In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae , Carl Linnaeus described the Pisces as:[1]
Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides the parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure.
Linnaean Characteristics [1]
Heart : 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red bloodGills : externalJaw : incumbentPenis : (usually) noneEggs : without whitesOrgans of Sense : tongue, nostrils?, eyes, earsCovering : imbricate scalesSupports : fins. Swims in the Water & Smacks.
Apodes The European eel was named Muraena angvilla in 1758. Muraena (eels)Gymnotus (electric knifefishes )Trichiurus (cutlassfishes )The seawolf was named Anarhichas lupus in 1758. Anarhichas (wolffishes )Ammodytes (sand eels )Stromateus (butterfishes )Stromateus fiatola – Blue ButterfishStromateus paru – American HarvestfishXiphias (swordfishes )
Jugulares Callionymus (dragonets )Uranoscopus (stargazers )Trachinus (weevers )The Atlantic cod was named Gadus morhua & Gadus callarias in 1758. Gadus (cod & kin)The butterfly blenny was named Blennius ocellaris in 1758. Blennius (blennies )Ophidion (cusk-eels )
Thoracici
Cyclopterus Cyclopterus (Lumpfishes )
Echeneis Echeneis (Remoras )
Coryphaena Coryphaena (Dolphinfishes )
Gobius The black goby was named Gobius niger & Gobius jozo in 1758. Gobius (Gobies )Gobius niger & Gobius jozo – Black goby Gobius paganellus – Rock goby Gobius eleotris Gobius aphya Gobius pectinirostris – Blue-spotted mud hopperGobius anguillaris – Taenioides anguillaris
Cottus Cottus (Sculpins )
Scorpaena Scorpaena (Scorpionfishes )
Zeus The lookdown was named Zeus vomer in 1758. Zeus (John Dories & kin)
Pleuronectes The European plaice was named Pleuronectes platessa in 1758. Pleuronectes (Flatfishes )
Chaetodon The Moorish idol was named Chaetodon canescens & Chaetodon cornutus in 1758. Chaetodon (Butterflyfishes , Angelfishes , & kin)
Sparus The red porgy was named Sparus orphus & Sparus pagrus in 1758. Sparus (Breams and Porgies )
Labrus The goldsinny wrasse was named Labrus suillus & Labrus rupestris in 1758. Labrus (Wrasses , Parrotfishes , & kin)
Sciaena Sciaena (Snappers & Croakers )
Perca The European perch was named Perca fluviatilis in 1758. Perca (Perch , Grouper , & kin)
Gasterosteus The red lionfish was named Gasterosteus volitans in 1758. The flying gurnard was named Gasterosteus spinarella & Trigla volitans in 1758. Gasterosteus (Sticklebacks & kin)
Scomber The Atlantic mackerel was named Scomber scombrus in 1758. Scomber (Mackerel & Tuna)
Mullus The red mullet was named Mullus surmuletus in 1758. Mullus (Goatfishes )
Trigla Trigla (Sea robins )
Abdominales Cobitis (Loaches )The walking catfish was named Silurus batrachus in 1758. Silurus (Catfishes )Loricaria (Suckermouth Catfishes )The Atlantic salmon was named Salmo salar in 1758. The brown trout was named Salmo eriox , Salmo trutta , Salmo fario & Salmo lacustris in 1758. Salmo (Salmon , Trout , & kin)Fistularia (Cornetfishes )The longnose gar was named Esox osseus in 1758. Esox (Pike, Gar, and kin)Argentina (Herring smelts )Atherina (Silversides )Mugil (Mullet )Exocoetus (Flying fishes )Polynemus (Threadfins )The European anchovy was named Clupea encrasicolus in 1758. Clupea (Herring , Hatchetfishes , & kin)The common carp was named Cyprinus carpio in 1758. Cyprinus (Carp & kin)
Branchiostegi The queen triggerfish was named Balistes vetula in 1758. Mormyrus (Elephantfishes )Balistes (Triggerfishes )The yellow boxfish was named Ostracion tuberculatus & Ostracion cubicus in 1758. Ostracion (Boxfishes & Cowfishes )Tetraodon (Pufferfishes & Sunfishes )The long-spine porcupinefish was named Diodon holocanthus in 1758. Diodon (Porcupinefishes )Centriscus (Shrimpfishes )Centriscus scutatus – Grooved shrimpfishSyngnathus (Pipefishes & Seahorses )Pegasus (Seamoths )
References ^ a b Carl von Linné , translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 1. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.