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Quezón

Quezón , [a] oficialmente la provincia de Quezón ( filipino : Lalawigan ng Quezon ), es una provincia de Filipinas ubicada en la región de Calabarzon en Luzón . Kalilayan fue el primer nombre conocido de la provincia tras su creación en 1591. A mediados del siglo XVIII, pasó a llamarse Tayabas . [11] En 1946, en reconocimiento al segundo presidente de Filipinas , Manuel L. Quezón , el nombre de la provincia de Tayabas se cambió a Quezón . [12] [13] Lucena , la capital provincial, sede del gobierno provincial y la ciudad más poblada de la provincia, se gobierna independientemente de la provincia como una ciudad altamente urbanizada. Para distinguir la provincia de Ciudad Quezón , a veces se la llama provincia de Quezón , una variación del nombre oficial de la provincia.

Quezón se encuentra al sureste de Metro Manila y limita con las provincias de Aurora al norte, Bulacan , Rizal , Laguna y Batangas al oeste y las provincias de Camarines Norte y Camarines Sur al este. Parte de Quezón se encuentra en un istmo que conecta la península de Bicol con la parte principal de Luzón. La provincia también incluye las islas Polillo en el mar de Filipinas . Algunas partes marinas del Pasaje de la Isla Verde , el centro de la biodiversidad marina del mundo, también se encuentran en la provincia.

Un importante atractivo turístico de la provincia es el monte Banahaw . La montaña está rodeada de misticismo espiritual, con muchos seguidores del cristianismo , cultos cristianos y organizaciones cristianas que viven en ella. La montaña también era uno de los lugares más sagrados para el pueblo tagalo precolonial, antes de la llegada de los españoles. Numerosos peregrinos visitan la montaña, especialmente durante la Semana Santa .

Historia

Historia temprana

Las excavaciones arqueológicas en la provincia dan testimonio de su rico pasado precolonial. Se han descubierto materiales arqueológicos, entre ellos vasijas funerarias, huesos humanos, concheros y restos de cerámica, en diferentes sitios de la península de Bondoc, incluidas las ciudades de San Narciso, San Andrés, Mulanay y Catanauan. Las excavaciones más recientes fueron realizadas en Catanauan por el Proyecto Arqueológico y Patrimonial de Catanauan. [ cita requerida ]

Según el informe preliminar publicado por el Proyecto Arqueológico y Patrimonial de Catanauan, en la década de 1930 se llevaron a cabo varias excavaciones. Una de ellas se llevó a cabo en San Narciso, donde los arqueólogos encontraron vasijas funerarias. El sitio, inspeccionado por Ricardo Galang, dio como resultado el descubrimiento de vasijas funerarias cerca de la costa. Galang también fue a San Andrés, donde las excavaciones arrojaron cerámicas de los siglos XIV y XV, así como brazaletes y cuentas de concha. Según la revista, en un sitio llamado Tala, los arqueólogos descubrieron una vasija china vidriada que contenía fragmentos de hueso de principios de la dinastía Ming. Al observar otros sitios arqueológicos ubicados en áreas adyacentes como Marinduque y Masbate, se puede inferir que estas excavaciones se remontan al período de los metales del archipiélago. [14]

En 2012, en el monte Kamhantik, en la ciudad de Mulanay, se descubrieron 15 ataúdes de piedra caliza. La datación por carbono de un diente humano determinó que tenía al menos 1.000 años de antigüedad. Según los arqueólogos, el pueblo es una prueba de que los antiguos habitantes de la zona practicaban un estilo de vida más sofisticado. Se cree que se utilizaron herramientas de metal para tallar los ataúdes, y este es el primero de este tipo descubierto en el archipiélago. Se dice que los restos datan del siglo X al XIV. [15]

Época colonial española

Evolución territorial de Quezón.

Originalmente, lo que ahora forma Quezón estaba dividido entre las provincias de Batangas , Laguna y Nueva Ecija . Sin embargo, en diferentes momentos, los límites de Quezón cambiaron e incluyeron partes de Aurora , Marinduque y Camarines Norte . En el período temprano de la colonización española, la provincia de Aurora se llamaba El Príncipe, la de Infanta se llamaba Binangonan de Lampon y el sur de Quezón se llamaba Kalilayan. El primer europeo en explorar el área fue Juan de Salcedo en 1571-1572, durante su expedición desde Laguna a las provincias de Camarines . [16] [17]

En 1574, el padre Diego de Oropesa fundó la ciudad de Bumaka, hoy conocida como municipio de Gumaca . [16]

En 1591, a través del Gobernador General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas , se creó la provincia y se llamó Kaliraya o Kalilayan , en honor a la ciudad capital que luego pasó a ser Unisan . [18]

En 1595, el Papa Clemente VIII estableció la Diócesis de Cáceres como sufragánea de Manila . La diócesis cubría toda la región de Bicolandia más las ciudades de Kalilayan y las ciudades de Contracosta. En ese momento, las ciudades de la costa este se denominaban Contracosta e incluían ciudades desde Mauban , Binangonan de Lampon hasta El Príncipe. [19] [16]

La destrucción de Kalilayan en 1604 por una gran flota de piratas moros hizo que los habitantes se trasladaran a Palsabangon ( Pagbilao ). La depredación y el saqueo por parte de los moros de Jolo y Brunei fueron rampantes durante el siglo XVII. La esclavitud es una de las razones de la proliferación de estas incursiones. Se ordenó un padrón para Calilaya después de que Tayabas sufriera severamente las incursiones moro. Se dice que 187 personas fueron capturadas o asesinadas mientras que 400 personas huyeron. El miedo a estas incursiones es la razón principal del movimiento permanente de asentamientos a lo largo de la costa más hacia el interior, así como una disminución general de la población. Las frecuentes invasiones de los moros interrumpieron la producción de alimentos en la provincia, afectando la nutrición de sus habitantes. La desnutrición materna incluso se citó como una de las principales causas de mortalidad infantil en ese momento. En 1701, las áreas costeras de la provincia, previamente densamente pobladas, se describieron como formadas por rancherías cuyos habitantes dependían de productos silvestres. [20]

En 1705 se creó la Comandancia Militar de Nueva Ecija, gobernada por el Gobernador General Fausto Cruzat y Góngora . Incluía grandes extensiones de Luzón Central, las ciudades de Contracosta, así como el área de Kalilayan y las Islas Polillo. [21] Pero Nueva Ecija todavía era parte de la provincia de La Pampanga en ese momento. Dado que Contracosta y Kalilayan eran parte de la provincia de La Laguna en ese momento antes de incluirlos en Nueva Ecija, quedaron gobernados conjuntamente por las provincias de La Pampanga y La Laguna. [18]

En 1749, la capital fue trasladada a la ciudad de Tayabas , de donde la provincia obtuvo su nuevo nombre. [16] [18]

En un informe de 1823, un sacerdote español llamado Padre Bartolomé Galán describe la economía de la provincia. Según su informe, Tayabas tenía un suelo pobre y el terreno era montañoso, lo que significaba que las condiciones no eran tan adecuadas para la agricultura en comparación con otros lugares. La gente cultivaba arroz de secano, trigo, frijoles y verduras. El excedente de arroz se vendía en San Pablo y Majayjay los lunes, el día de mercado de esos pueblos. La cría de ganado estaba desenfrenada en pueblos como Tayabas, Pagbilao, Tiaong y Sariaya. Además, a diferencia de otras provincias, las haciendas no eran tantas en Tayabas. En cambio, los residentes poseían la mayor parte de su propia tierra. [22]

