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Diáspora india

Los indios de ultramar ( ISO : Pravāsī Bhāratīya ), oficialmente indios no residentes ( NRI ) y personas de origen indio ( PIO ) son indios que residen o son originarios de fuera de la India . [30] [31] Según el Gobierno de la India , los indios no residentes son ciudadanos de la India que actualmente no viven en la India, mientras que el término personas de origen indio se refiere a personas de nacimiento o ascendencia india que son ciudadanos de países distintos de la India (con algunas excepciones). La ciudadanía de la India en el extranjero (OCI) se otorga a las personas de origen indio y a las personas que no son personas de origen indio pero están casadas con un ciudadano indio o personas de origen indio . Las personas con estatus OCI se conocen como ciudadanos de la India en el extranjero ( OCI ). [32] El estatus OCI es una visa permanente para visitar la India con un pasaporte extranjero.

Según el informe del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores actualizado el 21/5/2024, hay 35,4 millones de NRI y PIO (incluidos los OCI) que residen fuera de la India; y los indios en el extranjero constituyen la diáspora en el extranjero más grande del mundo. [1] Cada año, 2,5 millones (25 lakh) de indios emigran al extranjero, que es el número anual más alto de migrantes en el mundo. [33]

Marco legal

Indio no residente (NRI)

En sentido estricto, el término indio no residente se refiere únicamente al estatus fiscal de un ciudadano indio que, según la sección 6 de la Ley del Impuesto sobre la Renta de 1961 , no ha residido en la India durante un período específico a los efectos de la Ley del Impuesto sobre la Renta. [34] Las tasas del impuesto sobre la renta son diferentes para las personas que son "residentes en la India" y para los NRI. A los efectos de la Ley del Impuesto sobre la Renta, la "residencia en la India" requiere una estancia en la India de al menos 182 días en un año fiscal o 365 días repartidos en cuatro años consecutivos y al menos 60 días en ese año. Según la ley, cualquier ciudadano indio que no cumpla los criterios de "residente de la India" es un no residente de la India y se trata como NRI para el pago del impuesto sobre la renta.

Los marineros no se consideran NRI. Sin embargo, como trabajan fuera de la India, a menudo durante más de 182 días, sus ingresos se gravan como si fueran NRI, aunque disfrutan de todos los demás derechos de un ciudadano.

Persona de origen indio (PIO)

Una persona de origen indio (PIO) [35] significa un ciudadano extranjero (excepto un nacional de Pakistán , Afganistán , Bangladesh , China , Irán , Bután , Sri Lanka y/o Nepal ) que:

Ciudadanía india en el extranjero (OCI)

Después de múltiples esfuerzos por parte de líderes de todo el espectro político indio, se estableció un programa de visas de largo plazo. Se llama "Ciudadanía de la India en el Extranjero" y se conoce comúnmente como tarjeta OCI . El nombre en sí mismo es engañoso, ya que no ofrece la ciudadanía india. La Constitución de la India no permite la doble ciudadanía completa. La tarjeta OCI es efectivamente una visa de largo plazo, con restricciones en los derechos de voto y los empleos gubernamentales. La tarjeta está disponible para ciertos ex indios en el extranjero y, si bien ofrece a los titulares la residencia y otros derechos, tiene restricciones y no se considera ningún tipo de ciudadanía india desde una perspectiva constitucional.

El 28 de septiembre de 2014, el primer ministro Narendra Modi anunció que las tarjetas PIO y OCI se fusionarían. [36] El 9 de enero de 2015, el Gobierno de la India retiró el sistema de la Tarjeta de Persona de Origen Indio y lo fusionó con el sistema de la Tarjeta de Ciudadano de la India en el Extranjero . Los titulares de tarjetas PIO deben solicitar la conversión de sus tarjetas existentes en tarjetas OCI. La Oficina de Inmigración declaró que seguiría aceptando las antiguas tarjetas PIO como documentos de viaje válidos hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2023. [37]

Comparación

Notas:

1. ^ Las personas de origen indio (PIO) se refieren a personas de nacimiento o ascendencia india que no son ciudadanos de la India, pero sí de otras naciones. Aquellos PIO que han obtenido el estatus de Ciudadano de la India en el Extranjero a través de la tarjeta OCI se conocen como Ciudadanos de la India en el Extranjero (OCI). La tarjeta emitida a los PIO, conocida anteriormente como tarjeta PIO, se ha fusionado con la tarjeta OCI desde 2014.
2. ^ Los ciudadanos de la India en el extranjero pueden incluir tanto a los ciudadanos indios que residen en el extranjero como a los que no lo están. Además, los ciudadanos extranjeros que se casan con ciudadanos indios también pueden obtener la tarjeta OCI y convertirse en ciudadanos indios, por lo que los ciudadanos indios que no residen en el extranjero quedan excluidos de esta categoría, ya que no forman parte de la diáspora india.

Historia de la emigración de la India

Propagación de las religiones índicas

Península arábiga

Asia central

Narimsimhan et al. (2019) [39] han descubierto que durante la Edad del Bronce había una población de la "periferia del Indo" que vivía en Asia Central . Habían migrado de la Civilización del Valle del Indo y se habían establecido en asentamientos de la BMAC para comerciar, lo que se corrobora con el descubrimiento de sellos del Valle del Indo en Asia Central. [40]

La diáspora comercial india moderna en Asia Central y Arabia surgió a mediados del siglo XVI y se mantuvo activa durante más de cuatro siglos. Astracán, en la desembocadura del Volga , fue el primer lugar del Zarato de Rusia donde se estableció una colonia comercial india ya en la década de 1610. Los cronistas rusos informaron de la presencia de comerciantes hindúes en Moscú y San Petersburgo en el siglo XVIII. [41]

Las personas de origen indio han alcanzado un alto perfil demográfico en áreas metropolitanas de todo el mundo, incluida India Square ( Little Bombay [42] ) en Jersey City , Nueva Jersey , Estados Unidos, hogar de la mayor concentración de indios asiáticos en el hemisferio occidental . [43] [44] [45] [46]

Los Multani de Multan , Shikarpur y Mawar , de origen hindú y musulmán, actuaron como banqueros y comerciantes en la Persia safávida . Los comerciantes hindúes de Hamadán fueron masacrados por los otomanos , como afirmó un armenio, y la comunidad de comerciantes indios se desplomó debido a las guerras otomana y afgana en Irán (1722-27) . [47] En Kerman , los comerciantes de origen hindú tenían un caravasar . [48] Jean Chardin, Jean de Thévenot, Adam Olearius y FA Kotov mencionaron a comerciantes de origen indio en la dinastía safávida en Persia, donde vivían junto con judíos y armenios. Los comerciantes de la India de origen sij e hindú vivieron en las dinastías Qajar y Zand en Persia después de una represión por parte de Nader Shah y las guerras afganas Ghilzar en Irán. [49]

Según George Forester, los comerciantes de Sarmarqandi y Bukharan compraban índigo indio a comerciantes de origen hindú en Kandahar en 1783. Según Elphinstone, en 1815, las casas más altas eran propiedad de hindúes. Lumsden registró 350 tiendas propiedad de hindúes en Kandahar . Los sijs y los hindúes se dedicaban a las finanzas, los metales preciosos y los textiles en Kandahar. [50]

