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Política de visas de Estados Unidos

Modelo de visa Lincoln de EE. UU.

Los visitantes a los Estados Unidos deben obtener una visa de una de las misiones diplomáticas de los EE. UU., a menos que sean ciudadanos de uno de los países exentos de visa o del Programa de Exención de Visa .

Las mismas reglas se aplican para viajar a todos los estados de EE. UU ., Washington, DC , Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes de EE. UU. , así como a Guam y las Islas Marianas del Norte con exenciones adicionales, mientras que se aplican reglas similares pero separadas a Samoa Americana .

Descripción general

Documentos de viaje

El gobierno de los Estados Unidos requiere que todas las personas que entren o salgan de los Estados Unidos por aire , o que entren a los Estados Unidos por mar desde fuera del continente americano , tengan uno de los siguientes documentos: [1]

Para ingresar por tierra o mar desde las Américas, las personas deben presentar uno de los documentos aceptables para el ingreso por vía aérea o uno de los siguientes: [1]

Los nacionales de México podrán utilizar una Tarjeta de Cruce Fronterizo , la cual sirve como visa al presentarse junto con el pasaporte.

Sin pasaporte, la tarjeta por sí sola también permite la entrada por tierra o mar mientras se permanece dentro de las 25 millas (40  km ) de la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos (hasta 75 millas en Arizona y 55 millas en Nuevo México) para una estadía de hasta 30 días. [5] [6]

Los niños nacidos de una madre residente permanente en los Estados Unidos durante una visita temporal al extranjero no necesitan pasaporte ni visado cuando la madre vuelva a ingresar a los Estados Unidos por primera vez dentro de los dos años posteriores al nacimiento. De manera similar, los niños nacidos en el extranjero de un padre con visa de inmigrante estadounidense después de su emisión no necesitan pasaporte ni visado si figuran en el pasaporte del padre junto con un certificado de nacimiento. [1]

Visados

Si bien existen alrededor de 185 tipos diferentes de visas estadounidenses, [7] hay dos categorías principales:

Una visa estadounidense no autoriza la entrada a los Estados Unidos ni la estancia en un estatus particular, sino que solo sirve como permiso preliminar para viajar a los Estados Unidos y solicitar la admisión en un puerto de entrada. La admisión final a los Estados Unidos la realiza en el puerto de entrada un funcionario de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza (CBP) de los Estados Unidos. Para quienes ingresan con un estatus de visa de no inmigrante, el funcionario de CBP registra los detalles de la admisión en un Formulario I-94 (o Formulario I-94W para los nacionales de los países del Programa de Exención de Visa para visitas cortas), que sirve como documento oficial que autoriza la estancia en los Estados Unidos en un estatus particular y por un período de tiempo particular. [8] Para inmigrar, uno debe tener una visa de inmigrante o una visa de doble intención , que es compatible con la presentación de una solicitud concurrente de estatus de no inmigrante e inmigrante.

Ingresar a los Estados Unidos con una visa de trabajo puede describirse como un proceso de tres pasos en la mayoría de los casos.

En primer lugar, el empleador presenta una solicitud ante el Servicio de Ciudadanía e Inmigración de Estados Unidos solicitando un tipo particular de visa de categoría para una persona específica. Si se aprueba la solicitud del empleador, sólo se autoriza a la persona a solicitar una visa; la solicitud aprobada no es en realidad una visa.

Luego, la persona solicita una visa y, por lo general, es entrevistada en una embajada o consulado de los EE. UU. en su país de origen. Si la embajada o consulado otorga la visa, la persona puede viajar a los Estados Unidos. En el aeropuerto, cruce fronterizo u otro punto de entrada, la persona habla con un funcionario de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza de los EE. UU. para solicitar la admisión y, si se aprueba, puede ingresar a los Estados Unidos. [7]

Además de la inmigración patrocinada por un familiar o empleador estadounidense, alrededor de 55.000 visas de inmigrante están disponibles cada año para nativos de ciertos países bajo el programa de Visas de Diversidad para Inmigrantes , también conocido como la lotería de la tarjeta verde.

Mapa de políticas de visas

  Estados Unidos y sus territorios
  Estados libremente asociados (libertad de movimiento)
  No se requiere visa, no se requiere ESTA (6 meses)
  Programa de exención de visa - ESTA (90 días)
  No se requiere visa con certificado policial (6 meses)
  Se requiere visa para ingresar a los Estados Unidos
Este mapa no incluye exenciones de visa que se aplican solo a ciertos territorios de EE. UU.

