The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor which assured the existence of the empire.[1]
In China, the Sui dynasty was replaced by the Tang dynasty, which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height. Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugating Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the Korean Peninsula under one ruler. While the Asuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century.
Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century.
Events
The world's population shrinks to about 208 million people. (from 257 million in 200 AD)[3]
The Anglo-SaxonHeptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.[4]
603: Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.[5]
606: Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of Pope Sabinian. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome.
607: Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed in Ikaruga, Japan.
Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.[6]
668: The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
686: Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in Kota Kapur inscription. This likely contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom.[9]
687: I-tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.[10]
700: The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines.[11]
700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.[12]
c. late 7th century: The Sojomerto inscription (discovered in Batang, Central Java) is dated around this time, it mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in Old Malay, suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.[13]
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Earliest known record of the game Chaturanga, a predecessor to Chess.
The Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation.
672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes.[16] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,[17] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.[18]
7th century: Porcelain in Tang dynastyChina: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[22]
References
^ a bOstrogorsky, George (1959). "The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13: 3. doi:10.2307/1291126. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291126.
^"An Introduction to Early Medieval England". English Heritage. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
^Jonathan V. Last, Philadelphia Inquirer, The good and bad of a population drop, November 29, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20121006203612/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html
^ a b c d eRoberts, J: History of the World.. Penguin, 1994.
^Richards, Jeffrey (January 1, 1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710000989 – via Google Books.
^Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37.
^Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695, by I-tsing, Oxford, London.
^Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.38
^Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.39
^"Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty". Archived from the original on 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
^Taylor (2003), pp. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), p. 3.
^Taylor (2003), pp. 8–9, 15–18
^Boechari (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". MISI. III: 241–251.
^Kamouch, Mohammed (2006). "Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage". Muslim Heritage. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
^Kumar, Jayanth V. (2011). "Oral hygiene aids". Textbook of preventive and community dentistry (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 412–413. ISBN 978-81-312-2530-1.
^Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 607–609
^Theophanes & Turtledove 1982, p. 52
^Roland 1992, p. 657; Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 608
^Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 156.
^Bowman (2000), 105.
^Gernet (1962), 80.
^Wood (1999), 49.
Sources
Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-9004151970
Roland, Alex (1992), "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium", Technology and Culture, 33 (4): 655–679, doi:10.2307/3106585, JSTOR 3106585, S2CID 113017993