Portal:Geología

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El portal de geología

P:GEOL

La geología (del griego antiguo γῆ ( gê ) 'tierra' y λoγία ( -logía ) 'estudio de, discurso') es una rama de las ciencias naturales que estudia la Tierra y otros objetos astronómicos , las rocas que los componen y los procesos por los que cambian con el tiempo. La geología moderna se superpone significativamente con todas las demás ciencias de la Tierra , incluida la hidrología . Está integrada con la ciencia del sistema terrestre y la ciencia planetaria .

La geología describe la estructura de la Tierra sobre y debajo de su superficie y los procesos que han dado forma a esa estructura. Los geólogos estudian la composición mineralógica de las rocas para obtener información sobre su historia de formación. La geología determina las edades relativas de las rocas que se encuentran en un lugar determinado; la geoquímica (una rama de la geología) determina sus edades absolutas . Al combinar varias herramientas petrológicas, cristalográficas y paleontológicas, los geólogos pueden hacer una crónica de la historia geológica de la Tierra en su conjunto. Un aspecto es demostrar la edad de la Tierra . La geología proporciona evidencia de la tectónica de placas , la historia evolutiva de la vida y los climas pasados de la Tierra .

Los geólogos estudian en general las propiedades y los procesos de la Tierra y otros planetas terrestres. Los geólogos utilizan una amplia variedad de métodos para comprender la estructura y la evolución de la Tierra, incluidos el trabajo de campo , la descripción de rocas , las técnicas geofísicas , el análisis químico , los experimentos físicos y el modelado numérico . En términos prácticos, la geología es importante para la exploración y explotación de minerales e hidrocarburos , la evaluación de los recursos hídricos , la comprensión de los peligros naturales , la solución de problemas ambientales y el aporte de información sobre el cambio climático pasado . La geología es una disciplina académica importante y es fundamental para la ingeniería geológica y desempeña un papel importante en la ingeniería geotécnica . ( Artículo completo... )

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Las entradas aquí consisten en artículos buenos y destacados , que cumplen con un conjunto básico de altos estándares editoriales.

Imagen 1
Cambios en la temperatura del aire en la superficie durante los últimos 50 años. El Ártico es el lugar que más se ha calentado y, en general, las temperaturas en la tierra han aumentado más que las temperaturas de la superficie del mar .

En el uso común, el cambio climático describe el calentamiento global (el aumento continuo de la temperatura media global) y sus efectos en el sistema climático de la Tierra . El cambio climático en un sentido más amplio también incluye cambios anteriores a largo plazo en el clima de la Tierra. El aumento actual de la temperatura media global se debe principalmente a la quema de combustibles fósiles por parte de los seres humanos desde la Revolución Industrial . El uso de combustibles fósiles , la deforestación y algunas prácticas agrícolas e industriales se suman a los gases de efecto invernadero . Estos gases absorben parte del calor que la Tierra irradia después de calentarse con la luz solar , calentando la atmósfera inferior . El dióxido de carbono , el principal gas de efecto invernadero que impulsa el calentamiento global, ha aumentado aproximadamente un 50% y se encuentra en niveles nunca vistos durante millones de años. El cambio climático tiene un impacto

cada vez mayor en el medio ambiente . Los desiertos se están expandiendo , mientras que las olas de calor y los incendios forestales son cada vez más comunes. El calentamiento amplificado en el Ártico ha contribuido al deshielo del permafrost , el retroceso de los glaciares y la disminución del hielo marino . Las temperaturas más altas también están provocando tormentas más intensas , sequías y otros fenómenos meteorológicos extremos . El rápido cambio ambiental en las montañas , los arrecifes de coral y el Ártico está obligando a muchas especies a reubicarse o a extinguirse . Incluso si los esfuerzos por minimizar el calentamiento futuro tienen éxito, algunos efectos continuarán durante siglos. Entre ellos se incluyen el calentamiento y la acidificación de los océanos y el aumento del nivel del mar . ( Artículo completo... )
Imagen 2

