The Latinisation of names in the vernacular was a procedure deemed necessary for the sake of conformity by scribes and authors when incorporating references to such persons in Latin texts. The procedure was used in the era of the Roman Republic and Empire . It was used continuously by the Papacy from the earliest times, in religious tracts and in diplomatic and legal documents. It was used by the early European monasteries . Following the Norman Conquest of England , it was used by the Anglo-Norman clerics and scribes when drawing up charters. Its use was revived in the Renaissance when the new learning was written down in Latin and drew much on the work of Greek, Arabic and other non-Latin ancient authors. Contemporary Italian and European scholars also needed to be Latinised to be quoted in such treatises. The different eras produced their own styles and peculiarities. Sophistication was the trademark of the Renaissance Latinisers. The Anglo-Norman scribes on the other hand were not so learned, and often simply translated the vernacular name into Latin words based on similar sounds, without much effort to make sense or to avoid absurdity, which produced some strange results due to the complexity.
Coined in the Republican Era Cassivellaunus (Cassivellaunus, king of the Catuvellauni. The original form is Cassiuellaunos ; exists in Welsh as Caswallan )HannΕ (Various Carthaginians typically known as "Hanno" (after this latinised form) in English and Punic : π€β¬π€β¬π€β¬ αΈ€NΚΎ in Punic)Himilco (Himilco, a Carthaginian explorer)Lars Tolumnius (Larth Tulumnes)
Coined in era of Imperial Rome Boudicca (Boudica)IΕsΔphus (various Jews named Yosef, particularly Yosef ben Matityahu, better known as Flavius Josephus)IΔsΕ«s , Iesus Nazarenus, Iesus Christus (YΔhoΕ‘Ε«aβ)Elagabalus (Varius Avitus Bassianus, after god Elagabal )
Coined in the Early Middle Ages
Coined in the High Middle Ages
Coined in the Late Middle Ages
Coined in the Renaissance and onwards The University of Salamanca translated the name of the Japanese princes Akihito and Michiko as Akihitus and Michika for their 1985 visit.
Humanist names with Latin and Greek elements In central European circles of academia and ecclesial writers, a specific practice of Latinisation arose during the 15th century with the rediscovery of ancient literature. Thereby writers would seek connection to the ancient writers by taking up surnames or international pen names. We encounter names that follow naming conventions of those ancient languages, especially Latin and Greek, so the occasional Greek names for the same function are also included here.
Especially in the German-speaking regions the use of a βHumanistennameβ or βGelehrtennameβ was common for many an academic, cleric, and secular administrative who wished to ascend in societal rank. The other region where the practice became equally common was 1600s Scandinavia and the Swedish Baltic colonies where this practice was called
'lΓ€rda namn' or 'humanistnamn'.[9] Further reasons for assuming such internationally recognisable names, especially in Scandinavia, included leaving agrarian conditions behind and embracing an urban and cosmopolitan way of life.[10] Some academics never had a surname nor a patronymic surname as per their region of origin. However, academics came to Central European universities from all corners of Europe, with surnames from rare languages, so clarity in distinguishing students was necessary. Some Latinizations and Grecizations are exact vernacular translations of profession surnames or dwelling names, but others seem to bear no known connection or resemblance. Humanist names reached varying degrees of stability and heritability, and some exist to this day.[11] [circular reference ] [12] [circular reference ]
Recent articles and dissertation by Daniel KroiΓ have systematically categorized the origin of Humanist names and their declension patterns in the German and Dutch speaking regions. Some humanist names derived from common professions as replacements of the vernacular term, and were found throughout Central European university cities. They included:
Abiectarius (Carpenter, e.g. βSchreinerβ) Actuarius (scribe professions, e.g. βSchreiberβ) Agricola (Farmer, e.g. βBauerβ) Aurifaber (Goldsmith) Braseator (Brewer, e.g. βBrauerβ) Campanus (Clockmaker) latinized Chytraeus or grecisized Obsopoeus (Cook, e.g. βKoch) Institor (Teacher) Iudex (Judge) Mercator (most merchant professions) Molitor (Miller, e.g. βMΓΌllerβ) Olearius (Oilmaker, e.g. βΓlmΓΌllerβ) Pannifex (Cloth-maker, e.g. βWeberβ) Pellifex (Skinner ) Piscator (Fisher) Praetorius (Watchman) Rotifex (Wheeler) Tectander or Xilotectus (Carpenter, e.g. βZimmermannβ) Some humanist surnames that were not clearly based on profession or location included:
Argillander (argillos β white clay) Cajander (kaiuos β new) Colliander (koloios β jackdaw) Creander (kriΓ³s β ram, stag) Domander (dΓ³mos β house) Gallus (rooster) Kellander (kelaiuos β black) Levander (leuo β stone) Lupus (wolf, e.g. βWulffβ) Melanchthon (βSchwartzerdtβ) Neander (neos β new, e.g. βNeumannβ) Nikander (nike β victory) Oinotomos (βSchneideweinβ) Picander (pΓkros β sharp) Polviander (possibly from polus β many) Silander (silouros β shadfish) Valiander, Wallander (ualos β glass) [13]
Other sources of English Latinized names The Complete Peerage (1913) states concerning the Latinization of English names:[14] "When a clerk had to render a name in a charter he usually sought for the nearest Latin equivalent, sometimes took a correct one, as "de Bello Campo" for "Beauchamp "; sometimes a grotesque one" . The latter refers to the mediaeval Anglo-Norman family of Orescuilz , which held amongst others the Somersetshire manor of Sandford Orcas (named after it),[15] whose surname was Latinised as de Aureis Testiculis ,[16] [17] from French "Couilles[18] d'Or".
Andrew Wright A list of "Latin forms of English surnames" is included as an appendix in Andrew Wright's Court Hand Restored, or the Student's Assistant in reading Old Deeds, Charters, Records, etc. ,[19] published in 9 editions up to 1879.