Los habitantes de Tayabas, como en otras zonas, comercian activamente con Manila. Santa Cruz, Laguna , era el centro de distribución de todos los bienes que iban a la capital. Los habitantes de Lucban fabricaban productos con hojas de buri y pandan, como sombreros, matas para dormir y similares, que comerciaban. Junto con los habitantes de Mauban, también iban a Polillo, en ese momento parte de Nueva Ecija, para comprar babosas marinas, conchas y cera de abejas. Al ser una zona agrícola rica, la ciudad de Tayabas comerciaba arroz, cocos y panocha con las ciudades cercanas de Majayjay, Lucban, Sariaya, Pagbilao, Mauban, Gumaca y Atimonan. A su vez, comerciaban con pescado de Pagbilao, arroz de Sariaya y productos de abacá de alta calidad de Mauban y Atimonan. Lucban, así como Tayabas, se beneficiaron enormemente de la alta actividad comercial de los chinos y los mestizos chinos en los pueblos. [22]

Gumaca, al ser una ciudad con poca tierra cultivable, dependía en gran medida del mar. Recogían babosas marinas y caparazones de tortuga de Alabat y comerciaban con los habitantes de las montañas para obtener cera de abejas a cambio de ropa. A veces incluso se aventuraban a la isla de Burias, en el golfo de Ragay, en busca de estos bienes. Luego, estos productos se enviaban a Tayabas para su envío a Manila. Gumaca también intercambiaba artículos de pueblos cercanos, como vinagre y ropa, por oro y abacá de Naga, en la región de Bicol. [22]

En 1818, Nueva Écija anexó los pueblos de Palanan de Isabela , así como Baler, Casiguran, Infanta (antes llamada Binangonan de Lampon) e islas Polillo de Tayabas, y Cagayán , Nueva Vizcaya , Quirino y parte de Rizal. [18] [23]

En 1853, el nuevo distrito militar de Tayabas se separó de Nueva Ecija e incluyó la actual Quezón del Sur, así como la actual Aurora. En 1858, Binangonan de Lampon y las islas Polillo se separaron de Nueva Ecija para formar parte de Infanta. [21] Según la Conferencia Episcopal Católica de Filipinas , los dos frailes franciscanos llamados Fray Juan de Plasencia y Fray Diego de Oropesa fueron los responsables de traer el cristianismo a la zona. A los franciscanos también se les atribuye la difusión del cristianismo en pueblos y parroquias de toda la provincia, incluidos Mauban, Sariaya y Gumaca. [24]

Entre 1855 y 1885, El Príncipe se estableció como su propia Comandancia Militar con capital en Baler . [18]

Levantamiento de Tayabas

Fue también en esta época cuando la Confradía de San José estuvo activa en la provincia, provocada por la creciente desigualdad entre los pobres y las clases altas. Esta organización estaba dirigida sobre todo a los pobres y no admitía ni a españoles ni a mestizos. [25]

Tras años bajo el régimen español, el descontento de los colonizados con los españoles fue en aumento a lo largo de los siglos. El acontecimiento más importante en la historia de la provincia fue la Rebelión de la Confradía en 1841, que fue liderada por el famoso lucbanino Apolinario de la Cruz, conocido popularmente como Hermano Pule .

Rebelión del regimiento Tayabas

Años después de la Rebelión de la Cofradía, el 20 de enero de 1843, el Regimiento Tayabas, dirigido por el Sargento Irineo Samaniego, se alzó en rebelión contra España, conquistando el Fuerte Santiago y otras áreas de Intramuros. Esta es la única fuerza nativa en la historia de Filipinas que logró capturar con éxito el Fuerte Santiago y Manila. Por primera vez, el Regimiento Tayabas gritó la palabra "Independencia", alentando a sus compatriotas a rebelarse contra España. [26] [27] Al día siguiente, sin embargo, las puertas del Fuerte Santiago fueron abiertas por soldados leales. Después de una sangrienta batalla, los amotinados fueron derrotados por las tropas leales, lo que resultó en la ejecución de Samaniego y 81 de sus seguidores el mismo día.

La provincia, bajo el mando del general Miguel Malvar , también fue una de las primeras en sumarse a la Revolución filipina . El gobierno revolucionario tomó el control de la provincia el 15 de agosto de 1898. [ cita requerida ]

Época de la invasión americana

La provincia de Tayabas en 1918

Luego llegaron los americanos y se anexionaron las Filipinas. El 12 de marzo de 1901 se estableció un gobierno civil en la provincia y Lucena pasó a ser la capital provincial. [28]

Durante la pacificación del archipiélago por parte de los estadounidenses, las insurrecciones eran algo habitual en lo que entonces era Tayabas. Los insurgentes de las provincias vecinas de Laguna y Batangas suelen utilizar Tayabas como base de operaciones y fuente de suministros. Incluso se dice que un gobierno insurgente, con conexiones con el general Malvar y Pedro Caballes, tenía su base en Infanta. Esto llevó al estadounidense a cargo, el general de brigada JF Bell, a decidir regresar a Tayabas con un contingente más grande. Bell reconoció la importancia de los puertos de Tayabas como fuentes de suministros para la insurrección, de modo que creyó que cerrar todos los puertos de la provincia podría convencer a los líderes de la resistencia de rendirse. [29]

En 1902, el distrito de El Príncipe fue transferido de la jurisdicción de Nueva Ecija a Tayabas. [18] [30] [31] En el mismo año, Marinduque pasó a formar parte de la provincia de Tayabas en virtud de la Ley 499 promulgada por la Comisión Filipina. [32] Sin embargo, en 1920, el Congreso de Filipinas aprobó la Ley 2280, restableciendo Marinduque como provincia separada. [ cita requerida ] Las áreas actuales del norte de Aurora, que forman parte del moderno Dilasag, y el área del moderno Casiguran fueron transferidas de la autoridad de Nueva Vizcaya a Tayabas en 1905. En 1918, el área de la moderna Aurora al norte de Baler fue transferida a la autoridad de Nueva Vizcaya, pero regresó a Tayabas en 1946.

Debido a la distancia entre Tayabas y Bicol y la creciente población, Tayabas quedó bajo la jurisdicción de la Diócesis de Lipa en 1910. [24]

Época de ocupación japonesa

La ocupación japonesa de la provincia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial comenzó el 23 de diciembre de 1941, cuando el Ejército Imperial Japonés desembarcó en Atimonan . El Cuartel General del Ejército de la Mancomunidad de Filipinas y la Policía de Filipinas estuvieron estacionados en Tayabas desde el 3 de enero de 1942 hasta el 30 de junio de 1946, en operaciones militares contra la ocupación japonesa. [ incomprensible ] La ocupación fue testigo de los brutales asesinatos de los hijos prominentes de Tayabas. El 4 de abril de 1945 fue el día en que la provincia fue liberada cuando las fuerzas combinadas del ejército filipino y estadounidense llegaron a Lucena. [ se necesita más explicación ]

Independencia de Filipinas

Cambio de nombre de Tayabas a Quezón

Después de la guerra, el 7 de septiembre de 1946, la Ley de la República No. 14 cambió el nombre de Tayabas a Quezón , en honor a Manuel L. Quezón , el presidente de la Commonwealth que provenía de Baler , que era una de las ciudades de la provincia; [12] [13] fue elegido gobernador de Tayabas en 1906 y congresista del 1.er distrito de Tayabas en 1907.