Un hindú trabajaba para Timur Shah Durrani en Afganistán. Los hindúes de Peshawar estaban en Kabul en 1783. El préstamo de dinero era la principal ocupación de los hindúes en Kabul. Armenios e hindúes vivían en Kabul según una encuesta de 1876. [51] Judíos e hindúes vivían en Herat en el siglo XIX. [52] Hindúes, judíos y árabes de Sindhi Shikarpur vivían en Balkh en 1886. [53] El sindhi y el punjabi eran los idiomas utilizados por los indios en Afganistán. Algunas ciudades afganas, incluida Kabul, tienen lugares de culto para hindúes y sikhs. [54] Los comerciantes hindúes y sikhs han obtenido la ciudadanía local en Afganistán. [55]

Los comerciantes indios de Peshawari y Shikarpuri estaban involucrados en Asia Central. Los Shikarpuri invirtieron en grano en el Emirato de Bujará, así como en algodón de Fergana. También se dedicaron a préstamos de dinero legales en Bujará, lo que no podían hacer legalmente en el Turquestán ruso . [56] Judíos, hindúes, baluchis, persas y árabes vivían en Samarcanda, y los hindúes y bahá'ís viven en Baluchistán y Jorasán en Irán. [57]

Los comerciantes uigures acosaban a los usureros hindúes gritándoles y preguntándoles si comían carne de vaca o colgando pieles de vaca en sus cuartos. Los hombres uigures también se amotinaron y atacaron a los hindúes por casarse con mujeres uigures en 1907 en Poskam y Yarkand, como Ditta Ram, que pedía que se decapitaran y lapidaran a los indios mientras participaban en actos de violencia antihindú. [58] Los usureros indios hindúes que participaban en una procesión religiosa provocaron la violencia contra ellos por parte de uigures musulmanes. [59] En 1896, dos turcos uigures atacaron a un comerciante hindú y el cónsul británico Macartney exigió que los uigures fueran castigados con azotes. [60]

Los prestamistas y comerciantes de origen hindú de la India británica en Xinjiang estaban garantizados por el Cónsul General británico. [61] [62] Los refugiados rusos, los misioneros y los comerciantes y prestamistas británico-indios de origen hindú eran objetivos potenciales de las bandas de Kashgaris, por lo que el Consulado General de Gran Bretaña era un refugio potencial. [63] [64] Los asesinatos de dos hindúes a manos de uigures tuvieron lugar en el Bazar Shamba [65] de la manera más brutal. [66] [67] [68] El saqueo de los objetos de valor de los hindúes indios británicos asesinados ocurrió en Posgam el 25 de marzo de 1933, y el día anterior en Karghalik a manos de los uigures . [69] Los asesinatos de hindúes tuvieron lugar en Khotan a manos de los emires de Bughra. [70] El antagonismo contra los británicos y los hindúes era muy fuerte entre los rebeldes musulmanes turcos uigures en la zona sur de Xinjiang. Los musulmanes saquearon las posesiones en Karghalik de Rai Sahib Dip Chand, que era el aksakal de Gran Bretaña, y sus correligionarios hindúes el 24 de marzo de 1933, y en Keryia masacraron a los hindúes británicos. [71] El distrito de Shikarpur de Sind fue el origen de la diáspora hindú allí. La matanza de los hindúes de la India británica se denominó "la indignación de Karghalik". Los musulmanes habían matado a nueve de ellos. [72] La expulsión forzosa de los suecos estuvo acompañada por la matanza de los hindúes en Khotan por parte de los rebeldes turcos islámicos. [73] Los emires de Khotan masacraron a los hindúes mientras expulsaban a los suecos y declararon la sharia en Khotan el 16 de marzo de 1933. [74]

Sudeste asiático

Una de las principales emigraciones del subcontinente indio fue hacia el sudeste asiático . Existe la posibilidad de que la primera ola de migración india hacia el sudeste asiático se produjera cuando el emperador Ashoka invadió Kalinga y siguió la expedición de Samudragupta hacia el sur. [75] A esto le siguió una interacción temprana de los comerciantes indios con los asiáticos del sur y, después de mediados del primer milenio d. C., la emigración de miembros de la casta social brahmán . Esto dio lugar al establecimiento de los reinos indianizados en el sudeste asiático. Los gobernantes Chola , conocidos por su poder naval, conquistaron Sumatra y la península malaya . [ cita requerida ]

Otra diáspora temprana, de la que se sabe poco, fue una comunidad india denominada "Shendu", que se registró cuando las autoridades chinas anexaron Yunnan a la dinastía Han en el siglo I. [76]

Familia de comerciantes indios en Bagamoyo , África Oriental Alemana , alrededor de 1906/18

Dominación colonial europea (hasta 1947)

Trabajadores indígenas del Raj británico en régimen de servidumbre en Trinidad y Tobago , c. 1890-1896.

A mediados del siglo XIX, justo después de que terminaran los desastres coloniales británicos , gran parte de la migración que se produjo fue de trabajadores pioneros Girmitya contratados, en su mayoría personas de habla bhojpuri y awadhi del distrito Bhojpur de Uttar Pradesh y Bihar a otras colonias británicas bajo el sistema de servidumbre indio . Los principales destinos fueron Mauricio , Guyana , Trinidad y Tobago , Surinam , otras partes del Caribe (por ejemplo , Jamaica , Guadalupe , Martinica , Belice , Barbados , Granada , San Vicente y las Granadinas , Santa Lucía ), Fiji , Reunión , Seychelles , Península Malaya (por ejemplo , Malasia y Singapur ), África Oriental (por ejemplo , Kenia , Somalia , Tanzania , Uganda ) y Sudáfrica . [ cita requerida ]

Los comerciantes gujarati y sindhi se establecieron en la península arábiga , Adén , Omán , Bahréin , Dubái , Sudáfrica y los países del este de África, la mayoría de los cuales estaban gobernados por los británicos. La rupia india era la moneda legal en muchos países de la península arábiga. Los camelleros punjabíes, rajasthanis, sindhis, baluchis y cachemires fueron llevados a Australia. [77] [78]

Post-independencia

Después de obtener la independencia del Raj británico , a diferencia de la migración interna, los altos dirigentes del gobierno históricamente no han expresado opiniones sobre la emigración internacional. Como resultado, sigue siendo un tema político solo en estados con grandes poblaciones emigrantes, como Kerala , Punjab , Tamil Nadu y, en menor grado, Gujarat , Andhra Pradesh y Goa . Sin embargo, el fenómeno sigue siendo una fuerza importante en las relaciones económicas ( inversión extranjera directa ), sociales y políticas de la India con las naciones que tienen una población india significativa. [ cita requerida ] Por ejemplo, la firma en 2008 del Acuerdo Nuclear Civil entre la India y los Estados Unidos se vio favorecida por un intenso cabildeo de los indios estadounidenses . [ 79 ]

Experiencia en el extranjero

Amor por la India

La indofilia o indomanía es el amor, la admiración o el interés especial por la India o su gente y su cultura. [80] Un indófilo es alguien que ama a la India, la cultura india, la cocina, las religiones, la historia o su gente.

Discriminación en el extranjero

Demografía por países

Un mapa mundial que muestra la distribución y concentración estimada de personas de ascendencia o origen indio por país.