Charles Trice Martin In 1910 Charles Trice Martin expanded on Wright's list (the 9th edition of which he had edited) in his The Record Interpreter: a collection of abbreviations, Latin words and names used in English historical manuscripts and records which included a chapter "Latin forms of English Surnames".[20] He acknowledged[21] in compiling his list the assistance of an anonymous work The Norman People and their Existing Descendants (London, 1874).[22] In the preface, p. xi, Martin stated of that chapter: "Many of the [place names and] surnames have been found in classes of records which contain documents in both languages referring to the same case, like the Chancery Proceedings, in which bills and answers are in English and writs in Latin."
Martin stated that some of the Latin names were "due to the ingenuity" of officials and clerks inserting what they thought would be a translation of an English name, being ignorant of its real meaning and history. This led to spurious translations such as Ventus Morbidus (literally "sick wind") for the place name 'Windsor ', and de Umbrosa Quercu (literally "from the shady oak") for the surname 'Dimock '. He went on to say that the list includes many names collected from Latin inscriptions on brasses, tombstones, and other monuments, many of them dating to the sixteenth century and later, and said that he had supplied the English equivalents of these from other sources of information.
ABA β Abbott de ABBACIA β Abbess; Dabbs de ABBANEIO β Abney ABBAS β Abbott de ABRINCIS β D'Avranches ; Avranches ACUTUS β Hawkwood de ADURNI PORTU β Etherington de AGNELLIS β Agnew ; Dagnall de AGNIS β Aisnes; Ains de AILLIO β D'Aile; Alley ALA CAMPI β Wingfield de ALBA MARA; de ALBA MARLA β Albemarle ; Aumarle de ALBINEIO β D'Aubeney; Albiney; Albeney ALBERICUS; ALBREA; ALBRAEUS β Awbrey de ALBINEIO; ALBINIACO β D'Aubeney ; Albiney; Dolben de ALBO MONASTERIO β Blancmuster; Whitchurch ALBUS β White de ALDEDELEGA; de ALDITHELEGA; ALDITHELEIA β Audley ALEC β Herring de ALEMANIA β Dalmaine ALEMANNICUS β Allman ALESIUS β Alane de ALNETO β Dawnay; Dannay; Dennett de ALNO β Daunay ALSELINUS β Ansell; Ancell de ALTA RIVA; de ALTA RIPA β de Hauterive; *Dawtrey; Daltry; Hawtrey de ALTA VILLA β De Hauteville de ALTA MENILLO β de Hautmesnil de AMBLIA β De Amblie; Hamley ANASTASIUS β Anstis de ANCARIIS β Dancer de andeuvilla β Hanwell ANGLICUS -Inglis; England de ANGULIS β Angell de ANGULO β del Angle; atte Cornere. in ANGULO β atte Noke de ANSA β Daunce de APIBUS β Bee; Bye (?) APOTECARIUS -Lespicer; Spicer APPARITOR β Sumner de AQUA BLANCA β Egeblaunch ; Aygueblanche de AQUA FRISCA β Freshwater AQUAPONTANUS β Bridgwater De AQUILA β Eagle; D'Eagles; Diggles Arbalistarius β Arblaster; Alabaster ARCHIDIACONUS β Archdeacon; Arcedeckne de ARCHIS; ARCIS β D'Arques; Arch; Dark de ARELA β Harela; Argles ARCUARIUS β Archer; Larcher de ARCUSBUS β de Arches; Bowes De ARENIS β Darens; Darayns; Sandes de ARGENTOMO β Argetoune de ARIDA VILLA β Dryton; Dryden de ARIETE β Herriott ARMIGER β Arminger de ARMIS β Harms; Armes ARUNDELIUS β Arundel ASCELINUS β Ansell; Ancell ASCULPHUS β Ayscough; Askew de ASNERIIS β Daniers; Denyer de ATRIO β Hall de AUBEMARA β Albemarle AUBERICUS β Awbrey de AUCO; DE AUCA β Owe de AUGO β D'Eu; Auge; Agg; Dagg AUGUSTINUS β Austin; Hotine de AULA β Hall (See also de HAULA) Ad AULAM β atte Halle; Hall AUONIUS β Of Northampton de AUREA VALLE β Dorival; Dorvell; Darvall de AUREIS TESTICULIS β Orescuilz de AUREO VADO β Goldford or Guldeford AURIFABER β Orfeur, an ancient name in *Cumberland de AURILLA β Overall de AUTHIERO β d'Authier, Dauthier de AUTRICO β d'Auxerre; Oxier de AYNECURIA β Daincourt; Deyncourt de BA; BAA; BAHA β Baugh BACCHUS β Backhouse de BADA β Bath de BAILOLIO β Baliol de BAJOCIS β de Bayeux; Bews; Baines de ABLLIO β Bailey cum BARBA β Witheberd; Beard BARBATUS β Barbet; Barbey BARDULFUS β Bardolph (Stoke Bardolph , Stow Bardolph ) de BARRA β de la Barre; de Barre BARRARIUS β Le Barrer; Le Barrier de BATONIA β Bath de