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Vuelos más largos

Con el tiempo, las aerolíneas comerciales han establecido una serie de vuelos programados de larga distancia sin escalas . Estas rutas excepcionalmente largas reducen el tiempo de viaje entre pares de ciudades distantes, así como la cantidad de escalas necesarias para los viajes de los pasajeros, lo que aumenta la comodidad de los pasajeros. [1] Para una aerolínea, optar por operar vuelos largos también puede generar imagen de marca y lealtad entre un grupo de pasajeros. [2] Por lo tanto, se produce una competencia entre las aerolíneas para establecer el vuelo más largo. [3]

Definición

Método de medición

La longitud de un vuelo se puede definir de diferentes maneras. [4] La medida estándar de la longitud de vuelo más común es la distancia ortodrómica , una fórmula que calcula la distancia más corta a través de la curvatura de la Tierra para los ARP de dos aeropuertos . [5] Es la única medida que es constante en una ruta dada de un par de ciudades y no se ve afectada por las variaciones operativas. [6] Por esta razón, es el estándar para comunicar la longitud de los vuelos de la aviación comercial y lo utilizan agencias gubernamentales como la OACI, [7] proveedores de horarios de vuelo, [8] [9] [10] y las propias aerolíneas. [11]

Definiciones alternativas

Para mayor claridad, otros términos utilizados en referencia a definiciones alternativas de "vuelos más largos" (y que también incurren en variaciones operativas) incluyen:

Tipos de vuelo

Existen numerosos tipos de vuelos diferentes operados por diferentes aeronaves en todo el mundo para diferentes industrias y propósitos. El término "vuelo más largo" se utiliza más comúnmente en referencia a vuelos comerciales , de pasajeros y programados, de modo que los detalles del vuelo se publican y los boletos están disponibles para su compra. [18]

Si bien el término "vuelo más largo" se utiliza más comúnmente en referencia a vuelos sin escalas, en algunas ocasiones también se pueden comparar vuelos directos con escalas (se utiliza el mismo número de vuelo para todo el trayecto). [19]

Ruta más larga actual

Por distancia de círculo máximo

Desde el 9 de noviembre de 2020, el vuelo de pasajeros programado activo más largo por distancia de círculo máximo son los vuelos 23 y 24 de Singapore Airlines [20], que utilizaron un Airbus A350-900ULR entre Singapur y Nueva York–JFK, a 15 349 kilómetros (9537 millas; 8288 millas náuticas). [21]

El vuelo de pasajeros más largo jamás programado fue el vuelo TN64 de Air Tahiti Nui con un Boeing 787-9 , que voló sin escalas desde el Aeropuerto Internacional Faaʻa en Papeete , Tahití , hasta París–CDG , [22] una distancia de 15 715 kilómetros (9765 mi; 8485 nmi) en una duración programada de 16 horas y 20 minutos. [23] Esta ruta se operó de marzo a abril de 2020. [24] [25] [26]

Esta ruta se operaba anteriormente con una parada de reabastecimiento de combustible en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Los Ángeles , donde todos los pasajeros desembarcarían del avión y pasarían por la Oficina de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza de los Estados Unidos antes de volver a abordar y continuar hasta París. Sin embargo, para cumplir con las restricciones de la pandemia de COVID-19 que prohíben a los viajeros europeos ingresar a los Estados Unidos, [27] la aerolínea optó por no hacer escala en Los Ángeles durante sus vuelos de marzo-abril de 2020. La ruta también fue posible gracias a la carga reducida de pasajeros del avión de aproximadamente 150 pasajeros, [28] lo que eliminó la necesidad de reabastecerse de combustible. Esta ruta también estableció un récord para el vuelo de pasajeros nacional más largo del mundo , ya que voló entre territorios franceses.

Ilustración de la ruta de círculo máximo frente a una ruta optimizada de corriente en chorro entre Los Ángeles y Tokio. Nótese la ruta en dirección este (a Los Ángeles), que opta por tomar una ruta más larga (en términos de distancia terrestre) que utiliza la corriente en chorro para ahorrar tiempo y combustible.

Por distancia terrestre recorrida

Las rutas pueden evitar las rutas de gran círculo , a pesar de su menor distancia terrestre, por diversas razones, por ejemplo, para evitar vientos en contra y/o utilizar vientos de cola para ahorrar tiempo y combustible. [4]

Desde el 9 de noviembre de 2020, los dos vuelos más largos (medidos por la distancia terrestre recorrida) son los vuelos SQ23 (segundo más largo) y SQ24 (más largo) de Singapore Airlines entre Singapur-Changi y Nueva York-JFK en los EE. UU. Ambos vuelos tienen una ruta geométricamente óptima de gran círculo cerca del Polo Norte de aproximadamente 15 350 km (9540 mi; 8290 nmi). Sin embargo, el SQ24 a Nueva York generalmente se vuela una distancia terrestre de alrededor de 17 250 km (10 720 mi; 9310 nmi) [29] sobre el Océano Pacífico, donde las corrientes en chorro pueden ayudar; Mientras que el SQ23 de regreso a Singapur a veces opta, en lugar de la ruta polar hacia el oeste, por volar una distancia terrestre de 16.500 km (10.300 mi; 8.900 nmi) [30] hacia el este, a través del Océano Atlántico, cuando hay vientos en chorro favorables para ahorrar tiempo de vuelo y combustible.