El auge de la industria del coco

Incluso antes de que Filipinas obtuviera su independencia, la provincia ya dependía en gran medida de los cocos. Esta historia se puede ver claramente a través de las opulentas casas construidas en la ciudad de Sariaya durante este período. Los cocos sirvieron como la principal fuente de ingresos para la clase terrateniente de Sariaya y esto les permitió construir las casas ancestrales que vemos hoy. [33] Esto ha llevado a algunas empresas como Peter Paul a establecer su presencia en Candelaria para fabricar productos como el coco desecado ya en este período. [34]

Creación de la Provincia de Aurora

En junio de 1951, la parte norte de Quezón (específicamente, las ciudades de Baler , Casiguran , Dilasag , Dingalan , Dinalongan , Dipaculao , Maria Aurora y San Luis ) se convirtió en la subprovincia de Aurora . [35] Aurora era el nombre de la esposa del presidente, Aurora Quezón , quien también nació y creció en Baler. Aurora finalmente se separó de Quezón como provincia independiente en 1979. [36] Una razón obvia para la creación de Aurora se debe al aislamiento del área del resto de la provincia de Quezón: no hay vínculos directos con el resto de la provincia y gran parte del terreno es montañoso y densamente boscoso, lo que hace que el área esté relativamente aislada, y su distancia de la capital de Quezón, Lucena. [37] Tras la emisión de la Orden Ejecutiva No. 103, de fecha 17 de mayo de 2002, por la entonces Presidenta Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, la provincia de Aurora se trasladó a Luzón Central (Región III), ubicación geográfica de la provincia; las áreas restantes de Quezón y otras provincias del sur de Tagalo se dividieron en Calabarzon y Mimaropa , y el sur de Tagalo se limitó a ser una región cultural-geográfica. [38] [39] La separación total de Aurora de Quezón y la transferencia de Aurora a Luzón Central fueron el cumplimiento de los deseos y oraciones de los residentes de los Municipios originales de Baler y Casiguran de ser verdaderamente independientes de la Provincia de Quezón por primera vez y reformar la La Pampanga original desde la ocupación española. [18] [40] [41] [42]

Durante la dictadura de Marcos

La provincia de Quezón no se libró de la agitación social y económica durante la dictadura de Ferdinand Marcos , incluida su suspensión en 1971 del recurso de hábeas corpus , su declaración de la ley marcial en 1972 y su permanencia en el poder desde el levantamiento de la ley marcial en 1981 hasta su derrocamiento bajo la Revolución del Poder Popular de 1986. Un acontecimiento importante que tuvo lugar durante este período fue la masacre de Guinayangan del 1 de febrero de 1981, en la que elementos militares abrieron fuego contra un grupo de unos cultivadores de coco que marchaban hacia la plaza de Guinayangan para protestar contra la estafa del fondo de impuestos al coco . Dos personas murieron y 27 resultaron heridas. [43] [44]

Entre los ciudadanos de Quezón que fueron víctimas de desapariciones forzadas durante la dictadura de Marcos se encontraban el trabajador de derechos humanos Albert Enriquez de Lucena, quien documentó los abusos militares como voluntario para la Fuerza de Tarea de Detenidos de Filipinas ; y el activista Ramon Jasul, quien fundó la Bagong Kabataan ng Lukban (Nueva Juventud de Lucban) en su ciudad natal. Enriquez fue secuestrado por hombres armados el 29 de agosto de 1985, [45] mientras que Jasul fue secuestrado en Makati como parte del incidente de los 10 de Tagalog del Sur de finales de julio de 1977. [46] Nunca más se volvió a ver a ninguno de ellos, y finalmente ambos fueron honrados con sus nombres grabados en el muro del recuerdo en el Bantayog ng mga Bayani de Filipinas . [47]

Contemporáneo

Disputa fronteriza entre Quezón y Camarines Norte

En 1989, la provincia de Quezón, representada por el gobernador Hjalmar Quintana, estuvo involucrada en una disputa fronteriza con la provincia de Camarines Norte, representada por Roy Padilla, por 9 barangays de más de 8.000 hectáreas (20.000 acres) en su frontera. Estos barangays son Kagtalaba, Plaridel, Kabuluan, Don Tomas, Guitol, Tabugon, Maualawin, Patag Ibaba y Patag Iraya. La disputa fronteriza se originó a partir de la Ley 2711 o Código Administrativo Revisado que fue promulgado en 1917. [48] El artículo 42 de la Ley 2711 define el límite Tayabas-Camarines Norte como:

Límite entre Camarines Norte y Tayabas. – El límite que separa la provincia de Camarines Norte de la provincia de Tayabas comienza en un punto de la costa oriental de la bahía de Basiad y se extiende hasta un pico conocido como Monte Cadig de manera que el territorio del barrio de Basiad queda totalmente dentro del municipio de Capalonga, en Camarines Norte, y lo excluye del territorio de Calauag, en Tayabas. Desde el Monte Cadig se extiende a lo largo de la cresta de una cadena montañosa, una distancia de 50 kilómetros, más o menos, hasta un pico conocido como Monte Labo; de allí en dirección suroeste, una distancia de 25 kilómetros, más o menos, hasta un destacado monumento de piedra en la fuente o cabecera del río Pasay, de allí a lo largo del curso serpenteante de dicho río en dirección sur, una distancia de 1½ kilómetros, más o menos, hasta el golfo de Ragay. [49]

En 1922, el entonces Jefe de la Oficina Ejecutiva actuó con la autoridad del Secretario del Interior. [48] Esta decisión del entonces jefe nunca se implementó, a pesar de los repetidos esfuerzos del gobierno provincial de Camarines Norte y del Secretario del Interior. El Jefe delineó la frontera de la siguiente manera:

Partiendo de la cima del monte Labo como esquina común entre las provincias de Tayabas, Camarines Sur y Camarines Norte, se traza una línea recta hasta la cima del monte Cadig; desde allí se traza una línea recta hasta el punto de intersección de la carretera interprovincial entre Camarines Norte y Tayabas con el río Tabugon; desde allí, se sigue el curso del río hasta su desembocadura en la bahía de Basiad. [48]

En la disputa legal, Quezón planteó dos puntos de controversia. En primer lugar, que la Ley 2711 ya delineaba los límites de la provincia. En segundo lugar, que el Jefe de la Oficina Ejecutiva no tenía poder ni autoridad para cambiar los límites de la provincia. Con respecto a la primera cuestión, el tribunal declaró que es cierto que la Ley 2711 delineó el límite, pero no delineó la totalidad del límite. El punto en la costa este de la bahía de Basiad nunca estuvo ubicado específicamente, por lo que necesitaba una mayor delineación. En cuanto a la segunda cuestión, el tribunal declaró que el Jefe no alteró los límites de ninguna manera. El Jefe trabajó con el requisito de que el punto estuviera en la costa este de la bahía de Basiad. También actuó teniendo en cuenta la Ley 2809, la Ley que establece Camarines Norte, que establece que Camarines Norte se establezca con los límites que tenía antes de fusionarse con Camarines Sur. El tribunal luego falló a favor de Camarines Norte y ordenó al gobierno provincial de Quezón que transfiriera toda su autoridad y jurisdicción al primero. [48]