Población de indios en el extranjero, por país, según los Servicios Consulares del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de la India, [1] u otras estimaciones (si se indican).

Diáspora por país de acogida

África

Madagascar

Los indios de Madagascar descienden principalmente de comerciantes que llegaron en el siglo XIX en busca de mejores oportunidades. La mayoría de ellos procedían del estado de Gujarat, en la costa oeste de la India , y eran conocidos como karana (musulmanes) y bania (hindúes). La mayoría habla gujarati , aunque también se hablan otros idiomas indios. En la actualidad, las generaciones más jóvenes hablan al menos tres idiomas; estos idiomas incluyen francés o inglés, gujarati y malgache . [ cita requerida ]

Mauricio

Los habitantes de Mauricio son conocidos como indomauricianos y constituyen aproximadamente el 65,8% de la población. La mayoría de ellos son hindúes (73,7%) y un grupo significativo son musulmanes (26,3%). Mauricio es el único país de mayoría hindú (48,5%) de África según el censo de 2011. También hay un número relativamente pequeño de baháʼís y sijs . La lengua materna de los indomauricianos es el criollo , así como el francés y el inglés en general, sin embargo, todavía se hablan varios idiomas indios, especialmente bhojpuri , tamil , hindi , maratí , odia , telugu y urdu, ya que se utilizan en actividades religiosas.

Mauricio acoge el Aapravasi Ghat , el único lugar declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en el mundo, para rendir homenaje a la memoria de los trabajadores contratados . Los festivales indios de Maha Shivaratri , Diwali , Thaipusam , Ponggal , Ganesh Chaturthi y Ugadi son días festivos nacionales, al igual que la conmemoración anual de la llegada de los trabajadores contratados indios a Mauricio.

Reunión

Los indios constituyen una cuarta parte de la población de Reunión. La mayoría de ellos llegaron originalmente como trabajadores contratados desde Tamil Nadu . [ cita requerida ]

Sudáfrica

Navanethem Pillay , de ascendencia india y sudafricana , que se desempeñó como Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos .

La mayoría de los asiáticos en Sudáfrica descienden de trabajadores indios contratados que fueron traídos por los británicos desde la India en el siglo XIX, principalmente para trabajar en las plantaciones de caña de azúcar de lo que ahora es la provincia de KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). La mayoría son de ascendencia tamil junto con personas que hablan hindi o bhojpuri , en su mayoría descendientes de Bihar y Uttar Pradesh. También hay un número menor de comunidades de habla telugu , mientras que una minoría desciende de comerciantes indios que emigraron a Sudáfrica aproximadamente al mismo tiempo, muchos de ellos desde Gujarat. La ciudad de Durban tiene el mayor número de asiáticos en el África subsahariana, y el líder independentista indio Mahatma Gandhi trabajó como abogado en el país a principios del siglo XX. Sudáfrica tiene uno de los mayores números de personas de ascendencia india fuera de la India en el mundo, es decir, nacidos en Sudáfrica y no migrantes. La mayoría de ellos son descendientes de cuarta o quinta generación. La mayoría de los sudafricanos indios no hablan ninguna lengua india, ya que se "perdieron" a lo largo de las generaciones, aunque algunos disfrutan viendo películas indias y escuchando música india , y mantienen (y se les ha impuesto) una fuerte identidad racial india como consecuencia del legado del apartheid . [156]

África Oriental

Sir Ben Kingsley, de ascendencia indo-keniana, es un destacado actor ganador del Oscar.
Farrokh Bulsara, más conocido como Freddie Mercury , cantante principal y cofundador de la exitosa banda de rock Queen , era de ascendencia parsi nacido en Zanzíbar .

Antes de la ola migratoria más grande durante la era colonial británica, un grupo significativo de asiáticos del sur, especialmente de la costa oeste ( Sindh , Surat , Konkan y Malabar ) viajaba regularmente al sudeste de África, especialmente a Zanzíbar. Se cree que viajaban en dhows árabes , barcos de la Armada Maratha (bajo el mando de Kanhoji Angre ) y posiblemente en juncos chinos y barcos portugueses. Algunas de estas personas se asentaron en el sudeste de África y luego se extendieron a lugares como la actual Uganda y Mozambique. Más tarde se mezclaron con la ola mucho más grande de asiáticos del sur que llegaron con los británicos.

La migración india a los países actuales de Kenia, Uganda, Mauricio, Sudáfrica y Tanzania comenzó hace casi un siglo, cuando estas partes del continente estaban bajo el dominio colonial británico y francés. La mayoría de estos migrantes eran de origen gujarati o punjabi . Hay casi tres millones de indios viviendo en el sudeste de África. Las empresas dirigidas por indios eran (o son) la columna vertebral de las economías de estos países. En el pasado, estas iban desde pequeñas tiendas de comestibles rurales hasta fábricas de azúcar . Además, los profesionales indios, como médicos, maestros e ingenieros, también desempeñaron un papel importante en el desarrollo de estos países.

Asia

Indonesia

Sri Prakash Lohia , fundador de Indorama Corporation y sexta persona más rica de Indonesia según Forbes
Manoj Punjabi es un productor de cine y televisión indio-indonesio y propietario de la mayor productora de Indonesia.

Según las cifras oficiales, en Indonesia viven unos 125.000 indios y 25.000 PIO/NRI, de los cuales la comunidad de expatriados indios registrada en la embajada y el consulado de Medan asciende a unas 5.000-7.000 personas. La mayoría son descendientes de tamiles.

Los indios han vivido en Indonesia durante siglos, desde la época de los imperios Srivijaya y Majapahit , ambos hindúes y muy influenciados por el subcontinente. Los indios fueron traídos a Indonesia por los holandeses en el siglo XIX como trabajadores contratados para trabajar en las plantaciones ubicadas alrededor de Medan en Sumatra. Si bien la mayoría de ellos provenían del sur de la India, un número significativo también provenía del norte de la India. Los indios de Medan incluían hindúes, musulmanes y sikhs. Ahora han estado en Indonesia durante más de cuatro generaciones y tienen pasaportes indonesios . Si bien las estadísticas locales continúan sugiriendo que hay unos 40.000 PIO en Sumatra, la gran mayoría ahora están completamente asimilados a la sociedad indonesia, aunque algunos elementos de las comunidades tamil, punjabi y odia aún mantienen sus tradiciones culturales.

La diáspora india también incluye a varios miles de familias sindhi que constituyen la segunda ola de inmigrantes indios que hicieron de Indonesia su hogar en la primera mitad del siglo XX. La comunidad sindhi se dedica principalmente al comercio .

Entre estas comunidades, los tamiles y, en menor medida, los sikhs se dedicaban principalmente a la agricultura, mientras que los sindhis y los punjabis se establecieron principalmente en el comercio textil y en empresas deportivas.

La afluencia de importantes inversiones indias a Indonesia a partir de finales de los años 70 atrajo una nueva oleada de inversores y directivos indios al país. Este grupo de empresarios y profesionales de los negocios se ha ampliado aún más en las dos últimas décadas y ahora incluye ingenieros, consultores, contables colegiados, banqueros y otros profesionales.

La comunidad india está muy bien considerada en Indonesia, es generalmente próspera e incluye personas que ocupan altos cargos en empresas locales y multinacionales.