De manera similar, los dos vuelos de Air India de Nueva Delhi a San Francisco , AI173 [31] y AI183, [32] vuelan una distancia terrestre hacia el este de aproximadamente 15 110 km (9390 mi; 8160 nmi) sobre el Océano Pacífico en lugar de una ruta de círculo máximo más corta hacia el oeste de aproximadamente 13 300 km (8300 mi; 7200 nmi) sobre el Océano Atlántico , para evitar los vientos en contra predominantes del oeste y ahorrar casi dos horas de tiempo de vuelo. [33] Ambos vuelos pueden viajar con alguna variación en la distancia terrestre, con un informe de 15 300 km (9500 mi; 8300 nmi) para el primer vuelo de este tipo en 2016, [34] y no es raro que vuelos particulares cubran más de 16 000 km (9900 mi; 8600 nmi). [35]

Los vuelos de Cathay Pacific desde Hong Kong a Nueva York–JFK también cubren a veces rutas terrestres de 15 000 km (9300 mi; 8100 nmi), en lugar de una ruta de círculo máximo de 12 984 km (8068 mi; 7011 nmi), por la misma razón. [36]

Historia

Desde el primer vuelo comercial programado de pasajeros en 1914, que cubrió 34 kilómetros (21 millas; 18 millas náuticas), [37] [38] se establecieron rápidamente récords para el vuelo más largo (por distancia de círculo máximo) y continúan estableciéndose hoy.

Década de 1920 y 1930

El Pan Am Martin M-130 'Hawaii Clipper' que realizó el primer vuelo comercial transpacífico

Los vuelos comerciales sin escalas más largos de la década de 1930 fueron operados por hidroaviones, que eran el tipo de aeronave predominante en la época para vuelos de largo alcance, en parte porque no requerían grandes aeropuertos capaces de recibir aviones de gran tamaño. [39]

Década de 1940 y 1950

PBY Catalina G-AGKS del servicio Double Sunrise

Década de 1960 y 1970

Un Boeing 707 de El Al (4X-ATB) que realizó el vuelo más largo en 1961 entre la ciudad de Nueva York y Tel Aviv
Un 747SP de Pan Am que operó el vuelo más largo en 1976 entre la ciudad de Nueva York y Tokio

Década de 1980 y 1990

El primer 747-400 de South African Airways, que realizó el vuelo sin escalas más largo en 1991 desde la ciudad de Nueva York a Johannesburgo

Década de 2000

Década de 2010 y de 2020

Un Airbus A350-900ULR de Singapore Airlines (uno de los siete jamás fabricados) justo después de aterrizar en el aeropuerto JFK de Nueva York desde Singapur tras completar el vuelo sin escalas más largo del mundo hasta la fecha.

A finales de la década de 2000 y principios de la de 2010, el aumento de los precios del combustible junto con la Gran Recesión provocaron la cancelación de muchos vuelos de ultra larga distancia sin escalas. [124] Esto incluyó los servicios proporcionados por Singapore Airlines desde Singapur a Newark y Los Ángeles que finalizaron a fines de 2013. [125] [126] Pero, como los precios del combustible han disminuido desde entonces y han entrado en servicio aviones más eficientes en cuanto al consumo de combustible, muchas rutas de ultra larga distancia se restablecieron o se programaron nuevamente. [124]

Otros vuelos récord (no regulares)

El Boeing 777-200LR (N6066Z) realizó un vuelo de demostración sin escalas desde Hong Kong a Londres en 2005 en una ruta inusual hacia el este, estableciendo un nuevo récord mundial en ese momento para un avión comercial con 21.602 kilómetros cubiertos en 22 horas y 42 minutos. [133]

Vuelos promocionales y de entrega

Una serie de vuelos promocionales o de reparto han ampliado el récord de los vuelos más largos sin escalas realizados por un avión comercial:

Vuelos comerciales no regulares

El Qantas 747-400 City of Canberra (VH-OJA) voló de Londres a Sídney sin escalas durante su vuelo promocional de 1989, recorriendo 17.000 kilómetros en aproximadamente 20 horas.

