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Evolución territorial de los Estados Unidos

Mapa animado de la evolución territorial de Estados Unidos ( haga clic para ver la imagen en tamaño completo )
Mapa de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos que muestra las adquisiciones territoriales, 2007
Después de la derrota de Japón en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las Islas Marianas del Norte , gobernadas por Japón, quedaron bajo el control de los Estados Unidos. [1]

Los Estados Unidos de América se formaron después de que trece colonias británicas en América del Norte declararan su independencia del Imperio Británico el 4 de julio de 1776. En la Resolución Lee , aprobada por el Segundo Congreso Continental dos días antes, las colonias resolvieron que eran estados libres e independientes. La unión se formalizó en los Artículos de la Confederación , que entraron en vigor el 1 de marzo de 1781, después de ser ratificados por los 13 estados. Su independencia fue reconocida por Gran Bretaña en el Tratado de París de 1783, que concluyó la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos . Esto efectivamente duplicó el tamaño de las colonias, ahora capaces de extenderse hacia el oeste más allá de la Línea de Proclamación hasta el río Misisipi . Esta tierra se organizó en territorios y luego en estados, aunque siguió habiendo algún conflicto con las concesiones de mar a mar reclamadas por algunas de las colonias originales. Con el tiempo, estas concesiones fueron cedidas al gobierno federal.

La primera gran expansión del país llegó con la Compra de Luisiana de 1803, que duplicó el territorio del país, aunque la frontera sureste con la Florida española fue objeto de mucha disputa hasta que ésta y las reclamaciones españolas sobre el Territorio de Oregón fueron cedidas a los EE. UU. en 1821. El Territorio de Oregón dio a los Estados Unidos acceso al Océano Pacífico , aunque fue compartido por un tiempo con el Reino Unido . [2] La anexión de la República de Texas en 1845 condujo directamente a la Guerra México-Estadounidense , después de la cual los victoriosos Estados Unidos obtuvieron la mitad norte del territorio de México , incluido lo que rápidamente se convirtió en el estado de California . [3]

Sin embargo, a medida que el desarrollo del país se desplazaba hacia el oeste, la cuestión de la esclavitud adquirió mayor importancia, con un intenso debate sobre si los nuevos territorios permitirían la esclavitud y acontecimientos como el Compromiso de Misuri y el Kansas sangrante . Esto llegó a un punto crítico en 1860 y 1861, cuando los gobiernos de los estados del sur proclamaron su secesión del país y formaron los Estados Confederados de América . La Guerra Civil estadounidense condujo a la derrota de la Confederación en 1865 y a la eventual readmisión de los estados en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos . El esfuerzo cultural y la búsqueda del destino manifiesto proporcionaron un fuerte impulso a la expansión hacia el oeste en el siglo XIX.

Estados Unidos comenzó a expandirse más allá de América del Norte en 1856 con la aprobación de la Ley de las Islas Guano , lo que provocó que muchas islas pequeñas y deshabitadas, pero económicamente importantes, en el mar Caribe y el océano Pacífico fueran reclamadas. [4] La mayoría de estas reclamaciones fueron finalmente abandonadas, en gran parte debido a las reclamaciones competitivas de otros países. La expansión del Pacífico culminó con la anexión de Hawái en 1898, después del derrocamiento de su gobierno cinco años antes. Alaska , la última adquisición importante en América del Norte, fue comprada a Rusia en 1867. El apoyo a la independencia de Cuba del Imperio español y el hundimiento del USS Maine llevaron a la Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense en 1898, en la que Estados Unidos ganó Puerto Rico , Guam y las Filipinas , y ocupó Cuba durante varios años. Samoa Americana fue adquirida por Estados Unidos en 1900 después del final de la Segunda Guerra Civil Samoana . [5] Estados Unidos compró las Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos a Dinamarca en 1917. [6] Puerto Rico y Guam siguen siendo territorios, y Filipinas se independizó en 1946, después de ser un importante teatro de operaciones de la Segunda Guerra Mundial .

Después de la guerra, muchas islas fueron confiadas a los EE. UU. por las Naciones Unidas , [7] y mientras que las Islas Marianas del Norte se convirtieron en territorio estadounidense, las Islas Marshall , los Estados Federados de Micronesia y Palau emergieron del territorio en fideicomiso como naciones independientes. El último cambio internacional importante fue la adquisición en 1904, y la devolución a Panamá en 1979, de la Zona del Canal de Panamá , un territorio estadounidense no incorporado que controlaba el Canal de Panamá . La cesión final del control formal sobre la región se realizó a Panamá en 1999.

