Portal:Ciencia

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Portal de ciencia

Miembros de la Academia en 1667 con Luis XIV

La ciencia es una disciplina sistemática estricta que construye y organiza el conocimiento en forma de hipótesis y predicciones comprobables sobre el mundo. La ciencia moderna suele dividirse en tres ramas principales: las ciencias naturales (p. ej., física , química y biología ), que estudian el mundo físico ; las ciencias sociales (por ejemplo, economía , psicología y sociología ), que estudian individuos y sociedades; y las ciencias formales (p. ej., lógica , matemáticas e informática teórica ), que estudian sistemas formales , regidos por axiomas y reglas. Existe desacuerdo sobre si las ciencias formales son disciplinas científicas, ya que no se basan en evidencia empírica . Las ciencias aplicadas son disciplinas que utilizan el conocimiento científico con fines prácticos, como en la ingeniería y la medicina. ( Articulo completo... )

Actualizar con nuevas selecciones a continuación (purgar)

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Aquí se muestran los artículos destacados , que representan algunos de los mejores contenidos de Wikipedia en inglés.

Imagen 1

La Estela 51 de Calakmul, que data del año 731, es el monumento mejor conservado de la ciudad. Representa al rey Yuknoom Took' K'awiil .

Las estelas mayas ( estela en singular ) son monumentos que fueron modelados por la civilización maya de la antigua Mesoamérica . Consisten en altos ejes de piedra esculpidos y a menudo se asocian con piedras circulares bajas denominadas altares, aunque su función real es incierta. Muchas estelas fueron esculpidas en bajo relieve , aunque se encuentran monumentos sencillos en toda la región maya. La escultura de estos monumentos se extendió por toda el área maya durante el Período Clásico (250–900 d.C.), y estos pares de estelas esculpidas y altares circulares se consideran un sello distintivo de la civilización maya del Clásico. La estela más antigua encontrada in situ en las tierras bajas mayas fue recuperada de la gran ciudad de Tikal en Guatemala . Durante el Período Clásico, casi todos los reinos mayas de las tierras bajas del sur levantaron estelas en su centro ceremonial. ( Articulo completo... )
Imagen 2

Lahares cubriendo el pueblo de Armero

La tragedia de Armero (en español: Tragedia de Armero [tɾaˈxeðja ðe aɾˈmeɾo] ) ocurrió después de la erupción del estratovolcán Nevado del Ruiz en Tolima , Colombia , el 13 de noviembre de 1985. La erupción del volcán después de 69 años de inactividad tomó desprevenidos a los pueblos cercanos, incluso aunque organizaciones vulcanológicas habían advertido al gobierno que evacuara la zona luego de detectar actividad volcánica dos meses antes. ( Articulo completo... )
Imagen 3

Adulto en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre de la Bahía de Jamaica en Queens, Nueva York

The tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) is a migratory bird of the family Hirundinidae. Found in the Americas, the tree swallow was first described in 1807 by French ornithologist Louis Vieillot as Hirundo bicolor. It has since been moved to its current genus, Tachycineta, within which its phylogenetic placement is debated. The tree swallow has glossy blue-green upperparts, with the exception of the blackish wings and tail, and white underparts. The bill is black, the eyes dark brown, and the legs and feet pale brown. The female is generally duller than the male, and the first-year female has mostly brown upperparts, with some blue feathers. Juveniles have brown upperparts, and grey-brown-washed breasts. The tree swallow breeds in the US and Canada. It winters along southern US coasts south, along the Gulf Coast, to Panama and the northwestern coast of South America, and in the West Indies. (Full article...)
Image 4

The location and development of endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb). It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination, pain during sexual intercourse, or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause. (Full article...)
Image 5

Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre's 1667 illustration showing three Guadeloupe amazons (8) and one Lesser Antillean macaw (7) on a tree at the left

The Lesser Antillean macaw or Guadeloupe macaw (Ara guadeloupensis) is a hypothetical extinct species of macaw that is thought to have been endemic to the Lesser Antillean island region of Guadeloupe. In spite of the absence of conserved specimens, many details about the Lesser Antillean macaw are known from several contemporary accounts, and the bird is the subject of some illustrations. Austin Hobart Clark described the species on the basis of these accounts in 1905. Due to the lack of physical remains, and the possibility that sightings were of macaws from the South American mainland, doubts have been raised about the existence of this species. A phalanx bone from the island of Marie-Galante confirmed the existence of a similar-sized macaw inhabiting the region prior to the arrival of humans and was correlated with the Lesser Antillean macaw in 2015. Later that year, historical sources distinguishing between the red macaws of Guadeloupe and the scarlet macaw (A. macao) of the mainland were identified, further supporting its validity. (Full article...)
Image 6
Magpie Lane in Oxford, once known as Gropecunt Lane

