Fundada en 1998, sus filiales comercializan a nivel mundial diversos servicios y productos relacionados con Internet , incluidos los de entretenimiento, inteligencia artificial y otras tecnologías. [4] Su sede de dos rascacielos, Tencent Seafront Towers (también conocida como Tencent Binhai Mansion), se encuentra en el distrito Nanshan de Shenzhen. [5] En diciembre de 2023, el arquitecto Büro Ole Scheeren presentó el último diseño inspirado en hélice de la nueva sede mundial de Tencent en Shenzhen. Conocida como Tencent Helix, albergará a más de 23.000 empleados en casi 500.000 metros cuadrados. [6]
Tencent es el mayor vendedor de videojuegos del mundo , [7] así como una de las empresas más grandes del mundo por capitalización de mercado . [8] Se encuentra entre las mayores corporaciones de redes sociales , [9] capital de riesgo e inversión . [10] [11] Sus servicios incluyen redes sociales, música, portales web, comercio electrónico , juegos móviles, servicios de Internet, sistemas de pago, teléfonos inteligentes y juegos multijugador en línea. [12] Opera los mensajeros instantáneos Tencent QQ y WeChat , junto con el sitio de noticias QQ.com. [13] La compañía superó un valor de mercado de US$500 mil millones en 2018, convirtiéndose en la primera empresa de tecnología asiática en cruzar esta marca de valoración. [14] [15] [16] Desde entonces ha surgido como la empresa que cotiza en bolsa más valiosa de China, y es la décima empresa más valiosa del mundo por valor de mercado a febrero de 2022. [17] [18] [19] [20] En 2015, 2018 y 2020, Boston Consulting Group y Fast Company clasificaron a la empresa entre las 50 empresas más innovadoras del mundo. [21] [22] [23] Tencent tiene participaciones en más de 600 empresas, [24] y comenzó a centrarse en nuevas empresas tecnológicas en Asia en 2017. [25] TechCrunch caracterizó la estrategia de inversión de Tencent como permitir que las nuevas empresas de su cartera operen de forma autónoma. [26] La valoración de Tencent se acercó al billón de dólares en enero de 2021 antes de desplomarse. [27] Tencent Holdings ocupó el puesto 35 en la lista Forbes Global 2000 2023. [28]
Historia
1998–2010: Fundación y crecimiento
Tencent fue fundada por Pony Ma , Zhang Zhidong , Xu Chenye, Charles Chen y Zeng Liqing en noviembre de 1998 [29] como Tencent Inc , [30] en las Islas Caimán . [31] El nombre "Tencent" se basa en su nombre chino Tengxun (chino:腾讯), que incorpora parte del nombre chino de Pony Ma ( Ma Huateng ; 马化「腾」) y literalmente significa "información galopante". [32] [33] La financiación inicial le fue proporcionada por capitalistas de riesgo . [4] En febrero de 1999, se lanzó el producto de mensajería de Tencent, OICQ . [34] Poco después, Tencent cambió el nombre del cliente a QQ; se dijo que esto se debió a una amenaza de demanda de ICQ y su propietario AOL . La empresa siguió sin ser rentable durante los primeros tres años. [29]
La empresa originalmente obtenía ingresos únicamente de la publicidad y de los usuarios premium de QQ, que pagan cuotas mensuales para recibir extras. [29] Para 2005, el cobro por el uso de QQ mobile, su servicio de valor agregado celular , y la concesión de licencias para su personaje de pingüino, que se podía encontrar en snacks [39] y ropa, [29] también se habían convertido en generadores de ingresos. [29] Para 2008, Tencent estaba viendo un crecimiento de las ganancias por la venta de bienes virtuales . [40]
En junio de 2007, Tencent creó su fundación benéfica, convirtiéndose en la primera empresa de Internet china en hacerlo. [41]
Si bien los servicios de Tencent han incluido juegos en línea desde 2004, alrededor de 2007/2008, aumentó rápidamente su oferta mediante la concesión de licencias de juegos. [42] Si bien al menos dos, Crossfire y Dungeon Fighter Online , fueron producidos originalmente por desarrolladores de juegos de Corea del Sur, Tencent ahora hace sus propios juegos. [42] El 21 de enero de 2011, Tencent lanzó Weixin (微信), una aplicación de redes sociales . Ahora con la marca WeChat, la aplicación es una de las "superaplicaciones", debido a su amplia gama de funciones y plataformas, y sus más de mil millones de usuarios activos mensuales. [43] [44] [45] [46]
2011–2014: Primeras inversiones
El 18 de febrero de 2011, Tencent adquirió una participación mayoritaria (92,78%) [47] en Riot Games , desarrollador de League of Legends , por unos 230 millones de dólares. Tencent ya poseía el 22,34% de la participación accionaria de una inversión anterior en 2008. El 16 de diciembre de 2015, Riot Games vendió su capital restante a Tencent. [48] [49] Tencent adquirió una participación minoritaria en Epic Games , desarrollador de franquicias como Fortnite , Unreal , Gears of War e Infinity Blade , en junio de 2012. [50] Ese año, Tencent adquirió ZAM Network, matriz de Wowhead y otros sitios web, de Brock Pierce . [51]
En 2013, Tencent aumentó su participación en Kingsoft Network Technology, una subsidiaria de Kingsoft Corporation, al 18%. Tencent tenía anteriormente una participación del 15,68% en la empresa y aumentó la participación mediante una inversión de 46,98 millones de dólares. [52] Tencent participó en la escisión de Activision Blizzard de Vivendi como inversor pasivo en 2013 [53] [54] y ahora posee menos del 4,9% de las acciones a partir de 2017. [55] El 17 de septiembre de 2013, se anunció que Tencent había invertido 448 millones de dólares en una participación minoritaria en el motor de búsqueda chino Sogou.com , la subsidiaria de Sohu , Inc. [56]
El 15 de enero de 2014, Tencent dijo que invertiría 1.500 millones de dólares de Hong Kong (193,45 millones de dólares estadounidenses) en la empresa de logística y almacenamiento China South City Holdings Ltd para desarrollar su negocio de comercio electrónico y logística. [57] El 27 de febrero de 2014, Tencent compró una participación del 20% en el sitio web de calificación de restaurantes y compras grupales Dianping por 400 millones de dólares. [58] El 10 de marzo de 2014, Tencent compró una participación del 15% en el sitio web de comercio electrónico chino JD.com Inc. pagando en efectivo y entregando sus negocios de comercio electrónico Paipai, QQ Wanggou y una participación en Yixun a JD.com para construir un competidor más fuerte para Alibaba Group . [59]