Exención de visa

Ciudadanos de estados libremente asociados

Nacionales de jurisdicciones vecinas

Estados Unidos concede la entrada sin visa a los nacionales de dos jurisdicciones vecinas en la mayoría de las circunstancias: [5]

Estados Unidos también concede entrada sin visa a nacionales de algunas otras jurisdicciones vecinas bajo ciertas condiciones: [5]

También se concede la entrada sin visado a categorías limitadas de nacionales de otro país vecino:

Programa de exención de visas

A partir de 2024, el gobierno de los EE. UU. ha seleccionado 41 países [a] para su inclusión en el Programa de Exención de Visas (VWP). [21] [23]

Sus nacionales no necesitan una visa estadounidense para estadías cortas, pero deben obtener un Sistema Electrónico de Autorización de Viaje (ESTA) antes de su llegada. [24]

Los visitantes pueden permanecer hasta 90 días en los Estados Unidos, lo que también incluye el tiempo pasado en Canadá, México, Bermudas o las islas del Caribe si la llegada fue a través de los Estados Unidos. [1]

El Sistema Electrónico de Autorización de Viaje (ESTA) no se considera una visa, [42] sino un requisito previo para viajar a los Estados Unidos bajo el Programa de Exención de Visa.

La ESTA tiene una tarifa de solicitud de 4 USD y, si se aprueba, se cobra una tarifa adicional de 17 USD, por un total de 21 USD. Una vez obtenida, la autorización es válida por hasta dos años o hasta que caduque el pasaporte del viajero, lo que ocurra primero, y es válida para múltiples entradas a los Estados Unidos. [c] [b] Se recomienda a los pasajeros que soliciten la ESTA al menos 72 horas antes de la salida. [43] [26]

Los viajes por aire o mar con ESTA deben realizarse con una aerolínea comercial participante. El VWP no se aplica en absoluto si se llega por aire o mar en una aerolínea no aprobada (por ejemplo, un barco o avión privado), en cuyo caso se requiere una visa estándar. [26] También se requiere ESTA para ingresar por tierra. [44]

A partir de 2024, quienes hayan estado previamente en Irán , Irak , Libia , Corea del Norte , Somalia , Sudán , Siria o Yemen a partir del 1 de marzo de 2011, o en Cuba a partir del 12 de enero de 2021, o que tengan doble nacionalidad de Cuba, Irán, Irak, Corea del Norte, Sudán o Siria, no son elegibles para viajar bajo el VWP y deben obtener una visa estándar. [21]

Sin embargo, quienes hayan viajado a dichos países como diplomáticos, militares, periodistas, trabajadores humanitarios o empresarios legítimos pueden ver eximida esta inelegibilidad. [45]

Programas de exención de visas de Guam y las Islas Marianas del Norte

Aunque la política de visas de los Estados Unidos también se aplica a los territorios estadounidenses de Guam y las Islas Marianas del Norte , ambos territorios tienen programas adicionales de exención de visas para ciertas nacionalidades.

El Programa de Exención de Visas de Guam-CNMI, promulgado por primera vez en octubre de 1988 y modificado periódicamente, permite a los nacionales de 12 países visitar Guam y las Islas Marianas del Norte por hasta 45 días por turismo o negocios sin necesidad de obtener una visa estadounidense o ESTA. [5]

Una política de libertad condicional también permite a los nacionales de China acceder sin visa a las Islas Marianas del Norte por hasta 14 días. [46]

Los viajeros con visa o ESTA son admitidos en los territorios de acuerdo con los términos de la visa o ESTA.

Los viajeros que utilicen el Programa de Exención de Visas de Guam-CNMI o la libertad condicional deben completar un formulario I-736, tener un pasaporte legible por máquina y un boleto de regreso no reembolsable, y no se les permite viajar a otras partes de los Estados Unidos. Debido a las visas de trabajo y las exenciones específicas para las Islas Marianas del Norte, viajar entre Guam y las Islas Marianas del Norte aún requiere una inspección de inmigración completa, y todos los visitantes que salen de Guam o las Islas Marianas del Norte son inspeccionados independientemente del destino final. [58]

El gobierno de los EE. UU. planea exigir una autorización electrónica similar a la ESTA para los viajeros bajo el Programa de Exención de Visas de Guam-CNMI y para los nacionales de China que viajen sin visa a las Islas Marianas del Norte, a partir del 29 de noviembre de 2024. Esta autorización sería válida por hasta dos años (un año para los nacionales de China) o hasta que el pasaporte del viajero expire (seis meses antes de que expire el pasaporte, para los nacionales de Brunei, China y Nauru), lo que ocurra primero, y sería válida para múltiples entradas durante este período. Esta autorización no requeriría el pago de una tarifa. [57]

Samoa Americana

Sello de entrada a Samoa Americana

La política de visas de los EE. UU. no se aplica al territorio de Samoa Americana , ya que tiene sus propios requisitos de entrada y mantiene el control de sus propias fronteras. Por lo tanto, no se puede utilizar ni una visa estadounidense ni una ESTA para ingresar a Samoa Americana. En caso de ser necesario, se debe obtener un permiso de entrada o una autorización electrónica llamada "OK Board" del Departamento de Asuntos Jurídicos de Samoa Americana. [59]

Para viajar a Samoa Americana, los ciudadanos estadounidenses deben presentar un pasaporte estadounidense válido, un certificado de identidad de Samoa Americana válido o un certificado de nacimiento certificado en combinación con un documento de identidad válido. [60]