Debido a factores económicos, la mayoría de los comerciantes y hombres de negocios entre los PIO se han mudado a Yakarta en las últimas décadas desde áreas periféricas como Medan y Surabaya . Casi la mitad de la comunidad india en Indonesia está ahora basada en Yakarta; se estima que la población de la comunidad india de Yakarta es de aproximadamente 19.000. [157] Hay seis asociaciones sociales o profesionales principales en la comunidad india PIO/NRI de Yakarta. Gandhi Seva Loka (antes conocida como Asociación de Comerciantes de Bombay) es una institución caritativa dirigida por la comunidad sindhi y se dedica principalmente a actividades educativas y sociales. El India Club es una organización social de profesionales PIO/NRI. Una Asociación de Mujeres Indias reúne a los cónyuges de PIO/NRI y realiza actividades caritativas. Hay un Comité Gurudwara Prabandhak en Yakarta y los sindhis también, los sikhs están asociados con las actividades Gurudwara . La Asociación Económica de Indonesia e India (ECAII) reúne a los principales empresarios de la comunidad india con el objetivo de promover las relaciones económicas bilaterales, pero ha estado en gran medida inactiva. Por último, existe el Capítulo indonesio del Instituto de Contadores Públicos de la India (ICAI).

Japón

Los indios en Japón son inmigrantes de la India que llegaron a Japón y sus descendientes. En diciembre de 2008 , había alrededor de 40.000 indios viviendo en Japón. [158] Aproximadamente el 60% son profesionales de TI expatriados y sus familias. [159]

Malasia

La ex número uno mundial de squash femenino, Nicol David de Malasia , es de ascendencia chindian .

Malasia tiene una de las mayores poblaciones de indios y chinos en el extranjero del mundo. La mayoría de los indios emigraron a Malasia como trabajadores de plantaciones bajo el dominio británico. Son un grupo étnico minoritario significativo, que representa el 8% o 2.410.000 en 2017 de la población malasia. El 85% de estas personas hablan tamil. Han conservado sus idiomas y religión: el 88% de los indios étnicos en Malasia se identifican como hindúes. Una cantidad minoritaria de la población son sijs y musulmanes.

También existe una pequeña comunidad de origen indio, los chitty , que son descendientes únicamente de comerciantes tamiles que emigraron antes de 1500 d. C. Los chittys, que se consideran tamiles, hablan malayo y practican el hinduismo, suman hoy en día unos 200.000 miembros.

Nepal

En 2006, el recién formado parlamento de Nepal aprobó la controvertida ley de ciudadanía, la ley de nacionalidad nepalí , que permitió a casi dos millones de indios, especialmente a los que vivían en la provincia de Madhesh de Nepal , adquirir la ciudadanía y la identidad nepalíes a través de la naturalización. [160] [161] Se estima que el número total de ciudadanos indios que viven y trabajan temporalmente en Nepal es de entre dos y tres millones. [162] Nepal es también la séptima fuente más importante de remesas a la India, que ascendieron a casi 3.500 millones de dólares en 2013/2014. [163] [164]

Filipinas

En la actualidad, hay más de 150.000 personas de origen indio que residen en Filipinas. [165] Por ley, los filipinos indios se definen como ciudadanos filipinos de ascendencia india.

La India y Filipinas tienen vínculos culturales y económicos históricos que se remontan a más de 3000 años. Los hallazgos de la Edad de Hierro en Filipinas indican la existencia de comercio entre Tamil Nadu, en el sur de la India , y lo que hoy son las Islas Filipinas durante los siglos IX y X a. C. [166] La influencia de la cultura india en las culturas filipinas se intensificó desde el siglo II hasta finales del siglo XIV d. C., y afectó a diversos campos, como el idioma, la política y la religión. [167]

Durante la Guerra de los Siete Años , los indios de Chennai y Tamil Nadu formaron parte de la expedición británica contra la Manila española , arrebatándole la ciudad al gobierno de las Indias Orientales Españolas y ocupando las zonas circundantes hasta Caintâ y Morong (hoy en la provincia de Rizal ) entre 1762 y 1763. Tras el fin de la guerra, varios soldados indios se amotinaron, se asentaron y se casaron con mujeres locales tagalas . Estos indios cipayos todavía tienen descendientes en la ciudad hoy en día. [168] [169]

Singapur

V. Sundramoorthy es un exfutbolista internacional de Singapur y actualmente es el entrenador en jefe del club Tampines Rovers de la S.League .

Los indios singapurenses (definidos como personas de ascendencia paterna del sur de Asia ) constituyen el 9% de los ciudadanos y residentes permanentes del país, [170] lo que los convierte en el tercer grupo étnico más grande de Singapur . Entre las ciudades, Singapur tiene una de las mayores poblaciones indias en el extranjero.

Aunque el contacto con la antigua India dejó un profundo impacto cultural en la sociedad malaya indígena de Singapur, la migración masiva de indios étnicos a la isla solo comenzó con la fundación de la moderna Singapur por los británicos en 1819. Inicialmente, la población india era transitoria, compuesta principalmente por hombres jóvenes que llegaban como trabajadores, soldados y convictos. A mediados del siglo XX, había surgido una comunidad sedentaria, con una proporción de género más equilibrada y una mejor distribución de los grupos de edad . El tamil es uno de los cuatro idiomas oficiales de Singapur junto con el inglés, el chino y el malayo.

La población india de Singapur se caracteriza por su estratificación de clases , con grupos de élite y de bajos ingresos desproporcionadamente grandes . Este problema de larga data se ha vuelto más visible desde la década de 1990 con la afluencia de inmigrantes de la India, tanto con educación como sin capacitación, y como parte de la creciente desigualdad de ingresos en Singapur. Los indios ganan ingresos más altos que los malayos, el otro grupo minoritario importante. Los indios también tienen significativamente más probabilidades de tener títulos universitarios que estos grupos. Sin embargo, los estudiantes indios, principalmente nacidos en el país, en las escuelas primarias y secundarias públicas tienen un desempeño inferior al promedio nacional en los exámenes principales.

Los indios de Singapur son lingüística y religiosamente diversos, y los indios del sur y los hindúes constituyen la mayoría. La cultura india ha perdurado y evolucionado durante casi 200 años. A mediados y finales del siglo XX, se había vuelto algo distinta de las culturas contemporáneas del sur de Asia, al mismo tiempo que los elementos indios se difundían dentro de una cultura singapurense más amplia . Desde la década de 1990, los nuevos inmigrantes indios han aumentado el tamaño y la complejidad de la población india local. Junto con las comunicaciones modernas, como la televisión por cable e Internet , esto ha conectado a Singapur con una cultura india global emergente.

Desde hace mucho tiempo, personalidades indias prominentes han dejado su impronta en Singapur como líderes en diversos ámbitos de la vida nacional. Los indios también están bien representados colectivamente, y a veces sobrerrepresentados, en áreas como la política , la educación , la diplomacia y el derecho .

También existe una pequeña comunidad de origen indio, los Chitty , que son descendientes de comerciantes tamiles que emigraron antes de 1500 d. C. Se consideran tamiles, hablan tamil y practican el hinduismo; los Chittys suman hoy en día unos 2.000 miembros.

caribe

Entre 1838 y 1917, más de medio millón de indios de la antigua India británica fueron llevados al Caribe como trabajadores contratados para satisfacer la demanda de mano de obra tras la abolición de la esclavitud . Los dos primeros barcos llegaron a la Guayana Británica (hoy Guyana ) el 5 de mayo de 1838.