Aviones de pasajeros

El avión de pasajeros Airbus de mayor alcance en servicio es el Airbus A350-900ULR , que es capaz de volar 18.000 kilómetros (11.000 millas; 9.700 millas náuticas). [160] [161] El A380 es capaz de volar 15.200 kilómetros (9.400 millas; 8.200 millas náuticas) con 544 pasajeros. El A350-900 estándar puede volar 15.000 kilómetros (9.300 millas; 8.100 millas náuticas) con 325 pasajeros. [162]

El avión de pasajeros de Boeing de mayor alcance en servicio es el 777-200LR , que puede cubrir 17.395 kilómetros (10.809 millas; 9.393 millas náuticas) con 301 pasajeros. [163] [164] Boeing también consideró desarrollar un derivado del 777-200LR para Qantas . Contaría con tres tanques de combustible auxiliares adicionales (seis en total), un interior más ligero derivado del Boeing 787 Dreamliner, así como asientos de menor densidad. Este avión tendría la capacidad de volar entre Sídney y Londres con un alcance de poco más de 18.500 kilómetros (11.510 millas; 10.000 millas náuticas). [165] El Boeing 777-8 anunciado será capaz de volar 16.170 kilómetros (10.050 millas; 8.730 millas náuticas) con 350 a 375 pasajeros. [166] El Boeing 787-9 puede volar 14.140 kilómetros (8.790 millas; 7.630 millas náuticas) con 290 pasajeros. [167]

Muchas rutas de larga distancia sin escalas que antes no eran económicas de operar se están volviendo viables gracias al Airbus A330neo , el Airbus A350 XWB y el Boeing 787 Dreamliner . [168]

Los vuelos de pasajeros más largos

Vuelos sin escalas (top 30, por distancia ortodrómica)

La siguiente tabla muestra las rutas de pasajeros programadas sin escalas más largas del mundo según la distancia del círculo máximo . Sin embargo, la distancia real recorrida puede ser mayor que la distancia del círculo máximo por diversas razones, como evitar condiciones meteorológicas adversas, aprovechar los vientos favorables en altura, desviarse por espacios aéreos cerrados y evitar zonas de conflicto.

A los efectos de esta tabla, los vuelos múltiples operados por la misma aerolínea entre los mismos aeropuertos se cuentan como un solo vuelo, mientras que las diferentes aerolíneas que operan entre los mismos aeropuertos se cuentan por separado. Además, cada par de aeropuertos se cuenta por separado, aunque algunas ciudades tienen varios aeropuertos que admiten vuelos de largo alcance (por ejemplo, los aeropuertos de Heathrow y Gatwick que sirven a Londres , y los de Haneda y Narita que sirven a Tokio ).

Vuelos directos con escalas

Ilustración de un vuelo "sin escalas" de San Francisco a Singapur (verde) frente a un vuelo "directo" (violeta)

Un vuelo directo entre un origen y un destino final tiene una escala intermedia, y todos los segmentos tienen el mismo número de vuelo y utilizan la misma aeronave. [217] En la siguiente tabla, la columna "Origen – Destino" indica la distancia ortodrómica entre el origen y el destino final, sin incluir la escala. La columna "Todos los sectores" indica la distancia ortodrómica total desde el origen hasta la escala y el destino final.

Vuelos directos interrumpidos

Los vuelos de pasajeros más largos (por tipo de avión)

Las secciones siguientes ofrecen dos vistas independientes. La primera enumera todos los tipos de aviones comerciales de pasajeros y sus vuelos directos más largos programados y operados actualmente. La segunda sección enumera los vuelos directos más largos programados y operados regularmente por ese tipo de avión comercial de pasajeros.

Actual

La siguiente tabla enumera los vuelos directos más largos (por distancia ortodrómica) actuales operados por diferentes tipos de aeronaves.

Archivos

En la siguiente tabla se enumeran los vuelos comerciales sin escalas programados regularmente más largos (por distancia de círculo máximo) operados por distintos tipos de aeronaves. La tabla no incluye vuelos promocionales o de entrega especiales, como los que se muestran arriba.

Rutas futuras

Servicios programados

Se han anunciado nuevos vuelos sin escalas que se lanzarán próximamente con distancias superiores a 12.952 kilómetros (8.048 millas; 6.994 millas náuticas), lo que los coloca en la lista de los 30 mejores:

Servicios previstos (por distancia)

