debido a una nueva ola de descolonización, particularmente en África. La mayoría de los nuevos estados independientes se agruparon con muchos otros países llamados en desarrollo . Los países en desarrollo ganaron atención, particularmente debido al rápido crecimiento demográfico, que llevó a una población mundial récord de casi 7 mil millones de personas a fines del siglo. (del siglo XX )
Image 18El World Trade Center en llamas durante los atentados del 11 de septiembre (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 19La nube en forma de hongo de la detonación de Little Boy , el primer ataque nuclear de la historia, el 6 de agosto de 1945 sobre Hiroshima , encendió la era nuclear con el hilo conductor de la seguridad internacional de destrucción mutua asegurada en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. (de siglo XX )
Image 20El pionero de la informática , Alan Turing ( siglo XX )
Image 21La canica azul , la Tierra vista desde el Apolo 17 en diciembre de 1972. La fotografía fue tomada por el LMP Harrison Schmitt . La segunda mitad del siglo XX fue testigo de la primera exploración espacial de la humanidad . (del siglo XX )
Image 22Los rendimientos del trigo aumentaron considerablemente a partir de la Revolución Verde en los países menos desarrollados del mundo . ( siglo XX )
Image 23Yacimiento petrolífero de California, 1938.
El primer pozo petrolífero moderno fue perforado en 1848 por el ingeniero ruso FN Semyonov, en la península de Apsheron , al noreste de Bakú . (del siglo XX )
Image 24Yo y el pueblo , 1911, de Marc Chagall , pintor moderno (del siglo XX )
Image 25La descolonización del Imperio Británico en África. (de Historia contemporánea )