BAUDRIBOSCO β Boldrewood de BEEUILLA β Beville; Beavill de BELESMO β de Belesme de BELLA AQUA β de Bealeawe; Bellew de BELLA CAMERA β Belchambers de BELLA FAGO β de Bealfo; Beaufoe; Belfou de BELLA FIDE β de Beaufoy de BELLA VILLA β Belville de BELLO ALNETO β Bellany de BELLO CAMPO β de Belcamp; Beauchamp de BELLO CAPITE β Beauchief de BELLA FOCO β Beaufeu de BELLO LOCO β Beaulieu; Bewley; Bowley de BELLO MANSO β Beaumains; Beaumeis de BELLO MARISCO β Beaumarsh de BELLO MONTE β Beaumont de BELLO PORTU β de Baupere de BELLO PRATO β de Beaupre de BELLO SITU β Bellasis de BELLO VERO β de Beuvar; Beauver de BELLO VISTO β Belvoir de BELLO VISU β de Beauvise; Bevers BENIDICTUS β Bennett de BENEFACTIS β Benfield BENEUOLIS β Benlows BERCARIUS β Le Bercher; Barker BERCATOR β Barker BERENGARIUS β Barringer de Bereuilla β de Berville; Burfield; Berewell de BERNERIIS β Berners de BEUERLACO β Beverley BITURICENSIS β de Bourges de BLANCO PANE β Whitbread de BLAUIA β de Blaye de BLITHODUNO β Blyton de BLOSSEUILLA; BLOSTEUILLA β Bloville; Blofield de BLOYS β Blew; Bligh de BLUNDEUILLA β Blundeville; Blomfield; Bloomfield BLUNDUS β Le Blond; Blundel; Blount. (Feminine is Blunda) de BOCEO β de Bocy de BOAUILLA β Bovill de BOLOGNA β Bullen de BONA VILLA β Bonville de BONO DASSATO β Goodrick BONOIUS β Boleyn de BOONIA β de Bohun de BORGEIS β Burges BORLASIUS β Borlace de BASCO β Boys; Boyce; Busk; Wood de BOSCO ARSO β Brentwood de BOSCO β Borhard de BOSEUILLA β Boswell de Botellis β Butler de BOTERELLIS β Botreaux'Bottrel de BOULARIA β de Bollers; Buller de BOUIS VILLA β Bovill de BRAIOSA β de Braose; Brewis; Brewhouse BRITO β Le Bretun de BROILLEIO β de Bruilly; Briley de BRUERIA β Bryer; Briewer; Brewer BRUNELLI β Burnell BRUNUS β Le Brun; Brown de BUCCA β Buck de BUCCA UNCTA β de Bouchaine; Buccointe; Budgen de BUCIS β de Buces; Bouche; Bush BUDELLUS β de Buelles; Boyle de BUESUILA β *Bouville; Bousville; Boseville; Bousfield de BULEMARA β Bulmer de BULIACO β Buisly; Builly de BURCO β de Burgh BURGENSIS β Burges de BURGO β de Burgh; Burke; Bourke de BURGO CHARO β Bourchier BURGUNDIENSIS β de Bourgogne; Bourgoyne; Burgon de BURNAUILLA β Bernwell; Barnwell de BURTANA β Burton de BUSSA VILLA β de *Boseville; Beuzeville; Boscherville de CABANISIO β de Chalbeneys de CADOMO β de Caen; Caine de CADURCIS β de Chaorces; Chaworth CΓCILIUS β Cecil de CAHAGNIS; CAHANNIS β Keynes; Keine; Cain de CAINETO; de CAISNETO; CAINNETO β DE *Quesnay; Chainei; Keynes {?}:Cheyne CALCEARIUS; Le Chaucier; Chaucer CALIXTUS β Killick de CALLEIO β de Cailly; Cayley CALUINUS β Caffyn; Chaffyn de CALUO MONTE β Chaumond CALUUS β Baud; Bald; CafΓ©; Calf; Valver; Callow de CAMERA β Chambers de CAMERACO β Gomery CAMERARIUS β Chamberlayne de CAMPANIA β de Champaigne; Champneys CAMPARNULPHUS; de CAMPO ARNULPHUS β Champernoun de CAMPIS β Descamps; Kemp de CAMPO AUENE β Campdaveine; Otfield de CAMPO BELLO β Campbell de CAMPO FLORIDO; FLORUM β Champfleur de CAMUILLA β Camvil de CANCEIO β Chauncey de CANCELLIS β Chaunceus de CANETO β Cheyney de CANIUETO β Knevitt; Knyvett CANONICUS β Le Chanoin; Cannon de CANTILUPO β de Cantelou; Cauntelow; Cantlow or Cantello CANTOR β Le Chaunter; Singer de CANUILLA β Camville de CAPELLA β Capel CAPELLANUS β Caplin; Chaplin de CAPIS β de Chappes; Cope; Capes CAPITO β rostete; GrosseTeste; Grosthead; Grouthead CAPRA β Chevre de CAPRA β de la Chievre; Cheevers; Chivers de CAPREOLO β Roebuck de CAPREOLOCURIA; de CAPRICURIA β Chevercourt CARACTACUS β Craddock CARADOCUS β Caradock; Cradock CARBONARIUS β Carbonel CARETARIUS β Carter de CARILOCO β Cherlewe de CARISIO β de Cerisy CARNOTENSIS β de Chartres de CARNOTTO β de Carnoth or Crennach de CARO LOCO β Carelieu de CASA DEI β Godshall de CASINETO; Casneto β See CAINETO CASTELLANUS β Catlin de CASTELLIS β de Chasteus de CASTELLO β de Chastell; Castle; Castell; Chatto de CASTELLO MAGNO β Castlemain CASTOR β Bever de CASTRO β Castell de CASTOR NOUO β de Castelnau de CATHEREGE β Catherick; Cartwright de CAUO MONTE β de Caumont; de Chaumont CECUS β Cheke