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Portal: Islam chiita

Islam chiita

El Islam chiita ( / ˈʃiːə / ) es la segunda rama más grande del Islam . Sostiene que el profeta islámico Mahoma designó a Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 d. C.) como su sucesor ( árabe : خليفة , romanizado : khalifa  ) como imán (árabe: امام , lit. 'líder espiritual y político'), más notablemente en el evento de Ghadir Khumm , pero que después de la muerte del Profeta , 'Ali se vio impedido de suceder como líder de los musulmanes como resultado de la elección hecha por algunos de los otros compañeros de Mahoma ( árabe : صحابہ , romanizado :  sahaba ) en Saqifah . Esta visión contrasta principalmente con la del Islam sunita , cuyos seguidores creen que Mahoma no designó un sucesor antes de su muerte y consideran a Abu Bakr , quien fue designado califa por un grupo de otros compañeros de Mahoma en Saqifah, como el primer califa legítimo ( rashidun ) después de Mahoma (632-634 d. C.). 

La creencia de los musulmanes chiítas de que 'Ali era el sucesor designado de Mahoma como líder espiritual y político del Islam más tarde se desarrolló en el concepto de Imamah , la idea de que ciertos descendientes de Mahoma, los Ahl al-Bayt ( árabe : أَهْل ٱلْبَيْت , lit.  'Gente de la Casa'), son gobernantes legítimos o imanes a través del linaje de 'Ali y sus dos hijos Hasan y Husayn , quienes los musulmanes chiítas creen que poseen una autoridad espiritual y política especial sobre la comunidad musulmana . Eventos posteriores como el martirio de Husayn ibn Ali en la Batalla de Karbala (680 d.C.) influyeron aún más en el desarrollo del Islam chií, contribuyendo a la formación de una secta religiosa distinta con sus propios rituales y memoria colectiva compartida.

El 10-15% de los musulmanes practican el chiismo. Aunque existen muchas subsectas chiítas en el mundo musulmán, el chiismo duodecimano es, con diferencia, la más numerosa y la más influyente, y comprende alrededor del 85% de todos los musulmanes chiítas. Otras subsectas son los ismailíes , los zaidíes , los alevíes y los alauitas . Los musulmanes chiítas constituyen la mayoría de la población en tres países del mundo musulmán : Irán , Irak y Azerbaiyán . También se encuentran comunidades chiítas importantes en Líbano , Kuwait , Turquía , Yemen , Bahréin , Arabia Saudí , Afganistán y el subcontinente indio . Irán es el único país del mundo en el que el chiismo constituye la base tanto de sus leyes como de su sistema de gobierno . ( Artículo completo... )

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  • Sello caligráfico con el nombre de Husayn, expuesto en Santa Sofía

    Husayn ibn Ali ( árabe : الحسين بن علي , romanizado :  al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ; 11 de enero de 626 - 10 de octubre de 680) fue un líder social, político y religioso. Nieto del profeta islámico Mahoma e hijo de Ali ibn Abi Talib y la hija de Mahoma, Fátima , así como hermano menor de Hasan ibn Ali , Husayn es considerado como el tercer imán (líder) en el Islam chiita después de su hermano, Hasan, y antes de su hijo, Ali al-Sajjad . Al ser nieto del profeta, también es un miembro destacado de Ahl al-Bayt . También se le considera miembro de Ahl al-Kisa y participante en el evento de la mubahala . Mahoma lo describió a él y a su hermano, Hasan, como los líderes de la juventud del Paraíso .