El 22 de mayo de 2014, JD.com empezó a cotizar en el NASDAQ y Tencent amplió su participación en la compañía al 17,43% sobre una base totalmente diluida invirtiendo 1.325 millones de dólares adicionales. [60] El 27 de marzo de 2014, se anunció que Tencent había acordado pagar unos 500 millones de dólares por una participación del 28% en CJ Games de Corea del Sur. [61] El 27 de junio de 2014, Tencent anunció que había acordado comprar una participación del 19,9% en el sitio web de comercio electrónico chino 58.com (WUBA) Inc. por 736 millones de dólares. [62] El 17 de abril de 2015, Tencent anunció que compró 400 millones de dólares adicionales en acciones, aumentando su participación en la compañía a aproximadamente el 25%. [63] El 16 de octubre de 2014, a través de su subsidiaria de propiedad absoluta Hongze Lake Investment Ltd, Tencent anunció que había comprado una participación del 7% en la empresa de tecnología de lotería China LotSynergy Holdings Ltd por 445,5 millones de dólares de Hong Kong (57,4 millones de dólares estadounidenses). [64]
El 23 de octubre de 2014, Tencent aportó 145 millones de dólares por una participación del 10 por ciento en Koudai Gouwu, un portal chino de compras móviles. [65] En noviembre de 2014, la empresa anunció un acuerdo con HBO que le daría derechos exclusivos de distribución en China. [66] El 9 de diciembre de 2014, la aplicación china de taxis Didi Dache anunció que había recaudado más de 700 millones de dólares en una ronda de financiación liderada por Tencent y la firma de inversión estatal de Singapur Temasek Holdings. [67] El 29 de diciembre de 2014, Tencent lanzó el sitio web de WeBank (China) , [68] el primer banco exclusivamente en línea de China. [69] Las pruebas del servicio comenzaron el 18 de enero de 2015. [70]
En 2014, Tencent demandó a su principal competidor , NetEase, alegando violación de derechos de autor . [71] : 102 Tencent utilizó su influencia en la demanda para convencer a NetEase de que sublicencie los derechos musicales de Tencent. [71] : 102 El acuerdo de sublicencia que resultó se convirtió entonces en un modelo utilizado por otras plataformas de música en línea en China. [71] : 102
2015-2020: Inversiones continuas
BYD , uno de los principales patrocinadores corporativos de TencentOficina de Tencent en Beijing, terminada a finales de la década de 2010
El 30 de enero de 2015, Tencent anunció que había firmado un acuerdo de 700 millones de dólares con la Asociación Nacional de Baloncesto para transmitir partidos de baloncesto estadounidenses en China. [72] Más tarde ese año, el fabricante de automóviles chino BYD se convirtió en el principal patrocinador corporativo de las transmisiones de la NBA de Tencent. [73] El 21 de junio de 2016, Tencent anunció un acuerdo para adquirir el 84,3% de Supercell , desarrollador de Clash of Clans , con 8600 millones de dólares. [74] En julio de 2016, Tencent adquirió una participación mayoritaria en China Music Corporation. [75]
Las empresas privadas en China deben tener un comité interno o una sucursal del Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) si tres o más miembros del PCCh se encuentran entre sus empleados. [76] : 227 En 2016, la sucursal del PCCh de Tencent fue reconocida como una de las cien mejores sucursales de este tipo en el país. [76] : 230 Proporciona plataformas de comunicación y educación que incluyen una sala de actividades del PCCh, un canal WeChat y una intranet para miembros del PCCh donde pueden tomar clases relacionadas con las políticas gubernamentales y del partido. [76] : 230 El Centro de Actividades para Miembros del Partido de Tencent tiene un área de actividades dedicada a los miembros del PCCh de más de 6000 metros cuadrados. Se asignan más de 1 millón de yuanes para actividades del PCCh por año. [77]
En 2016, Tencent, junto con Foxconn y el concesionario de autos de lujo Harmony New Energy Auto, fundó Future Mobility , una empresa emergente de automóviles (ahora desaparecida) que tenía como objetivo vender automóviles premium totalmente eléctricos y totalmente autónomos. [78] El 28 de marzo de 2017, Tesla, Inc. anunció que Tencent había comprado una participación del 5% en Tesla por US$1.78 mil millones, cuyos sistemas de control automotriz posteriormente realizó con éxito pruebas de penetración hasta 2019. [18] [79]
En un "desafío directo al motor de búsqueda chino Baidu ", en mayo de 2017, Tencent introdujo funciones de búsqueda y suministro de noticias para su aplicación WeChat , que según el Financial Times era utilizada por 770 millones de personas en ese momento. [80]
En mayo de 2017, Tencent superó a Wells Fargo para ingresar a las 10 empresas más valiosas del mundo. [81] [82] [83] Tencent también firmó un acuerdo con el Ayuntamiento de Wuhu para construir la primera ciudad de eSports del mundo en la ciudad, que comprende un parque temático de eSports, una universidad de eSports, un parque cultural y creativo, un parque industrial de animación, un bloque creativo, una comunidad de emprendedores tecnológicos y el centro de datos de Tencent Cloud. El sitio se utilizará para la educación y el alojamiento de futuros jugadores de eSports, además de albergar eventos nacionales de eSports y servir como centro para el desarrollo de juegos de Tencent. Además de Wuhu, se planea otro parque temático de eSports en Chengdu . [84] [85]