Gropecunt Lane (/ˈɡroʊpkʌnt/) was a street name found in English towns and cities during the Middle Ages, believed to be a reference to the prostitution centred on those areas; it was normal practice for a medieval street name to reflect the street's function or the economic activity taking place within it. Gropecunt, the earliest known use of which is in about 1230, appears to have been derived as a compound of the words grope and cunt. Streets with that name were often in the busiest parts of medieval towns and cities, and at least one appears to have been an important thoroughfare. (Full article...)
Image 7

Condor #534 soaring over the Grand Canyon, U.S.

The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion National Park), the coastal mountains of California, and northern Baja California in Mexico. It is the only surviving member of the genus Gymnogyps, although four extinct members of the genus are also known. The species is listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as Critically Endangered, and similarly considered Critically Imperiled by NatureServe. (Full article...)
Image 8

The Benty Grange helmet, on a modern transparent support

The Benty Grange helmet is an Anglo-Saxon boar-crested helmet from the seventh century AD. It was excavated by Thomas Bateman in 1848 from a tumulus at the Benty Grange farm in Monyash in western Derbyshire. The grave had probably been looted by the time of Bateman's excavation, but still contained other high-status objects suggestive of a richly furnished burial, such as the fragmentary remains of a hanging bowl. The helmet is displayed at Sheffield's Weston Park Museum, which purchased it from Bateman's estate in 1893. (Full article...)
Image 9

A natural diamond crystal

Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond as a form of carbon is a tasteless, odourless, strong, and brittle solid that is transparent in colour, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure, but diamond is metastable and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth. (Full article...)
Image 10
Radiocarbon dating helped verify the authenticity of the Dead Sea scrolls.

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon. (Full article...)
Image 11

Title-page of the first edition. It describes the author as VPZS (Vice-President of the Zoological Society) and an FLS (Fellow of the Linnean Society).

A History of British Fishes is a natural history book by William Yarrell, serialised in nineteen parts from 1835, and then published bound in two volumes in 1836. It is a handbook or field guide systematically describing every type of fish found in the British Isles, with an article for each species. (Full article...)
Image 12

The letter-winged kite (Elanus scriptus) is a small, rare and irruptive bird of prey that is found only in Australia. Measuring around 35 cm (14 in) in length with a wingspan of 84–100 cm (33–39 in), the adult letter-winged kite has predominantly pale grey and white plumage and prominent black rings around its red eyes. Its name derives from its highly distinctive black underwing pattern of a shallow 'M' or 'W' shape, visible when in flight. This distinguishes it from the otherwise similar black-shouldered kite. This species is also the only nocturnal species within the order Accipitriformes despite few differences found in its visual anatomy to other closely related kites. (Full article...)
Image 13

P. cyrtocristatus skeletal mount at the Field Museum of Natural History.

Parasaurolophus (/ˌpærəsɔːˈrɒləfəs, -ˌsɔːrəˈloʊfəs/; meaning "beside crested lizard" in reference to Saurolophus) is a genus of hadrosaurid "duck-billed" dinosaur that lived in what is now western North America and possibly Asia during the Late Cretaceous period, about 76.5–66 million years ago. It was a large herbivore that could reach over 9 metres (30 ft) long and weigh over 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons), and were able to move as a biped and a quadruped. Three species are universally recognized: P. walkeri (the type species), P. tubicen, and the short-crested P. cyrtocristatus. Additionally, a fourth species, P. jiayinensis, has been proposed, although it is more commonly placed in the separate genus Charonosaurus. Remains are known from Alberta, New Mexico, and Utah, as well as possibly Heilongjiang if Charonosaurus is in fact part of the genus. The genus was first described in 1922 by William Parks from a skull and partial skeleton found in Alberta. (Full article...)
Image 14