CENOMANNICUS β Maine de CERASO; de CERICIO β de Cerisy; Cherry de CCESTRIA β Chester de CHAHAIGNIS β See de CAHAGNIS de CHAISNETO β See de CAINETO de CHALUENNIO β ce Clavigny; Clabone de CHAMPELLIS/CAMPELLIS β de Champeaux (e.g.William of Champeaux ) de CHAORIS; CHAURCIS; De CHAUWURCIS β Chaworth CHELIGREUUS β Killigrew CHENESIS β Chaigne; Le Chesne; Cheyney CHENTICUS β Kentish de CHESNETO β See de CAINETO de CHEURIIS β de Chevrieres; Chaffers CHIRCHEBEIUS β Kirby; Kirby de CHRISTI ECCLESIA β de Crissechirche; de *Christecherche CINOMANNICUS β Maine de CLARA VILLA β Clareville CLARANUS β Clare de CLARIFAGO β Clerfay de CLARIS VALLIBUS β Clerevaux; Clarival de CLARO FAGETO β Clerfay de CLARO MONTE β Clermont; Clermund CLAVIGER β Clavinger de CLAVILLA β de Claville ; Cleville de CLAUSO β Close; Class CLERICUS β Clarke; Cleary de CLINTONA β Clinton de CLIUO FORTI β Clifford de COARDA β de Cowert; Coward COCUS β Cook; Coke; Cocks de CODRIA β Cowdry de COISNERIIS β de Coiners de COLAUILLA β Colville de COLDRETO β de Coudray COLLINUS β Knollys de COLLO MEDIO β de Colmieu de COLUMBARIIS β Columbers de CONCHIS β Shelley de CONDUCTU β Chenduit de CONIGERIIS; CONNERIIS- de Coignieres; Conyers CONSTABULARIUS β le Cunestable; Constable CORBALDUS β Corbould de CORCELLA β Churchill de CORMELIIS β de Cormayles; Cormie de CORNIOLA β Cornell de CORNIBIA β Cornwayle CORNTUS β Horn CORUESARIUS β Corveser; Corsar de CORUO SPINΓ β Crowthorn de CRAMAUILLA β Cranwell CRASSUS β Le Gros; See also "Grassus" de CRAUCUMBA β Crowcombe de CREAUSO β de Grandson; Grandison de CREPITO CORDE β CrevecΕur; Crowcour de CRIWA β Crewe CROCUS β Croke de CROTIS β Croot; Grote de CRUCE β Cross CRUCIARIUS β Crocker de CUILLIO β Colley CULLUS de BOUE β Oxenstern de CUMINIS β Comyn CUNETIUS β Kennett de CURCEO; CURCI β de Courcy de CURIA β Delacour; Cure de CURLEIO β Curley de CURUA SPINA β Crowthorn de CUSANCIA β Cussans DACUS β Le Daneis, Denys, Dennis. (Adjectival form of mediaeval-Latin Dacia , Denmark, thus "The Dane") DAINCURIENSIS; de AYNECURIA β Daincourt; Deyncourt DALENRIGIUS β Dalegrig DANISCUS β Dennis DAUTHIERUS β Dauthier, d'Authier de DAVIDUILLA β D'Aville; D'Eyville DECANUS β Dean DEUON' β Le Deveneis; Devenish DIABOLUS β Dayville; De Eyville; Deeble; Dibble de DICETO β de Disci; Diss DISPENSARIUS; DISPENSATOR; DISPENSERIUS β Le *Despenser; Spencer de DIUA β Dive; Dives; Deaves DIUITIUS- Riche DODERIGUS β Dodderidge de DOITO β Dwight; Brook de DOUERA β de Douvres; Dover DRACO β Drake; Drage de DROCIS β de Dreux; Drew DROGO β Drewe DUCHTIUS β Doughty de DUMOUILLA β Domville; Dunville de DUNA β Don; Down de DUNSETANUILLA β Dunstanvill DURANDUS β Durrant, Durand DURIDENTIS β Duredens; Durdana DUTENTIUS β Doughty DUX β Ducy; Duck; Duke EASTERLINGUS β Stradling de EBROICUS; de EBROIS β D'Γvreux ECCLESIENSIS β Churche ELISEUS β Ellis ELYOTA β Elliott de ERICETO β Briewer de ERMΒ΄ENOLDA VILLA β d'Ermenonville de ERMENTERIIS β Darmenters ERNALDUS β Ernaut; Arnold de EROLICTO β Erliche de ESCALERIIS β de Escales; Scalers; Scales de ESCARDEUILLA β Scarvell de Escouilla β Escoville; Schofield; Scovel de ESCRUPA β Le Scrope; Scrope ESPERUERIUS β Le Sperver; Sparver de ESSARTIS β Essart; Sart de Esseleia β Ashley de ESTLEGA; ESTLEIA β Astley or Estley EUDO β Eade; Eades EXTRANEUS; de EXTRANEO β L'Estrange; Strange FABER β Lefevre FACETUS -Le Facet de FAGO β Beech; Beecher; Fagge de FAIA β de Fai; Fay FALCONARIUS β Falkner; Fachney FALKASIUS β Fawkes FALTERELLUS β Futerel; Fewtrell FANTASMA β Fantosme FAUCUS β Folkes; Vaux FAUKESIUS β Fawkes FERCHARDUS β Farquahr; Forker FERDINANDUS β Farrant FERRARRII β Ferre de FERRARIIS β Ferrars; Ferrier FERRATUS β Fairy; Ferrie FIBER β Bever FIEREBRACHIUS β Ferbras de FIERUILLA β Fierville; Fairfield de Ffiliceto β Fernham FILIUS ADELINI β Fitz-Adelin; Edlin FILIUS ALANI β Fitz-Alan FILIUS ALUREDI β Fitz-Alard; Fitz-Alfred FILIUS AMANDI β Fitz-Amand FILIUS ANDREΓ β Fitz-andrew FILIUS BALDEWINI β Baldwin; Bolderson; Bowdon FILIUS BALDRICI β Baldrey FILIUS BERNARDI β