En junio de 2017, Tencent se convirtió en la octava empresa más valiosa en el Top 100 de las marcas globales más valiosas de BrandZ, lo que indica su creciente influencia a nivel mundial, así como el ascenso de las marcas chinas. [86] [87] [88] Alibaba superó a Tencent como la empresa más valiosa de Asia cuando sus acciones subieron después de que la empresa celebrara su Día del Inversor de 2017. [89] La empresa también ha desarrollado su propio asistente de voz Xiaowei, y estaba en medio de una discusión para adquirir Rovio Entertainment , el desarrollador de Angry Birds . [90] [91] Al mismo tiempo, Tencent presentó su función de miniprogramas que permite a los usuarios de teléfonos inteligentes acceder a aplicaciones móviles de todo el mundo en WeChat sin descargarlas. [92]
En julio de 2017, Tencent compró una participación del 9% en Frontier Developments , [93] el creador de las franquicias Elite: Dangerous y Planet Coaster ; así como desarrollador de Rollercoaster Tycoon 2 y 3. [94] En agosto de 2017, después de que Tencent anunciara el informe financiero del segundo trimestre de 2016, el precio de las acciones aumentó un 6,2% en el mercado de valores de Hong Kong y el valor de mercado alcanzó los 429 mil millones de dólares. [95] Tencent se convirtió en la segunda empresa asiática después de Alibaba Group en superar la capitalización de mercado de 400 mil millones de dólares. [96] Tencent también ha creado una alianza para su propio programa de conducción autónoma de IA , similar al Proyecto Apollo de Baidu , reclutando a numerosos actores de la industria en la industria automotriz . [97] [98] También está colaborando con L'Oréal , la empresa de cosméticos más grande del mundo, para explorar el marketing digital bajo el acuerdo de Asociación Comercial Conjunta (JBP). [99]
Según un informe de Sina Tech de octubre de 2017, Tencent empleaba a más de 7000 miembros del Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) y estos miembros desempeñaron un papel destacado en el desarrollo de WeChat. "Con más de 7000 miembros del PCCh, que representan aproximadamente el 23 % de la fuerza laboral total, y más del 60 % de los cuales son personal técnico básico, el número de miembros del PCCh en Tencent aumenta en casi mil cada año. En Tencent, una empresa líder en Internet, los miembros del PCCh se están convirtiendo en la principal fuerza impulsora a la hora de dar forma a la dirección de desarrollo de la empresa". [100]
En noviembre de 2017, Tencent reveló que había comprado una participación del 12% en Snap Inc. en el mercado abierto, con planes de ayudar a establecer Snapchat como una plataforma de juegos. [101] [102] Tencent siguió siendo el editor de videojuegos más grande del mundo por ingresos y tenía una capitalización de mercado de alrededor de $ 475 mil millones. En el mismo mes, Tencent anunció que WeChat alcanzó los 980 millones de usuarios activos mensuales , [103] y dijo que estaba destinando miles de millones de dólares para acumular un catálogo de contenido generado por el usuario, en competencia con YouTube . [104] La compañía se convirtió en la primera compañía asiática en superar la valoración de US $ 500 mil millones, superando a Facebook para ingresar a la lista de las 5 empresas más grandes del mundo. [17] [105]
En enero de 2018, Tencent y The Lego Group , la empresa de juguetes más grande del mundo, se unieron para desarrollar conjuntamente juegos en línea y potencialmente una red social dirigida a niños. [106] [107] También lanzó su primera tienda no tripulada en Shanghái . [108] Tencent lideró una inversión de US$5200 millones en Wanda Commercial , [109] junto con JD.com , Sunac y Suning Group , para adquirir acciones en el conglomerado. Wanda Commercial pasó a llamarse Wanda Commercial Management Group. [110] Tencent compró una participación minoritaria del 5% al 10% en Skydance Media . [111] [112] El 23 de enero de 2018, Tencent y Carrefour llegaron a un acuerdo de cooperación estratégica en China. [113] [114] [115]
El 15 de agosto de 2018, Tencent informó de una caída de sus beneficios en el segundo trimestre de 2018, poniendo fin a una racha de crecimiento de más de una década, ya que las ganancias por inversiones cayeron y el escrutinio del gobierno sobre el negocio de los juegos pesó sobre la empresa. [116] Las acciones de Tencent cayeron un 3% en las operaciones matutinas en Hong Kong después de que se informara de la rara caída de los beneficios trimestrales, lo que prolongó una caída que ha eliminado casi 50.000 millones de dólares del valor de mercado de la empresa en esa semana. [117] La venta masiva también arrastró a muchas otras acciones de Internet chinas. [117] El 6 de septiembre de 2018, Luckin Coffee firmó un acuerdo de cooperación estratégica con Tencent. [118] [119]
El gobierno de China designó a Tencent como uno de sus " campeones de la IA " en 2018. [71] : 281
En noviembre de 2018, la Fundación Benéfica Tencent donó mil millones de RMB para establecer el premio Xplorer Prize para científicos jóvenes destacados en áreas de ciencia básica y tecnologías de vanguardia. [120]
En mayo de 2020, Tencent compró los derechos para crear System Shock 3 y cualquier secuela futura de OtherSide Entertainment . [122] El 29 de junio de 2020, Tencent adquirió el servicio de video a pedido iflix en Kuala Lumpur , Malasia . [123] En septiembre de 2020, Tencent eligió Singapur como su centro en Asia, uniéndose a sus rivales ByteDance y Alibaba en la carrera por reforzar su presencia más cerca de casa después de las complicaciones en India y Estados Unidos. [124] [125] Lazy Audio fue adquirida a Shenzhen Lanren Online Technology Co por 2.7 mil millones de yuanes en enero de 2021. [126]
2021-presente: escrutinio regulatorio
En julio de 2021, el regulador antimonopolio de China bloqueó formalmente el plan de Tencent de fusionar los dos principales sitios de transmisión de videojuegos de China , Huya Live y DouYu , después de que no hubiera podido encontrar suficientes soluciones para cumplir con los requisitos de la SAMR sobre la renuncia a los derechos exclusivos. Esto se produce después de que la empresa retirara recientemente la solicitud de fusión para revisión antimonopolio y la volviera a presentar después de que SAMR le dijera a la empresa que no podía completar la revisión de la fusión dentro de los 180 días desde su primera presentación. El plan de Tencent de privatizar el motor de búsqueda Sogou fue aprobado por la SAMR. [127] Más tarde, Tencent también anunció su intención de privatizar DouYu, en parte debido a la fusión fallida, pero también debido al desempeño comercial mediocre y los desacuerdos sobre la estrategia entre los ejecutivos de la empresa. Tencent es actualmente el mayor accionista de DouYu con una participación del 37%. [128] [129] El 17 de diciembre de 2021, Tencent anunció que había adquirido Slamfire Inc. y su subsidiaria Turtle Rock Studios , el desarrollador detrás de Left 4 Dead y Back 4 Blood . [130]