Como alternativa, pueden solicitar en línea una autorización electrónica proporcionando una copia de su certificado de nacimiento o documento de viaje vencido, una copia de su documento de identidad (o del documento de identidad de un adulto acompañante si es menor de 18 años), itinerario y una tarifa de 50 USD para la verificación de los registros vitales (sin tarifa si es menor de 18 años). [61]

Además de su documento de identificación o autorización electrónica, los ciudadanos estadounidenses también deben mostrar prueba de residencia o empleo en Samoa Americana o un boleto para una futura salida del territorio. [62]

Sin embargo, después de ingresar a Samoa Americana, los ciudadanos estadounidenses pueden residir allí indefinidamente y no pueden ser deportados. [63]

Los nacionales de los países que participan en el Programa de exención de permisos de entrada a Samoa Americana pueden visitar el territorio durante un máximo de 30 días sin un permiso de entrada. Sin embargo, si llegan por vía aérea, deben solicitar en línea una autorización electrónica denominada "OK Board", al menos 3 días hábiles antes del viaje, proporcionando una copia de su pasaporte válido por al menos 6 meses después de su salida prevista del territorio, un billete para dicha salida, comprobante de alojamiento y una tarifa de 40 USD. [64]

Los nacionales de Samoa también pueden solicitar una autorización electrónica similar para visitar Samoa Americana por un máximo de siete días, pagando una tarifa de 10 dólares de los EE.UU. Se conceden hasta 400 autorizaciones de ese tipo por mes. [65]

Exenciones de permisos de entrada a Samoa Americana

Los demás visitantes necesitan un permiso de entrada y para solicitarlo deben contar con un patrocinador local, que debe presentarse personalmente en la Oficina de Inmigración del Departamento de Asuntos Jurídicos.

La solicitud debe estar firmada por el saʻo ( jefe de la aldea ) del patrocinador, a menos que el patrocinador proporcione una escritura de propiedad de un terreno privado, y por el pulenuʻu (alcalde de la aldea) del patrocinador. Los solicitantes también deben proporcionar una copia de su pasaporte o documento de identidad válido por al menos 6 meses después de su salida planificada del territorio, un boleto para dicha salida, autorizaciones del Tribunal de Distrito de Samoa Americana y del Centro Médico Tropical Lyndon B. Johnson , autorizaciones policiales y médicas del país de origen (autorización médica no requerida para nacionales de Samoa), y una tarifa de 40 USD (sin tarifa si es menor de 5 años).

La solicitud de permiso de entrada debe realizarse al menos 3 días hábiles antes del viaje, y el permiso es válido para una estadía de hasta 30 días, pero se puede solicitar una extensión por una tarifa de 50 USD. [70]

Los viajeros de negocios pueden solicitar un permiso de entrada múltiple, por una tarifa de 50 USD por mes, por un máximo de un año. [71] Los nacionales de Samoa que viajen por negocios también pueden solicitar un permiso de entrada para una estadía de hasta 14 días, por una tarifa de 10 USD. [72]

Los viajeros en tránsito de cualquier nacionalidad podrán solicitar una autorización electrónica gratuita, que les permitirá una estadía de hasta 24 horas. [73]

Alaska

Los residentes del Distrito Autónomo de Chukotka en Rusia que sean miembros de la población indígena no necesitan visa para visitar Alaska si tienen parientes (parientes consanguíneos, miembros de la misma tribu, pueblos indígenas que tengan un idioma y una herencia cultural similares) en Alaska. Los puntos de entrada están en Gambell y Nome .

Las personas deben ser invitadas por un familiar en Alaska, deben notificar a las autoridades locales al menos diez días antes de viajar a Alaska y deben abandonar Alaska dentro de los 90 días.

El acuerdo que establece esta política fue firmado por Rusia (entonces Unión Soviética ) y Estados Unidos el 23 de septiembre de 1989. Estados Unidos lo hizo efectivo a partir del 17 de julio de 2015. [74] [75]

Indios americanos nacidos en Canadá

Los miembros de ciertos pueblos indígenas nacidos en Canadá pueden ingresar y permanecer en los Estados Unidos indefinidamente "con fines de empleo, estudio, jubilación, inversión y/o inmigración" o cualquier otra razón en virtud del Tratado Jay de 1794 , tal como está codificado en la Sección 289 de la Ley de Inmigración y Naturalización. [76]

Para calificar, un individuo debe poseer "al menos el 50 por ciento de sangre de la raza india americana". [76] [77]

La pertenencia a una tribu por sí sola no califica a un individuo. [76] El individuo tiene la carga de la prueba para establecer la elegibilidad, generalmente mediante la presentación de una identificación basada en registros tribales confiables, certificados de nacimiento y otros documentos que establezcan el porcentaje de sangre india. [78]

Un certificado canadiense de estatus indígena no es prueba suficiente porque no indica el porcentaje de sangre indígena. [78]

Esta disposición no se extiende a los miembros de la familia a menos que califiquen por derecho propio. [76] [78] [79]

Sin embargo, los indios americanos que reúnen los requisitos y residen en los Estados Unidos se consideran admitidos legalmente para la residencia permanente en ese país y, por lo tanto, pueden presentar una petición para su cónyuge e hijos dependientes, sujeto a limitaciones numéricas legales y una posible acumulación de solicitudes. [76] [80] [81]