Fitz-Bernard FILIUS BRICIIS β Bryson FILIUS BOGONIS β Bewes FILIUS BRIANI β Fitz-Brian FILIUS COCI β Cookson FILIUS COMITIS β Fitz-Count FILIUS DAUIDIS β Dawson FILIUS DRACONIS β Drake FILIUS DRAGONIS β Drewes; Drew FILIUS EDMUNDI β Edmunds FILIUS EUSTACHII β Fitz-Eustace FILIUS FULCONIS β Fitz-Fulk; Faulke FILIUS GALFRIDI β Fits-Geoffry FILIUS GERARDI β Fitz-Gerrard FILIUS GILLEBERTI β Fitz-Gilbert FILIUS GODESCALLI β Godshall FILIUS GUALTERI β Fitzwalter; Walters FILIUS GUARINI β Fitz-Warren FILIUS GUIDONIS β Fitz-Guy; Fitzwith FILIUS GULIELMI β Fitz-*William; Williamson; Williams FILIUS HAMONIS β Fitz-Hamon; Hammond; Hampson FILIUS HARDINGI β Fitz-Hardinge FILIUS HENRICI β Fitz-Henry; Harrison; Harris FILIUS HERBERTI β Fitz-Herberti FILIUS HUGONIS β Fitz-*Hugh; Hughes; Hewes; Hewish; Hewson FILIUS HUMFREDI β Fitz-Humphrey; Humphreys FILIUS IBOTΓ β Ibbottson; Ebison FILIUS ISAAC β Isaacs; Higgins; Higginson; Hickson FILIUS JACOBI β Fitz-James; Jameson FILIUS JOHANNIS β Fitz-John; Johnson; Jones FILIUS KATERINA β Katlyson; Cattlin FILIUS LAURENTII β Lawson FILIUS LETITIΓ β Lettson FILIUS LUCΓ β Fitz-Lucas FILIUS LUCIΓ β Lucy FILIUS MAURICII β Fitz-Maurice; Morison FILIUS MICHAELIS β Fitz-Michael FILIUS NICOLAI β Fitz-Nichol; Nicholson; Nichols FILIUS ODONIS β Fitz-Otes FILIUS OLIUERI β Fitz-Oliver FILIUS OSBURNI β Fitz-Osburn FILIUS OSMONDI β Fitz-Osmond FILIUS OTHONIS or OTTONIS β Fitz-Otes FILIUS PAGANI β Fitz-Pain FILIUS PATRICII β Fitz-Patrick FILIUS PETRI β Fitz Peter; Peterson; Peters FILIUS PHILIPPI β Phillips; Phipps; Phipson FILIUS RADULFI β Fitz-Ralph; Raphson FILIUS REGINALDI β Fitz-Raynold; Reynolds FILIUS RICARDI β Fitz-*Richard; Richardson; Richards FILIUS ROBERTI β Fitz-*Robert; Robertson; Roberts; Robinson FILIUS ROGERI β Fitz-Rogers; Rogerson; Rogers FILIUS SAHERI β Searson FILIUS SIMONIS β Fitz-Simon; Simonds FILIUS STEPHANI β Fitz-*Stephen; Stephenson; Stephens; Stiffin FILIUS SUANI β Swainson FILIUS THOME β Fitz-Thomas; Thompson FILIUS VIDUΓ β Widdowson FILIUS WALTERI β Fitz-walter; Walters; Waters; Watson; Watts FILIUS WARINI β Fitz-Warin-Warisno de FIRMITATE β de la FertΓ© de FLAMMAUILLA β de Flamville FLANDRENSIS β Flemyng FLAUILLUS β Flavell FLAUUS β Blund; Blount; Fleuez FLECHARIUS β Le Flechier; Fletcher FLORUS β Flowers de FLUCTIBUS β Flood de FOLIA β Foley de FOLIIS β Foulis de FONTE β Font; Faunt de FONTE AUSTRALI β Southwell de FONTE EBRALDI β Fontevraud de FONTE LIMPIDO β Sherburn de FONTIBUS β Wells de FORDA β Ford FORESTARIUS β Forester; Foster de FORGIA β de la Forge FORMANNUS β Formes de FORNELLIS β de Furnell de FORTI SCUTO β Fortescue de FORTIBUS β de Fort; de Forz; Force de FOSSA NOUA β Newdike de FRAISNETO; FRAXINETO β de Fraine; du Fresne de FRANCHEUILLA β de Freville FRANCUS β Franks de FRAXINO β del Freine; Frean; Ashe FRESCOBURNUS β Freshburne de FREUILLA β Fretchville; Freville de FRIGIDO MANTELLO β Freemantle de FRIGIDO Monte β de Fremond; Fremont de FRISCA VILLA β *Fretchville; Freville; Freshfield de FRISCO MARISCO β Freshmarsh FULCHERII β Fulcher de FULGERIIS β de Fougeres; de Filgeriis; Fulcher de FURNELLIS β Furneaux; Furness de GAIO β Gai; Gay; Jay de GANDANO; GANDAUENSIS β Gaunt GANTERIUS β Glover de GARDAROBA β Wardroper de GARDINIS β Garden GARNERUS β Guarnier; Warner de GASCONIA β Gascoyne de GAWEIA β Gower de GEINUILA β de Geynville de GENEUA β de Geneville de GENISTETO β Bromfield de GERARDI β Greville; Graville GERVASIUS β Gerveis; Jarvis; Jervis GIOUANUS β Young de GIRBIRTI VILLA β de Gerberville de GISNETO β de Gisney; Gynney de GISORTIO β de Gisors de GLANUILLA β Glanvil GOBIO β Gudgeon de GORNIACO β Gorney; Gurney GOSSELINUS β Gosling de GOUHERIA β Gower GRAMMATICUS β Grammer de GRANA β Graine; Grain de GRANAVILLA; GREENVILLA β Greenvil or Grenville de GRANDAVILLA β Granvile de GRANDISONO β de Graunson; Grandison GRANDIS or MAGNUS VENATOR β Grosvenor GRANDUS β Le Grand; Graunt; Grant GRANETARIUS β Grenet de GRANGIA β Grainge GRANGIARIUS β Grainger de GRANO ORDEI; GRANUM ORDEI β Greindorge GRASSUS β Le