En enero de 2022, surgieron informes de que Tencent era uno de los principales conglomerados tecnológicos que recibieron una multa de la SAMR por no informar sobre sus operaciones de fusión y adquisición (M&A) con antelación. Según la ley antimonopolio de China, se requiere la aprobación oficial antes de la finalización de una operación de M&A si los ingresos anuales combinados de todas las entidades involucradas son de al menos 10 mil millones de RMB (1,57 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses) y al menos dos entidades tienen al menos 400 millones de RMB (62,7 millones de dólares estadounidenses) en ingresos anuales. De los 13 acuerdos citados en total por la SAMR, cada uno conllevaba una multa de 500.000 RMB (78.700 dólares estadounidenses) y Tencent recibió una multa total de 4,5 millones de RMB (710.000 dólares estadounidenses) por su participación en nueve acuerdos. [131]
El 11 de enero de 2022, se anunció que Tencent estaba en conversaciones para adquirir Black Shark, respaldado por Xiaomi, uno de los mayores fabricantes de teléfonos inteligentes para juegos en China. La adquisición habría sido la primera de Tencent en un fabricante de hardware y habría supervisado la transición de Black Shark a un fabricante de auriculares de realidad virtual para respaldar los planes de Tencent para su negocio de metaverso en el futuro. Los informes inicialmente sugirieron que Black Shark sería adquirida por 2.700 millones de RMB (420 millones de dólares estadounidenses), aunque Tencent se alejó del acuerdo debido al escrutinio regulatorio de los negocios de metaverso en China. [132] [133]
En junio de 2022, Tencent registró su aumento de ingresos más lento desde que salió a bolsa en 2004, en parte causado por una disminución del 15% en los ingresos por publicidad. La disminución se atribuyó a la pandemia y a las regulaciones más estrictas impuestas por el gobierno chino. [134] En septiembre de 2022, Tencent adquirió una participación del 49,9% y un 5% de los derechos de voto en Guillemot Brothers Limited, la empresa matriz de Ubisoft . [135] [136] El 16 de septiembre de 2022, Tencent adquirió una participación minoritaria en el estudio de Mordhau Triternion. [137]
En noviembre de 2022, Tencent anunció que se desharía de la mayoría de su participación de 20.300 millones de dólares en Meituan a través de una distribución de dividendos a los accionistas, en parte debido a la anterior ofensiva regulatoria de China contra los gigantes tecnológicos. [138] En enero de 2023, OpenSecrets informó que Tencent gastó más de 6,3 millones de dólares en presionar al gobierno federal de Estados Unidos después de ser objeto de un mayor escrutinio regulatorio en 2020. [139]
La filial de propiedad mayoritaria China Literature adquirió Tencent Animation and Comics en diciembre de 2023. [140]
El 22 de diciembre de 2023, las regulaciones del gobierno chino para frenar los juegos en línea le costaron a Tencent 46 mil millones de dólares en capitalización de mercado. [141] Más tarde, el 27 de diciembre de 2023, el primer día de operaciones después de que el gobierno chino prometiera realizar mejoras en las reglas de juego propuestas, las acciones de la empresa subieron un 5%. [142]
En marzo de 2024, la empresa publicó su informe de ingresos para el cuarto trimestre del año 2023, registrando un sorprendente aumento del 7% en los ingresos del cuarto trimestre, ligeramente por debajo de la marca esperada. [144]
Productos y servicios
Redes sociales
Lanzado en febrero de 1999, [145] Tencent QQ es el primer y más notable producto de Tencent, QQ es una de las plataformas de mensajería instantánea más populares en su mercado local. [146] Al 31 de diciembre de 2010, había 647,6 millones de cuentas de usuario de mensajería instantánea activas de Tencent QQ, [1] convirtiendo a Tencent QQ en la comunidad en línea más grande del mundo en ese momento. El número de cuentas QQ conectadas simultáneamente ha superado, en ocasiones, los 100 millones. [147] Si bien el servicio de mensajería instantánea en sí es gratuito, a partir de 2006 se cobraba una tarifa por la mensajería móvil. [148] Tencent también creó QQ International, que es una versión en inglés de QQ que permite la comunicación con cuentas del continente; QQi está disponible para Windows y macOS. [149] En 2005, Tencent lanzó Qzone , un servicio de redes sociales/blogs integrado en QQ. Qzone se ha convertido en uno de los servicios de redes sociales más grandes de China, con una base de usuarios de 645 millones en 2014. [31] [150]
WeChat es una aplicación móvil con funciones como mensajería de voz y texto, pago móvil y una red social exclusiva para amigos llamada Moments . [152] Es la aplicación móvil social más popular en China y algunas comunidades chinas en el extranjero, por ejemplo, Malasia . A partir de 2017, WeChat no ha tenido éxito en penetrar en los principales mercados internacionales fuera de China. [153]
Tencent publica videojuegos a través de su división Tencent Games de Tencent Interactive Entertainment. Tiene cinco grupos de estudios internos bajo su mando: TiMi Studio Group , LightSpeed Studios , Aurora Studio Group, Morefun Studio y Next Studio. [154] [155] [156] [157] [158]
Fuera de las empresas subsidiarias de su división de juegos, Tencent en su conjunto tiene muchas inversiones importantes y menores en empresas de juegos nacionales y, desde la década de 2010, extranjeras.