Resumen de las exenciones de visa

Entrada restringida o expedición de visa

Sanciones

Estados Unidos ha suspendido la emisión de ciertos tipos de visas para ciertas personas de ciertos países como sanción por su falta de cooperación en aceptar el regreso de sus nacionales deportados de los Estados Unidos. [82] [83]

A partir de 2024, estas sanciones se aplican a los nacionales de Eritrea [84] y a ciertos funcionarios gubernamentales y sus familiares de Camboya , [85] China [86] [87] (también bajo sanciones separadas [88] [89] ), Laos , [90] Myanmar , [91] Pakistán [92] y Sierra Leona . [93]

Estados Unidos también ha suspendido la emisión de visas en Cuba y Venezuela debido a la salida ordenada de personal del gobierno estadounidense, pero los nacionales de estos países aún pueden solicitar visas en las embajadas o consulados estadounidenses en otros países. [94] [95]

Islas periféricas

Las visitas a las islas menores alejadas de los Estados Unidos  ( Baker Island , [96] Howland Island , [97] Jarvis Island , [98] Johnston Atoll , [99] Kingman Reef , [100] Midway Atoll , [101] Navassa Island , [102] Palmyra Atoll [103] y Wake Island [104]  ) están severamente restringidas. Las islas no son accesibles al público en general y todas las visitas requieren permisos especiales del Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos , o de The Nature Conservancy para el atolón Palmyra, [103] o de la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos para el atolón Johnston [99] y la isla Wake. [105]

Proceso de calificación

El proceso típico para emitir una visa de Estados Unidos, posiblemente incluyendo una verificación de Visas Mantis

Los solicitantes de visas de visitante deben demostrar que reúnen los requisitos de conformidad con las disposiciones de la Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad . La ley presume que todo solicitante de visa de no inmigrante (excepto ciertos solicitantes relacionados con el empleo, que están exentos) es un posible inmigrante a menos que se demuestre lo contrario. Por lo tanto, los solicitantes de la mayoría de las visas de no inmigrante deben superar esta presunción demostrando que:

Todos los solicitantes de visas de visita, negocios, tránsito, estudiantes e intercambio deben pagar una tarifa de solicitud de 185 USD [106] a la sección consular de una embajada o consulado de los EE. UU. para ser entrevistados por un funcionario consular que determinará si el solicitante está calificado para recibir una visa para viajar a los Estados Unidos (además, el funcionario también puede solicitar al Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos una Opinión Asesora de Seguridad , que puede tardar varias semanas en resolverse). La tarifa de solicitud aumenta a 205 USD para la mayoría de las visas de trabajo y puede ser incluso más alta para ciertas categorías. [106]

Si se rechaza la solicitud, no se reembolsa la tasa de solicitud. Si se aprueba la solicitud, los nacionales de determinados países también deben pagar una tasa de expedición de visado, en función de la reciprocidad. [107] Entre los elementos incluidos en la decisión de calificación se encuentran la independencia financiera, el empleo adecuado, los bienes materiales y la falta de antecedentes penales en el país de origen del solicitante.

Estadísticas de admisión

  Estados Unidos
Número de admisiones de no inmigrantes con fines turísticos y de negocios en los Estados Unidos en el año fiscal 2017:
  Más de 2 millones   Más de 1 millón   Más de 500 mil   Más de 250 mil   Más de 100 mil   Más de 15 mil   Menos de 15 mil

El mayor número de admisiones de no inmigrantes para turistas y con fines de negocios a los Estados Unidos en los años fiscales 2014, 2015, 2016 y 2017 provino de los siguientes países (enumerados con más de 700.000 admisiones): [108] [109] [110] [111]

Clases de visas

Visas de no inmigrante

Una visa

Las visas A se emiten a los representantes de un gobierno extranjero que viajan a los Estados Unidos para participar en actividades oficiales para ese gobierno. Las visas A se otorgan a embajadores , ministros , diplomáticos y otros funcionarios o empleados de gobiernos extranjeros que viajan por asuntos oficiales (visa A-1). Ciertos funcionarios extranjeros requieren una visa A independientemente del propósito de su viaje.

La visa A también se concede a los familiares directos de dichos funcionarios de gobiernos extranjeros, definidos como "el cónyuge del solicitante principal y los hijos e hijas solteros de cualquier edad que no sean miembros de otro hogar y que residirán regularmente en el hogar del extranjero principal" (visa A-2) y que "también pueden incluir parientes cercanos del extranjero principal o cónyuge que estén relacionados por sangre, matrimonio o adopción que no sean miembros de otro hogar; que residirán regularmente en el hogar del extranjero principal; y que sean reconocidos como dependientes por el gobierno que envía (visa A-3). [120]

Visa B

La visa de no inmigrante más común es la visa de propósitos múltiples B-1/B-2, también conocida como "visa para visitantes temporales por negocios o placer".

