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Relaciones exteriores de Italia

Las relaciones exteriores de la República Italiana son las relaciones externas del gobierno italiano con el mundo exterior. Ubicada en Europa , Italia ha sido considerada una gran potencia occidental desde su unificación en 1860. [ 1] Sus principales aliados son los países de la OTAN y los estados de la UE , dos entidades de las que Italia es miembro fundador. Italia fue admitida en las Naciones Unidas en 1955, y es miembro y firme partidario de un amplio número de organizaciones internacionales, como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio y la Organización Mundial del Comercio (GATT y OMC), la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE), el Consejo de Europa y la Iniciativa Centroeuropea .

Entre sus mandatos en la presidencia rotatoria de organizaciones internacionales se encuentran la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa , el G7 y el Consejo de la UE . Italia es también miembro no permanente recurrente del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU . Italia es un actor importante en la región mediterránea y tiene estrechas relaciones con los países de habla romance de Europa y América Latina . Aunque es un estado laico , [2] Roma acoge al Papa y la sede de la Iglesia católica , que opera un gran sistema diplomático propio. Italia comanda actualmente varias fuerzas multinacionales y tiene importantes tropas desplegadas en todo el mundo para misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y para combatir el crimen organizado , el tráfico ilegal de drogas , la trata de personas , la piratería y el terrorismo . [3]

Historia

Unificación nacional

Mapa animado de la unificación italiana desde 1829 hasta 1871

El Risorgimento fue la era de 1829 a 1871 que vio el surgimiento de una conciencia nacional. La monarquía del norte de Italia de la Casa de Saboya en el Reino de Cerdeña , cuyo gobierno estaba dirigido por Camillo Benso, conde de Cavour , tenía ambiciones de establecer un estado italiano unido. En el contexto de las revoluciones liberales de 1848 que arrasaron Europa, se declaró una primera guerra de independencia fallida en Austria . En 1855, el Reino de Cerdeña se convirtió en aliado de Gran Bretaña y Francia en la Guerra de Crimea , dando legitimidad a la diplomacia de Cavour a los ojos de las grandes potencias. [4] [5] El Reino de Cerdeña volvió a atacar al Imperio austríaco en la Segunda Guerra de Independencia de Italia de 1859, con la ayuda de Francia , lo que resultó en la liberación de Lombardía . Sobre la base del Acuerdo de Plombières , el Reino de Cerdeña cedió Saboya y Niza a Francia, acontecimiento que provocó el éxodo de Niçardo , es decir, la emigración de una cuarta parte de los italianos de Niçardo a Italia, [6] y las Vísperas de Niçardo .

En 1860-1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi lideró la campaña de unificación en Nápoles y Sicilia conquistando el Reino de las Dos Sicilias (la Expedición de los Mil ), [7] mientras que las tropas de la Casa de Saboya ocuparon los territorios centrales de la península italiana, excepto Roma y parte de los Estados Pontificios . Esto permitió al gobierno de Cerdeña declarar un reino italiano unido el 17 de marzo de 1861. [8] En 1866, Italia se alió con Prusia durante la Guerra austro-prusiana , librando la Tercera Guerra de Independencia Italiana que permitió a Italia anexar Venecia . Finalmente, en 1870, cuando Francia abandonó sus guarniciones en Roma durante la desastrosa Guerra Franco-Prusiana para mantener a raya al gran ejército prusiano, los italianos se apresuraron a llenar el vacío de poder tomando el control de los Estados Pontificios . La unificación italiana se completó y poco después la capital de Italia se trasladó a Roma. Más tarde, Italia formó la Triple Alianza (1882) con Alemania y Austria.

Primera Guerra Mundial

Territorios prometidos a Italia por el Tratado de Londres (1915) , es decir, Trentino-Alto Adigio , la Marca Juliana y Dalmacia (color tostado) y la zona de la meseta de Snežnik (color verde). Sin embargo, después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Dalmacia no fue asignada a Italia sino a Yugoslavia.

Italia derrotó al Imperio otomano en 1911-1912. [9] En 1915, Italia había adquirido en África una colonia en la costa del mar Rojo ( Eritrea ), un gran protectorado en Somalia y autoridad administrativa en la antigua Libia turca . Fuera de África, Italia poseía una pequeña concesión en Tientsin en China (tras la Rebelión de los Bóxers ) y las islas del Dodecaneso frente a la costa de Turquía.