La mayoría de los indios que viven en el Caribe anglófono y Surinam emigraron de la región de Bhojpur en el actual este de Uttar Pradesh , el oeste de Bihar y el noroeste de Jharkhand y la región de Awadh en el este de Uttar Pradesh, mientras que una minoría significativa vino del sur de la India . [171] La mayoría de los indios traídos a Guadalupe , Martinica , Santa Lucía y la Guayana Francesa eran en su mayoría de Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana y otras partes del sur de la India. [172] Una minoría emigró de otras partes del sur de Asia. Otros pueblos indocaribeños descienden o son migrantes posteriores, incluidos médicos, empresarios y otros profesionales indios. Muchos de ellos son de origen sindhi , punjabi , gujarati , kutchi , bengalí , tamil y telugu . [173] [174] [175] [176] [177] [178] [179] [180] Muchos pueblos indocaribeños han migrado y se han establecido en otros países, como Estados Unidos , Canadá , Reino Unido , Países Bajos y Francia , con poblaciones considerables en las áreas metropolitanas de Nueva York , Toronto , Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach , Orlando - Ocala , Minneapolis-Saint Paul , Tampa Bay , Winnipeg , Montreal , Vancouver , Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land , Washington, DC , Schenectady , Calgary , Londres , Rotterdam-Den Haag y Ámsterdam . [181]

Los indocaribeños son el grupo étnico más numeroso de Guyana, Surinam y Trinidad y Tobago. Son el segundo grupo más numeroso en Jamaica, San Vicente y las Granadinas y otros países. Hay pequeñas poblaciones de ellos en Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Guayana Francesa, Granada, Panamá, Guatemala, Santa Lucía, Haití, Martinica, Guadalupe y las Antillas Neerlandesas.

Europa

Países Bajos y Surinam

Hay alrededor de 120.000 personas de origen indio en los Países Bajos, el 90% de las cuales emigraron de la antigua colonia holandesa de Surinam, a donde sus antepasados ​​fueron traídos como trabajadores para cultivar y cuidar los cultivos en las antiguas colonias holandesas. [ cita requerida ]

Los indo-surinameses son ciudadanos de Surinam de ascendencia india o del sur de Asia. Después de que el gobierno holandés firmara un tratado con el Reino Unido sobre el reclutamiento de trabajadores contratados, los indios comenzaron a migrar a Surinam en 1873 desde lo que entonces era la India británica como trabajadores contratados, muchos de ellos provenientes de los actuales estados indios de Uttar Pradesh, Bihar y las regiones circundantes. Justo antes y justo después de la independencia de Surinam el 25 de noviembre de 1975, muchos indo-surinameses emigraron a los Países Bajos. [ cita requerida ]

Durante el apogeo del dominio británico en la India, muchas personas de la India fueron enviadas a otras colonias británicas para trabajar. En la colonia holandesa de Surinam, el Raj británico permitió a los holandeses reclutar trabajadores en ciertas partes de las Provincias Unidas del Norte de la India. Hoy en día, el templo hindú más grande de Europa se encuentra en La Haya . [182]

Reino Unido

Madhur Jaffrey es una destacada actriz, escritora de viajes y gastronomía y personalidad televisiva británica nacida en la India.
Rishi Sunak , el primer líder británico indio (no blanco) del Partido Conservador y primer ministro del Reino Unido (2022-2024)

La comunidad de emigrantes indios en el Reino Unido se encuentra ya en su tercera generación. Los indios en el Reino Unido son la comunidad más grande fuera de Asia proporcionalmente, y la segunda más grande en términos de población, superada sólo por los Estados Unidos y seguida de cerca por Canadá. La primera ola de indios en el Reino Unido trabajaba como trabajadores manuales y no era respetada dentro de la sociedad. Sin embargo, esto ha cambiado considerablemente. En general, los inmigrantes de tercera y cuarta generación están demostrando ser muy exitosos, especialmente en los campos del derecho, los negocios y la medicina. [ cita requerida ]

La cultura india ha sido constantemente referenciada dentro de la cultura británica en general, al principio como una influencia "exótica" en películas como My Beautiful Laundrette , pero ahora cada vez más como una característica familiar en películas como Quiero ser como Beckham .

El censo del Reino Unido de 2011 registró 1.451.862 personas de etnia india residentes en el Reino Unido (sin incluir a quienes se categorizaron como de etnia mixta). [129] Los principales grupos étnicos son los gujaratis , los punjabis , los bengalíes , los hablantes de hindi , los tamiles , los telugus , los malayos , los goanos - konkanis , los sindhis , los maratíes y los angloindios . [183] ​​Los hindúes comprenden el 49% de la población india británica, los sikhs el 22,1%, los musulmanes el 13,9%, los cristianos casi el 10%, y el resto está formado por jainistas (15.000), parsis (zoroastrianos) y budistas. [184]

En la actualidad, hay 2.360.000 personas que hablan lenguas indias en el Reino Unido. [185] El punjabi es ahora el segundo idioma más hablado en el Reino Unido, [186] y el idioma más hablado entre los alumnos que no tienen el inglés como primera lengua. [ cita requerida ]

Rishi Sunak se convirtió en el primer primer ministro británico indio (no blanco) del Reino Unido en octubre de 2022.

América del norte

Los términos de búsqueda pueden resultar confusos, ya que a algunos de los pueblos indígenas de las Américas se los denomina, ya sea legal o informalmente, indios. Véase, por ejemplo , Ley de Indios , Registro Indio , Reservas Indígenas .

El área estadística combinada de Nueva York alberga, con diferencia, la población india más grande de los Estados Unidos, con más de 700.000 (7 corderos) enumerados en el censo de EE. UU. de 2020.

Canadá

Harjit Sajjan es un político indio-canadiense y ex teniente coronel de las Fuerzas Armadas canadienses. Se desempeñó como Ministro de Defensa Nacional de 2015 a 2021.
La canadiense Lilly Singh , conocida por su nombre de usuario de YouTube "IISuperwomanII", es una popular personalidad de YouTube de origen indio. [187]
Navdeep Bains, undécimo ministro de Innovación, Ciencia e Industria de Canadá entre 2015 y 2021, es uno de los políticos indocanadienses más exitosos.