    Durante el califato de Ali, Husayn lo acompañó en las guerras. Después del asesinato de Ali , obedeció a su hermano al reconocer el tratado Hasan-Mu'awiya , a pesar de que se le sugirió que hiciera lo contrario. En el período de nueve años entre la abdicación de Hasan en AH 41 (660 EC) y su muerte en AH 49 o 50 (669 o 670 EC), Hasan y Husayn se retiraron a Medina, tratando de mantenerse alejados de la participación política a favor o en contra de Mu'awiya . Después de la muerte de Hasan, cuando los iraquíes se volvieron hacia Husayn, en relación con un levantamiento, Husayn les ordenó que esperaran mientras Mu'awiya estuviera vivo debido al tratado de paz de Hasan con él. Antes de su muerte, Mu'awiya nombró a su hijo Yazid como su sucesor, en contra del tratado Hasan-Mu'awiya . Cuando Mu'awiya murió en 680, Yazid exigió que Husayn le jurara lealtad. Husayn se negó a hacerlo. Como consecuencia, abandonó Medina , su ciudad natal, para refugiarse en La Meca en el año 60 de la Hégira (679 d. C.). Allí, la gente de Kufa le envió cartas, invitándolo a Kufa y pidiéndole que fuera su imán y le juraron lealtad. Cuando Husayn se dirigía a Kufa con un séquito de unos 72 hombres, su caravana fue interceptada por un ejército de 1.000 hombres del califa a cierta distancia de Kufa. Se vio obligado a dirigirse al norte y acampar en la llanura de Karbala el 2 de octubre, donde un ejército omeya más grande de unos 4.000 o 30.000 hombres llegó poco después. Las negociaciones fracasaron después de que el gobernador omeya Ubayd Allah ibn ZiyadLos iraquíes negaron a Husayn el paso seguro sin someterse a su autoridad, condición que Husayn rechazó. El 10 de octubre se produjo una batalla en la que Husayn fue martirizado junto con la mayoría de sus parientes y compañeros, mientras que los miembros supervivientes de su familia fueron hechos prisioneros. La batalla fue seguida por la Segunda Fitna , durante la cual los iraquíes organizaron dos campañas separadas para vengar el martirio de Husayn; la primera por parte de los Tawwabin y la otra por parte de Mukhtar al-Thaqafi y sus partidarios. ( Artículo completo... )

  • Artwork with Fatima's name, reconstruction from a Safavid piece

    Fatima bint Muhammad (Arabic: فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد, romanized: Fāṭima bint Muḥammad; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra' (Arabic: فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء, romanized: Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija. Fatima's husband was Ali, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam. Fatima's sons were Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia Imams, respectively. Fatima has been compared to Mary, mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women and the dearest person to him. She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for Muslim women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering. It is through Fatima that Muhammad's family line has survived to this date. Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.

    When Muhammad died in 632, Fatima and her husband Ali refused to acknowledge the authority of the first caliph, Abu Bakr. The couple and their supporters held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad, possibly referring to his announcement at the Ghadir Khumm. Controversy surrounds Fatima's death within six months of Muhammad's. Sunni Islam holds that Fatima died from grief. In Shia Islam, however, Fatima's (miscarriage and) death are said to have been the direct result of her injuries during a raid on her house to subdue Ali, ordered by Abu Bakr. It is believed that Fatima's dying wish was that the caliph should not attend her funeral. She was buried secretly at night and her exact burial place remains uncertain. (Full article...)

  • Calligraphic seal featuring Hasan's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia

    Hasan ibn Ali (Arabic: الْحَسَنِ بْن عَلِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī; c. 625 – 2 April 670) was an Alid political and religious leader. The eldest son of Ali and Fatima and a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Hasan briefly ruled as Rashidun caliph from January 661 until August 661. He is considered as the second Imam in Shia Islam, succeeding Ali and preceding his brother Husayn. As a grandson of the prophet, he is part of the ahl al-bayt and the ahl al-kisa, and also participated in the event of the mubahala.

    During the caliphate of Ali (r. 656–661), Hasan accompanied him in the military campaigns of the First Fitna. Following Ali's assassination in January 661, Hasan was acknowledged caliph in Kufa. His sovereignty was not recognized by Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), the governor of Syria, who led an army into Kufa while pressing Hasan for abdication in letters. In response, Hasan sent a vanguard under Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas to block Mu'awiya's advance until he arrived with the main army. Meanwhile, Hasan was severely wounded in an abortive assassination attempt by the Kharijites, a faction opposed to both Ali and Mu'awiya. This attack demoralized Hasan's army and led to widespread desertion. Ubayd Allah and most of his troops also defected after Mu'awiya bribed him. In August 661, Hasan signed a peace treaty with Mu'awiya on the condition that the latter should rule in compliance with the Quran and the sunna, a council should appoint his successor, and Hasan's supporters would receive amnesty. Hasan retired from politics and abdicated in Medina where he died either from illness or poisoning, though the early sources are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned. Mu'awiya is commonly viewed as the instigator in the murder of Hasan, which removed an obstacle to the succession of his son Yazid I (r. 680–683). (Full article...)

  • "Muhammad, the Messenger of God"
    inscribed on the gates of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina

    Muhammad (/moʊˈhɑːməd/; Arabic: مُحَمَّد, romanized: Muḥammad, lit. 'praiseworthy'; [mʊˈħæm.mæd]; c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet who divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, and along with the Quran, his teachings and normative examples forming the basis for Islamic religious belief.

    Muhammad was born in approximately 570 CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610 CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (Islām) to God (Allāh) is the right way of life (dīn), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam. (Full article...)