Los estados generalmente han conservado sus fronteras iniciales una vez establecidos. Solo tres estados ( Kentucky , Maine y Virginia Occidental ) se han creado directamente a partir de área perteneciente a otro estado (aunque en el momento de la admisión, Vermont aceptó un pago monetario para que Nueva York renunciara a su reclamo); todos los demás estados se crearon a partir de territorios federales o de adquisiciones. Cuatro estados ( Luisiana , Misuri , Nevada y Pensilvania ) se han expandido sustancialmente al adquirir territorio federal adicional después de su admisión inicial a la Unión . En 1912, Arizona fue el último estado establecido en los Estados Unidos contiguos , comúnmente llamados los "48 inferiores". En 1959, Hawái fue el quincuagésimo y más reciente estado admitido.

Leyenda para mapas

Clave para los colores del mapa
  Estados de los Estados Unidos (mapas nacionales), área no disputada de los Estados Unidos (mapas en disputa)
  Territorios de los Estados Unidos (mapas nacionales)
  zona en disputa de Estados Unidos
  área cambiada por evento

1776–1784 (Revolución estadounidense)

1784–1803 (Organización del territorio)

1803–1818 (Compra de Luisiana)

1819–1845 (expansión al noroeste)

1845–1860 (expansión al suroeste)

1860–1865 (Guerra Civil)

1866–1897 (Reconstrucción y estadidad occidental)

1898–1945 (Expansión al Pacífico y al Caribe)

1946–present (Decolonization)

Bancos along the Rio Grande

An example of a banco, created when a meander is cut off by a new, shorter channel, leaving a cut-off section of land surrounded by a U-shaped (oxbow) lake