According to Statistics Canada, via the 2021 Canadian census, 1,858,755 persons classified themselves as being of Indian origin, comprising approximately 5.1% of the total Canadian population.[a] Unlike in India, however, representation of various minority religious groups is much higher amongst the Indo-Canadian population. For instance in India, Sikhs comprise 2% and Christians 2.2% of the population of India, Hindus 80% and Muslims 14%. In 2011, Sikhs represented 35%, Hindus represented 28%, Muslims 17%, Christians 16% of the total people of Indian origin in Canada.[189]

A Punjabi community has existed in British Columbia, Canada, for over 120 years. The first known Indian settlers in Canada were Indian Army soldiers who had passed through Canada in 1897 on their way home from attending Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebration in London, England. Some are believed to have remained in British Columbia and others returned there later. Punjabi Indians were attracted to the possibilities for farming and forestry. They were mainly male Sikhs who were seeking work opportunities. Indo-Caribbeans, descendants of the Indian indentured workers who had gone to the Caribbean since 1838, made an early appearance in Canada with the arrival of the Trinidadian medical student Kenneth Mahabir and the Demerara (now Guyana) clerk M N Santoo, both in 1908.[citation needed]

The first Indian immigrants in British Columbia allegedly faced widespread racism from the majority Anglo community. Race riots targeted these immigrants, as well as new Chinese immigrants. Most decided to return to India, while a few stayed behind. The Canadian government prevented these men from bringing their wives and children until 1919, another reason why many of them chose to leave. Quotas were established to prevent many Indians from moving to Canada in the early 20th century. These quotas allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when the number was increased to 300. In 1967, all quotas were scrapped. Immigration was then based on a point system, thus allowing many more Indians to enter. Since this open-door policy was adopted, Indians continue to come in large numbers, and roughly 25,000-30,000 arrive each year, which now makes Indians the second highest group immigrating to Canada each year, after the Chinese.[citation needed]

Most Indians choose to emigrate to larger urban centres like Toronto and Vancouver, where more than 60% live. Smaller communities are also growing in Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, and Winnipeg. A place called Little India exists in South Vancouver and a section of Gerrard Street in Toronto as well. Indians in Vancouver live mainly in the suburb of Surrey, or nearby Abbotsford but are also found in other parts of Vancouver. The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Punjabi Sikh origin and have taken significant roles in politics and other professions, with several Supreme Court justices, three attorneys general and one provincial premier hailing from the community. Both Gurmant Grewal and his wife Nina Grewal were the first married couple in Canada to be concurrently elected as Member of Parliament in 2004. The most read newspaper in the Indian community is The Asian Star and The Punjabi Star based in Vancouver started by an immigrant from Mumbai-Shamir Doshi.[citation needed]

The Greater Toronto Area contains the second largest population of Indian descent in North America, enumerating 572,250 residents of Indian origin as of 2011, surpassed only by the 592,888 estimate by the 2011 American Community Survey[190][191] (and 659,784 in 2013[192]) for the New York City Combined Statistical Area. Note, however, that the Toronto count (but not the New York count) includes individuals of West Indian/Indo-Caribbean descent. Compared to the Vancouver area, Toronto's Indian community is much more linguistically and religiously diverse with large communities of Gujaratis, Bengalis, Malayalis, and Tamils, including Tamil ethnic minority from Sri Lanka, as well as more Indians who are Hindu, Sikh and Muslim than Vancouver. From Toronto, Canadian carrier Air Canada operates non-stop flights to Delhi and Mumbai.[193]

United States

The United States has the largest Indian population in the world outside Asia. Indian immigration to North America started as early as the 1890s. Emigration to the United States also started in the late 19th and early 20th century, when Sikhs arriving in Vancouver found that the fact that they were subjects of the British Empire did not mean anything in Canada itself, and they were blatantly discriminated against.[194][clarification needed] Some of these pioneers entered the US or landed in Seattle and San Francisco as the ships that carried them from Asia often stopped at these ports. Most of these immigrants were Sikhs from the Punjab region.

Asian women were restricted from immigrating because the US government passed laws in 1917, at the behest of California and other states in the west, which had experienced a large influx of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian immigrants during and after the gold rush. As a result, many of the South Asian men in California married Mexican women. A fair number of these families settled in the Central Valley in California as farmers, and continue to this day. These early immigrants were denied voting rights, family re-unification and citizenship. In 1923 the Supreme Court of the United States, in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, ruled that people from India (at the time, British India, e.g. South Asians) were ineligible for citizenship. Bhagat Singh Thind was a Sikh from India who settled in Oregon; he had applied earlier for citizenship and was rejected there.[195] Thind became a citizen a few years later in New York.

After World War II, US immigration policy changed, after almost a half century, to allow family re-unification for people of non-white origin. In addition, Asians were allowed to become citizens and to vote. Many men who arrived before the 1940s were finally able to bring their families to the US; most of them in this earlier era settled in California and other west coast states.[citation needed]

Another wave of Indian immigrants entered the US after independence of India. A large proportion of them were Sikhs joining their family members under the newly more (though not completely) colour-blind immigration laws, then Malayali immigrants from Middle East, Kerala, etc. and professionals or students came from all over India. The Cold War created a need for engineers in the defence and aerospace industries, some of whom came from India. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, large numbers of Gujarati, Telugu, and Tamil people had settled in the US. The most recent and probably the largest wave of immigration to date occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s during the internet boom. As a result, Indians in the US are now one of the largest among the groups of immigrants with an estimated population of about 3.2 million, or ~1.0% of the US population according to American Community Survey of 2010 data.[196] The demographics of Indian Americans have accordingly changed from majority Sikh to majority Hindu, with Sikhs only comprising 10% to 20% of Indian Americans today. This is much smaller than the proportion of Sikhs amongst the Indian populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, but larger than in India. In 2018, with 25% of the population of all non-resident migrants in the US, Indians made up the highest number of non-resident migrants (those without US citizenship or green card).[197] The US Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.

Percent of population claiming Asian Indian ethnicity by state in 2010

In contrast to the earliest groups of Indians who entered the US workforce as taxi drivers, labourers, farmers, or small business owners, the later arrivals often came as professionals or completed graduate studies in the US and moved into professional occupations. They have become very successful financially thanks to highly technical industries, and are thus probably the most well-off community of immigrants. They are well represented in all walks of life, but particularly so in academia, information technology, and medicine.[198] There were over 4,000 PIO professors and 84,000 Indian‑born students in American universities in 2007–08. The American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin has a membership of 35,000. In 2000, Fortune magazine estimated the wealth generated by Indian Silicon Valley entrepreneurs at around $250 billion.[citation needed] Many IT companies like Google, Microsoft, Adobe and IBM have CEOs of Indian origin.

Aerial view of exurban Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey housing tracts in 2010. Since then, significant new housing construction is rendering an increasingly affluent and suburban environment to Monroe Township, while maintaining the proximity to New York City sought by Indians in this township with the fastest-growing Indian population in the Western Hemisphere.

Patel Brothers is the world's large supermarket chain serving the Indian diaspora, with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states—primarily located in the New Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area, due to its large Indian population, and with the East Windsor/Monroe Township, New Jersey location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India.

The New York City Metropolitan Area, including Manhattan, Queens, and Nassau County in New York State, and most of New Jersey, is home to, by far, the largest Indian population in the United States,[199] estimated at 679,173 as of 2014.[200] Though the Indian diaspora in the US is largely concentrated in metropolitan areas surrounding cities such as New York City, Washington D.C., Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco – almost every metropolitan area in the United States has a community of Indians.

Oceania

Australia

At the 2016 Australian census, 619,164 people stated that they had Indian ancestry, of which 455,389 were born in India, with people from India making up the third largest immigrant population in the country and the second most popular country of origin for new migrants from 2016.[201][202] Before roads and road transport were developed, many Indians had come to Australia to run camel trains. They would transport goods and mail via camels in the desert. Some of the earliest Punjabi arrivals in Australia included Kareem Bux, who came as a hawker to Bendigo in 1893, Sardar Beer Singh Johal, who came in 1895 and Sardar Narain Singh Heyer, who arrived in 1898. Many Punjabis took part in the rush for gold on the Victorian fields.