En 2001, el Gobierno Provincial de Quezón, esta vez representado por el Gobernador Eduardo Rodríguez, y el Gobierno Provincial de Camarines Norte, representado por el Gobernador Roy Padilla, volvieron a los tribunales. Aunque la sentencia del caso de 1989 ya era ejecutoria en 1990, el gobierno provincial de Quezón no acató la decisión del tribunal. En 1991, un equipo técnico del Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (DENR) realizó un estudio de la zona y erigió un monumento para delimitar el límite de la zona. Sin embargo, en octubre de 1991, el Gobernador de Quezón, Eduardo Rodríguez, y el Alcalde de Calauag, Julio Lim, hicieron que se retirara el monumento. A lo largo de los procedimientos, varias agencias gubernamentales, incluido el Departamento de Presupuesto y Gestión, la Comelec, así como la Autoridad de Estadísticas de Filipinas, reconocieron la jurisdicción de la ciudad de Santa Elena, Camarines Norte , sobre los 9 barangays. En 2000, el juez Regino declaró al gobernador Rodríguez y al alcalde Lim culpables de desacato, con una pena máxima de prisión de seis meses, así como una multa de 1.000 rupias por la construcción de un nuevo hito fronterizo. [50]

Propuesta fallida para dividir Quezón

En 2007, la Ley de la República No. 9495 propuso dividir aún más Quezón en Quezón del Norte y Quezón del Sur . Quezón del Norte estaría compuesto por el primer y segundo distritos electorales de la provincia ( Burdeos , General Nakar , Infanta , Jomalig , Lucban , Mauban , Pagbilao , Panukulan , Patnanungan , Polilio , Real , Sampaloc , Tayabas , Candelaria , Dolores , San Antonio , Sariaya , Tiaong y Lucena ), con Lucena como capital. Quezón del Sur, con su capital en Gumaca , habría estado compuesto por los distritos electorales tercero y cuarto ( Agdangan , Buenavista , Catanauan , General Luna , Macalelon , Mulanay , Padre Burgos , Pitogo , San Andrés , San Francisco , San Narciso , Unisan). , Alabat , Atimonan , Calauag , Guinayangan , Gumaca , López , Pérez , Plaridel , Quezon y Tagkawayan ). La ley entró en vigor sin la firma de la Presidenta Gloria Macapagal Arroyo el 7 de septiembre de 2007. [51]

Tal como lo exige la ley, la COMELEC celebró un plebiscito el 13 de diciembre de 2008 , 60 días después de la entrada en vigor de la ley. La mayoría de los votos emitidos rechazaron abrumadoramente la división, por lo que la misma no prosperó.

La ciudad de Tayabas

El municipio de Tayabas se convirtió en una ciudad componente en virtud de la Ley de la República Nº 9398, que pretendía convertir al municipio en una ciudad. La ley fue ratificada el 14 de julio de 2007. Sin embargo, el estatus de ciudad se perdió dos veces en los años 2008 y 2010 después de que el LCP cuestionara la validez de la ley de ciudad. El estatus de ciudad se reafirmó después de que el tribunal finalizara su sentencia el 15 de febrero de 2011, que declaró constitucional la ley de ciudad.

Geografía

Monte Banahaw visto desde la frontera entre Atimonan y Pagbilao

Características físicas

Quezón, al este de Metro Manila , es la octava provincia más grande de Filipinas con una superficie de 8.989,39 kilómetros cuadrados (3.470,82 millas cuadradas). [52] Es la provincia más grande de Calabarzon, que comprende 879.660 hectáreas (2.173.700 acres) o el 52,13% de la superficie total de la región. [53] De esta superficie, 513.618 hectáreas (1.269.180 acres) se clasifican como tierras agrícolas. [53] La parte norte de la provincia está situada entre la cordillera de Sierra Madre y el mar de Filipinas . La parte sur está formada por el istmo de Tayabas , que separa la península de Bicol de la parte principal de la isla de Luzón , y la península de Bondoc , que se encuentra entre la bahía de Tayabas y el golfo de Ragay . Debido a esto, la mayoría de las ciudades de la provincia tienen acceso al mar. La provincia limita con las provincias de Aurora, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Camarines Sur y Camarines Norte. Limita al este con el océano Pacífico y al sur con la bahía de Tayabas. Se dice que la provincia se caracteriza por un terreno accidentado con zonas de llanuras, valles y pantanos.

Las islas principales de Quezón son la isla Alabat y las islas Polillo . El monte Banahaw , un volcán activo , es el pico más alto con 2169 metros (7116 pies). [54] Suministra energía geotérmica a la planta de energía geotérmica Mak-Ban . [55]

La provincia tiene un total de 1.066,36 km (662,61 mi) de costa [53] y tiene varias bahías, incluidas la bahía de Burdeos, la bahía de Lamon, la bahía de Calauag, la bahía de López, el golfo de Ragay, la bahía de Pagbilao y la bahía de Tayabas. La cuenca hidrográfica de Infanta tiene acuíferos extensos y altamente productivos, mientras que Mauban y Atimonan no tienen aguas subterráneas significativas. [56] Según el DENR, en 2003, Quezón tenía 231.190 hectáreas (571.300 acres) de cubierta forestal. [57] Sin embargo, debido a la tala ilegal desenfrenada , así como al kaingin, estos bosques están constantemente amenazados.

Clima

Debido al gran tamaño de Quezón, diferentes áreas tienen diferentes patrones climáticos. La mayor parte de la provincia se encuentra bajo el clima de tipo IV, lo que significa que las lluvias se distribuyen uniformemente durante todo el año. Polillo, Infanta y partes de Calauag se encuentran bajo el clima de tipo II, lo que significa que no hay estaciones secas, pero hay una estación húmeda pronunciada de noviembre a abril. Partes de las ciudades occidentales de Tiaong, San Antonio, Dolores y Candelaria, así como la punta de la península de Bondoc, incluidas partes de Mulanay, San Francisco, San Narciso y San Andrés, se encuentran bajo el clima de tipo III. Esto significa que hay una estación relativamente seca de noviembre a abril. [ cita requerida ] Aunque estos son los patrones observados, es importante señalar que con el cambio climático, estos patrones se han vuelto más erráticos. Los tifones se han vuelto más fuertes a lo largo de los años, causando problemas como cortes de energía, bloqueos de carreteras, deslizamientos de tierra, inundaciones repentinas y daños a los cultivos.


En 1902, durante el período americano, Tayabas se dividió de la siguiente manera: [58]

Demografía

Cuando se realizó el censo de las Islas Filipinas en 1902 durante la era estadounidense, los tayabas, excluyendo la subprovincia de Marinduque, tenían una población total de 153.065. De ellos, 2.803 eran considerados salvajes o parte de tribus no cristianas como los aetas , mientras que 150.262 personas eran consideradas civilizadas. [62] De la población civilizada, 75.774 eran varones, mientras que 74.488 eran mujeres. 287 eran de ascendencia mixta, mientras que el resto se clasifica como "marrones". [63]

Based on 2010 census of the household population in Quezon, 90.0 percent reported Tagalog as their ethnicity. The other 10.0 percent were reported as belonging to these ethnic groups: Bisaya/Binisaya (4.2 percent), Bikol/Bicol (3.6 percent), Cebuano (0.6 percent), Ilocano (0.2 percent), and others.[64][65]

The population of Quezon in the 2020 census was 1,950,459 people,[6] with a density of 220 inhabitants per square kilometre or 570 inhabitants per square mile. When Lucena City is included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 2,229,383 people, with a density of 234/km2 (606/sq mi).