Mapa isosísmico del evento (I–III son No percibidos a Débiles , IV es Ligeros , V es Moderados , VI es Fuertes , VII es Muy Fuertes )

The 1968 Illinois earthquake (a New Madrid event) was the largest recorded earthquake in the U.S. Midwestern state of Illinois. Striking at 11:02 a.m. on November 9, it measured 5.3 on the Richter scale. Although no fatalities occurred, the event caused considerable structural damage to buildings, including the toppling of chimneys and shaking in Chicago, the region's largest city. The earthquake was one of the most widely felt in U.S. history, largely affecting 23 states over an area of 580,000 sq mi (1,500,000 km²). In studying its cause, scientists discovered the Cottage Grove Fault in the Southern Illinois Basin.

Within the region, millions felt the rupture. Reactions to the earthquake varied; some people near the epicenter did not react to the shaking, while others panicked. A future earthquake in the region is extremely likely; in 2005, seismologists and geologists estimated a 90% chance of a magnitude 6–7 tremor before 2055, likely originating in the Wabash Valley seismic zone on the Illinois–Indiana border or the New Madrid fault zone. (Full article...)
Image 3
Io, with two plumes erupting from its surface, Galileo image, June 1997

Volcanism on Io, a moon of Jupiter, is represented by the presence of volcanoes, volcanic pits and lava flows on the surface. Io's volcanic activity was discovered in 1979 by Linda Morabito, an imaging scientist working on Voyager 1. Observations of Io by passing spacecraft and Earth-based astronomers have revealed more than 150 active volcanoes. As of 2024^[update], up to 400 such volcanoes are predicted to exist based on these observations. Io's volcanism makes the satellite one of only four known currently volcanically or cryovolcanically active worlds in the Solar System (the others being Earth, Saturn's moon Enceladus, and Neptune's moon Triton.)

First predicted shortly before the Voyager 1 flyby, the heat source for Io's volcanism comes from tidal heating produced by its forced orbital eccentricity. This differs from Earth's internal heating, which is derived primarily from radioactive isotope decay and primordial heat of accretion. Io's eccentric orbit leads to a slight difference in Jupiter's gravitational pull on the satellite between its closest and farthest points on its orbit, causing a varying tidal bulge. This variation in the shape of Io causes frictional heating in its interior. Without this tidal heating, Io might have been similar to the Moon, a world of similar size and mass, geologically dead and covered with numerous impact craters. (Full article...)
Image 4
The eight planets of the Solar System with size to scale (up to down, left to right): Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune (outer planets), Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury (inner planets)

A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. The Solar System has eight planets by the most restrictive definition of the term: the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which posits that an interstellar cloud collapses out of a nebula to create a young protostar orbited by a protoplanetary disk. Planets grow in this disk by the gradual accumulation of material driven by gravity, a process called accretion.

The word planet comes from the Greek πλανήται (planḗtai) 'wanderers'. In antiquity, this word referred to the Sun, Moon, and five points of light visible to the naked eye that moved across the background of the stars—namely, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Planets have historically had religious associations: multiple cultures identified celestial bodies with gods, and these connections with mythology and folklore persist in the schemes for naming newly discovered Solar System bodies. Earth itself was recognized as a planet when heliocentrism supplanted geocentrism during the 16th and 17th centuries. (Full article...)
Image 5

Annotated satellite image of the chain

The Mono–Inyo Craters are a volcanic chain of craters, domes and lava flows in Mono County, Eastern California. The chain stretches 25 miles (40 km) from the northwest shore of Mono Lake to the south of Mammoth Mountain. The Mono Lake Volcanic Field forms the northernmost part of the chain and consists of two volcanic islands in the lake and one cinder cone volcano on its northwest shore. Most of the Mono Craters, which make up the bulk of the northern part of the Mono–Inyo chain, are phreatic (steam explosion) volcanoes that have since been either plugged or over-topped by rhyolite domes and lava flows. The Inyo volcanic chain form much of the southern part of the chain and consist of phreatic explosion pits, and rhyolitic lava flows and domes. The southernmost part of the chain consists of fumaroles and explosion pits on Mammoth Mountain and a set of cinder cones south of the mountain; the latter are called the Red Cones.