Austria tomó la ofensiva contra los términos de la alianza e Italia decidió participar en la Primera Guerra Mundial como principal potencia aliada de Francia y Gran Bretaña. Dos líderes, el primer ministro Antonio Salandra y el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores Sidney Sonnino, tomaron las decisiones; su principal motivación era la confiscación de territorio a Austria, como prometieron en secreto Gran Bretaña y Francia en el Tratado de Londres de 1915. Además, Italia ocupó el sur de Albania y estableció un protectorado sobre Albania , que permaneció en vigor hasta 1920. [10]

Los aliados derrotaron al Imperio austríaco en 1918 e Italia se convirtió en uno de los principales vencedores de la guerra. En la Conferencia de Paz de París de 1919, el primer ministro Vittorio Emanuele Orlando se centró casi exclusivamente en las ganancias territoriales, pero obtuvo mucho menos de lo que quería, y los italianos se sintieron amargamente resentidos cuando se les negó el control de la ciudad de Fiume . La conferencia, bajo el control de Gran Bretaña, Francia y Estados Unidos, se negó a asignar Dalmacia y Albania a Italia como se había prometido en el Tratado de Londres. Gran Bretaña, Francia y Japón dividieron las colonias alemanas de ultramar en mandatos propios, excluyendo a Italia. Italia tampoco ganó ningún territorio con la desintegración del Imperio otomano .

Italia no recibió los demás territorios prometidos por el Tratado de Londres, por lo que este resultado fue denunciado como una victoria mutilada . La retórica de la victoria mutilada fue adoptada por Benito Mussolini y condujo al ascenso del fascismo italiano , convirtiéndose en un punto clave en la propaganda de la Italia fascista . Los historiadores consideran la victoria mutilada como un "mito político", utilizado por los fascistas para alimentar el imperialismo italiano y oscurecer los éxitos de la Italia liberal después de la Primera Guerra Mundial. [11] Italia también obtuvo un asiento permanente en el consejo ejecutivo de la Liga de las Naciones .

El fascismo y la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Regiones étnicas italianas reclamadas en la década de 1930 por irredentistas italianos : * Verde: Niza , Ticino y Dalmacia * Rojo: Malta * Violeta: Córcega * Saboya y Corfú fueron reclamadas más tarde

El gobierno fascista que llegó al poder con Benito Mussolini en 1922 buscó aumentar el tamaño del imperio italiano y satisfacer las reivindicaciones de los irredentistas italianos . El fascismo italiano se basa en el nacionalismo y el imperialismo italianos, y en particular busca completar lo que considera como el proyecto incompleto de la unificación de Italia incorporando Italia Irredenta (Italia no redimida) al estado de Italia. [12] [13] Al este de Italia, los fascistas afirmaron que Dalmacia era una tierra de cultura italiana cuyos italianos, incluidos los de ascendencia eslava del sur italianizada , habían sido expulsados ​​​​de Dalmacia y se habían exiliado en Italia, y apoyaron el regreso de los italianos de herencia dálmata. [14] Mussolini identificó a Dalmacia como una tierra con fuertes raíces culturales italianas durante siglos, de manera similar a Istria , a través del Imperio Romano y la República de Venecia . [15] Al sur de Italia, los fascistas reclamaban Malta , que pertenecía al Reino Unido, y Corfú , que en cambio pertenecía a Grecia; al norte reclamaban la Suiza italiana , mientras que al oeste reclamaban Córcega , Niza y Saboya , que pertenecían a Francia. [16] [17] El régimen fascista produjo literatura sobre Córcega que presentaba evidencia de la italianidad de la isla . [18] El régimen fascista produjo literatura sobre Niza que justificaba que Niza era una tierra italiana basándose en motivos históricos, étnicos y lingüísticos. [18]

Áreas controladas por el Imperio Italiano durante su existencia
  Reino de Italia
  Colonias de Italia
  Protectorados y zonas ocupadas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Mussolini prometió traer de vuelta a Italia como una gran potencia en Europa, construyendo un "Nuevo Imperio Romano " [19] y manteniendo el poder sobre el Mar Mediterráneo . En la propaganda , los fascistas utilizaron el antiguo lema romano " Mare Nostrum " ( en latín , "Nuestro Mar") para describir el Mediterráneo. Por esta razón, el régimen fascista se dedicó a una política exterior intervencionista . En 1923, la isla griega de Corfú fue ocupada brevemente por Italia , después del asesinato del general Tellini en territorio griego. En 1925, Italia obligó a Albania a convertirse en un protectorado de facto . En 1935, Mussolini invadió Etiopía y fundó el África Oriental Italiana , lo que resultó en una alienación internacional y condujo a la retirada de Italia de la Liga de las Naciones ; Italia se alió con la Alemania nazi y el Imperio de Japón y apoyó firmemente a Francisco Franco en la Guerra Civil Española . En 1939, Italia anexó formalmente Albania . Italia entró en la Segunda Guerra Mundial el 10 de junio de 1940. Los italianos avanzaron inicialmente en la Somalia británica , Egipto , los Balcanes (estableciendo la Gobernación de Dalmacia y Montenegro , la Provincia de Liubliana y los estados títeres Estado Independiente de Croacia y Estado Helénico ) y los frentes orientales. Sin embargo, posteriormente fueron derrotados en el Frente Oriental , así como en la campaña de África Oriental y la campaña de África del Norte , perdiendo como resultado sus territorios en África y en los Balcanes.