The inhabitants are mostly Tagalogs. The population is concentrated in the flat south-central portion which includes Lucena City, Sariaya, and Candelaria. After World War II, Infanta and surrounding towns received migrants from Manila, Laguna, Rizal and Batangas. People from Marinduque and Romblon moved to the southern part of the Tayabas Isthmus and northern parts of the Bondoc Peninsula. Visayans from Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Eastern Visayas and Masbate moved to the southernmost towns of Bondoc Peninsula, particularly in San Francisco and San Andres. Ilocanos from Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon and Cordillera Administrative Region migrated to the northernmost towns of General Nakar, Infanta and Real, and even to Tagkawayan.[66] Bicolanos from Bicol Region migrated to the easternmost towns of Calauag and Tagkawayan.[67]

Filipino Chinese also have a long history in Tayabas (modern Quezon, Aurora and Marinduque provinces). In 1939, the province ranked 5th among all provinces including Manila in terms of the concentration of Filipino Chinese. This ethnic group has a long history of being active in business and commerce as shown by the business chambers existent before. However, as the Chinese intermarried with locals, these groups have dwindled in number.

The province used to be home to various Aeta tribes. Other terms used to call them include "Umag", "Ata", "Atid", and "Itim". The Aeta used to clear coconut plantations and other odd jobs in exchange for food or clothing. These people, though seem as uncivilized by some, have a very rich culture. Some forms of their art include body scarification. The Aeta cause wound on their skin in various parts of their body including back, arms, legs, hands, calves and abdomen. They then irritate them during healing using fire, lime and other materials to form scars. They also bore holes on their septum and then proceed to decorate it with a sliver of bamboo. The Aeta also have various musical instruments like the nose flute and the gurimbaw, a stringed instrument made of coconuts, fibers from lukmong vines and bamboo.[69]

Languages

There are six Indigenous languages in Quezon Province: the dominant Tagalog language, the Hatang Kayi language in the north, the Manide language in the east and a small portion in the north, the Umiray Dumaget language in the north and a small area in the center, the already-extinct Katabangan language, which used to be in the south, and the Inagta Alabat language on Alabat Island, which is classified as Critically Endangered, meaning the youngest speakers are grandparents and older and they speak the language partially and infrequently and hardly pass it on to their children and grandchildren anymore.[70]

The province primarily speaks a Tagalog dialect called Tayabas Tagalog or Tayabasin.[71][72] Tayabas Tagalog has the cultural dynamics of linangin and bayanin.[73][74][75] With that, deeper Tagalog is also classified as amot or linangin, which, in the Tayabas context, is related to something remote or far from the bayan or town center.[76] Most of the Tayabas dialectal terms are not found in the Filipino dictionary, or if they are, they have a different meaning. Within the province, there are also variants of dialectal terms that may be peculiar to other towns. Aside from some influences from Chinese, Spanish, and English, which are similar to standardized Tagalog, Tayabasin has influences from the Bicol Region, Marinduque, Batangas, Laguna, and even the Ilocos and Visayas.[77] The dialect is also known for distinctive expressions like hane, kawasa, ngani baya, mandin, and yano. Other major languages spoken in Quezon are Ilocano, Visayan languages, and Bikol languages, spoken by descendants of migrants mentioned above.

Religion

Majority of Quezon's inhabitants primarily practice Roman Catholicism, which is overwhelmingly accounts to 91.7% or more than nine out of ten of the entire population of the province, while the City of Lucena accounts to 91.3% of the city population. Quezon contributes to Catholic population as the sixteenth most Catholic province in the Philippines, with 1.9 million faithfuls, whilst the City of Lucena is the seventh most Catholic highly urbanized city in the Philippines, with more than 254,000 faithfuls.[78] Catholic hierarchy in the province is subdivided by two Dioceses of Lucena, and Gumaca with the latter born out of the former in 1984 and Catholic Prelate of Infanta was established on 25 April 1950, a month after Lucena Diocese was established. The prelature of Infanta is shared with Aurora, being a former part and forerunner of Quezon. Among other Christian denominations like Philippine Independent Church, Iglesia ni Cristo shares a smaller size of the percentage. Most non-Christians practice Islam, Indigenous Philippine folk religions, animism, or atheism.

Government

Provincial Government

The Tayabas Capitol, officially Quezon Capitol in Lucena, the seat of the provincial government of Quezon, hosts the Quezon Provincial Legislature, Regional Trial Courts, and the Governor of Quezon.
Quezon Provincial Legislature's Current Composition, by Party

The capital city of Quezon is Lucena, although the city is not governed by the Provincial Government. The Province is composed of three co-equal branches of the Government, with the Provincial Government overseeing the usual executive branch of the local government; The Quezon Provincial Board or the Sangguniang Panlalawigan is a unicameral legislature that exercises legislative branch of the province, composed of Board Members or "Bokal" which writes provincial ordinances and has the power of the purse in the province; judicial function in the province is part of the Fourth Judicial Region of the Regional Trial Courts of the Philippines, which hears all civil, criminal, and other judicial issuances and hears all appeals emanating from Metropolitan, Municipal, Municipal Circuit, and Municipal Trial Court in Cities.

Executive branch

The executive branch of the Provincial Government of Quezon consists of the governor and vice governor, which are both elected offices. They serve three-year terms and may be re-elected thrice or total of nine consecutive years.

Quezon's provincial agencies are under the governor's cabinet-level entities that are referred to by government officials as "office". These departments work in parallel with National-level government departments and agencies and works independently, in accordance to the Local Government Code of 1991.

Quezon government consists of the following:[79]


Legislative branch

The Quezon Provincial Board consists of a 13-member Board. The ten Members of the Assembly are subject to a term limit of three-year terms and may be re-elected thrice or a total of nine consecutive years. The other three members are appointed by Liga ng mga Barangay (Barangay League) of Quezon, Philippine Councilors' League (of Quezon), and Sangguniang Kabataan (of Quezon).

The ex-officio presiding officer of the Provincial Board is also the concurrent Vice Governor of Quezon.

Judicial branch

Quezon's judicial system is administered primarily by the Supreme Court of the Philippines. The province has eighteen branches and eighteen judges within its jurisdiction.

Local government

Quezon is further subdivided into local government that manages public functions throughout the province. Like most provinces in the Philippines, Quezon is divided into municipalities, component city, and a highly urbanized city covering the entire province. Cities and municipalities are further subdivided into barangays. School districts, which are independent of cities and municipalities and directly supervised by the Department of Education, handle public education. Many other functions, such as fire protection and water supply, are handled by municipalities and cities.

Congressional districts (also called legislative district) also partially serves as a subdivision that groups municipalities and cities into a single unit, although this only covers budgetary requirements of a particular district. District Engineering Offices (DEO) of the Department of Public Works and Highways of the National government follows the congressional districts, although may overlap to another congressional district for convenience purposes, and recognition of geographical limitations. One of which is Fourth District Engineering Office's boundary starts at the boundary of Lucena and Pagbilao which eats up the First District's congressional jurisdiction in Pagbilao due to its distance from the First District.

Cities and municipal governments

Quezon comprises 39 municipalities and one component city (Tayabas), which are organized into four legislative districts and further subdivided into 1,209 barangays.