Eruptions along the narrow fissure system under the chain began in the west moat of Long Valley Caldera 400,000 to 60,000 years ago. Mammoth Mountain was formed during this period. Multiple eruptions from 40,000 to 600 years ago created the Mono Craters and eruptions 5,000 to 500 years ago formed the Inyo volcanic chain. Lava flows 5,000 years ago built the Red Cones, and explosion pits on Mammoth Mountain were excavated in the last 1,000 years. Uplift of Paoha Island in Mono Lake about 250 years ago is the most recent activity. These eruptions most likely originated from small magma bodies rather than from a single, large magma chamber like the one that produced the massive Long Valley Caldera eruption 760,000 years ago. During the past 3,000 years, eruptions have occurred every 250 to 700 years. In 1980, a series of earthquakes and uplift within and south of Long Valley Caldera indicated renewed activity in the area. (Full article...)
Image 6
Artist's concept of the Earth 5–7.5 billion years from now, when the Sun has become a red giant

While the future cannot be predicted with certainty, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of some far-future events, if only in the broadest outline. These fields include astrophysics, which studies how planets and stars form, interact, and die; particle physics, which has revealed how matter behaves at the smallest scales; evolutionary biology, which studies how life evolves over time; plate tectonics, which shows how continents shift over millennia; and sociology, which examines how human societies and cultures evolve.

These timelines begin at the start of the 4th millennium in 3001 CE, and continue until the furthest and most remote reaches of future time. They include alternative future events that address unresolved scientific questions, such as whether humans will become extinct, whether the Earth survives when the Sun expands to become a red giant and whether proton decay will be the eventual end of all matter in the Universe. (Full article...)
Image 7
A map of Resolution Guyot's bathymetric relief

Resolution Guyot (formerly known as Huevo) is a guyot (tablemount) in the underwater Mid-Pacific Mountains in the Pacific Ocean. It is a circular flat mountain, rising 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the seafloor to a depth of about 1,320 metres (4,330 ft), with a 35-kilometre-wide (22 mi) summit platform. The Mid-Pacific Mountains lie west of Hawaii and northeast of the Marshall Islands, but at the time of its formation, the guyot was located in the Southern Hemisphere.

The guyot was probably formed by a hotspot in today's French Polynesia before plate tectonics shifted it to its present-day location. The Easter, Marquesas, Pitcairn and Society hotspots, among others, may have been involved in the formation of Resolution Guyot. Volcanic activity has been dated to have occurred 107–129 million years ago and formed a volcanic island that was subsequently flattened by erosion. Carbonate deposition commenced, forming an atoll-like structure and a carbonate platform. (Full article...)
Image 8
Eruptions in the Lassen volcanic area in the last 70,000 years. Circle shows base of Mount Tehama. See timeline image.

The Lassen volcanic area presents a geological record of sedimentation and volcanic activity in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park in Northern California, U.S. The park is located in the southernmost part of the Cascade Mountain Range in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Pacific Oceanic tectonic plates have plunged below the North American Plate in this part of North America for hundreds of millions of years. Heat and molten rock from these subducting plates has fed scores of volcanoes in California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia over at least the past 30 million years, including these in the Lassen volcanic areas.

Between 3 and 4 million years ago, volcanic-derived mud flows called lahars streamed down several major mountains that included nearby but now extinct Mount Yana and Mount Maidu to become the Tuscan Formation. Basaltic and later andesitic to dacitic flows of lava covered increasingly larger areas of this formation to eventually form the lava plateau upon which the park is situated. About 600,000 years ago, Mount Tehama started to rise as a stratovolcano in the southwestern corner of the park, eventually reaching an estimated 11,000 ft (3,400 m) in height. (Full article...)
Image 9

A natural diamond crystal

Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond as a form of carbon is a tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure, but diamond is metastable and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth.

Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are boron and nitrogen). Small numbers of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high refractive index and a relatively high optical dispersion. (Full article...)
Image 10

A series of small volcanic earthquakes measuring less than 4.0 on the Richter magnitude scale took place in the sparsely populated Nazko area of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, from October 9, 2007, to June 12, 2008. They occurred just west of Nazko Cone, a small tree-covered cinder cone that last erupted about 7,200 years ago.

No damage or casualties resulted from the Nazko earthquakes, which were too small to be felt by people, but local seismographs recorded them. The earthquake swarm occurred at the eastern end of a known volcanic zone called the Anahim Volcanic Belt. This is an east–west trending line of volcanic formations extending from the Central Coast to the Central Interior of British Columbia. (Full article...)

Artículo vital

Artículos vitales para entender la Geología.

Mapa que muestra la ubicación del epicentro del terremoto en relación con Ambato ; el centro del blanco es el epicentro; las pequeñas líneas azules son ríos

El terremoto de Ambato de 1949 fue el terremoto más mortífero en el hemisferio occidental en cinco años. El 5 de agosto de 1949, golpeó la provincia ecuatoriana de Tungurahua al sureste de su capital Ambato y mató a 5.050 personas. Con una magnitud de 6,4 en la escala M _s , se originó en un hipocentro a 15 km bajo la superficie. Los pueblos cercanos de Guano , Patate , Pelileo y Pillaro fueron destruidos, y la ciudad de Ambato sufrió graves daños. El terremoto aplastó edificios y los deslizamientos de tierra posteriores causaron daños en las provincias de Tungurahua, Chimborazo y Cotopaxi . Interrumpió las tuberías de agua y las líneas de comunicación y abrió una fisura en la que se hundió la pequeña ciudad de Libertad. El temblor moderado del evento se extendió hasta Quito y Guayaquil . ( Artículo completo... )

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Para obtener recursos para el editor y colaborar con otros editores para mejorar los artículos de Wikipedia relacionados con la geología, visita WikiProject Geology .

Biografía destacada

Artículos biográficos destacados en Geología

Philip Dean Gingerich (nacido el 23 de marzo de 1946) es un paleontólogo y educador estadounidense. Es profesor emérito de Geología , Biología y Antropología en la Universidad de Michigan, Ann Arbor y dirigió el Museo de Paleontología de la Universidad de Michigan (UMMP) de 1981 a 2010. Su investigación se centra en la paleontología de vertebrados , especialmente la transición del Paleoceno al Eoceno y los mamíferos del Cenozoico temprano . Su investigación principal se centra en el origen de los órdenes modernos de mamíferos y es un experto líder en la evolución de primates y ballenas . Gingerich fue uno de los expertos que analizaron el esqueleto de Darwinius masillae . ( Artículo completo... )

Sabías

¿Sabías esto sobre Geología?

... que la geóloga danesa Tove Birkelund recibió una medalla de oro por sus primeros trabajos sobre fósiles de escafitas en Groenlandia?
... que el espectrómetro de viento solar del Apolo 12 detectó una onda de choque de iones de gas producida por el impacto de la etapa S-IVB del Apolo 13 en la superficie lunar ?
... que el Cinturón Orogénico de Asia Central es un laboratorio líder en el crecimiento cortical geológicamente reciente?
... que la geología de las montañas Ellsworth fue explorada por geólogos utilizando trineos motorizados en 1961?
... que el nivel de las aguas subterráneas de un sistema acuífero costero cambia con la marea?
... que Frederick Murray Trotter tuvo una distinguida carrera como geólogo de campo a pesar de haber perdido una parte de su cráneo y un ojo por la metralla durante la Primera Guerra Mundial?
... que Karen Hanghøj , ganadora de la Medalla William Smith de geología aplicada en 2023, se convirtió en la primera directora del Servicio Geológico Británico , 183 años después de su fundación?
... que entre 1904 y 1911 Arthur Lewis Hall recorrió 28.130 kilómetros (17.479 millas), la mayor parte a pie, para cartografiar la geología del Transvaal .

