Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics.[1][2][3][4][5]
Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:
Astronomers and astrologers
Physiologists
- Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation
- Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy
- Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology
- Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
- Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[12]
- Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception
- Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time
- Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
- Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[12]
- Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[12]
- Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture
Chemists and alchemists
Economists and social scientists
- Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Anthropology", Indology
- Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
- Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist
- Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
- Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
- Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
- Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
- Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics
- Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Geographers and earth scientists
Mathematicians
Philosophers
Physicists and engineers
- Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
- Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
- Al-Saghani (d. 990)
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
- Ibn Sahl, 10th century
- Ibn Yunus, 10th century
- Al-Karaji, 10th century
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics, and experimental physics
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics
- Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
- Al-Khazini, 12th century
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
- Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
- Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer
- Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
- Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
See also
Notes
- ^ Saliba, George. 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-8023-7. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.
- ^ King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis. 74 (4): 531–55. doi:10.1086/353360. S2CID 144315162.
- ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise" (PDF).
- ^ "The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world". TheGuardian.com. February 2010.
- ^ a b c Martin-Araguz et al. 2002.
- ^ "Mas'udi, al-". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.
- ^ Gandz 1936.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
References
- Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists". Journal of Religion and Health. 43 (4): 357–377. doi:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z. S2CID 38740431.
- Saoud, R (March 2004). "The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World" (PDF). Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
- Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Abu Talib, Mansor (2005). "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition". The International Medical Journal. 4 (2): 76–79.
- Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine". Revista de Neurología. 34 (9): 877–892. doi:10.33588/rn.3409.2001382. PMID 12134355.
- Iqbal, Muhammad (1934). "The Spirit of Muslim Culture". The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Oxford University Press. OCLC 934310562.
- Rosenthal, Franz (1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress". Osiris. 9: 555–564. doi:10.1086/368538. S2CID 224796639.
- "Additional Lifespan Development Topics: Theories on Death and Dying" (PDF). McGraw-Hill Companies. 2009. p. 4.
- Khaleefa, Omar (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?". American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 16 (2).
- Blair, Betty (1995). "Behind Soviet Aeronauts". Azerbaijan International. 3 (3).
- Bond, Peter (7 April 2003). "Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2009-04-13.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist". RAIN. 60 (60): 9–10. doi:10.2307/3033407. JSTOR 3033407.
- Gandz, Solomon (1936). "The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra". Osiris. 1: 263–277. doi:10.1086/368426. S2CID 60770737.
- Nanisetti, Serish (June 23, 2006). "Father of algorithms and algebra". The Hindu. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007.
- "Farouk El-Baz: With Apollo to the Moon". IslamOnline. Archived from the original on 2008-02-21.
- Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996). "Statics". In Rashed, Roshdi (ed.). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 642.
- Al-Khalili, Jim (2009-01-04). "The 'first true scientist'". BBC News. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
- Thiele, Rüdiger (2005). "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. 15. Cambridge University Press: 329–331. doi:10.1017/S0957423905000214. S2CID 231738109.
- Al Deek, Mahmoud (November–December 2004). "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine". Al Shindagah.
- Mowlana, H. (2001). "Information in the Arab World". Cooperation South Journal. 1.
- Abdalla, Mohamad (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century". Islam & Science. 5 (1): 61–7.
- Ahmed, Salahuddin (1999). A Dictionary of Muslim Names. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-356-9.
- Akhtar, S. W. (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge". Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture. 12 (3).
- Oweiss, I. M. (1988). "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics". Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses. New York University Press. ISBN 0-88706-698-4.
- Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist". The Journal of Political Economy. 79 (5): 1105–1118. doi:10.1086/259818. S2CID 144078253.
- Sen, Amartya (2000). "A Decade of Human Development". Journal of Human Development. 1 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1080/14649880050008746. S2CID 17023095.
- ul Haq, Mahbub (1995). Reflections on Human Development. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510193-6.
- Safavi-Abbasi, S; Brasiliense, LBC; Workman, RK (2007). "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire". Neurosurgical Focus. 23 (1): 3. doi:10.3171/FOC-07/07/E13. S2CID 8405572.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Leaman, Oliver (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 315, 1022–1023. ISBN 0-415-13159-6.
- Russell, G. A. (1994). The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England. Brill Publishers. pp. 224–262. ISBN 90-04-09459-8.
- Siddique, Md. Zakaria (2009). "Reviewing the Phenomenon of Death—A Scientific Effort from the Islamic World". Death Studies. 33 (2): 190–195. doi:10.1080/07481180802602824. S2CID 142745624.
- Meyers, Karen; Golden, Robert N.; Peterson, Fred (2009). The Truth about Death and Dying. Infobase Publishing. p. 106. ISBN 9781438125817.
- Ahmed, Akbar (2002). "Ibn Khaldun's Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today". Middle East Journal. 56 (1): 5.
- Khan, Zafarul-Islam (15 January 2000). "At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II". The Milli Gazette.
- Gari, L. (2002). "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century". Environment and History. 8 (4): 475–488. doi:10.3197/096734002129342747.