The capital, Lucena, is independent of the administrative and fiscal supervision of the province but is eligible to vote for provincial officials.

Political Map of Quezon

In the 1800s when Jean Mallat de Bassilan conducted a survey of the province, it only had 17 towns.[83]

Schools, divisions, and state universities and colleges

There are 1032 public schools in Quezon. 818 schools are primary, while 214 are secondary schools. These are under monitoring and supervision of Department of Education's Division of Quezon, Lucena, and Tayabas, respectively.

The province is also the home of some educational institutions and universities. This includes Southern Luzon State University, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Lopez, Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Lucena, and Quezon National Agriculture School operated by the national government, and of City of Lucena.

National representation

Current boundaries of legislative districts in Quezon

The province of Quezon sends 4 members to the House of Representatives, one of the nation's least-represented congressional delegation despite its large voting population and huge land area. Consequently, Quezon is also a member of Lingayen-Lucena Corridor, the largest voting bloc in the Philippines, demographically, where national elections are claimed to be won. The corridor comprises about 40% of the total voting population in the Philippines.

Quezon has yet to place a Speaker of the House since its establishment and the last Senate President from Quezon was its namesake and inaugural holder, former Senate President, Manuel L. Quezon. He also became the first and only elected president who hails from Baler which was born at the time that the town was still part of Tayabas.

Although the Philippine Senate elects its senators At-large, Quezon was last represented in the Senate by its native until 30 June 1995 by Senator Wigberto Tañada, which hails from Gumaca and partially, by Senator Edgardo Angara until 30 June 2013, which hails from Baler which were also born at the time that the town is still part of Tayabas.

Quezon is represented in the Philippine House of Representatives in the 19th Congress by its congressional delegation, district representatives Mark Enverga (First), David Suarez (Second), Rey Arrogancia (Third), and Mike Tan (Fourth).

Economy

Poverty incidence of Quezon

Farming and fishing are the main sources of livelihood in the province. Commercial, industrial, and banking activities are mostly concentrated in the south-central part of the province.

Agro-industry

Coconut plantation at Villa Escudero, Tiaong

Quezon province is called “Cocolandia”, with the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) confirming the province is the top coconut producer in Calabarzon and in the whole country. This stems from the fact that agricultural activities drive its economy. People mainly engage in farming and fishing operations.[92][93]

Quezon has a total agricultural area of 4,167.6421 square meters (44,860.126 sq ft) representing 46.36% of the total provincial land area. The total area planted with coconuts covers 379,137.60 hectares (936,869.4 acres), making Quezon the province with the largest coconut production area in the Philippines. Also, Quezon is the top coconut producing province in terms of total coconut production in the country with 1,493,066.64 metric tons (1,469,485.93 long tons; 1,645,824.25 short tons) in the year 2020.[94]

Quezon is the country's leading producer of coconut products such as desiccated coconut, virgin coconut oil, coconut juice, coconut oil[17] and copra. A large part of the province is covered in coconut plantations. Several large companies geared toward processing coconuts have factories in the province. This includes companies in Candelaria including Peter Paul Philippine Corporation, Primex Coco Products Inc., Pacific Royal Basic Foods, SuperStar Corporation, and Tongsan Industrial Development Corporation which are focused on processing desiccated coconut and other specialty coconut products.[citation needed] Other companies in Lucena like Tantuco Enterprises, and JNJ Oil Industries on the other hand are focused on producing coconut oil and other coconut oil based products like margarine, and lard.[citation needed] Because of the coconut industry, copra traders from provinces like Marinduque, Romblon, and Masbate regularly visit the province.

However, the coconut industry is faced with several threats from cocolisap to the coconut lumber trade.[95] When cocolisap posed a huge threat to the coconut industry, the government had to act swiftly with countermeasures aimed at fighting the coconut scaling insect.[96]

Aside from coconuts, Quezon is also the most important agricultural province among the provinces in Calabarzon in terms of producing staple food items such as rice and corn. The province supplies 200,000 metric tons (200,000 long tons; 220,000 short tons) of rice and corn annually or around 42% of the total rice and corn requirement of the region.[97] Other major crops are rice, corn, banana, and coffee.

Predominant livestock in Quezon are cattle, carabao and swine due to the suitability of the land for grazing animals. Carabao is the most used draft animal in land preparation, as well as for hauling farm products and material inputs for farmers, although power tillers are available in the market. Horses are also utilized for hauling purposes. Cattle are primarily raised for meat production, while there is an emerging industry on dairy production. Swine and poultry production are also emerging industries, including egg production. Backyard raising of livestock and poultry is likewise dominant in many rural areas in the province, both for home consumption and as additional sources of household income.[94]

Fishing

Calauag fish port

Because of its long coastline and the presence of numerous marshes and bays, fishing is also a large part of the province's economy. Quezon accounts for 33% or around 132,239 metric tons (130,150 long tons; 145,769 short tons) of fish produced in the region. Several fish port complexes exist in the province, including ports in Atimonan, Lucena, Infanta, Calauag, and Guinayangan. These ports serve as hubs for the trade of fish and other aquatic resources like round scad, anchovies, tuna, and groupers. The province has three fishing districts. The first is found in the northeast encompassing Lamon Bay. The southeast portion includes Ragay Gulf while the south central portion covers Tayabas Bay. Aside from fishing, aquaculture is also important in the coastal municipalities of the province. Bangus and prawns are among the most cultured species.[97]

Forestry

Forest at Mount Tabag, General Nakar

Due to its proximity to the southern fringes of the Sierra Mountain range. Northern Quezon has been a hotspot for illegal logging. Frequent raids in towns like Mauban often yield hardwood timber like Narra and Kamagong.[98]

Commerce and banking

SM City Lucena

The capital city of Lucena is considered to be the economic center of the province. There are currently three malls in the province. Two of them are located in Lucena, namely: SM City Lucena and Pacific Mall Lucena. Citymall, located in Tiaong, is the third mall in the province. Major banks like BDO, Metrobank, Land Bank, BPI, PNB, RCBC, UnionBank, among other Manila-based banks are present in the western part of the province. BDO however made a move to establish a regional head office at Lucena due to the growing demand and economic importance of the province itself. On the other hand, namely QCRB, Rural Bank of Atimonan and Card Bank rural banks serve most if not all municipalities of the province.

Several rural banks were also established in Quezon namely Rural Bank of Dolores, United Rural Bank of Lopez, Rural Bank of Lucban, Rural Bank of General Luna, and Rural Bank of Sampaloc.[99]

Agri-tourism

Another aspect pursued and promoted by the Provincial Government of Quezon is the development of agri-tourism sites and agricultural enterprises within its borders. These serve as additional source of income for local farmers wanting to further increase their profits as well as provide livelihood to rural women, youth, and other interested agricultural workers. The rural ambience in the province, its hospitable people, and its proximity to the urbanized areas in the region and to Metro Manila provide a ripe opportunity to further develop the province's agri-tourism potentials. Already popping up all throughout the province are tourism attractions showcasing rural settings such as farm restaurants, organic farms, agricultural learning sites, pick-and-pay harvesting activities, among many others. Agri-tourism is seen to allow the local communities to share and invite people to come, see and experience the agricultural landscape and natural beauty of the province.[94]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Portion of Marikina–Infanta Highway (also known as Marcos Highway or Marilaque Highway) in Infanta.

Quezon Province's transportation mainly include jeepneys and tricycles. Transportation between town is usually served by jeepney, UV Express and buses.