Los 10 artículos más populares del mes de WikiProject Geology

Los siguientes artículos relacionados con la geología son los artículos más visitados de WikiProject Geology . Consulte la lista completa en Wikipedia:WikiProject Geology/Páginas populares .

Image 1

La canica azul , Apolo 17 , diciembre de 1972

La Tierra es el tercer planeta desde el Sol y el único objeto astronómico conocido que alberga vida . Esto es posible porque la Tierra es un mundo oceánico , el único en el Sistema Solar que sostiene agua líquida. Casi toda el agua de la Tierra está contenida en su océano global, que cubre el 70,8% de la corteza terrestre . El 29,2% restante de la corteza terrestre es tierra, la mayor parte de la cual se encuentra en forma de masas continentales dentro del hemisferio terrestre de la Tierra . La mayor parte de la tierra de la Tierra es algo húmeda y está cubierta de vegetación , mientras que las grandes capas de hielo en los desiertos polares de la Tierra retienen más agua que el agua subterránea , los lagos, los ríos y el agua atmosférica de la Tierra juntos. La corteza terrestre está formada por placas tectónicas que se mueven lentamente , que interactúan para producir cadenas montañosas, volcanes y terremotos. La Tierra tiene un núcleo externo líquido que genera una magnetosfera capaz de desviar la mayor parte de los vientos solares destructivos y la radiación cósmica . ( Artículo completo... )
Image 2

Aerial photo from the south, with Mount Everest rising above the ridge connecting Nuptse and Lhotse

Mount Everest, known locally as Sagarmatha or Qomolangma, is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The China–Nepal border runs across its summit point. Its elevation (snow height) of 8,848.86 m (29,031 ft 8+1⁄2 in) was most recently established in 2020 by the Chinese and Nepali authorities. (Full article...)
Image 3

Fracking the Bakken Formation in North Dakota

Fracking (also known as hydraulic fracturing, fracing, hydrofracturing, or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open. (Full article...)
Image 4
Animated, colour-coded map showing some continents and the region of Oceania (purple), which includes the continent of Australia. Depending on the convention and model, some continents may be consolidated or subdivided.

A continent is any of several large geographical regions. Continents are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria. A continent could be a single landmass or a part of a very large landmass, as in the case of Asia or Europe. Due to this, the number of continents varies; up to seven or as few as four geographical regions are commonly regarded as continents. Most English-speaking countries recognize seven regions as continents. In order from largest to smallest in area, these seven regions are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Different variations with fewer continents merge some of these regions; examples of this are merging North America and South America into America, Asia and Europe into Eurasia, and Africa, Asia, and Europe into Afro-Eurasia. (Full article...)
Image 5
Location of the Mariana Trench

The Mariana Trench is an oceanic trench located in the western Pacific Ocean, about 200 kilometres (124 mi) east of the Mariana Islands; it is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth. It is crescent-shaped and measures about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) in length and 69 km (43 mi) in width. The maximum known depth is 10,984 ± 25 metres (36,037 ± 82 ft; 6,006 ± 14 fathoms; 6.825 ± 0.016 mi) at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep. The deepest point of the trench is more than 2 km (1.2 mi) farther from sea level than the peak of Mount Everest. (Full article...)
Image 6

Darwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species

Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/ DAR-win; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental scientific concept. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey. (Full article...)
Image 7

Imaging from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission STS-99 reveals part of the diameter ring of the crater in the form of a shallow circular trough. Numerous cenotes (sinkholes) cluster around the trough marking the inner crater rim.

