Burial chamber of a deceased person
Model of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus , the Persian satrap of Caria from which the word mausoleum was derived.[1] The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, a UNESCO World Heritage Site Anıtkabir is the mausoleum of Atatürk , leader of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence , the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey . It attracts around 3.5 million tourists yearly.[2] A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph . A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum.
Overview The word mausoleum (from the Ancient Greek : μαυσωλεῖον ) derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus , the Persian satrap of Caria , whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World .[1]
Historically, mausolea were, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for a deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire , these were often in necropoles or along roadsides: the via Appia Antica retains the ruins of many private mausolea for kilometres outside Rome. When Christianity became dominant, mausolea were out of use.[3]
Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the early modern and modern periods . A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery , a churchyard or on private land.
In the United States , the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and cinerary urn spaces for interments in the lower level of the building. It is known as the "crypt mausoleum". In Europe, these underground vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs .
Notable mausoleums Africa Mausoleum of Mohammed V , monumental grave of the Moroccan king Mohammed V and his two sons, late King Hassan II and Prince Abdallah , in Rabat , Morocco .Bourguiba mausoleum , monumental grave of Habib Bourguiba , first president of Tunisia, in Monastir , Tunisia .El Alia Cemetery in Oued Smar , Algeria .John Garang De Mabior 's mausoleum in Juba, South Sudan .Mastabas dating from ancient Egypt .Agostinho Neto 's mausoleum in Luanda , Angola .Mathieu Kerekou 's mausoleum in Natitingou , Benin .Mausolée du Guide Suprême du Patriotisme in Gitega , Burundi . Omar Bongo 's mausoleum, a replica of the mausoleum of Mohammed V , in Franceville , Gabon .Léon M'ba 's mausoleum in Libreville , Gabon .Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum in Accra , Ghana .Atta Mills 's mausoleum at Asomdwee Park in Accra , Ghana.Burma Camp military cemetery in Accra , Ghana.Mausoleum of Levy Mwanawasa , Frederick Chiluba , and Michael Sata at the Embassy Park Presidential Burial in Lusaka , Zambia . Domoni , burial place and location of Ahmed Abdallah 's mausoleum, first president of Comoros .Marien Ngouabi 's mausoleum and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza 's mausoleum in Brazzaville , Republic of Congo .Mausoleum of Félix Houphouët-Boigny , first president of Ivory Coast, in Yamoussoukro , Ivory Coast . Laurent Kabila 's mausoleum in Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo .Mausoleum of Joseph Kasa-Vubu in Singini, Tshela , Kongo Central , Democratic Republic of Congo. Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque is a shrine and mausoleum in Cairo , Egypt , and the burial place of Gamal Abdel Nasser , second president of Egypt.The Unknown Soldier Memorial is a pyramid-shaped monument in Nasr City , Egypt. Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania , monumental grave of the Numidian Berber king Juba II and the Queen Cleopatra Selene II located on the road between Cherchell and Algiers , in Tipaza Province , Algeria.Al-Hussein Mosque is a shrine and mausoleum in Cairo , Egypt, and the purported burial place of Muhammad 's grandson, Husayn ibn Ali .Qalawun complex , contains the mausoleum of Qalawun in Cairo , Egypt.Jedars , thirteen ancient monumental Berber mausoleums located south of Tiaret .Palm Grove Cemetery in Monrovia , Liberia .National Hall, mausoleum of the late president William Tubman in Monrovia , Montserrado , Liberia . Eyadema 's family mausoleum in Kara, Togo.Kamuzu Banda 's mausoleum in Lilongwe , Malawi .Bingu wa Mutharika , third president of Malawi , built a mausoleum in which his late first wife and Bingu himself are buried.Meles Zenawi 's grave in the Holy Trinity Cathedral , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia .King Sobhuza II Memorial Park in Lobamba , Eswatini .Julius Nyerere 's mausoleum in Mwalimu Nyerere Museum Centre , Butiama , Tanzania .The Heroes Square in Maputo , Mozambique . Amilcar Cabral 's mausoleum in Bissau , Guinea-Bissau .Mausoleum of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta , late president of Kenya, in Nairobi , Kenya . Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 's mausoleum in Bondo , Kenya .Tom Mboya Mausoleum, Rusinga Island , Homa Bay County , Kenya .Camayanne Mausoleum, monumental grave of Guinea 's national heroes Samori Ture , Sekou Toure , and Alfa Yaya in the Grand Mosque of Conakry . Nnamdi Azikiwe 's mausoleum in Onitsha , Nigeria .Tafawa Balewa's tomb in Bauchi , Nigeria .Mausoleum of Obafemi Awolowo in Ogun State , Nigeria .Sani Abacha 's mausoleum in Kano, Nigeria .National Heroes' Acre in Harare , Zimbabwe .Heroes' Acre in Windhoek , Namibia .Asia, Eastern, Southern, Central, and Southeast Afghanistan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Mausoleums of Emperors of Japan Toyokuni Shrine at Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto , Japan. Mausoleum of Kampaku Toyotomi Hideyoshi , which was later destroyed by the Tokugawa clan.Nikkō Tōshō-gū at Nikkō , Tochigi Prefecture , Japan. It is part of the "Shrines and Temples of Nikkō ", Mausoleum of Tokugawa Ieyasu , Tokugawa shōguns .Rinnō-ji at Nikkō , Tochigi Prefecture , Japan. The temple also administers the Taiyū-in Reibyō (大猷院霊廟), which is the mausoleum of Tokugawa Iemitsu , the third Tokugawa shōgun . Together with Nikkō Tōshō-gū and Futarasan Shrine .Zuihōden at Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan is the mausoleum complex of Date Masamune and his heirs, daimyō of the Sendai Domain Tamaudun , at Shuri, Okinawa , JapanMalaysia Makam Pahlawan at National Mosque of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia .Makam Diraja Mahmoodiah at Bukit Mahmoodiah in Jalan Mahmoodiah, Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia .Hang Kasturi Mausoleum at Jonker Walk , Melaka City , Melaka , Malaysia .Kedah Royal Mausoleum at Langgar , Kota Setar District , Kedah , Malaysia .Kelantan Royal Mausoleum Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum at Bukit Chandan in Jalan Istana , Kuala Kangsar , Malaysia .Hang Jebat Mausoleum in Melaka City , Melaka , Malaysia .Shah Alam Royal Mausoleum Tun Teja Mausoleum in Merlimau , Jasin District , Melaka , Malaysia .Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum Sultan Abdul Samad Mausoleum in Jugra , Banting , Selangor , Malaysia .Pakistan Philippines Rizal Monument at Rizal Park in Manila , Philippines, houses the remains of Dr. Jose Rizal , national hero of the Philippines.Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit , Cavite , Philippines.Mausoleum of the Veterans of the Revolution , enshrining participants in the 1896 revolution against the Spanish Empire .Quezon Memorial , in Quezon City , Philippines, houses the remains of President Manuel L. Quezon and his wife, Aurora .Marcos Museum and Mausoleum in Batac, Ilocos Norte , Philippines, housing the remains of President Ferdinand Marcos .Taiwan National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall , Taipei , Taiwan .National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall , Taipei , Taiwan .Mausoleum of late President Chiang Kai-shek , Taoyuan , Taiwan .Mausoleum of late President Chiang Ching-kuo , Taoyuan , Taiwan .Chen Tsyr-shiou Memorial Park, Former Mausoleum and Memorial of late Vice President Chen Cheng , Taishan District, New Taipei , Taiwan . Others Konbaung tombs are a collection of mausoleums built by Konbaung Dynasty kings in Mandalay , Amarapura , and Inwa, Myanmar .Kandawmin Garden Mausolea , Myanmar .Martyrs' Mausoleum , Myanmar .Royal Cemetery at Wat Ratchabophit , Thailand Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty , Korea Kim Koo Museum and Hyochang Park, Seoul , Republic of Korea (South Korea)Bandaranaike family Estate in Horagolla Bandaranaike Samadhi , Sri Lanka Kurjey Lhakhang , Bumthang Valley , Bumthang District , Bhutan Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh , Cambodia Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum , Hanoi , VietnamKumsusan Palace of the Sun or Kim Il Sung Mausoleum, Pyongyang , Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)Asia, western Al-Khazneh at Petra , Jordan Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae , Iran.Naqsh-e Rustam at Persepolis Iran, Tombs of Persian Achaemenid kings (522-486 BCE).Tomb of Ferdowsi in Mashhad , Iran.Tomb of Hafez (Hāfezieh) in Shiraz , IranThe Shrine of the Báb and the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh in Haifa and Acre, Israel, respectively. Imam Husayn Mosque , Karbala – according to Shī‘ah belief,[4] the head and body of Husayn ibn Ali , along with all others who fell at the Battle of Karbala are buried here.Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad , IranThe Mausoleum of Khomeini in Tehran , Iran Anıtkabir mausoleum of Atatürk the founder of the Republic of Turkey at Ankara , TurkeyCelal Bayar Mausoleum in Bursa , TurkeyAdnan Menderes 's Mausoleum, in Istanbul , TurkeyTurgut Özal 's Mausoleum, in Istanbul , TurkeySüleyman Demirel Mausoleum in Atabey , Turkey Mausoleum of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah , West BankSheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi , United Arab EmiratesEurope Imperial Crypt in AustriaChurch of Our Lady of Laeken in BelgiumBatenberg Mausoleum in Sofia , BulgariaCathedral of Saint Domnius in Split, Croatia Royal Mausoleum and the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum at Frogmore, EnglandTrentham Mausoleum near Stoke-on-Trent , EnglandJuselius Mausoleum in FinlandLes Invalides in FrancePanthéon, Paris in FranceBismarck Mausoleum outside Friedrichsruh in northern GermanyLajos Batthyány 's Mausoleum in Budapest , HungaryMausoleum of Augustus in Rome, Italy.Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome, ItalyPantheon, Rome in ItalyMausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna , ItalyMausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna , ItalyMausoleum of Njegoš in Lovćen , MontenegroWilhelm II Mausoleum in Doorn , NetherlandsNational Pantheon / Church of Santa Engrácia in Lisbon , PortugalMausoleum of Marasesti in Marasesti , RomaniaPeter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg , RussiaCathedral of the Archangel in Moscow , RussiaLenin's Mausoleum in Moscow , RussiaHamilton Mausoleum at Hamilton in ScotlandDamat Ali-Pasha Mausoleum , Belgrade , SerbiaHouse of Flowers in Belgrade , SerbiaHouse of Karađorđević Mausoleum, St. George's Church, Oplenac in Topola , SerbiaValle de los Caídos , in San Lorenzo del Escorial , SpainSouth America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela North America Canada Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama United States Henry Flagler 's mausoleum in St. Augustine, Florida Presidential memorials in the United States and Presidents' graves of the United States MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia Miles Mausoleum in Arlington National Cemetery Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum in Hartsdale, New York Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California Queen of Heaven Mausoleum in Queen of Heaven Cemetery , Hillside, Illinois Rose Hills Memorial Park , Whittier, California Rose Chapel Mausoleum in Roseland Park Cemetery, Berkley, Michigan Shrine of the Good Shepherd Chapel Mausoleum in Green Bay, Wisconsin Wilhelm's Portland Memorial Funeral Home in Portland, Oregon Tacoma Mausoleum in Tacoma, Washington Tombs of the Uga mascots inside Sanford Stadium in Athens, Georgia Brigadier General Egbert Ludovicus Viele 's Egyptian-style pyramid mausoleum in West Point, New York Rapper XXXTentacion 's mausoleum at The Gardens of Boca Raton in Boca Raton, Florida Rapper Juice Wrld 's mausoleum at Beverly Cemetery in Blue Island, Illinois Mausoleo a los Heroes de El Polvorín , at Cementerio Civil de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico Oceania See also Notes ^ The plurals mausoleums and mausolea are both used in English, although mausoleums is more common.Footnotes ^ a b Toms, J. Mason (Winter 2019). "Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places: The Community Mausoleums of Cecil E. Bryan". Arkansas Historical Quarterly . 78 (4): 423–431. ISSN 0004-1823. ^ "Anıtkabir'de yabancı ziyaretçi rekoru kırıldı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-05-12 . ^ Paul Veyne, in A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium , Veyne, ed. (Harvard University Press) 1987:416. ^ al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt . trans. Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 63. External links Look up mausoleum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mausoleums .
Mausolea and Monuments Trust, gazetteer of mausolea in England Marvelous Mausoleums Around The World – slideshow at The Huffington Post