Activos de estudios extranjeros
Otras inversiones notables incluyen Discord ( febrero de 2015 ), [204] Roblox Corporation ( febrero de 2020 ), [205] Lockwood Publishing ( noviembre de 2020 ), [206] PlatinumGames ( enero de 2020 ), [207] Aiming ( diciembre de 2014 ), [208] Novarama ( marzo de 2022 ), [209] Triternion ( septiembre de 2022 ) [210] Riffraff Games ( marzo de 2022 ), [211] Offworld Industries ( marzo de 2022 ), [212] Bohemia Interactive ( febrero de 2021 ), [213] Payload Studios ( febrero de 2021 ), [214] Playtonic Games ( noviembre de 2021 ), [215] Voodoo (agosto de 2020) [216] y Lighthouse Games (julio de 2023). [217]
Tencent había invertido en Playdots, que fue adquirida por Take-Two Interactive en agosto de 2020. [221]
Tencent invirtió en Activision Blizzard como inversor minoritario con un 5% en 2013, cuando el holding se compró al conglomerado Vivendi que formaba parte de él desde 2008. [222] [223]
Participación del 20% en la empresa china Wangyuan Shengtang, que publica, entre otras, la franquicia GuJian (2021). Participación aumentada al 94% en 2024. [225]
Participación del 18,6% en la empresa china iDreamSky, que desarrolla y publica principalmente juegos móviles para el mercado chino.
5% de propiedad de la compañía china Century Huatong, que opera juegos desarrollados por FunPlus . [226] Tencent se convirtió en accionista a través de una inversión en la subsidiaria de Century Huatong, Shengqu Games . [227]
Participación del 5% en la empresa china Game Science, responsable del desarrollo de Black Myth: Wukong (2021). [228]
Televisión y cine
En abril de 2009, Tencent lanzó iTQQ, un "servicio de televisión interactiva inteligente" en un esfuerzo conjunto con TCL . [146]
En 2015, Tencent lanzó Tencent Pictures (chino:腾讯影业), una distribuidora de películas y una compañía de producción que crea y distribuye películas basadas en libros , cómics , series animadas y videojuegos . [229] En el mismo año, Tencent lanzó Tencent Penguin Pictures (chino:腾讯企鹅影视), una unidad de producción enfocada en dramas en línea e inversiones menores en largometrajes. [230] Está bajo la Unidad de Negocios de Medios en Línea de Tencent y trabaja en estrecha colaboración con Tencent Video . [231]
Historietas
El 21 de marzo de 2012, Tencent lanzó Tencent Comic , que más tarde se convertiría en la plataforma de animación en línea más grande de China. [232]
En septiembre de 2017, Tencent anunció sus planes de introducir cómics chinos en línea en todos los mercados del mundo, siendo el primero el de Norteamérica . Trabajará con la editorial digital Tapas Media , con sede en San Francisco , una asociación que permitirá el lanzamiento en inglés de varios títulos chinos populares en línea. [233]
Música
En 2014, Tencent estableció acuerdos de distribución exclusivos en China con varios grandes productores musicales, entre ellos Sony , Warner Music Group y YG Entertainment [234] y en 2017 firmó un acuerdo con Universal Music Group para transmitir su música en China. También se asoció con Alibaba Group para compartir los derechos de transmisión de música. El acuerdo tiene como objetivo proteger los servicios de transmisión con licencia que ofrecen contenido protegido por derechos de autor de la industria musical , fomentar más música original y de alta calidad, así como desarrollar el mercado de transmisión en rápido crecimiento de China . Alibaba obtendrá los derechos para transmitir música de sellos internacionales, que ya tienen acuerdos exclusivos con Tencent, a cambio de ofrecer derechos recíprocos sobre su catálogo de música china y japonesa . [235] [236]
En diciembre de 2017, la división musical de Tencent, Tencent Music Entertainment (TME), y Spotify acordaron intercambiar una participación del 10% en los negocios musicales de cada uno, [237] formando una alianza en la industria musical que Martin Lau (presidente de Tencent) describió como una "colaboración estratégica". [238] [239]
En octubre de 2019, Tencent Music llegó a un acuerdo de distribución de música en streaming con CD Baby y TuneCore para proporcionar a los artistas musicales independientes que distribuyen música a través de CD Baby y TuneCore acceso al mercado musical chino a través de los servicios de transmisión de música de Tencent, QQ Music , KuGou y Kuwo. [240]
En marzo de 2020, Tencent adquirió el 10% de la participación de Vivendi en Universal Music Group , el grupo musical más grande del mundo. Además, se le dio la opción de comprar otro 10% con las mismas condiciones. [241] [242]
En junio de 2011, Tencent lanzó Tencent Video , un sitio web de transmisión de video. [244] También controla la plataforma de transmisión en vivo Huya Live y tiene participaciones en otros importantes operadores de plataformas de transmisión en vivo de juegos chinos, incluidos DouYu , Kuaishou y Bilibili . [245] En marzo de 2020, Tencent comenzó a probar Trovo Live , un servicio de transmisión en vivo para usuarios de todo el mundo. [246] Desde junio de 2020, posee el servicio de video a pedido de Malasia Iflix .