The Chicxulub crater (IPA: [t͡ʃikʃuˈluɓ] ^ⓘ cheek-shoo-LOOB) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is offshore, but the crater is named after the onshore community of Chicxulub Pueblo (not the larger coastal town of Chicxulub Puerto). It was formed slightly over 66 million years ago when an asteroid, about ten kilometers (six miles) in diameter, struck Earth. The crater is estimated to be 200 kilometers (120 miles) in diameter and 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) in depth. It is believed to be the second largest impact structure on Earth, and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research. (Full article...)
Image 8
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from Latin aurum) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series. It is solid under standard conditions. (Full article...)
Image 9
Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years. (Full article...)
Image 10

Fibrous tremolite asbestos on muscovite

Asbestos (/æsˈbɛstəs, æz-, -tɒs/ ass-BES-təs, az-, -⁠toss) is a naturally occurring, carcinogenic, fibrous silicate mineral. There are six types, all of which are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals, each fibre (particulate with length substantially greater than width) being composed of many microscopic "fibrils" that can be released into the atmosphere by abrasion and other processes. Inhalation of asbestos fibres can lead to various dangerous lung conditions, including mesothelioma, asbestosis, and lung cancer. As a result of these health effects, asbestos is considered a serious health and safety hazard. (Full article...)

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Artículos principales

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Imágenes seleccionadas

Image 1
Representación cartográfica en relieve
Crédito de la imagen: Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos
Representación cartográfica en relieve que muestra la edad variable del lecho rocoso subyacente a América del Norte . Esta imagen combina un mapa geológico y una imagen en relieve sombreado. Esta combinación revela lahistoria geológica de América del Norte a través de la interrelación del tipo de roca , la topografía y el tiempo . Los procesos superficiales regionales, así como los eventos tectónicos a escala continental, se exponen en las tres dimensiones del espacio y la cuarta dimensión, el tiempo geológico . De la más reciente a la más antigua, la edad se indica mediante colores: amarillo, verde, azul, rojo.
Image 2
Geology of the Moon
Image credit: Galileo spacecraft
This false-color mosaic showing compositional variations in the geology of the Moon was constructed from a series of 53 images taken through three spectral filters by the imaging system of the Galileo spacecraft. Bright pinkish areas are highlands materials, such as those surrounding the oval lava-filled Mare Crisium impact basin toward the bottom. Blue to orange shades indicate volcanic lava flows. To the left of Crisium, the dark blue Mare Tranquillitatis is richer in titanium than the green and orange maria above it. Thin mineral-rich soils associated with relatively recent impacts are represented by light blue colors. The monochrome band on the right edge shows the unretouched surface of the moon.
Image 3
Cathedral Peak Granodiorite
Map: Grandiose, based on a map by the United States Geological Survey
A geological map of Yosemite National Park (full size), showing the Cathedral Peak Granodiorite, the largest unit in the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, which in turn is the largest granitic suite in the park.
Cathedral Peak Granodiorite
Rest of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite
Image 4
Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection
Map: Strebe, using Geocart
The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection is a projection used for mapping a sphere to a disk. It accurately represents area in all regions of the sphere, but it does not accurately represent angles. It is used in scientific disciplines such as geology for plotting the orientations of lines in three-dimensional space, and by the National Atlas of the US in its online map-making application.
Image 5
Curiosity
Photograph credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS
Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore the crater Gale on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission. It was launched from Cape Canaveral in November 2011 and landed on Aeolis Palus inside Gale on August 6, 2012, at 05:17 UTC. Curiosity's landing site, nicknamed Bradbury Landing, was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the center of the rover's touchdown target after a 560-million km (350-million mi) journey. The rover's goals include an investigation of the Martian climate and geology; assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life, including investigation of the role of water; as well as planetary habitability studies in preparation for human exploration.

This picture is a self-portrait of Curiosity on Mars at the "Big Sky" drilling site, where it collected a rock sample at the foothills of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) in October 2015. The photograph combines dozens of images taken by the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) camera at the end of the rover's robotic arm; the arm itself is not included, although its shadow is visible on the ground. Wrist motions and turret rotations on the arm allowed MAHLI to acquire the mosaic's component images.