The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.[455] The sudden changes often created bancos (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.[456] In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was minuscule (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.[457][458][459]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The borders of the country followed the colonial borders; for simplicity, the maps use the borders defined in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The only substantive difference between the borders before and after the Treaty of Paris is the southwest border: when Great Britain had ownership over West Florida, they had moved its border north, to a line east from the mouth of the Yazoo River, and that area thus did not belong to Georgia; the treaty granted the area between this and 31° north to the United States.
  2. ^ The New Hampshire towns petitioning to join Vermont were: Apthorp (now Littleton), Bath, Canaan, Cardigan (now Orange), Cornish, Dresden (now part of Hanover), Enfield, Franconia, Gunthwaite (now Lisbon), Haverhill, Landaff, Lebanon, Lyman, Lyme, Orford, and Piermont.[35] The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown, as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose; the map uses the common interpretation.
  3. ^ The New Hampshire towns petitioning to join Vermont were: Acworth, Alstead, Bath, Cardigan (now Orange), Charlestown, Chesterfield, Claremont, Cornish, Croydon, Dorchester, Dresden, Franconia, "Gilsom" (likely Gilsum), Grafton, Grantham, Gunthwaite (now Lisbon), Hanover, Haverhill, Hinsdale, Landaff, Lancaster, Lebanon, "Leinster" (possibly Lempster), Lincoln, Lyman, Lyme, Marlow, Newport, Piermont, Plainfield, Richmond, Saville (now Sunapee), Surry, Walpole, and Westmoreland.[41] The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown, as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose; the map uses the common interpretation.
  4. ^ The New York towns petitioning to join Vermont were: "Black-Creek" (unknown; possibly is or is near Hebron), Cambridge, Fort Edward, Granville, "Greenfield" (unknown; there is a town named Greenfield but it lies west of the Hudson River, which was explicitly the western extent of the West Union), Hoosick, Kingsbury, "Little Hoosack" (unknown; presumably near Hoosick), Saratoga, "Scorticook" (possibly Schaghticoke), Skeensborough (now Whitehall), and "Upper-White-Creek" (probably White Creek).[42] The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown, as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose; the map uses the common interpretation.
  5. ^ The treaty established the boundaries of the new country, from the Bay of Fundy: up the "St. Croix River" (which river this referred to was disputed) to its source; north to the height of the land (the "Northwest Angle of Nova Scotia"); along the height of the land to the "northwesternmost Head" of the Connecticut River (which source this referred to was disputed); down that to 45° north; west to the St. Lawrence River; up that to the Great Lakes, through Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, Lake Erie, the Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior; to "Long Lake" (which lake this referred to was disputed) towards the Lake of the Woods; to the northwest angle of the Lake of the Woods; then west to the Mississippi River. However, the Lake of the Woods was north of the source of the Mississippi River; maps universally show this undefined border as a straight line, nearly straight south, between the two points. From there, it followed the Mississippi River down to 31° north; east to the Chattahoochee River; down that to the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers; a line from there to the source of the St. Mary's River; then down that to the Atlantic Ocean.[51]
  6. ^ The boundaries of Frankland were never defined; the map uses the common depiction of it.
  7. ^ Massachusetts's ceded claim was a strip of land west of New York and Pennsylvania stretching to the Mississippi River, bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony's original charter: on the north by a line west from one league north of Lake Winnipesaukee, and on the south by a line west from Massachusetts' southwest corner.[45]
  8. ^ Connecticut's ceded claim was a strip of land west of 120 miles west of Pennsylvania (the western border of its Western Reserve) stretching to the Mississippi River, bounded by 41° north and the southern edge of Massachusetts's western claim, roughly 42°2′ north.[45]
  9. ^ Massachusetts's ceded claim was the portion of New York 82 miles west of where the Delaware River left New York, to an unclear western boundary, with one source saying it was as far as one mile east of the Niagara River.[45]
  10. ^ The new North Carolina–federal border was, from the north, southwest along various ridges of the Great Smoky Mountains; however, issues caused surveyors to eventually run a line roughly due south rather than continue along the ridge.[19]
  11. ^ The new New York–Vermont border was, from the north: Lake Champlain, the Poultney River, then south following borders of townships.[32]
  12. ^ The new Kentucky–Virginia border was, from the south: north along the Cumberland Mountains and Pine Mountain to the Russell Fork; northeast to the Tug Fork; then down that to the Big Sandy River and to the Ohio River.[84]
  13. ^ The new Indiana Territory–Northwest Territory border was, from the south, a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery, then north.[97]
  14. ^ The new Georgia–federal border was, from the south, up the Chattahoochee River to its great bend (near West Point), then a line from there towards and past Nickajack. The border's description said it would go until it reached the Tennessee River, and follow that up the river to Tennessee, but the river lay entirely within Tennessee.[12]
  15. ^ There was some question as to whether the purchase also included the basins of the Missouri River and the Red River of the North, but the question was not relevant before the Treaty of 1818 definitively settled the border. Maps universally show the purchase including the Missouri River basin but excluding the Red River basin.[105]
  16. ^ The western border of West Florida was a series of waterways, mainly the Mississippi, Iberville, and Amite Rivers, and Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas.[106]
  17. ^ The new Illinois Territory–Indiana Territory border was, from the south, the Wabash River up to Post Vincennes, then north.[113]
  18. ^ The northwestern remainder of Orleans Territory presumably rejoined Louisiana Territory, as its extent was still vaguely defined.
  19. ^ Indiana was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River, but while the territory's line turned north at Post Vincennes, the state's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth. The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan, until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio's western border, which was a line drawn north from the mouth of the Great Miami River.[97]