Services that never began

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Note The "Double Sunrise" route continued to be operated from July 18, 1945 until April 6, 1946 by Qantas Liberators (loaned from BOAC) and Qantas Avro Lancastrians, but with shorter flown distances (departing what is now PER, stopping for refuelling at the RAF base at Minneriya, and landing at what is now CMB) and shorter flight times (faster cruise speeds).[71]
  2. ^ Service began on June 28, 2004, at which point it was the longest non-stop commercial flight. This flight was operated using an A340-500 in an all business class configuration of 100 seats from 2008 until the route's cancellation on November 23, 2013.[171][172]
    The route was revived on 11 Oct 2018 using an A350-900 operating until 25 Mar 2020 when it was ended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
    The route was subsequently restarted on March 27, 2022 using an A350-900ULR with 67 business class and 94 premium economy seats.
  3. ^ This flight was previously operated by QR from February 6, 2017 - April 19, 2020 using Boeing 777-200LR aircraft. At the time of its launch (Feb 2017) it was the longest flight in the world. It was resumed by Qatar Airways on September 1, 2023.
  4. ^ The PER-LHR flight was originally launched on March 24, 2018, it paused its operations during COVID with its last flight operated on September 22, 2021, (and a replacement QF9 flight was subsequently temporarily operated from DRW). The PER-LHR Route was subsequently resumed on 23 May 2022.[176]
  5. ^ Service began on March 2, 2016, operated by Boeing 777-200LR between March 3, 2016 and October 29, 2016 before being upgauged to the A380. It was suspended between March 29, 2020 and December 2, 2022.
  6. ^ a b The outbound leg is a direct flight from Shenzhen to Mexico City. The returning leg, however, makes a refueling stop at Tijuana due to wind directions and the reduced takeoff performance due to the high elevation of Mexico City.
  7. ^ This route was first launched on February 3, 2004 by Singapore using an A340-500, at which point it was the world's longest non-stop commercial flight.[189]
  8. ^ Service began Jan 9, 2021 using the Boeing 777-200LR aircraft and the route was initially operated until Mar 26, 2022. It was resumed on Dec 2, 2022.
  9. ^ The date given for the start of Qantas Flight 8 is when it began flying non-stop after switching to the Airbus A380-800 from the Boeing 747-400ER. Previously, QF 8 required a stop in Brisbane, though the eastbound QF 7 from Sydney was always non-stop. The first flight of QF 7 was May 16, 2011.[194]
  10. ^ This route has also been operated by a Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
  11. ^ DL201 originally began on June 9, 2009 operated by a 777-200LR.[201] It ended on April 20, 2020 prior to relaunching 16 months later on August 1, 2021 operated by an A350-900.[202] This route was first operated (in an eastbound direction, ATL-JNB only) non-stop by South African Airways with a Boeing 747-400 on Feb 1, 2000, which was the longest commercial flight at the time.
  12. ^ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
  13. ^ This route was primarily operated by the Boeing 777-200LR between January 1, 2016 and July 1, 2020, with some sporadic operation by the Boeing 777-300ER.
  14. ^ This route has also been operated by a Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
  15. ^ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
  16. ^ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
  17. ^ Service on this route previously began on April 1, 2001 by United Airlines using Boeing 747-400 aircraft, at which time it was the world's longest daily non-stop commercial flight. United subsequently ended the route on Sep 1, 2001. Cathay Pacific formerly operated this route with the Airbus A340-600 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft.[214]
  18. ^ This is a relaunch of the SIN-SEA route operated by Singapore Airlines from Sep 3, 2019 – Mar 22, 2020.
  19. ^ This route has also been operated by the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER at various points in the past.
  20. ^ In 2019, El Al, had announced 3 scheduled "trial flights" TLV-MEL and tickets were placed on sale, however due to the travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic, they only operated the first of the three planned flights but still on a commercial basis, not as a repatriation flight (TLV-PER two weeks prior followed by TLV-MEL in April).[236] This route continues to be examined for future operation by El Al, see Envisioned services
  21. ^ This was the longest flight ever operated by Delta Air Lines.[238]
  22. ^ On Sep 29, 2014 by changing the plane type to an A380, it had the distance to no longer require a stop at Brisbane (a "triangle route") thus ending this route. QF8 continues to operate direct between DFW-SYD.[239]
  23. ^ EK 213 now operates to nearby Miami International Airport with the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft.
  24. ^ This was the world's longest flight from its commencement in 1996 until its cancellation in 1998. Now operates to nearby Hong Kong International Airport with the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft.
  25. ^ The flight number appears to have corresponded to each day of the week that the flight operated.
  26. ^ Service began on March 1, 2001, and continued as CO 99 until shortly before United and Continental merged in early 2012. On February 15, 2012, the flight was renumbered to UA 117, and subsequently again renumbered to UA 179 on December 15, 2014. The last flight was on February 4, 2020.
  27. ^ The Double Sunrise flight numbers were 1Q[*] (eastbound to Perth eastbound), and 2Q[*] (westbound to Koggala), the number after the Q was sequential and used for both directions once from 1Q1 and 2Q1 through to 1Q133[308]
  28. ^ Note the westbound part of this route was previously operated by Qantas with their 747-400ER until 2014 as part of the DFW-BNE-SYD triangle route. This will the first time of nonstop commercial flight eastbound from BNE to DFW.
  29. ^ Note this route was previously operated by American Airlines from June 11 2014 - Feb 15 2020[328][329]

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