Gras; Grace; Le Gros de GRAVA β de la Grave; Graves de GRENDONA β Greendon de GRENTO β Grente; Grinde de GREYLIACO β de Greilly; Grelley GRIMBALDI β Grimbaud de GRINNOSA VILLA β de Grinville de GRIPERIA β Gripper GRISIUS β Le Grice de GROSSO β de Gruce; Gross de GROSSO MONTE β Grosmond; Grismond de GROSSO VENATORE β Grosvenor GROSSUS β Le Gros GROTIUS β Grose de GRUE β Crane GUARIN β Guerin GUIDO β Guy; Gee de GUIDOUILLA β Wydville; Wyville GULAFFRA β Golofre; Golfer; Gulfer; Golafre de GUNDEUILLA β Gonville de GUNTHERI SYLUA β Gunter de GUTI β del Got de HAIA β de la Haye; Hay de HAMBEIA β Hamby; Hanby de HANOIA β de Henau; Hanway de HANTONA β Hanton; Hampton de HARELA β Harkley de HARICURIA β Harcourt; Harecourt HARVAEUS β Harvey HASTIFRAGUS β Brakespere HAUARDUS β Howard de HAULA β DE LA Hale; Hall; Hawley de HAYA β de la Haye; Hay HERMITA β Armit HERES β Le Hare; Eyre HIERONYMUS β Jerome; Jerram de HIRUNDINE β Arundel HISPANIOLUS β Aspinall de HOGA β de la Hoge; Hogg de HOLMO β Holmes de HOSATA; de HOSA β de la Hose; de la Huse HOSATUS β Hose; Huese; Hussey HOWARDUS β Howard HUGO β Hook HUSATUS; HUSSATUS β Hoese; huese; hussey de ILLERIIS β de St. Hellier; Hillier INFANS β L'Enfant; Child de INGANIA β Engaine de INSULA β Lisle de INSULA BONA β Lislebone de INSULA FONTIS β Lilburne de IPRA β de Ipres de ISPANIA β Spain de JAUNA β Janeway JOANNIS β Johnson de JOANNIS VILLA β de *Jehanville; Geneville; Ganville JOANNUS β Jones JODOCUS β Joice JUUENIS β Lejeune; Young de KAHAGNIS β Keynes de KAINETO; de KAISNETO; de KEYNETO β *Chesney; Cheney; Keynes KENTESIUS β Le Kenties; Kentish de KIMA; KYMA β de Kyme; Keymer de LACELLA β Lascales; Lacelles de LACU β de Lake; Lake de LADA β de la Lade de LΓTO LOCO β Lettley de La MARA β de la Mare; Delamare, Delamere, Lamarre de Laga β Lee; Lea; Leigh LAMBARDUS β Lambard or Lambert de LANDAS β de la Lande; Land, De la Launde de LANDALIS β Landal; Landels de LANGDONA; LANDONA β Langdon LARDERARIUS β Lardenier; Lardner de LARGO β Large LATIMARIUS; Latinarius β Latimer; Latomer de LATO CAMPO β Bradfield de LATO VADO β Bradford de LATO PEDE β Braidfoot LAUREMARIUS β Lorimer de LECHA β Leke de LEGA β Leigh; Lee LEGATUS β Leggatt de LEICA β Leke de LEICESTRIA β Lester LESLΓUS β Leslie LEUCHENORIUS β Lewkin; Lewknor de LEXINTUNA β Lexington de LEZINIACO β de Lezinan de LIBERATIONE β Liverance de LIENTICURIA β de Liancourt de LIMESIA β Limsie de Linna β Linne de LISORIIS; LISORIS β Lizurs; Lisors de LOCO FRUMENTI β Whethamstede de LOGIIS β Lodge de LONGA SPATHA β Longespee de LONGA VILLA β *Longueville; Longville; Longfellow de LONGO CAMPO β Longchamp; Longshanks de LONGO PRATO β Longmede LOTHARINGIUS β Le Loreyne; Lorraine; Lorriner LOTHARIUS β Lowther de LUCCEIO β Lucy; Lewsey LUDOUICUS β de Lues; Lewis de LUERA β Lower de LUNDA β Lund de LUPELLIS; LUPELLUS β Lovel LUPUS β Le Loup; Love; Loo; Woolf de LUSORIIS β Lusher de LUXA β De Los MACER β Le Meyre MACNISIUS β Mackness de MADERIACO β de Mezieres; Measures de MAGNA PENA β de Magne Peoine; Moneypenny; Mappin de MAGNA VILLA β Mandeville; Mannwille de MAGNO MONTE β Grosmount or Groumount MAGNUS VENATOR β Grosvenor MAINFELINUS β Meinfeuin de MAINO β Maine; Maoun de MALA BISSA β de Malebisse; de Malebiche de MALA FIDE β Maufe de MALA HERBA β Malherbe de MALA OPERA β Mallop de MALA PLATEA β Malpas de MALA TERRA β Mauland; Eveland de MALA VILLA β Melville de MALCHENCEIO β Munchensy MALCONDUCTUS β Malduit; Mauduit MALEDOCTUS β Maudoit MALEDUETUS β Malduit; Mauduit MALISIUS β Malis de MALIS MANIBUS β Malmains de MALIS OPERIBUS β Maloor de MALO LEONE β Mauleon de MALO CONDUCTU β Malduit de MALA DOMO β de Maubusson de MALO LACU β Mauley de MALO VICINO; MALUS VACINUS β *Malveisin; Malvoisin; Mavesyn; Mason de MALO VISU β Malveya de MALPASSU β Malpas MALUS CATALUS β Malcael; Malchael; Malchein; Machel MALUS LEPORARIUS β Maleverer; Mallieure; Mallyvery MALUS LUPELLUS β Maulovel; Mallovel de MONDAVILLA β Mandeville; Manneville de MANERIIS β de Menguse; Menzies; Manners de MANIBUS β de Mans de MANNAVILLA