Subfossil skull, limb bones, and sternum, 1873

The Rodrigues night heron (Nycticorax megacephalus) is an extinct species of heron that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean. The species was first mentioned as "bitterns" in two accounts from 1691–1693 and 1725–1726, and these were correlated with subfossil remains found and described in the latter part of the 19th century. The bones showed that the bird was a heron, first named Ardea megacephala in 1873, but moved to the night heron genus Nycticorax in 1879 after more remains were described. The specific name megacephala is Greek for "great-headed". Two related extinct species from the other Mascarene islands have also been identified from accounts and remains: the Mauritius night heron and the Réunion night heron. (Full article...)
Image 15

Gyromitra esculenta /ˌdʒaɪroʊˈmaɪtrə ˌɛskjəˈlɛntə, ˌdʒɪrə-/ is an ascomycete fungus from the genus Gyromitra, widely distributed across Europe and North America. It normally fruits in sandy soils under coniferous trees in spring and early summer. The fruiting body, or mushroom, is an irregular brain-shaped cap dark brown in colour that can reach 10 centimetres (4 inches) high and 15 cm (6 in) wide, perched on a stout white stipe up to 6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) high. (Full article...)

Imágenes destacadas

Imágenes destacadas sobre Ciencia.

Image 1Erupción de Coca-Cola Light y Mentos , de Mikemurphy (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 2Movimiento de traslación a temperatura termodinámica , por Greg L (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 3Globo de plasma , de Colin (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 4Warming stripes , de Ed Hawkins (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 5Dispositivo de ventaja mecánica , de Prolineserver (editado por Tomia , Ss181292 y Atropos235 ) (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 6Zonas de vida de Holdridge , por Peter Halasz (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 7Sincrotrón australiano , de John O'Neill (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 8Imanes toroidales del detector ATLAS , de Maximilien Brice, CERN (editado por Bammesk ) (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 9Prisma dicroico , de XRay (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 10Haz de vidrio vibrante en la teoría del haz de Euler-Bernoulli , por Ben pcc (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 11Energía de activación , de Debivort (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 12Abundancia global de fotoautótrofos oceánicos y terrestres en Producción primaria , por Proyecto SeaWiFS (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 13Animación de una gota de agua , de Chris 73 y Gmaxwell (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 14Transformación de Lorentz de la línea mundial , por Cyp (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 15Núcleo de hielo , del Proyecto de la Capa de Hielo de Groenlandia (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 16Parallax , de Mila Zinkova (editado por Richard Bartz ) (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 17Impacto de una gota sobre una superficie líquida , de José Manuel Suárez (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 18Andes peruanos en la expedición de exploración de Estados Unidos , por Alfred Thomas Agate (editado por Durova ) (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 19Choque oblicuo , de NASA / Fuerza Aérea de Estados Unidos (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 20Sección del Gran Colisionador de Hadrones , por Maximilien Brice (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 21Excavación arqueológica en la Sierra de Atapuerca , de Mario modesto (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 22Catodoluminiscencia en color de un diamante , de Pavel.Somov (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 23Operación Tumbler-Snapper , por el Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 24Estudio de la NASA sobre los vórtices de las puntas de las alas en la turbulencia Wake , realizado por el Langley Research Center (editado por Fir0002 ) (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 25Simulación de líquidos con diferentes viscosidades , por Synapticrelay (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 26Reactor reproductor rápido , de Graevemoore (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 27Reacción de termita , por Nikthestunned (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 28Arqueólogos prospeccionando la Cueva de Santa Ana en Excavación (arqueología) , por Mario modesto (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 29Diploma del Premio Nobel de Física , de Sofia Gisberg (restaurado por Jebulon ) (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 30Demostración de impacto a hipervelocidad , por la NASA (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 31Movimiento de proyectil de una pelota que rebota en una colisión inelástica , por MichaelMaggs (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 32Reflexión interna total , de Jean-Marc Kuffer (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 33Calle del vórtice Kármán , de Cesareo de La Rosa Siqueira (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
Image 34Cadena oxidada , por WikipedianMarlith (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )
$Imagen 35Refracción en gotas de lluvia, por Mila Zinkova (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros)$
Image 35Refracción en gotas de lluvia , de Mila Zinkova (de Wikipedia:Fotos destacadas/Ciencias/Otros )

Artículos vitales

Artículos vitales para entender la Ciencia.