  20. ^ The new Alabama Territory–Mississippi Territory border was, from the north: up the Tennessee River to Bear Creek (around today's Pickwick Lake); a line to the northwestern corner of Washington County, Mississippi Territory; then south.[128]
  21. ^ The new Arkansaw Territory–Missouri Territory border was, from where the Mississippi River meets 36° north: west to the St. Francis River, up that to 36°30′ north, then west.[121]
  22. ^ The new border was, from the Gulf of Mexico: up the Sabine River to 32° north; north to the Red River; up that to 100° west; north to the Arkansas River; up that to its source; north to 42° north; then west to the Pacific Ocean.[106]
  23. ^ The new Missouri–federal border was, from the mouth of the Des Moines River: up the river to a point west of the Des Moines Rapids on the Mississippi River, west to a point north of the mouth of the Kansas River, then south.[121]
  24. ^ The new Arkansas Territory–federal border, from the north, a line from the southwestern corner of Missouri to a point on the Arkansas River "100 paces east" of Fort Smith, as the border of the lands of the Eastern Choctaw, then south.[137] However, the Arkansas Supreme Court determined in 1909 that the "100 paces east" was a clerical error, and that logically it should have said "100 paces west".[150]
  25. ^ The new Michigan Territory–Wisconsin Territory border was, from Lake Superior: up the Montreal River to Lac Vieux Desert; a line to the source of the Menominee River; then down that to Green Bay. However, this definition was impossible: The Montreal River ended long before it reached Lac Vieux Desert. The issue would be resolved in 1850.[111]
  26. ^ The new northeastern border was, from Passamaquoddy Bay: up the St. Croix River to its source; north to the St. John River; up that to the St. Francis River; up that to its source outlet at Lake Pohenegamook; southwest to the northwest branch of the St. John River; a line from there to where the St. John River crosses 46°25’ north; up the river to its source; along the highlands to the source of Halls Stream, then down that to 45° north.[140][15]
  27. ^ The new northern border was, from Lake Superior: up the Pigeon River to the many lakes and rivers of the Boundary Waters, eventually reaching the Rainy River; then down that to the Lake of the Woods.[170]
  28. ^ The new Wisconsin–Wisconsin Territory border was, from Lake Superior: up the St. Louis River to its first rapids; south to the St. Croix River; then down that to the Mississippi River.[158]
  29. ^ The new international border was, from the Rio Grande: along the southern and western border of New Mexico until it meets the Gila River; down that to the Colorado River; then a line to a point one league south of the port of San Diego. However, the southern border of New Mexico was in question, with the US claim being 31°52′ north, and the Mexican claim being 32°22′ north.[188]
  30. ^ The new California–federal border was, from the north: south along 120° west to 39° north; a line to where the Colorado River intersects 35° north; then down the Colorado River.[3]
  31. ^ The new Texas–federal border was, from the south: up the Rio Grande to 32° north; east to 103° west; north to 36°30′ north; then east.[175]
  32. ^ The borders of New Mexico Territory were, from where its border with Texas ended at 36°30′ north and 103° west: north to 38° north; west to the summit of the San Juan Mountains (called then the Sierra Madre); south along the ridge to 37° north; then west.[204]
  33. ^ The new international border was, starting from where the Rio Grande crosses 31°47′ north: west 100 miles; south to 31°20′ north; west to 111° west; a line to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River; then up the Colorado River.[213]
  34. ^ The new Minnesota–federal border was, from the north: up the Red River to the Bois de Sioux River; up that to Lake Traverse and its southern tip; a line to Big Stone Lake and through that to its southern tip; then south.[170]
  35. ^ The new Oregon–Washington Territory border was, from the north, up the Snake River to the mouth of the Owyhee River, then south.[191]
  36. ^ The claimed borders of Jefferson Territory were between 37° north, 43° north, 102° west, and 110° west.[225]
  37. ^ The borders of Colorado Territory were parallels 37° north and 41° north, and Washington meridians 25° west and 32° west.[231]
  38. ^ The new Nebraska Territory–Dakota Territory border was, from the east: up the Missouri River to the Niobrara River; up that to the Keya Paha River; up that to 43° north; then west.[211]
  39. ^ The decree transferred land from the left bank of the Blackstone River to Rhode Island, including what is now East Providence, in exchange land around Fall River being transferred to Massachusetts.[14]
  40. ^ The Virginia counties that became West Virginia were: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gilmer, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jackson, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, McDowell, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mercer, Monongalia, Monroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Ohio, Pendleton, Pleasants, Pocahontas, Preston, Putnam, Raleigh, Randolph, Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wayne, Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood, and Wyoming.[260]
  41. ^ The new Idaho Territory–Montana Territory border was, from the north: south along 39° west from Washington to the crest of the Bitterroot Range and the Rocky Mountains; along that to 44°30′ north; east to 34° west from Washington; north to 45° north; then east.[264]
  42. ^ The new Dakota Territory–Idaho Territory border was, from the south: north along 33° west from Washington to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, then northwest along that to the new tripoint with Montana Territory.[235]
  43. ^ The borders of the Department of Alaska were, from the Dixon Entrance: Up the Portland Channel to 56° north; then along the "summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast" (the definition of which was disputed) to 141° west; then north.[275]
  44. ^ The borders of Wyoming Territory were parallels 41° north and 45° north, and Washington meridians 27° west and 34° west.[284]
  45. ^ The new Oklahoma Territory–federal border was, from where the Red River meets 98° west: north to the Canadian River; down that to Seminole land; north along that border to the North Canadian River; down that to Creek land; north and east along that border to 96° west; then north. This omits the Cherokee Outlet, whose complex borders separated the main portion of Oklahoma Territory from the former Public Land Strip.[308]

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Further reading