Indians also entered Australia in the first half of the 20th century when both Australia and India were both British colonies. Indian Sikhs came to work on the banana plantations in Southern Queensland. Today many of them live in the town of Woolgoolga (a town lying roughly halfway between Sydney and Brisbane). Some of these Indians, the descendants of Sikh plantation workers, now own banana farms in the area. There are two Sikh temples in Woolgoolga, one of which has a museum dedicated to Sikhism. Many Britons and Anglo-Indians born in India migrated to Australia after 1947. These British citizens decided to settle in Australia in large numbers but are still counted as Indian Nationals in the census. The third wave of Indians entered the country in the 1970s and 1980s after the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973 with many Indian teachers, doctors and other professional public service occupations settling in Australia accompanied by many IT professionals.[203]

After successive military coups in Fiji of 1987 and 2000, a significant number of Fijian-Indians migrated to Australia; as such there is a large Fijian-Indian population in Australia. Fijian-Indians have significantly changed the character of the Indian community in Australia. While most earlier Indian migration was by educated professionals, the Fijian-Indian community was also largely by professionals but also brought many small business owners and entrepreneurs.

The current wave of Indian migration is that of engineers, toolmakers, Gujarati business families from East Africa and relatives of settled Indians. Starved of government funding, Australian education institutes are recruiting full fee paying overseas students. Many universities have permanent representatives stationed in India and other Asian countries. Their efforts have been rewarded with a new influx of Indian students entering Australia. The total number of student visas granted to Indian students for 2006–2007 was 34,136;[204] a significant rise from 2002 to 2003, when 7,603 student visas were granted to Indian students.[205] According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, 87% of Indians residing in Australia are under the age of 50, and over 83% are proficient in English.

Fiji

Indo-Fijians are Fijians whose ancestors came mainly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, while a very small minority hailed from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Later on, a small population of Gujaratis, Punjabis and Bengalis emigrated to Fiji. They number 313,798 (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of 827,900 people living in Fiji.[206] They are mostly descended from indentured labourers, girmitiyas or girmit, brought to the islands by the British colonial government of Fiji between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's sugar cane plantations. Music has featured prominently in Indo-Fijian culture, with a distinctive genre emerging in the first decades of the 20th century that some claim influenced early jazz musicians. One of the Indo-Fijian jazz pioneers in the early evolution of this distinct ethnic art-form, Ravinda Banjeeri, likened the struggle to be heard through music as "like a bear emerging from a dark wood, listening to twigs snapping in an otherwise silent forest". The Indo-Fijians have fought for equal rights, although with only limited success. Many have left Fiji in search of better living conditions and social justice and this exodus has gained pace with the series of coups starting in the late 1980s.

New Zealand

The former Governor General of New Zealand, Anand Satyanand, is of Indian descent.

Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on Royal Navy warships. The earliest known Indians to set foot in Aotearoa New Zealand were Muslim lascars who arrived in December 1769 on the ship Saint Jean Baptiste captained by Frenchman Jean François Marie de Surville sailing from Pondicherry, India.[207] Their arrival marks the beginning of Indian presence in New Zealand, in which hundreds of unnamed South Asian lascars visited New Zealand on European ships in order to procure timber and seal skins.[207] The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship City of Edinburgh who jumped ship in 1809 in the Bay of Islands to live with a Māori wife.[208] Numbers slowly increased through the 19th and 20th centuries, despite a law change in 1899 that was designed to keep out people who were not of "British birth and parentage".[209] As in many other countries, Indians in New Zealand, also called "Indo-Kiwis", dispersed throughout the country and had a high rate of small business ownership, particularly fruit and vegetable shops and convenience stores. At this stage most Indian New Zealanders originated from Gujarat and the Punjab. Changes in immigration policy in the 1980s allowed many more Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis into the country. Today, South Asians from all over the subcontinent live and work in New Zealand, with small numbers involved in both local and national politics.[210] Notable Indian New Zealanders include former Dunedin mayor Sukhi Turner, cricketers Dipak Patel and Jeetan Patel, singer Aaradhna, Minister Priyanca Radhakrishnan and former Governor General Anand Satyanand

West Asia

Armenia

There are over 28,000 Indian citizens in Armenia, including those who are seeking permanent residence status in Armenia, as recorded in 2018. In the first half of 2018, 10,237 Indians crossed Armenia's borders, and more than 2,000 were seeking permanent residence status.[95][211]

Israel

The Bene Israel (Hebrew: בני ישראל, "Sons of Israel") are an ancient group of Jews who migrated in the 18th century from villages in the Konkan area to nearby Indian cities, primarily Mumbai, but also to Pune, and Ahmedabad. In the second half of the 20th century, most of them emigrated to Israel, where they now number about 85,000. The native language of the Bene Israel is Judæo-Marathi, a form of Marathi.

Another prominent community that migrated to Israel after its creation were the Jews of Cochin, in Kerala (Cochin Jews) – a community with a very long history. They are known to have been granted protection by the king of the Princely State of Cochin. The earliest Jews in this region, as per local tradition, date to as early as 379 CE. The community was a mix of native Jews (called "Black Jews"), and European Jews (called "White Jews") who had emigrated to Cochin after the successive European conquests of Cochin. The Jewish community of Cochin spoke a variant of Malayalam, called Judeo-Malayalam. The community, after the creation of Israel, saw a mass exodus from Cochin, and is presently facing extinction in India.

Still another group of Indians to arrive in Israel belong to the Bnei Menashe ("Children of Menasseh", Hebrew בני מנשה) a group of more than 10,000 people from India's North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram, who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel, and of whom about 3,700 now live in Israel (some of them in Israeli settlements on the West Bank). Linguistically, Bnei Menashe are Tibeto-Burmans and belong to the Mizo, Kuki and Chin peoples (the terms are virtually interchangeable).[212] The move to convert them to Judaism and bring them to Israel is politically controversial in both India and Israel.[213]

Persian Gulf

Indians command a dominant majority of the population Persian Gulf countries. After the 1970s oil boom in the Middle East, numerous Indians from Kerala emigrated, taking advantage of close historical ties with the 'Gulf' as well as the lack of ample skilled labour from nearby Africa and the Middle East. Major urban centers such as Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha and Manama were experiencing a development boom and thousands of Indians labored in construction industries.

This work was done on a contractual basis rather than permanently, and working age men continued to return home every few years. This has remained the dominant pattern as the countries in the Persian Gulf, especially United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait have a common policy of not naturalising non-Arabs, even if they are born there.

The Persian Gulf region has provided incomes many times over for the same type of job in India and has geographical proximity to India, and these incomes are free of taxation.[citation needed] The NRIs make up a good proportion of the working class in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). NRI population in these GCC countries is estimated to be around 20 million, of which a quarter is resident in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[214] In 2005, about 75% of the population in the UAE was of Indian descent. The majority originate from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, and Goa. Similarly, Indians are the single largest nationality in Qatar, representing around 85% of the total population as of 2014.[215] They also form majorities in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.

Since the early 2000s, significant number of Indians have reached the region, taking up high skill jobs in business and industry. Major Indian corporations maintain solid regional presence there while some are headquartered there.