Los solicitantes de visa a veces reciben una visa B-1 (visitante temporal por negocios) o una visa B-2 (visitante temporal por placer), si el motivo de su viaje es lo suficientemente específico como para que el funcionario consular considere que no califican para el estatus combinado B-1/B-2. [121]

Los titulares también pueden asistir a cursos cortos sin créditos. Los ciudadanos mexicanos son elegibles para obtener tarjetas de cruce fronterizo . [122]

A partir del 29 de noviembre de 2016, todos los titulares de pasaportes chinos que también posean visas B de 10 años deberán inscribirse en el Sistema Electrónico de Actualización de Visas (EVUS) antes de viajar a los Estados Unidos.

Este requisito podrá extenderse en el futuro a otras nacionalidades. [123] [124]

A partir del 24 de enero de 2020, no se emitirán visas B a personas que se espera que den a luz durante su estadía , a menos que demuestren que el propósito principal de su visita no es obtener la ciudadanía estadounidense para el niño . [125]

Además, los solicitantes de visa B que busquen tratamiento médico en los Estados Unidos deben demostrar sus arreglos para el tratamiento médico y establecer suficientemente su capacidad para pagarlo. [125]

Periodo de validez
Período de validez de la visa B de EE. UU. por país: [107] [126]
Tasa de rechazo de visas ajustada
Tasa de rechazo de visas B de EE. UU. en el año fiscal 2023:

La tasa de rechazo ajustada se basa en la tasa de rechazo de las solicitudes de visa B.

Las visas B se adjudican en base a entrevistas con los solicitantes; las entrevistas generalmente duran entre 60 y 90 segundos. [127] Debido a las limitaciones de tiempo, los adjudicadores elaboran un perfil de los solicitantes. [127]

Ciertos grupos demográficos, como los adultos jóvenes solteros y desempleados, casi nunca reciben visas, a menos que articulen una razón convincente. [127] A los adjudicadores se los evalúa por la rapidez con la que realizan las entrevistas, no por la calidad de las decisiones de adjudicación. [128] No se evalúa la validez de las decisiones sobre visas B. [128]

Para calificar para el Programa de Exención de Visas, un país debe haber tenido una tasa de rechazo de visas de no inmigrantes de menos del 3% durante el año anterior o un promedio de no más del 2% durante los últimos dos años fiscales sin que ninguno de los años supere el 2,5%. [129]

Además, el país debe brindar acceso sin visa a los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos y debe ser un país independiente o una dependencia de un país del VWP (que ha impedido a Hong Kong y Macao participar en el programa). (Hasta el 4 de abril de 2016, Argentina cobraba 160 dólares a los ciudadanos estadounidenses para ingresar).

Las tasas ajustadas de rechazo de visas para visas B fueron las siguientes:

Overstay rate

A number of visitors overstay the maximum period of allowed stay on their B-1/B-2 status after entered the U.S. on their B-1/B-2 visas.

The Department of Homeland Security publishes annual reports that list the number of violations by passengers who arrive via air and sea. The table below excludes statistics on persons who left the United States later than their allowed stay or legalized their status and shows only suspected overstays who remained in the country.

The top 20 nationalities by the number of suspected in-country B-1/B-2 overstays in 2022 were:[138]

In 2016 the total number of suspected overstays in country was 280,559 with a corresponding rate of 1.91%.

The top 10 nationalities by in-country B-1/B-2 visa overstay rate in 2022 were:[138]

Use for other countries

U.S. tourist visas that are valid for further travel are accepted as substitute visas for national visas in the following territories:

C visa

The C-1 visa is a transit visa issued to individuals who are traveling in "immediate and continuous transit through the United States en-route to another country". The only reason to enter the United States must be for transit purposes.

A subtype C-2 visa is issued to diplomats transiting to and from the Headquarters of the United Nations and is limited to the vicinity of New York City. A subtype C-3 visa is issued to diplomats and their dependents transiting to and from their posted country.[147]

D visa

D visa is issued to crew members of sea-vessels and international airlines in the United States. This includes commercial airline pilots and flight attendants, captain, engineer, or deckhand of a sea vessel, service staff on a cruise ship and trainees on board a training vessel. Usually a combination of a C-1 visa and D visa is required.[148]

E visa

Treaty Trader (E-1 visa) and Treaty Investor (E-2 visa) visas are issued to citizens of countries that have signed treaties of commerce and navigation with the United States.[149]

They are issued to individuals working in businesses engaged in substantial international trade or to investors (and their employees) who have made a 'substantial investment' in a business in the United States.[150]

The variant visa issued only to citizens of Australia is the E-3 visa (E-3D visa is issued to spouse or child of E-3 visa holder and E-3R to a returning E-3 holder).[151]

F visa

These visas are issued for foreign students enrolled at accredited US institutions.