  • Calligraphic panel bearing Ali's name

    Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب, romanized: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib; c. 600–661 CE) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 CE to 661, as well as the first Shia imam. Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, young Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was among the first to accept his teachings.

    Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam when Muslims were severely persecuted in Mecca. After immigration (hijra) to Medina in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the Ghadir Khumm, "Whoever I am his mawla, this Ali is his mawla." The interpretation of the polysemous Arabic word mawla is disputed: For Shia Muslims, Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while Sunni Muslims view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, Umar (r. 634–644). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of Uthman (r. 644–656), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies. (Full article...)
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Subcategorías

Rompecabezas de categorías
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Islam chiita
Islam chiita por ubicación
Musulmanes chiítas
Antichiismo
Batalla de Karbala
Creencia y doctrina chiíta
Ramas islámicas chiítas
Días de recuerdo chiítas
Dinastías chiítas
Fundamentalismo chiita
Historia del Islam chiita
Husaynías
Imamato
Literatura chiita
Mahdismo
Medios de comunicación chiítas
Las figuras musulmanas favorecidas en el Islam chiita
Organizaciones chiítas
Lugares sagrados islámicos chiítas
El Islam chiita y la política
Oraciones chiítas
Eruditos del Islam chiita
Apellidos chiítas
Relaciones entre chiítas y sunitas
Órdenes sufíes chiítas
Esbozos del Islam chiita
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Portales relacionados

Artículos seleccionados

  • Hezbollah ( / ˌhɛzbəˈlɑː / ; árabe : حزب الله , romanizado :  Ḥizbu ' llāh , pronunciado [ ħizbu‿lːaːh ] , lit. ' Partido de Dios ' ) es un partido político y grupo paramilitar chiita libanés . El ala paramilitar de Hezbollah es el Consejo de la Yihad , y su ala política es el partido Bloque de Lealtad a la Resistencia en el Parlamento libanés . Su fuerza armada se evaluó como equivalente a la de un ejército de tamaño mediano en 2016.Hezbollah fue fundado en 1982 por clérigos libaneses en respuesta a la invasión israelí del Líbano . Inspirado por la revolución iraní de 1979 y el modelo de gobierno islámico delayatolá Ruhollah Khomeini , Hezbolá estableció fuertes vínculos con Irán. El grupo fue inicialmente apoyado por 1.500 instructores del Cuerpo de la Guardia Revolucionaria Islámica (CGRI), que ayudaron a unificar varias facciones chiítas libanesas bajo el liderazgo de Hezbolá. El manifiesto de Hezbolá de 1985 esbozó sus objetivos clave , que incluyen expulsar la influencia occidental de la región, destruir a Israel , jurar lealtad al líder supremo de Irán y establecer un gobierno islámico influenciado por la ideología política de Irán . Sin embargo, el manifiesto también enfatizó la autodeterminación libanesa. Durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Hezbolá luchó contra las fuerzas israelíes y el Ejército del Sur del Líbano (SLA), lo que finalmente llevó a la retirada de Israel del sur del Líbano en 2000. Hezbolá también jugó un papel destacado en la Guerra del Líbano de 2006 y más tarde se involucró en la guerra civil siria , donde luchó junto al gobierno sirio contra las fuerzas rebeldes. ( Artículo completo... )  

  • Arabic calligraphic art, showing stylized names of the 14 Infallibles, arranged in a symbol
    Stylized rendition of the names of the 14 infallibles

    The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: ٱلْمَعْصُومُون ٱلْأَرْبَعَة عَشَر, al-Maʿṣūmūn al-ʾArbaʿah ʿAšar; Persian: چهارده معصومین, Čahârdah Ma'sūmīn) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah. Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God. The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God. They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge. Some Twelver Shia believe the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation and to the other major prophets. (Full article...)
  • The Twelve Imams (Arabic: ٱلْأَئِمَّة ٱلْٱثْنَا عَشَر, al-ʾAʾimmah al-ʾIthnā ʿAšar; Persian: دوازده امام, Davâzdah Emâm) are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, including that of the Alawite and Alevi.

    According to Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret sharia and the esoteric meaning of the Quran. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin (known as ismah, or infallibility) and must be chosen by divine decree through Muhammad. (Full article...)
  • Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (Arabic: ٱلرِّسَالَة ٱلذَّهَبِيَّة, Arabic pronunciation: ['rɪsælætæ 'ðæhæ'biæ]; "The Golden Treatise") is a medical dissertation on health and remedies attributed to Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha (765–818), the eighth Imam of Shia. He wrote this dissertation in accordance with the demand of Ma'mun, the caliph of the time. It is revered as the most precious Islamic literature in the science of medicine, and was entitled "the golden treatise" as Ma'mun had ordered it written in gold ink. The chain of narrators is said to reach Muhammad ibn Jumhoor or al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-Nawfali who is described as "highly esteemed and trustworthy" by al-Najjashi.