β Mandeville; Manhill; Manwell de MARA β de la Mare; Mare; Marre de MARCHIA β de La Marche; March de MARCI VALLIBUS β Martival de MARCO β Mark MARESCALLUS β Marshal or Le Marshal; Merrishaw de MARINIS β Maryon; Marwin de MARISCO β del Mareis; Marsh MARRUGLARIUS β Le Marler de MARTIUALLIS β *Martivaux; Martival; Martivast; Martwas de MASURA β Le Massor; Measor MAUCLERUS β Lacklatin MAURENCIACUS β de Montmorency de MAURITANIA β de Morteine de MADIA VILLA β Middleton MEDICUS β Leech de MEDUANA β Maine; Mayenne de MELSA β de Meaulx; Meux; Mews MENTULAMANUS β "Toulmaine alias Hancocke" de MERCATO β de Marche; March MERCATOR β Mercer de MESLERIIS; de MEULERIIS β Mellers de MICENIS β Meschines MILESIUS; MILETUS β Miles de MINERIIS β Miners de MINORIIS β Minours de MOELIS β de Moelles or Moels; Mills MOLENDINARIUS β Miller; Milner de MOLENDINIS β Molines de MOLIS β de Moelles or Loels; Mills MONACHUS β Le Moigne; Monk de MONASTERIIS β Musters; Masters de MONCELLIS β Monceaux; Monson; Monser de MONEMUTHA β Monmouth de MONTANA β de Montaignes; de Montaigne; Mountain de MONTE β Mount; Mont de MONTE ACUTO β Montacute; Montague de MONTE ALTO β Montalt; Montealto; Munhaut; Mohaut; Moald; Mold; Maulde; Maude de MONTE AQUILΓ β Mounteagle de MONTE BEGONIS β Mountbegon de MONTE BRITONUM β de Montbreton de MONTE CANASIO; CANESIO; CANISIO β Montchesney; Munchensi de MONTE DEI β Mundy de MONTE DUBLELLI β de Mont Dubleaux de MONTE FIXO β Montfitchet; Munfitchet de MONTE FLORUM β de Monteflour de MONTE FORTI β Montfort de MONTE GAII; de MONTE GAUDII β Montjoy; Mungy de MONTE GOMERICO β Montgomery de MONTE HERMERII β Monthermer de MONTE JOUIS β Montjoy de MONTE KANESIO β Montchensey; Munchensi de MONTE MARISCO β Montmorency de MONTE MARTINI β de Montmartre de MONTE MORACI; MORENTIO β Montmorency de MONTE PESSONO; de MONTE PESGULANO β Montpinzon; Mompesson de MONTE PISSONIS; de MONTE PISSORIS β Montpinzon; Mompesson de MONTE REUELLI β Monterville de MORAUIA β Moray; Murray de MORISCO β Moore de MORTIUALLIS β de Martivaux de MORTUO MARI β Mortimer de MOTA β de La Motte de MOUBRAIA β Mowbray de MUCHELEGATA β Micklegate de MUMBRAIO β Mowbray MURDACUS β Murdoch AD MURUM β Walton de MUSEA β Mus; Mosse de MUSCO CAMPO β Musechamp MUSTELA β Musteile NAPPATOR β Le Naper; Napier de NASO β de Nes; Ness NEPOS β Le Neve NEQUAM β Neckham de NEVILLA β Nevil NIGELLUS β Niele; Neal NIGEROCULUS β Blackey de NODARIIS; NODORIIS β Nowres NORENSIS β Noreis; Nordman; Norman NORMANDUS β Norman NORRISCUS β Norris; Nurse de NORUICO β Norwich de NOVA TERRA β Newland de NOVA VILLA β Neufville; Neville; Newell de NOVIOMO β Noon de NOVO BURGO β Newburgh; Newborough de NOVO CASTELLOM β Newcastle de NOVO FORE β de Neumarche; Newmarch de NOVO LOCO β Newark de NOVO MERCATO β de Neumarche; Newmarch de NOVO OPPIDO β Newton NOUUS β Newman NOUUS HOMO β Newman NUTRICIUS β Nurse de OBURUILLA β de Abbeville; Appeville de OILEIO; OILI; OILIUS β D'Oylu; Olley de OMNIBUS SANCTIS β Toussaint de ORTIACO β del Ortyay; Lorty; OSTIARIUS β Le Huissier; Usher; Durward (Scotch) de OUGHTIA β Doughty de PACCEIO β de Pasci; Pacy PACCEUS β Pace PAGANELLUS β Pagnell; Painel; Paynell PAGANUS β Payne PALMARIUS β Le Paumier; Palmer PALMIGER β Palmer de PALO β del Pau de Palude β Puddle; Marsh de PAREO β Park; Perck PARMENTARIUS β Parmenter; Taylor de PARUA TARRI β Torel; Tyrrel de PARUA VILLE β Littleton PARUUS β Le Petit; Petty de PASCUO LAPIDOSO β Stanley de PAUILLIACO; de PAULIACO β Pavley PECCATUM; de PECCATO; PECCATUS β *Peche; Pecche; Pecke de PEDE PLANCO β Pauncefoot PEITONUS β Peyton PELLIPARIUS β Skinner PENTECOSTES β Wytesoneday PERFECTUS β Parfey; Parfitt de PERIIS β Piers de PERONA β Perowne de PERRARIIS β Perrers de PETRA β Petre de PETRAPONTE; PETROPONTO β Peirrepont; Perpoint PEVERELLUS β Peverell PHISCERUS β Fisher de PICTAIIA; PICTAUIENNSIS β Peytevin; Peyto; Peto PINCERNA β Butler de PINIBUS β Dupin de PINU β Pine; Pyne PIPERELLUS β Pepperell; Peverell PISCATOR β Fisher de PISCE; de PISCIBUS β Fish de PISSIACO β Poysey PLACIDUS