F-1 visas are for full-time students, F2 visas are for spouses and children of F-1 visa holders and F-3 visas are for "border commuters" who reside in their country of origin while attending school in the United States.[152] They are managed through SEVIS.[153]

G visa

G visas are issued to diplomats, government officials, and employees who will work for international organizations in the United States. The international organization must be officially designated as such.[154]

The G-1 visa is issued to permanent mission members; the G-2 visa is issued to representatives of a recognized government traveling temporarily to attend meetings of a designated international organization; the G-3 visa is issued to persons who represent a non-recognized government; the G-4 visa is for those who are taking up an appointment; and the G-5 visa is issued to personal employees or domestic workers of G1–G4 visa holders.[155] G1–G4 visas are also issued to immediate family members of the principal visa holder, if they meet certain criteria.[155]

NATO visa

Officials who work for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization require a NATO visa.

The NATO-1 visa is issued to permanent representatives of NATO and their staff members, NATO-2 visa is issued to a representative of member state to NATO or its subsidiary bodies, advisor or technical expert of the NATO delegation visiting the United States, a member of the NATO military forces component or a staff member of the NATO representative, NATO-3 visa is issued to official clerical staff accompanying the representative of a NATO member state, NATO-4 visa is issued to foreign national recognized as a NATO official, NATO-5 visa is issued to a foreign national recognized as a NATO expert and NATO-6 visa is issued to a member of the civilian component of the NATO. All NATO visas are issued to immediate family members as well. NATO-7 visas are issued to personal employees or domestic workers of a NATO-1 – NATO-6 visa holders.[155]

H visa

H visas are issued to temporary workers in the United States.

Specialty occupations, DOD Cooperative Research and Development Project Workers, and fashion models

The discontinued H-1A and H-1C visas existed during periods when the US experienced a shortage of nurses from 1989. The H-1A classification was created by the Nursing Relief Act of 1989 and ended in 1995.

The H-1C visa was created by the Nursing Relief for Disadvantaged Area Act of 1999 and expired in 2005. Currently nurses must apply for H-1B visas.[156]

The H-1B classification is for professional-level jobs that require a minimum of a bachelor's degree in a specific academic field. In addition, the employee must have the degree or the equivalence of such a degree through education and experience.

There is a required wage, which is at least equal to the wage paid by the employer to similarly qualified workers or a prevailing wage for such positions in the geographic regions where the jobs are located.

This visa also covers fashion models of distinguished merit and ability.[157][158] The H-1B1 visa is the variant issued to citizens of Singapore and Chile.

Temporary agricultural workers

The H-2A visa allows a foreign national entry into the US for temporary or seasonal agricultural work for eligible employers under certain conditions (seasonal job, no available US workers).[159]

Temporary nonagricultural workers

The H-2B visa allows a foreign national entry into the US for temporary or seasonal non-agricultural work for eligible employers under certain conditions (seasonal job, no available US workers).[160]

Nonimmigrant trainee or special education exchange Visitor

The H-3 visa is available to those foreign nationals looking to "receive training in any field of endeavor, other than graduate medical education or training, that is not available in the foreign national's home country" or " participate in a special education exchange visitor training program that provides for practical training and experience in the education of children with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities".[161]

Family members

H-4 visa is issued to immediate family members of H visa holders. In some cases, they are eligible for employment.[162]

I visa

The I-1 visa is issued to representatives of the foreign media, including members of the press, radio, film, and print industries travelling to temporarily work in the United States in the profession.[163]

J visa

The J-1 visa is issued to participants of work-and study-based exchange visitor programs.[164]

The Exchange Visitor Program is carried out under the provisions of the Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961, officially known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 87–256, 75 Stat. 527). The purpose of the act is to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchanges. The Exchange Visitor Program is administered by the Office of Exchange Coordination and Designation in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.

In carrying out the responsibilities of the Exchange Visitor Program, the department designates public and private entities to act as exchange sponsors. Spouses and dependents of J-1 exchange visitors are issued a J-2 visa.[165]

Exchange visa categories are:

Exchange Visitor Pilot Programs exist for citizens of Australia,[180] Ireland,[181] New Zealand[182] and South Korea.[183]

K visa

A K-1 visa is a visa issued to the fiancé or fiancée of a United States citizen to enter the United States. A K-1 visa requires a foreigner to marry his or her U.S. citizen petitioner within 90 days of entry, or depart the United States. Once the couple marries, the foreign citizen can adjust status to become a lawful permanent resident of the United States (Green Card holder).[184]

A K-2 visa is issued to unmarried children under the age of 21. Foreign same-sex partners of United States citizens are currently recognized by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and accordingly can be sponsored for K-1 visas and for permanent resident status.[185]

K-3/K-4 visas are issued to foreign spouses and children of US citizens.[186]

L visa

The L-1 classification is for international transferees who have worked for a related organization abroad for at least one continuous year in the past three years and who will be coming to the United States to work in an executive or managerial (L-1A) or specialized knowledge capacity (L-1B).[187][188][189]The L-2 visa is issued to dependent spouse and unmarried children under 21 years of age of qualified L-1 visa holders.

M visa

The M-1 visa is a type of student visa reserved for vocational and technical schools.