    The treatise of Ali al-Ridha includes scientific branches such as Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry and Pathology when medical science was still primitive. According to the treatise, one's health is determined by four humors of blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm, the suitable proportion of which maintains the health. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in the body. Ali al-Ridha describes the body as a kingdom whose king is the heart while the (blood) vessels, the limbs, and the brain are the laborers. The issue of the authorship and the transmission of the text has been critically analysed in the studies by Speziale (2004) and Speziale - Giurini (2009). (Full article...)
  • Sahifah of al-Ridha (Arabic: صَّحِيفَة ٱلرِّضَا, Ṣaḥīfah ar-Riḍā, lit. "Pages of al-Ridha"), also known as Sahifat of al-Reza and Sahifat al-Imam al-Ridha ("Book of Imam al-Ridha"), is a collection of 240 hadiths attributed to Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha, the eighth Shia Imam.

    The Sahifah is one of the major sources of Shia belief and has attracted the attention of Shia scholars such as Ibn Babawayh and Sheikh Tabarsi. It contains hadiths on various topics including the invocation of Allah; the importance of praying five times a day and of saying the prayer for the dead; the excellence of the household of Muhammad, of the believer, of good manners, of the names Muhammad and Ahmad, of various foods, fruits, and ointments, of obeying parents, of strengthening the bonds of kinship, and of jihad; a warning against cheating, backbiting, or tattling; and other miscellaneous traditions. The section on Muhammad's household discusses each of its fourteen members separately. (Full article...)
  • Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Shia Imam, was assassinated during the morning prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent to 19 Ramadan 40 AH. He died of his wounds about two days after the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljim struck him over his head with a poison-coated sword at the Great Mosque of Kufa, located in Kufa, in present-day Iraq. He was about sixty-two years of age at the time of his death.

    Ibn Muljim had entered Kufa with the intention of killing Ali, probably in revenge for the Kharijites' defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. He found two accomplices in Kufa, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra and Wardan ibn al-Mujalid. Unlike Ibn Muljim, the swords of these two missed Ali and they fled, but were later caught and killed. Before his death, Ali requested either a meticulous application of lex talionis to Ibn Muljim or his pardon, and he was later executed by Hasan, the eldest son of Ali. By most accounts, also involved in the assassination was al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the influential Kufan tribal leader whose loyalty to Ali is often questioned in the early sources. The assassination of Ali paved the way for his rival Mu'awiya to found the Umayyad Caliphate. The shrine of Ali in Najaf, near Kufa, is a major destination for Shia pilgrims. (Full article...)

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Fuente

  • Mizan al-hikma, Volumen 10, Página 504, Tradición 7109.
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En las noticias

22 de octubre de 2024 – Insurgencia del Estado Islámico en Irak
El primer ministro iraquí, Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani, anuncia la muerte de varios miembros de alto rango del Estado Islámico , incluido el líder del grupo en Irak , en una operación militar en la Gobernación de Saladino , Irak. (The Washington Post)
25 de septiembre de 2024 – Violencia sectaria en Pakistán , relaciones entre chiítas y sunitas
Al menos 25 personas han muerto y decenas han resultado heridas en enfrentamientos entre tribus musulmanas chiítas y sunitas en el distrito de Kurram , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistán , desde el 20 de septiembre. (AP)
12 de septiembre de 2024 – Conflicto afgano
Catorce personas mueren y seis más resultan heridas durante un tiroteo masivo perpetrado por militantes del Estado Islámico contra un autobús que transportaba a la población hazara chiíta entre las provincias afganas de Ghor y Daikundi , tras regresar de una peregrinación en Irak . (AP)
21 de agosto de 2024 –
Veintiocho personas murieron y otras 23 resultaron heridas cuando un autobús que transportaba peregrinos chiítas paquistaníes a la peregrinación de Arba'in en Irak se estrelló y volcó en la provincia de Yazd , Irán . (Reuters)
15 de julio de 2024 – Tiroteo en la mezquita de Mascate de 2024
Seis personas mueren y otras 30 resultan heridas en un tiroteo masivo en una mezquita chií en Mascate , Omán . Los tres atacantes mueren a manos de las fuerzas de seguridad en el tiroteo que sigue . (Al Arabiya)
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