Buses serves as the main mode of transportation to and from Metro Manila as well as nearby provinces. The province also hosts the Lucena Grand Terminal which is the central transportation hub of the province and connects the entire province as well as other provinces such as Batangas, Laguna, and regions of Bicol and the National Capital Region.

Roads

A stretch of road before passing a bridge.
Portion of Famy-Real-Infanta Road (N601), in Real.
Lucena Diversion Road, a part of Pan-Philippine Highway (N1/AH26), in Lucena

Quezon has a total of 931 kilometers (578 mi) of national roads, mostly paved with concrete.[100] Pan-Philippine Highway (N1/AH26), which comprises most of Manila South Road, and Quirino Highway (N68), the Quezon leg of Quirino Highway form the highway backbone network, and the secondary and tertiary roads interconnect most cities and municipalities, except for Infanta, Real, and General Nakar, whose highways used to access those municipalities interconnect with the national highway network in Laguna and Rizal or Manila East Road and Marilaque Highway. The provincial government maintains provincial roads which supplements the national roads.

In order to spur development in the province, several proposals have been made to expand the expressway network to Quezon. The South Luzon Expressway, which terminates at Santo Tomas, Batangas, will be extended to Barangay Mayao, Lucena with the construction of Toll Road 4 (SLEX TR-4)[101] Three expressways being proposed for construction includes the Manila – Quezon Expressway (MQX), which will pass through Rizal and eastern Laguna,[102] Quezon-Bicol Expressway (QuBEx), which will link between Lucena and San Fernando, Camarines Sur.[103] and Toll Road 5 (SLEX TR-5) extending SLEX to Matnog, Sorsogon.[104]

Railroads

The South Line of Philippine National Railway's passes through the different municipalities and cities of Quezon from the Central Station in Tutuban to Bicol. Currently, the Inter-Provincial Commuter line from Calamba to Lucena via San Pablo[105] are operational and the rest are suspended indefinitely and are subject for modernization through North-South Commuter Railway Program.

Seaports

The Dalahican Port and Cotta Port in Lucena provide direct access to the neighboring island provinces of Marinduque, and Romblon. The Port of Real and Infanta provides access to the islands of Polillo while the Atimonan and Gumaca ports provide access to the island of Alabat. The port in San Andres provides access to Masbate and Burias islands.

Most coastal municipalities have their own fishing and passenger ports for commercial and passenger transportation.

Airports

There are several airports that exist in Quezon. This includes the Lucena Airport, Pagbilao Grande Airport, Alabat Airport (Alabat Island) Jomalig Airport (Jomalig Island), and the Balesin (Tordesillas) Airport (Balesin Island). Only Balesin Airport is being used as of present for Manila-Balesin flights.

Energy

Quezon is home to several power plants that supply energy to the Luzon grid. The Pagbilao Power Station is the first power plant in the province. Located at Isla Grande in Pagbilao, the 735 MW coal fueled power plant started operations as early as 1993. This power plant is currently being managed by Team Energy Corp. and is undergoing a 420 MW expansion.[106] The Mauban Power Station is also a coal fueled power plant located in Barangay Cagsiay I. Managed by Quezon Power, the 420 MW power plant started operations in the year 2000.[107] The third power plant, a 600 MW coal fueled plant, is currently in the planning stage and is going to be located in Barangay Villa Ibaba in the town of Atimonan.[108] Renewable energy is also present in the province, with the operation of Labayat Upper Cascade Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant in Real, and Tibag Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant in Mauban which provides 2 and 5.6 Megawatts capacity. Together, these provide a strong 2259.8 MW contribution to the Luzon Grid as well as local jobs to the people as Quezon as well as addressing the energy needs of the province and the greater Luzon area.

For Transmission, the province serves as a crucial backbone nerve of Philippines' National Grid which passes through the province, particularly Tayabas Isthmus which is a very crucial geographical feature that separates Bicol Region, Visayas, and Mindanao from Luzon with substations in Tayabas, Pagbilao, and Lopez. All of the substations, especially Tayabas, are crucial to integrating the Luzon to the Visayas and Mindanao Grid. Polillo Islands, meanwhile are the only part of the province not connected to the National Grid but are part of the Small Power Utilities Group of NAPOCOR.

There are three power distributors in the province, namely Meralco, Quezon I Electric Cooperative (QUEZELCO-I), and Quezon II Electric Cooperative (QUEZELCO-II). Meralco provides electricity to the province's second district as well as the adjacent towns of Pagbilao, Lucban, Sampaloc, Mauban and Tayabas City. QUEZELCO-I distributes power to the towns of the province's 3rd and 4th districts, as well as Santa Elena, Camarines Norte, and Del Gallego, Camarines Sur. QUEZELCO-II distributes power to the towns of the province's first district, except for the towns served by Meralco.

Water security

The Quezon Metropolitan Water District (QMWD), formerly known as the Lucena Pagbilao Tayabas Water District or LUPATA, serves the Metro Lucena area including Lucena City, Tayabas City, and Pagbilao. In 2020, Prime Water took over the administration and operation of QMWD.[109] It draws its water largely from the May-it Spring although this source has prove inadequate to supply the area.[110] Other towns are served by their own water districts. Some areas like the Infanta area are characterized by highly productive aquifers but other areas like Mauban and Atimonan have no significant water productivity.[56]

Due to the pressures of a growing population, Quezon is one of the provinces from which the government plans to source part of the demand for water of Metro Manila. In General Nakar, construction is ongoing as of 2016 on a tunnel to divert water from the Sumag River to Angat Dam.[111] The tunnel will link up with the Umiray-Angat Transbasin Project to provide water to Angat Dam.[111] Aside from this, there are plans for the construction of the New Centennial Water Source Project – Kaliwa Lower Dam and the Kanan Dam in Northern Quezon for power generation and water supply of Metro Manila.[112] The Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Quezon is against the construction of this project stating that it will not allow water from the Agos River, both on the left (kaliwa) and on the right (kanan) sides of the river.[112] Locals fear that the construction of the project would cause massive destruction of forests, crops, animals and property in the REINA area (Real-Infanta-General Nakar).[112] After Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) severely hit the province (especially the northern part of Quezon) in late 2020, which made its landfall there three times and produced flooding in Daraitan in Tanay (Rizal province), General Nakar and Infanta, groups reiterated the call for opposition of Kaliwa Dam and instead pushed for the protection of the Sierra Madre Mountains.[113]

Culture

Festivals

Pahiyas 2012

Among the festivals of Quezon, the three most prominent and famous are the Pahiyas Festival of Lucban, the Niyogyugan Festival of Quezon Province and Katang Festival of Calauag.