La imagen del campo ultraprofundo del Hubble muestra algunas de las galaxias más remotas visibles con la tecnología actual (la diagonal es ~1/10 del diámetro aparente de la Luna )

El universo es todo el espacio y el tiempo y sus contenidos. Comprende toda la existencia , cualquier interacción fundamental , proceso físico y constante física y, por lo tanto, todas las formas de energía y materia , y las estructuras que forman, desde partículas subatómicas hasta filamentos galácticos completos . El espacio y el tiempo, según la teoría cosmológica predominante del Big Bang , surgieron juntosHace 13,787 ± 0,020 mil millones de años , y el universo se ha estado expandiendo desde entonces. Hoy en día, el universo se ha expandido hasta alcanzar una edad y un tamaño que físicamente sólo son observables en partes como el universo observable , que actualmente tiene aproximadamente 93 mil millones de años luz de diámetro, mientras que el tamaño espacial, si lo hay, de todo el universo es desconocido. ( Articulo completo... )

Sabías...

¿Lo sabías sobre la Ciencia?

... que El Señor del Jardín de Hielo , una serie de novelas polacas que mezclan elementos de fantasía y ciencia ficción , ha sido comparada con The Witcher ?
... ¿que los autores de ciencia ficción que quieran evitar las paradojas asociadas con los viajes en el tiempo escriban sobre los espectadores del tiempo ?
... que una de las primeras novelas polacas de ciencia ficción presentaba un viaje al Polo Sur en dirigible, una década antes de que se construyera un dirigible similar ?
... que Mary Clutter utilizó su puesto de directora en la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias para exigir que las conferencias científicas incluyan oradoras mujeres al presentar investigaciones realizadas por ellas?
... que The Cyborg and the Sorcerers de Lawrence Watt-Evans fue su primer trabajo en el género de ciencia ficción dura , pero mezclado con elementos de fantasía?
... que Carl Freedman consideraba la ciencia ficción como el género más sólido para el estudio académico?

Involucrarse

Para obtener recursos para editores y colaborar con otros editores para mejorar los artículos relacionados con la ciencia de Wikipedia, visite WikiProject Science .

Noticias de ciencia

24 julio 2024 –: Investigadores de la Asociación Escocesa de Ciencias Marinas informan sobre evidencia de que se produce oxígeno oscuro a partir de metales en el fondo marino . Anteriormente se suponía que casi todo el oxígeno libre ( O
₂) en la Tierra se creó mediante la fotosíntesis , que requiere luz solar. (NPR)
23 julio 2024 –: Un estudio de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz encuentra trece tiburones brasileños frente a las costas de Brasil con altos niveles de cocaína en sus músculos e hígados. Los expertos creen que la cocaína llega a las aguas a través de laboratorios ilegales donde se fabrica la droga o a través de los excrementos de los consumidores de drogas. (Noticias de la BBC)
15 de julio de 2024 – Pozo de Mare Tranquillitatis: En la revista Nature Astronomy , científicos estadounidenses e italianos anuncian el descubrimiento de una cueva lunar, a aproximadamente 250 millas (400 km) del lugar de alunizaje del Apolo 11 . (AP) (Astronomía de la Naturaleza)
10 julio 2024 –: Investigadores de la Facultad de Medicina Feinberg de la Universidad Northwestern y la Facultad de Medicina de Harvard publican una afirmación sobre la causa y la vía curativa de la enfermedad autoinmune lupus eritematoso sistémico en la revista Nature . (Newsmax) (Naturaleza)
3 de julio de 2024 –: Los científicos anuncian el descubrimiento de la pintura rupestre más antigua del mundo , que representa a tres personas reunidas alrededor de un gran cerdo rojo, con una antigüedad estimada de al menos 51.200 años, en la cueva Leang Karampurang en la región de Maros-Pangkep , Sulawesi del Sur , Indonesia . (Al Jazeera)
20 de junio de 2024 – 2024 en paleontología de arcosaurios: Investigadores anuncian el descubrimiento del Lokiceratops rangiformis , una especie de dinosaurio que lleva el nombre del dios nórdico Loki , en América del Norte . Los hallazgos se publican en la revista PeerJ . (ABC Noticias)

Portales relacionados

Los 10 artículos más populares de WikiProject Science del mes:cargar nuevo lote

Los siguientes artículos relacionados con la ciencia son los artículos más visitados de WikiProject Science . Consulte la lista completa en Wikipedia: WikiProject Science/Páginas populares .