Realidad virtual
A finales de abril de 2017, Tencent anunció que se estaba preparando para lanzar su casco de realidad virtual ese año. [247]
Comercio electrónico
En septiembre de 2005, Tencent lanzó PaiPai.com ( chino :拍拍; pinyin : pāi pāi ), un sitio de subastas C2C . [146] Además de PaiPai.com, Tencent lanzó TenPay, un sistema de pago en línea similar a PayPal , que admite pagos B2B , B2C y C2C . [248]
In response to the dominance of the Chinese e-commerce market by Tencent competitor Alibaba Group, Tencent took great effort in its e-commerce platforms. On 10 March 2014, Tencent bought a 15 per cent stake in Chinese e-commerce website JD.com Inc. by paying cash and handing over its e-commerce businesses Paipai.com, QQ Wanggou, and a stake in Yixun to JD.com, as well as purchasing a stake in e-commerce website 58 Tongcheng.[59][249] In accordance to this agreement, JD.com would receive exclusive access to Tencent's WeChat and MobileQQ platforms.[250] In May 2014, JD became the first Chinese e-commerce company to be listed on the NASDAQ exchange, under its ticker 'JD'.[250]
On 31 December 2015, JD announced that they will stop supporting services on Paipai.com after being unable to deal with issues involving fake goods, and had integrated the Paipai.com team within its other e-commerce platforms. In a 3-month transitional period, Paipai.com would be fully shut down by 1 April 2016.[251] JD relaunched PaiPai.com as PaiPai Second Hand (拍拍二手) to compete alongside 58 Tongcheng's Zhuanzhuan.com, both partially owned by Tencent, against Alibaba's Xianyu in the second-hand e-commerce market.[252][253]
Tencent was reported in 2017 to be working with China's Central Bank to develop a central payments clearing platform for online payments.[254]
On 31 December 2021, it was reported Tencent had bought a stake in the UK digital bank, Monzo.[255][256]
Utility software
In March 2006, Tencent launched its search engine Soso.com (搜搜; to search).[257][258] On 1 October 2012, it was the 33rd most visited website in the world, 11th most visited in China, as well as the 8th most visited website in South Korea, according to Alexa Internet.[259] It was also a Chinese partner of Google, using AdWords.[260] In September 2013, Tencent discontinued Soso.com after it invested in Sogou and replaced Soso.com with Sogou Search as its main search engine.[261]
In 2008, Tencent released a media player, available for free download, under the name QQ Player.[262] Tencent also launched Tencent Traveler, a web browser based on Trident. It became the third most-visited browser in China in 2008.[263][264]
QQ Haiwai is Tencent's first venture into international real estate listings and information and is the result of a partnership with Chinese international real estate website Juwai.com. Haiwai was announced at Tencent's annual regional summit in Beijing on 21 December 2016.[265][266]
In 2017, Tencent launched its own credit score system called Tencent Credit, with a process similar to that of Sesame Credit, operated by its competitor, the Alibaba Group, through its subsidiary Ant Financial.[267]
Healthcare and insurance
Tencent has created WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)[268] Tencent Doctorwork has also merged with Trusted Doctors[269]
Tencent officially commences operations of its first insurance agency platform, WeSure Internet Insurance Ltd. (WeSure), to work with domestic insurance companies such as Ping An Insurance.[270]
In August 2017, Tencent released AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)[271] or Miying[272] (觅影 in Chinese), which has two core competencies: AI medical imaging and AI-assisted diagnosis. AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS) is capable of helping doctors screen for several diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, lung cancer and esophageal cancer through its AI-assisted medical image analysis. Its AI-assisted medical diagnosis engine allows doctors to identify and estimate the risk of more than 700 diseases, improving the accuracy and efficiency of their diagnosis. The system is undergoing clinical validation in more than 100 major Chinese hospitals. It has already helped doctors read more than 100 million medical images and served nearly one million patients. Tencent's data shows that recognition accuracy reaches 90% for esophageal cancer, 97% for diabetic retinopathy and 97.2% for colorectal cancer. In general, Chinese medical institutions and companies are taking a proactive attitude toward AI. Nearly 80% of hospitals and medical enterprises plan to carry out, or have already carried out, medical AI applications, and more than 75% of hospitals believe that these applications will become popular in the future.[273]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Tencent helped source 1.2 million protective masks for American medical staff combating the virus.[274]
Data processing
On 27 March 2020, a co-innovation lab was launched by Tencent who will be in collaborations with Huawei in developing a cloud-based game platform by tapping into Huawei's Kunpeng processor's power to build Tencent's GameMatrix cloud game platform. Along with further exploration in the possibilities of artificial intelligence and augmented reality elements in game.[275]
In October 2020, Tencent's AIMIS Image Cloud was introduced.[276] AIMIS Image Cloud was designed to help patients manage their medical images and give permission to medical professionals to access their exams and reports. The AIMIS platform supports full images on the cloud to reduce repeated exams. It can also connect medical institutions at all levels through cloud based Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), allowing patients to take examinations in primary medical institutions and obtain expert diagnosis remotely. Doctors can conduct online consultations through Tencent real-time audio and video facilities when they encounter difficult cases and work collaboratively on images to communicate more efficiently.[276]
On 26 May 2020, Tencent announced it planned to invest 500 billion yuan (US$70 billion) over the next five years in new digital infrastructure, a major hi-tech initiative that would bolster Beijing's efforts to drive economic recovery in the post-coronavirus era.[277]
Accessibility