Students in M-1 status may not work on or off campus while studying, and they may not change their status to F-1. The M-2 visa permits the spouse and minor children of an M-1 vocational student to accompany him or her to the United States.[152]

O visa

The O visa is a classification of non-immigrant temporary worker visa granted to an alien "who possesses extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics (O-1A visa), or who has a demonstrated record of extraordinary achievement in the motion picture or television industry and has been recognized nationally or internationally for those achievements," (O-1B visa) and to certain assistants (O-2 visa) and immediate family members of such aliens (O-3 visa).[190]

P visa

P visas are issued to individuals or team athletes, or member of an entertainment group including persons providing essential support services (P-1 visa), artists or entertainers (individual or group) under a reciprocal exchange program (P-2 visa) and artists or entertainers (individual or group) visiting to perform, teach or coach under a program that is culturally unique (P-3 Visa).[191]

P-4 visas are issued to spouses, or children under the age of 21, of a P-1, P-2, or P-3 alien and who is accompanying, or following to join.

Q visa

The Q visa is issued to participants in an international cultural exchange program.[191]

R visa

The R-1 visa is issued to temporary religious workers. They must have been a member of a religious denomination having a bona fide non-profit religious organization in the United States for at least 2 years.[192] R-2 visa is issued to dependent family members.[193]

S visa

S visas are nonimmigrant visas issued to individuals who have assisted law enforcement as a witness or informant. There is a limit of 200 S visas a year.[194]

A law enforcement agency can then submit an application for resident alien status, i.e. a green card on behalf of the witness or informant once the individual has completed the terms and conditions of his or her S visa.[195]

TN visa

NAFTA Professional (TN) visa allows citizens of Canada and Mexico whose profession is on the NAFTA list[196] and who must hold a bachelor's degree to work in the United States on a prearranged job. Canadian citizens usually do not need a visa to work under the TN status (unless they live outside Canada with non-Canadian family members) while Mexican citizens require a TN visa.

Spouse and dependent children of a TN professional can be admitted into the United States in the TD status.[197]

T and U visas

The T-1 visa is issued to victims of severe forms of human trafficking.

Holders may adjust their status to permanent resident status.[198]

Subtypes of this visa are T-2 (issued to spouses of T-1), T-3 (issued to children of T-1), T-4 (issued to parents of T-1 under the age of 21), and T-5 (issued to unmarried siblings under the age of 18 of T-1 who is under 21).

The U-1 visa is a nonimmigrant visa which is set aside for victims of crimes (and their immediate family members) who have suffered substantial mental or physical abuse and are willing to assist law enforcement and government officials in the investigation or prosecution of the criminal activity.[199]

Subtypes of this visa are U-2 issued to spouses of U-1, U-3 issued to children of U-1, U-4 issued to parents of U-1 under the age of 21 and U-5 issued to unmarried siblings under the age of 18 of U-1 who is under 21.

V visa

The V visa is a temporary visa available to spouses and minor children (unmarried, under 21) of U.S. lawful permanent residents (LPR, also known as green card holders).

It allows permanent residents to achieve family unity with their spouses and children while the immigration process takes its course. It was created by the Legal Immigration Family Equity Act of 2000.[200]

The Act is to relieve those who applied for immigrant visas on or before December 21, 2000. Practically, the V visa is currently not available to spouses and minor children of LPRs who have applied after December 21, 2000.[201]

List of US visa types

All US visa types and subtypes are listed below:[202][203]

Immigrant visas

The Trump administration issued new rules on August 12, 2019, that will reject applicants for temporary or permanent visas for failing to meet income standards or for receiving public assistance such as welfare, food stamps, public housing or Medicaid.[204]

Critics[who?] feared the new law, which was set to go into effect in October 2019, could negatively impact the lives of children who are U.S. citizens.[205]

Nonimmigrant visas

[207][208][209]

Dual-intent visas

The concept of the dual intent visa is to grant legal status to certain types of visa applicants when they are in the process of applying for a visa with the intent to obtain a permanent residency/green card.

There are a certain number of U.S. visa categories that grant permission for dual intent, or to get a temporary visa status while having an intention to get a green card and stay permanently in the United States of America.[citation needed]

Most visas are named after the paragraph of the Code of Federal Regulations that established the visa.[210]

Digital Visa Authorization (DVA)

The State Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs is currently developing and trialling an electronic visa system, envisioned to eventually replace traditional sticker visas on passports. In 2023, this was trialled with K-1 visas issued at the Embassy of the United States, Dublin, Ireland.[211]

As this will only apply to individuals requiring a visa, this is different to the established ESTA system for visa-waived nationals.

Visa denial

A mock-up of the letter issued by the United States Consulate-general in Shanghai to inform nonimmigrant visa denials under Section 214(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

Section 221(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act defined several classes of aliens ineligible to receive visas.

Grounds for denial may include, but are not limited to:

Section 214(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (also cited as 8 United States Code § 1184(b))[212] states that most aliens must be presumed to be intending to remain in the U.S., until and unless they are able to show that they are entitled to non-immigrant status. This means there are two sides to a 214(b) denial. Denials occur when applicants do not convince the consular officer of their intent to stay in the U.S. temporarily, or were qualified for the visa.