Image 1

La canica azul , Apolo 17 , diciembre de 1972

La Tierra es el tercer planeta desde el Sol y el único objeto astronómico que se sabe que alberga vida . Esto es posible porque la Tierra es un mundo oceánico , el único en el Sistema Solar que sostiene agua superficial líquida. Casi toda el agua de la Tierra está contenida en su océano global, que cubre el 70,8% de la corteza terrestre . El 29,2% restante de la corteza terrestre es tierra, la mayor parte de la cual se encuentra en forma de masas continentales dentro del hemisferio terrestre de la Tierra . La mayor parte de la tierra de la Tierra es algo húmeda y está cubierta por vegetación, mientras que las grandes capas de hielo en los desiertos polares de la Tierra retienen más agua que el agua subterránea , los lagos, los ríos y el agua atmosférica de la Tierra combinados. La corteza terrestre está formada por placas tectónicas que se mueven lentamente , que interactúan para producir cadenas montañosas, volcanes y terremotos. La Tierra tiene un núcleo externo líquido que genera una magnetosfera capaz de desviar la mayoría de los destructivos vientos solares y la radiación cósmica . ( Articulo completo... )
Image 2
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. Such machines may be called AIs. (Full article...)
Image 3
Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world. Modern science is typically divided into three major branches: the natural sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and biology), which study the physical world; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems, governed by axioms and rules. There is disagreement whether the formal sciences are scientific disciplines, as they do not rely on empirical evidence. Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as in engineering and medicine. (Full article...)
Image 4

File:Ejaculation educational seq 4.png
Example of an ejaculation

Ejaculation is the discharge of semen (the ejaculate; normally containing sperm) through the urethra in men. It is normally linked with orgasm, which involves involuntary contractions of the pelvic floor. It is the final stage and natural objective of male sexual stimulation, and an essential component of natural conception. Ejaculation can occur spontaneously during sleep, and is a normal part of human sexual development (a nocturnal emission or "wet dream"). In rare cases, ejaculation occurs because of prostatic disease. Anejaculation is the condition of being unable to ejaculate. Ejaculation is normally intensely pleasurable for men; dysejaculation is an ejaculation that is painful or uncomfortable. Retrograde ejaculation is the backward flow of semen into the bladder rather than out of the urethra. (Full article...)
Image 5
A plot of normal distribution (or bell-shaped curve) where each band has a width of 1 standard deviation – See also: 68–95–99.7 rule.

In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of a random variable expected about its mean. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. The standard deviation is commonly used in the determination of what constitutes an outlier and what does not. (Full article...)
Image 6
An error (from the Latin errāre, meaning 'to wander') is an inaccurate or incorrect action, thought, or judgement. (Full article...)
Image 7
The eight planets of the Solar System with size to scale (up to down, left to right): Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune (outer planets), Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury (inner planets)

A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. The Solar System has eight planets by the most restrictive definition of the term: the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which posits that an interstellar cloud collapses out of a nebula to create a young protostar orbited by a protoplanetary disk. Planets grow in this disk by the gradual accumulation of material driven by gravity, a process called accretion. (Full article...)
Image 8
Sci-Hub is a shadow library website that provides free access to millions of research papers, regardless of copyright, by bypassing publishers' paywalls in various ways. Unlike Library Genesis, it does not provide access to books. Sci-Hub was founded in Kazakhstan by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011, in response to the high cost of research papers behind paywalls (see Serials crisis). The site is extensively used worldwide. In September 2019, the site's operator(s) said that it served approximately 400,000 requests per day.
In addition to its intensive use, Sci-Hub stands out among other shadow libraries because of its easy use/reliability and because of the enormous size of its collection; a 2018 study estimated that Sci-Hub provided access to 95% of all scholarly publications with issued DOI numbers, and on 15 July 2022, Sci-Hub reported that its collection comprised 88,343,822 files. However, due to legal troubles (see legal section) the site has paused uploads. (Full article...)
Image 9
In this illustration by Milo Winter of Aesop's fable, "The North Wind and the Sun", a personified North Wind tries to strip the cloak off a traveler.

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural forces, such as seasons and weather. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters. People have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioral traits to wild as well as domesticated animals. (Full article...)
Image 10
The expansion of the universe according to the Big Bang theory in physics

Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a physicist. (Full article...)