Tencent received the Zero Project Award 2023 for innovative ICT solutions for persons with disabilities. Originating from Tencent's game development, MTGPA (Magic Tencent Game Performance Amelioration) Haptics is transmitting vibro-tactile signals to the user which support orientation and notification. Typical customers are persons with visual impairments or the elderly.[278] Connected to the Tencent Map app, MTGPA Haptics guides customers indoors and outdoors through long and short vibrations in case of deviations from the planned route.[278]
Other
Tencent announced its WeCity project in 2019, through which it seeks to develop a smart city solution for digital governance, urban management and decision-making, and industrial interconnections.[279]: 65 In June 2020, Tencent has unveiled plans for an urban development dubbed "Net City",[279]: 65 a 21-million-square-foot development, equivalent in size to Monaco, in Shenzhen. The development will be built on reclaimed land.[279]: 65 It will prioritize pedestrians, green spaces and self-driving vehicles. It will include corporate offices, a school, apartments, sports facilities, parks and retail space, according to the project's architect, NBBJ.[280][281]
At the end of June 2020, Tencent has increased its direct stake in Nio to 15.1% after acquiring more of the Chinese electric vehicle maker's New York-listed shares recently.[282] Tencent spent $10 million to buy 1.68 million American Depositary Shares earlier in the month, according to Nio's latest filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The Shenzhen-based social media and entertainment conglomerate also controls another 16% stake in Nio's ADSs through three of its units. Tencent was the second-largest Nio shareholder in terms of voting rights after Li Bin, founder of the automaker, who held 13.8% in shares but 47% voting rights, according to a March filing by the company.
As of 8 July, they bought another amount of shares increasing their stake in Nio to 16.3%.
Corporate governance
Ma Huateng, also known as Pony Ma, is the main co-founder of Tencent, and is currently the conglomerate's CEO and chairman.Martin Lau, who helped with the company's IPO as an investment banker at Goldman Sachs, is currently Tencent's president.
Tencent's largest shareholder is Prosus (majority owned by Naspers), which owns 25.6% of all shares[2] and hence is the controlling shareholder.[283] However, Ma Huateng, co-founder of Tencent, still owns a significant stake (8.42%).
Tencent has a unitary board consisting of Tencent co-founder, CEO, and chairmanMa Huateng, also known as Pony Ma, executive director and President of Tencent Martin Lau, non-executive directors Jacobus "Koos" Bekker and Charles Searle of Naspers, and independent non-executive directors Li Dongsheng, Iain Bruce, Ian Stone, and Yang Siushun.[286] Tencent's governance is aided by its Strategy Department, commonly known as SD, which provides business analytics for the corporation's various divisions.[287]
A software development unit that has created, among others, Tencent Traveler and later versions of QQ IM,[288] as well as some mobile software.[289] This subsidiary is located on the Southern District of Hi-Tech Park, Shenzhen.[288] It also holds a number of patents related to instant messaging and massively multiplayer online game gaming.[290]
Shenzhen Yayue Technology
In 2023, an entity controlled by the state-owned China Internet Investment Fund took a golden share investment in Shenzhen Yayue Technology.[291] The stock price of Tencent sank when news of the deal was published.[292]
Research
In 2007, Tencent invested over RMB100 million in the establishment of the Tencent Research Institute, which became China's first research center dedicated to core Internet technologies.[293] The campuses are located in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen.[294]
In 2020, as part of Tencent’s efforts to combat the COVID-19 and future pandemic, Tencent established an AI Joint Lab with respiratory disease expert Zhong Nanshan to conduct research on disease screening, prevention, and outbreak warnings.[295]
In 2023, Tencent debuted its large language model Hunyuan for enterprise use.[296] In 2023, Tencent announced its partnership with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) to establish a Digital Seed Bank at the Tencent Science and Technology Museum.[297]
Chinese government partnerships
The Chinese government views Tencent as one of its national champion corporations.[298]: 156–157
For the occasion of the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Tencent released a mobile game titled "Clap for Xi Jinping: An Awesome Speech", in which players have 19 seconds to generate as many claps as possible for the party leader.[299]
In a December 2020 article in Foreign Policy, a former senior official of the Central Intelligence Agency stated that the CIA concluded that Tencent received funding from the Ministry of State Security early on in its foundation. This was said to be a "seed investment" that was provided "when they were trying to build out the Great Firewall and the monitoring technology." Tencent denied this allegation.[302]
Tencent participates in many carbon reduction programs and partnerships.[306] Tencent’s Global Carbon Neutral Technology Alliance shares carbon neutrality patents and technologies for free and includes competitors like Alibaba and Microsoft.[306] Tencent's CarbonX Program is a business accelerator and digital capability program which aims to develop low-carbon technologies.[306] In December 2022, Tencent launched TanLIVE, a climate a co-developed platform which aims to bring together resources for climate change solutions in China.[307]
Tencent participates in the Science Based Targets initiative launched by the UN Global Compact, which provides a platform for setting science-based net-zero targets.[306] In 2022, Tencent established a goal of making the company and its supply chain carbon neutral.[308]
Controversies
Allegations of copying
Many of Tencent's software and services share similarities to those of competitors,[309][310][311][312][313][314] and to their own.[315] The founder and chairman, Huateng "Pony" Ma, famously said, "[To] copy is not evil." A former CEO and president of SINA.com, Wang Zhidong, said, "Pony Ma is a notorious king of copying." Jack Ma of Alibaba Group stated, "The problem with Tencent is the lack of innovation; all of their products are copies."[316]