The Pahiyas Festival is the thanksgiving celebration of the people in Lucban for the Feast of St. Isidore Labrador, the patron saint of farmers. Held every May 15, during the Pahiyas Festival people of Lucban decorates their houses in the most creative manner. They uses their harvest vegetables and grains like rice, chayotes, radishes, tomato, sweet potato, squash and the colorful kiping. Kiping is an ornament made of grounded rice flour shaped into leaves and dyed in different colors. These materials are used to make the houses colorful during the event which Pahiyas is famous for.[114]

The Niyogyugan Festival is a relatively new festival that started in 2012 celebrating the province's main product, the coconut. The festival celebrates the diversity of every town in the province through an expo. During this expo, the different towns build their own booths showcasing the best qualities of their town and then presents the products that their respective towns produce. During this event, towns also join the Float Parade and Street Dancing Competition.[115]

According to journalist and multi-awarded international boxing judge Rey Danseco, Calauag, one of the rich coastal municipalities of the province, celebrates Katang Festival (Crab Festival). The annual colorful and exciting festivities take place several days until May 25, the town's founding anniversary. Tourists from neighboring towns, provinces, and other countries join the fun and witness Calaugeneans’ unique fiesta celebration and presentations of Indigenous products, delicacies, and different ways of cooking Katang. The Karera ng Katang (Crab Race) and Pabilisan at Paramihan ng Maitataling Katang (Crab Tying Race) are some of the highlights of the festivities. The Philippines’ Department of Tourism promotes the Katang Festival as "A festival highlighting the Higanteng Alimango as their icon. The feast celebrates the abundance of mud crab in the province.“ Katang Festival has foremost aims of promoting Agro-Tourism and solidifying Calauag's distinction as source of best variety and most delicious crab and other marine products such as shrimp (hipon or swahe) and giant Asian tiger prawn (sugpo) in the Philippines.[116][117]

Other festivals are Mayohan sa Tayabas (Tayabas City), Agawan Festival (Sariaya), Araña't Baluarte (Gumaca), Pasayahan sa Lucena (Lucena City), Candle Festival (Candelaria), Boling Boling Festival (Catanauan), Maubanog Festival (Mauban), Kaway Festival (Tagkawayan), Laguimanoc Festival (Padre Burgos), Tariktik Festival (Polillo), Centurion Festival (Mulanay, San Narciso, General Luna), Buhusan Festival (Lucban), Kubol ng Macalelon (Macalelon), Hambujan Festival (Dolores), Pamaypayan Festival (Lopez), Coconut Festival (Alabat), Kayakas Festival (Perez), Mais Festival (Tiaong), Gayang Festival (Guinayangan), Tagultol Fishing Festival (Atimonan), Palay Iskad Festival (Buenavista), Maisan Festival (San Andres) and Papag at Bilao Festival (Pagbilao)

Cuisine

As one of the consistent top producers of coconut, Quezon Province is also dubbed as the "Coconut Capital of the Philippines".[118] With the abundance of coconuts in the area, Quezon became famous for its native liqueurs such as lambanog and tubâ. Quezon's food is richly influenced by the native ingredients found in the area like coconut and other agricultural crops. As such, gata or coconut milk can be found in different dishes like ginataang suso (snail with fern in coconut milk), kulawo, sinugno, ginanga, sinantulan and pinais.[119] Since Quezon has long coastline, food with seafood as main ingredient is common in the province. As the province borders Batangas, Laguna, and Bicol, some dishes like lomi, buko pie, and laing are relatively common in the area.

Local specialty dishes include pansit habhab, pansit chami, Lucban longganisa, hardinera, sinantomas (local braised meat dish), bumbay (batsoy tagalog), dinayukan, alang-ang and other dishes made of native fern called pako. Quezon is also known for popular pastries and delicacies such as budin, Yema cake, puto bao, letse puto, minukmok, tikoy, kalamay, kalabasang pilipit, pinagong and pitsi pitsi.[119][120][121][122][123][124]

Architectural heritage

Villa Sariaya

Quezon is home to heritage houses from the early 20th century built in the American architecture of the time such as the Enriquez-Gala Mansion, Gala-Rodriguez House and Villa Sariaya. Not only do these houses tell stories of the opulence afforded by coconut landlords but also gives us a glimpse of the uncertainty during wartime.[33] Some of these stunning buildings are considered endangered due to road widening plans within the poblacion that will destroy these cultural icons forever.[125]

The country life of the Philippines is what the Villa Escudero in Tiaong offers to its guests.[citation needed] Featuring its waterfall restaurant, the plantation resort actually has deep historical roots tracing its origins back to the coconut growing industry of Quezon. Other Spanish-era structures also exist outside Sariaya such as the Casa de Comunidad de Tayabas, Malagonlong bridge.

Diocese of San Diego De Alcala in Gumaca, Minor Basilica de San Miguel in Tayabas and St. Louis Bishop Parish in Lucban are other testament of Spanish History in the province.

Aside from old churches, the Kamay ni Hesus Healing Grotto located in Lucban is a popular pilgrimage site.[126]

Tourism

Quezon Province has a huge potential for optimum utilization of and considerable revenue generation from the tourism sector. There are 180 nature tourism attractions, 104 history and culture tourism attractions, and 42 customs and traditions. Also, there are 41 industrial tourism attractions and 41 sites for sports and recreational activities. Meanwhile, there are also several venues for shopping activities, health and wellness, and special events.

There are 37 DOT-accredited tourism establishments with total of 1,533 rooms in the province in 2021. There are also numerous locally registered tourism establishments in Quezon Province such as beach resorts, private pools, tourist inns, etc., which cater to throngs of tourists from both within and outside the province.

In 2021, a total of 2,034,485 tourist arrivals were recorded in the province, of which, 2,033,779 tourists were domestic and 706 tourists were foreign.[94]

Beaches and springs

Sunrise with 2 men jogging.
Sunrise in Real, Quezon

To the north, the island of Balesin (part of Polillo) has become playground to the rich and famous.[citation needed] The exclusive island resort features seven resorts, providing its members the luxury of choosing to stay in differently themed villas.[127] Although quite far, Salibungot beach of Jomalig is known to backpackers for its golden shores.[tone] Real on the other hand is becoming known for surfing.[citation needed] Pulong Pasig in Calauag and Cagbalete Island of Mauban are known for white beaches.[citation needed]

In the central portion of the province, the beaches of Guisguis in Sariaya have long been considered a local destination.[citation needed] Several resorts including Villa del Prado Resort, Dalampasigan Beach Resort and the Montevista Beach Resort are some of the resorts in the area.

In the south, the Bondoc Peninsula towns offer an array of resorts with good beaches such as the Municipalities of Agdangan, Unisan and Catanauan. The islands of Padre Burgos also showcase the “ Borawan Island “ with pure sand like Boracay and a scenic view like Palawan hence its name Borawan. While on the Lamon Bay Area of Quezon, the Island of Alabat (municipalities: Perez, Alabat, Quezon) offers countless beach resorts.

Mountains

Rugged terrains characterize the province's topography with few plains, valleys, and swamps. The Sierra Madre Mountain Range runs along the entire length of the area, with Mount Banahaw (an active volcano) rising at 2,169 meters above sea level. Only narrow strips of land along the coast and river valleys are available for growing crops. The undulating lowlands along the coast are well-drained. The province is narrow, averaging about thirty (30) kilometers by width.[94]

Mount Banahaw is a pilgrimage site for some locals who believe the mountain to be holy. Although considered an active volcano, hiking has been popular with both religious pilgrims as well as hikers. There are two trails to the mountain, both originating from Barangay Kinabuhayan in the town of Dolores. The most frequently used trails are the Cristalino and Tatlong Tangke, taking an average of 9 and 5 hours, respectively but both converges at the volcano's summit. At the peak are viewpoints, labeled as Durungawan I, II, and III, which are the usual destination for pilgrims and hikers. However, due to pollution and trash left by these visitors, Mt. Banahaw was closed to the public until further notice.

Notable people

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ UK: /ˈkzɒn/, US: /ˈksɒn, -sɔːn, -sn/[7][8][9][10] Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈkɛson]

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External links