An example of a denial based upon the first ground would be an applicant for an F-1 student visa who the consular officer felt was secretly intending to remain in the U.S. permanently.

An example of a denial based upon the second ground would be an H-1B applicant who couldn't prove he possessed the equivalent of a U.S. bachelor's degree in a specialty field—such an equivalency being a requirement for obtaining an H-1B visa.

In order to thereafter obtain a visa applicants are recommended to objectively evaluate their situation, see in what way they fell short of the visa requirements, and then reapply.[213]

In rare cases, Section 212(d)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act allows for the temporary entry of certain aliens who would otherwise be prohibited from entering the United States.

The person applies for a Hranka waiver and pays the filing fee. When deciding whether to approve the waiver, the Board of Immigration Appeals considers whether there would be harm to society if the applicant were admitted to the United States, the seriousness of the applicant's prior violations, and the nature of the applicant's reasons for wishing to enter the United States.

If approved for a Hranka waiver, the applicant would need to have this documentation when requesting entry to the United States.[214]

Exceptions

There are cases when a U.S. visa has been granted to aliens who were technically ineligible.

Japanese mafia (yakuza) leader Tadamasa Goto and three others were issued visas for travel between 2000 and 2004 to undergo liver transplant surgery at UCLA Medical Center.[215] The FBI had aided the men in the visa application process hoping that they would provide information regarding yakuza activities in the U.S.[215]

In 2005, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (then Chief Minister of Gujarat) was denied a diplomatic visa to the United States. The B-1/B-2 visa that had previously been granted to him was also revoked, under a section of the Immigration and Nationality Act which makes any foreign government official who was responsible or "directly carried out, at any time, particularly severe violations of religious freedom" ineligible for the visa (the violations of religious freedom in question being the 2002 Gujarat riots).[216] Modi is the only person ever denied a visa to the U.S. under this provision.[217] In 2014, after Modi's BJP political party won the 2014 Indian general election, U.S. President Barack Obama ended the visa issue by calling Modi to congratulate him on his victory, and invited him to the White House. On June 8, 2016, Modi addressed a joint meeting of the U.S. Congress.[218]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ According to the Taiwan Relations Act, U.S. laws treat Taiwan as a country despite the absence of diplomatic recognition.[21][22]
  2. ^ a b c ESTA is not available for nationals of Hungary born outside Hungary. For nationals of Hungary applying from August 1, 2023, ESTA is valid for one year and for a single entry to the United States.[25][26]
  3. ^ a b c For nationals of Brunei applying from July 6, 2023, ESTA is valid for 1 year.[26]
  4. ^ Only holders of passports with a national identification number.
  5. ^ Only British citizens are eligible to participate in the VWP.[27]
  6. ^ Up to 14 days, for the Northern Mariana Islands only, under a separate parole policy.[46] For holders of a Chinese passport, not including Hong Kong or Macau Special Administrative Region passports.[1]
  7. ^ a b Holders of a British National (Overseas) passport or Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport, in conjunction with a Hong Kong identity card.
  8. ^ Must travel on a nonstop flight from Taiwan and hold a valid Taiwanese passport and national identification card.
  9. ^ a b c For holders of British citizen passports only.
  10. ^ For stays of up to 7 days. Up to 400 authorizations per month.
  11. ^ a b c d Only holders of passports containing a national identification number.
  12. ^ a b Must also hold a national identification card or ESTA.
  13. ^ Except Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am May also enter without a visa, with ESTA.
  15. ^ May also enter without a visa if traveling directly from the country through airport preclearance and holding a police certificate showing no criminal record.
  16. ^ a b c d May also enter without a visa.
  17. ^ Electronic Visa Update System registration is required. For members of the Chinese Communist Party and their spouses and children under age 21, 1 entry and validity of 1 month.
  18. ^ a b c For B-1/B-2 only.
  19. ^ a b c d e For B-1 only.
  20. ^ a b c For B-2 only.
  21. ^ For holders of diplomatic or official passports, visa validity is 1 year.
  22. ^ For B-1/B-2 for a religious event, 1 entry and validity of 3 months. For B-1/B-2 for volunteer work, multiple entries and validity of 5 years.
  23. ^ For holders of a travel permit instead of a passport, visa validity is 5 years.
  24. ^ For B-1 or B-2.
  25. ^ a b For B-2 or B-1/B-2.
  26. ^ For British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) of the Pitcairn Islands, 2 entries and validity of 3 months. BOTCs of Bermuda may also enter without a visa. BOTCs of the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands may also enter without a visa if traveling directly from the territory and holding a police certificate showing no criminal record. British citizens may also enter without a visa, with ESTA.
  27. ^ "Non-nationality based issuances" includes individuals presenting travel documents issued by a competent authority other than their country of nationality, including, for example, aliens traveling on a Laissez-Passer issued by the United Nations and refugees residing in another country.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Persons with H-1B visas, H-4 visas (as immediate family members of H-1B visa holders), K visas, L visas, and V visas are permitted to have dual intent under the Immigration and Nationality Act. Federal regulations also appear to recognize dual intent O visas, P visas, and E visas.

References

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