En julio de 1943, los aliados comenzaron una invasión de Sicilia que condujo al colapso del régimen fascista y a la caída de Mussolini el 25 de julio. En el norte, los alemanes establecieron la República Social Italiana (RSI), un estado títere nazi con Mussolini instalado como líder después de que fuera rescatado por paracaidistas alemanes. Algunas tropas italianas en el sur se organizaron en el Ejército Cobeligerante Italiano , que luchó junto a los aliados durante el resto de la guerra, mientras que otras tropas italianas, leales a Mussolini y su RSI, continuaron luchando junto a los alemanes en el Ejército Nacional Republicano . Además, el período posterior al armisticio vio el surgimiento de un gran movimiento de resistencia antifascista, la Resistenza . [20] Como resultado, el país cayó en una guerra civil ; [21] [22] La resistencia italiana libró una guerra de guerrillas contra los ocupantes alemanes nazis y las fuerzas fascistas italianas , [20] mientras que los enfrentamientos entre el ejército fascista RSI y el ejército cobeligerante italiano realista eran raros. [23] A fines de abril de 1945, con una derrota total inminente, Mussolini intentó escapar hacia el norte, [24] pero fue capturado y ejecutado sumariamente cerca del lago de Como por partisanos italianos. Luego, su cuerpo fue llevado a Milán , donde fue colgado boca abajo en una estación de servicio para que el público lo viera y para proporcionar la confirmación de su fallecimiento. [25] Las hostilidades terminaron el 29 de abril de 1945, cuando las fuerzas alemanas en Italia se rindieron .

Era republicana

Alcide De Gasperi , primer primer ministro republicano de Italia y uno de los padres fundadores de la Unión Europea

Italia se convirtió en una república después del referéndum institucional italiano de 1946 [26] celebrado el 2 de junio de 1946, un día celebrado desde entonces como Festa della Repubblica . Esta fue la primera vez que las mujeres italianas votaron a nivel nacional, y la segunda vez en general considerando las elecciones locales que se celebraron unos meses antes en algunas ciudades. [27] [28] En virtud del Tratado de Paz con Italia de 1947 , Istria , Kvarner , la mayor parte de la Marca Juliana , así como la ciudad dálmata de Zara , fueron anexadas por Yugoslavia , lo que provocó el éxodo istrio-dálmata , que llevó a la emigración de entre 230.000 y 350.000 italianos étnicos locales ( italianos de Istria e italianos dálmatas ), siendo los demás eslovenos étnicos, croatas étnicos y istrorumanos étnicos , que optaron por mantener la ciudadanía italiana. [29] Más tarde, el Territorio Libre de Trieste se dividió entre los dos estados. Italia también perdió todas sus posesiones coloniales, poniendo fin formalmente al Imperio italiano . En 1950, la Somalia italiana pasó a ser un territorio en fideicomiso de las Naciones Unidas bajo administración italiana hasta el 1 de julio de 1960. La frontera italiana que se aplica hoy existe desde 1975, cuando Trieste se volvió a anexar formalmente a Italia.

En 1949 Italia se convirtió en miembro de la OTAN . El Plan Marshall ayudó a reactivar la economía italiana que, hasta finales de la década de 1960, disfrutó de un período de crecimiento económico sostenido comúnmente llamado el " milagro económico ". En la década de 1950, Italia se convirtió en uno de los seis países fundadores de las Comunidades Europeas , tras el establecimiento en 1952 de la Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero y las posteriores creaciones en 1958 de la Comunidad Económica Europea y la Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica . En 1993, las dos primeras se incorporaron a la Unión Europea .

Relaciones diplomáticas

Lista de países con los que Italia mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:

Relaciones bilaterales por países

África

Américas

Asia

Europa

Oceania

International institutions

Italy is part of the UN, EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the DAC, the WTO, the G7, the G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Latin Union, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM, the MEF, the ISA, the Uniting for Consensus and several Contact Groups.

See also

References

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Further reading

Pre 1945

Since 1945