In 1996, an Israeli company named Mirabilis released one of the first stand alone instant messaging clients named ICQ.[317] Three years later, Tencent released a copied version of ICQ, naming it OICQ, which stands for Open ICQ.[318] After losing a lawsuit against AOL, which bought ICQ in 1998, for violating ICQ's intellectual property rights, Tencent released a new version of OICQ in December 2000 and rebranded it QQ.[319] With its model of free-to-use and charging for customizing personal avatars, QQ hit 50 million users in its second year, 856 million users and at most 45.3 million synchronous users in 2008.[318]
During early stages of company development and expansion, Tencent has been widely accused of stealing ideas from its competitors and creating counterfeit copies of their products.[320][319] Some of the criticisms aimed at Tencent in this regard are that QQ farm was a direct copy of Happy Farm, QQ dance originated from Audition Online, and that QQ speed featured gameplay highly similar to Crazyracing Kartrider.[321] In January 2023, Tencent's trailer for their new MMORPG, Tarisland, was said to resemble Blizzard's World of Warcraft.[322]
Tencent's acquisitions
In general, Tencent does not seek to acquire controlling stakes when it invests in other companies.[71]: 93 It usually deems minority ownership sufficient to build connections and acquire technology.[71]: 93
In a partial effort to rebuild the reputation of Tencent lost from allegations of copying, Tencent adjusted its strategy by aggressively investing in the acquisition of other companies, rather than in the replication of them. By 2020, Tencent had invested in over 800 companies across the world.[320] During 2012 and 2019, Tencent has invested from minority stakes to majority stakes in world-wide-famous game companies such as Riot Games, Epic Games, Activision Blizzard, SuperCell, and Bluehole.[323] While aggressive acquisitions may benefit Tencent due to factors such as reduction in competition and monopolization, it may not benefit the acquired companies in terms of their growth and innovation. Colin Huang, founder of Pinduoduo, said "Tencent won't die when Pinduoduo dies, because it has tens of thousands of sons."[324]
Security concerns
In 2015, security testing firms AV-Comparatives, AV-TEST and Virus Bulletin jointly decided to remove Tencent from their software whitelists. The Tencent products supplied for testing were found to contain optimisations that made the software appear less exploitable when benchmarked but actually provided greater scope for delivering exploits.[325] Additionally, software settings were detrimental to end-users protection if used. Qihoo was later also accused of cheating, while Tencent was accused of actively gaming the anti-malware tests.[326][327]
Major litigation
Since 2018, Tencent has been in litigation with ByteDance.[71]: 109 ByteDance and its affiliates brought a series of unfair competition lawsuits against Tencent, alleging that Tencent was blocking their content.[71]: 109 As of at least early 2024, these lawsuits had not reached resolution, largely due to disputes about jurisdiction.[71]: 109 Tencent filed two lawsuits against ByteDance and its affiliates, alleging that they were using WeChat and QQ profiles without authorization and illegally crawling data from public WeChat accounts.[71]: 109 Tencent obtained an injunction barring ByteDance from this practice.[71]: 109
Censorship
Tencent's WeChat platform has been accused of blocking TikTok videos and the censorship of politically sensitive content.[328][329][330] In April 2018, TikTok sued Tencent and accused it of spreading false and damaging information on its WeChat platform, demanding RMB 1 million in compensation and an apology. In June 2018, Tencent filed a lawsuit against Toutiao and TikTok in a Beijing court, alleging they had repeatedly defamed Tencent with negative news and damaged its reputation, seeking a nominal sum of RMB 1 million in compensation and a public apology.[331] In response, Toutiao filed a complaint the following day against Tencent for allegedly unfair competition and asking for RMB 90 million in economic losses.[332]
However, Tim Sweeney, the CEO and founder of Epic Games, maker of the popular game Fortnite, tweeted that his company would never follow suit and punish people for expressing their opinions, even though Tencent is a 40% stakeholder in Epic.[333] In a statement, Sweeney said it would "never happen on [his] watch", and emphasized that Epic is an American company, implying that it would not compromise an ethos of free speech to curry favor with Chinese authorities in the pursuit of maximum profit.[334]
Later in October 2019, Tencent announced it would stop broadcasting Houston Rockets NBA games in China due to a tweet made by Daryl Morey, general manager of the Rockets, that was supportive of protestors in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. Although Morey's tweet was hastily deleted, news of it was quickly reported all around the world, and the NBA went on to spend months attempting damage control in China.[335]
In December 2019, the Chinese government ordered Tencent to improve the firm's user data rules for its apps, which regulators regarded to be in violation of censorship rules.[336]
In January 2021, a proposed class action lawsuit was filed in California against Tencent, alleging user censorship and surveillance via WeChat.[337]
On 6 August 2020, President Donald Trump signed two executive orders, one directed at TikTok and one at WeChat. The TikTok order dictated that within 45 days from its signing (20 September 2020) that it would ban transactions involving the TikTok app with ByteDance, effectively banning the TikTok app in the United States, under threat of penalty. TikTok sued Trump over the executive order, which was later revoked under Joe Biden's administration, causing the lawsuit to be dismissed in July 2021. The order for WeChat contained the same information but targeting the WeChat app and related transactions for Tencent. In the case of ByteDance, the order would be canceled should an American company acquire it, which Microsoft had been openly spoken of, but there are unlikely any immediate buyers for Tencent in the U.S.[339]Los Angeles Times reporter Sam Dean affirmed from the White House that this does not affect other facets of Tencent's ownerships in American companies such as with its video game companies.[340][341]
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