There is a huge population of NRIs in West Asia, most coming from Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. They work as engineers, doctors, lawyers, labourers and in clerical jobs.[citation needed] Unlike in Europe and America, most of the countries in West Asia do not grant citizenship or permanent residency to these Indians, however long they might live there. They have a minority in Saudi Arabia. The NRI population tends to save and remit considerable amounts to their dependents in India. It is estimated such remittances may be over US$10 billion per annum (including remittances by formal and informal channels in 2007–2008). The relative ease with which people can travel to their home country means that many NRIs in the Gulf and West Asia maintain close links to Indian culture, with people often travelling twice or thrice a year, especially during holiday period, while some live in India for several months each year. Satellite television allows many NRIs to consume Indian media and entertainment, and there are TV soaps aimed at the NRI community in the Gulf countries. Live performances and cultural events, such as Tiarts for Goans living in UAE, occur quite often and are staged by community groups.[citation needed]

Diaspora by state and ethnolinguistic regions of India

Diaspora by region

European colonial era diaspora

Mixed Indians

Diaspora by religion

Indian-origin religions

The diaspora of indic religions are:

Foreign-origin religions

Impact

Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Card

Influence in India

Overseas Indians' Day

Since 2003, the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Overseas Indians' Day) sponsored by Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, is celebrated in India on 9 January each year, to "mark the contributions of the Overseas Indian community in the development of India". The day commemorates the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa, and during a three-day convention held around the day, a forum for issues concerning the Indian diaspora is held and the annual Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards are bestowed.[216] As of December 2005,[217] the Indian government has introduced the "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)" scheme to allow a limited form of dual citizenship to Indians, NRIs, and PIOs for the first time since independence in 1947. The PIO Card scheme is expected to be phased out in coming years in favour of the OCI programme.

Impact on India's hard and soft power

The Indian diaspora was estimated in 2012 to have assets worth $1 trillion,[218][219] equalling nearly 50 percent of India’s GDP at the time. The income of the Indian diaspora is estimated at $400 billion a year.[220]

The Indian diaspora has a significant impact on the globalisation of economy of India, especially in the following areas:

Impact on other nations

Expansion of Indian soft power

Generations of diaspora have enhanced India's soft power through proliferation of elements of Indian culture. With expansion of Indosphere cultural influence of Greater India,[221] through transmission of Hinduism in Southeast Asia[222][223][224] and the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism[225][226] leading to Indianization of Southeast Asia through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native Indianized kingdoms[227] which adopted sanskritized language[228] and other Indian elements[229] such as the honorific titles, naming of people, naming of places, mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of Indian architecture, martial arts, Indian music and dance, traditional Indian clothing, traditional Indian games,[230][231][232] and Indian cuisine, a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of Indian diaspora.[233]

Expansion of Indian hard power

Diaspora organisation and political lobby groups
Relations with other diasporas

Political lobbying groups of Indian diaspora influence the foreign policies of other nations in India's favor. Indian diaspora's lobby groups especially collaborate well with the influential Jewish diaspora in the Western world for creating favorable outcome for India and Israel. Indian diaspora has good relations with most other diasporas, including its offshoot Bangladeshi and Pakistani diasporas, as well all other SAARC neighbors such as Afghan, Bhutanese, Burmese, Nepali. Sri Lankan, and Tibetan diasporas.[citation needed]

Cultural, economic and political impact on other nations

The diaspora has led to politicians of Indian ancestry becoming leaders of the countries of their residence. This list includes full-ethnic Indian heads of states and governments such as Basdeo Panday, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Christine Kangaloo, and Noor Hassanali of Trinidad and Tobago, Cheddi Jagan, Donald Ramotar, Bharrat Jagdeo, Moses Nagamootoo, and Irfaan Ali of Guyana, Chan Santokhi, Ramsewak Shankar, Pretaap Radhakishun and Fred Ramdat Misier of Suriname, Ram Baran Yadav of Nepal, Hussain Mohammad Ershad of Bangladesh Mahendra Chaudhry of Fiji, Pravind Jugnauth, Prithvirajsing Roopun, Anerood Jugnauth, Kailash Purryag, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, Navin Ramgoolam, Veerasamy Ringadoo, and Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius, Devan Nair and S. R. Nathan of Singapore, and Rishi Sunak of U.K. and those of mixed heritage, such as Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, António Costa and Alfredo Nobre da Costa of Portugal, Leo Varadkar of Ireland, Halimah Yacob of Singapore, and Wavel Ramkalawan of Seychelles. Additionally Kamala Harris who is of mixed Jamaican and Indian heritage is the Vice President of the United States and Anand Satyanand who is of Indo-Fijian descent served as the Governor-General of New Zealand.

In Australia, Indian Australians and India were the largest source of new permanent migrants to Australia in 2017–2018,[234] and Indians were the most educated migrant group in Australia with 54.6% of Indian migrants in Australia holding a bachelor's or higher educational degree, which is more than three times Australia's national average of 17.2% in 2011.[235]

In Britain, British Indians are the largest ethnic minority population in the country,[183] with the highest average hourly pay rate and the lowest poverty rate among all ethnic groups,[236][237][238] and are more likely to be employed in professional and managerial occupations than other ethnic groups.[239][240] Rishi Sunak is the first British Indian (non-white) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from October 2022.

In Canada, Indo-Canadians are the second largest non-European ethnic group and one of the fastest growing ethnic communities in the country.[241]

In New Zealand, Indian New Zealanders are the fastest growing ethnic group, and are the second largest group of Asians in New Zealand with a population of 174,000 Indians in 2014.[242] Fiji Hindi is the fourth largest language in New Zealand.[242]

In the United States, Indian Americans are the third largest Asian American ethnic group behind Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans,[243][244][245] by far the richest and most educated ethnic group in the USA compared to all other ethnic groups, earning $101,591 median income per year compared to $51,000 and $56,000 for overall immigrant and native-born households in 2015,[246] with the lowest poverty rate compared to other foreign-born and U.S. born ethnic groups.[247] Overall, Indians are also more educated than other ethnic groups with an average of 32% and 40% of Indians holding a bachelor's degree and postgraduate degree respectively, compared to the 30% and 21% average of all Asians in the United States, and the 19% and 11% average of Americans overall.[248] 15.5% of all Silicon Valley startups by 2006 were founded by Indian immigrants,[249][250] and Indian migrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the UK, China, Taiwan and Japan combined.[251] Over 80% of all H-1B visas are granted to Indian IT professionals and 23% of all Indian business school graduates in USA take up a job in United States.[252]

Issues

Demand for dual citizenship in India by PIO and NRIs

Coinciding with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Australia visit in November 2014, the Indian community in Australia had launched an online campaign, appealing to him to grant dual citizenship to overseas Indians. The petition has also sought granting Indian passports to overseas citizens of Indian heritage with full political and economic rights, granting of convenient voting rights to such dual passport-holding overseas Indians as well as overseas Indians with Indian passports (NRIs), which can be exercised either at the consulate, high commission or embassy premises in their country of residence and through postal or online facilities.[253][254]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c 2021 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670).[188]
  2. ^ [87]
  3. ^ comprising Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa – this area resembles a crescent[89] straddling in the middle of Europe, Africa and Asia
  4. ^ [100]
  5. ^ This census figure may not include recent immigrants or people of partial Indian ancestry.

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