β Placett de PLANCA β De la Planche de PLANTAGENTISTA β Plantagenent de PLESSETIS; PLESSEIZ β de *Pleseys; Plesseiz; Plessez; Plaiz; Place de PODIO β des Pus POHERIUS β Puherius de POLA β de la Pole de POLEIO β Poley POLUS β Pole; Poole de POMARIO β Appleyard PONDERATOR β Le Balauncer de PONTE β Bridge de PONTE FRACTO β Pomfrey AD PONTEM β Atte Brigge; Brigge; Paunton de PONTIBUS β Bridgeman; Bridges de PONTISSARA; PONTISSERA -Sawbridge; pontoise; Pontys PONTIUS β Pons; Pounce PORCARIUS β Le Porcher de PORCELLIS β Purcell AD PORTAM β Porter POTTARIUS β Potter le POURE β Power POUTENEIUS β Poultney de PRAELLIS β See also "de PRAERIIS" PRΓPOSITUS β Prevot de PRAERIIS β Praeres; Prahors de PRATELLIS β des *Pres; Despreaux; Diprose; Meadows de PRATIS β Praty; Prettie de PRATO β Dupre; Mead; Pratt de PRECARIIS β See also "de PRAERIIS" PRECO β Price PUHERIUS; PUHERUS β Le Poher; Poer de PUILLETA β Paulet de PULCHRO CAPELLITIO β Fairfax PULETARIUS β Le Poleter; Poulter PUNTIS β Pons; Pounce de PURCELLIS β Purcell de PUTEACO β de Pusat; Pudsey; Pusev de PUTEIS β Pittes de PUTEO β Pitt de PYSANIS β de Pessaigne QUASPATRICIUS β Gospatric RAALEGA β Ralegh de RADENEIO β de Reyney; Rodney de RADEONA β Rodney de RADIO β Raye RAGOTUS β Le Raggide; Raggett de RAIMIS β de Reimes de RALEGA β Ralegh de REA β de Ree; Ray de REDUERIIS β Rivers REGINALDI β Renaud; Reynolds REGINALDUS β Reynold REGIOSYLUANUS β Kingswood REINARDUS β Rayner; Reyner RENOLDUS β Reynold REX β King; Reeks RHESEUS β Ap Rhys; Ap Rice; Price de RIA β de Rie; Rye de RICO MONTE β Richmond RIGIDIUS β Rivers de RIPERIA; RIPARIIS; RIVERIA; RIVERIIS β de *Ripers; Rivers; Driver ROBERTIADES β Roberts de ROCA β Rock de RODENEIA β Rodney RODERICUS β Rothery de RODOLIO β de Roel; Rolle de ROILLIO β de Roilli; Reuilly; Rowley de ROKA β Rock de ROKELA β Rockley de ROMELIOLO β de Romilli; Romilly; Rumley ROTARIUS β Wheeler; Rutter de ROTIS β Rote; Roots de ROTUNDO; ROTUNDUS β Ronde; Round; Rounce de RUA β Rue de RUBEO MONTE β Rougemont de RUBRA MANU β Redmayne de RUBRA SPATHA β Rospear; Rooper; Roper de RUBRO CLIUO β Radcliffe de RUDA β Routh de RUELLA β Ruel; Rule RUFFUS; RUFUS β Le Roux; Le Rus; Rous; Ruff de RUGEHALA β Rugeley; Ruggles de RUPE β de la Roche; Roche; Droope; Drope; Roek de RUPE CAUARDI β de Rochechouard de RUPE FORTI β Rochfort de RUPE SCISSA β Cutcliffe de Rupella β de la Rochelle; Rokell; Roupell de RUPERIA β {See also RUPETRA} de RUPETRA β de Rupierre; Rooper; Roper de RUPIBUS; RUPINUS β Roche; Rock de SABAUDIA β Savoy de SACCA VILLA β Sackville de SACEIO β de Sace; de Sauce de SACHEVILLA β de Sacquenville; Soucheville; Sackville de SACRA FAGO β Hollebech; Holbeach de SACRA QUERCU β Holyoak de SACRO BOSCO β Holywood de SACRO FONTE β Holybrook; Holbrook SAGITTARIUS β Archer de SAIO β Say de SAKENVILLA β Sackville de SALCETO β Saucey de SALCHAVILLA β Salkeld de SALICOSA MARA β Wilmore de SALICOSA VENA β Salvein de SALSO MARISCO β Saumarez; Saltmarsh de SALTU CAPELLΓ β Sacheverel de SALTU LACTEO β Melkeley SALVAGIUS β Savage SANCHO β Sankey de SANETA BARBA or BARBARA β Senbarb; Simberb de SANCTA CLARA β St. Clare; Sinclair de SANCTA CRUCE β St. Croix; Cross de SANCTA ERMINA β Armine de SANCTA FIDE β St. Faith; Faith; Fiddes de SANCTA GENEVEFA β Jeneway de SANTA MARIA β St. Mary (found in numerous 11th century charters, mainly as witnesses or grants, as opposed to fee records) de SANCTA TERRA β Holyland de SANCTA VILLA β Sent Vile; Sainneville de SANCTO ALBANO β St. Alban de SANCTO ALBINO β Seyntabyn; St. Aubyn de SANCTO ALEMONDO β Salmon de SANCTO AMANDO β St. Amand; Samand de SANCTO AUDEMARO β St. Omer de SANCTO AUDOENO β St. Owen de SANCTO BRICIO β Brice de SANCTO CINERINO β Chinnery de SANCTO CLARO β Senclere; Sinclair de SANCTO CLAUDO β Clodd; Clode de SANCTO CRISPINO β Crispin; Crisp de SANCTO DIONYSIO β Dennis de SANCTO EDMUNDO β Edmunds de SANCTO EDOLPHO β Stydolph de SANCTO EDUARDO β Edwards de SANCTO EUSTACIO β Stacey de SANCTO GELASIO β Singlis de SANCTO GERMANO β Germain de SANCTO HILARIO β Hillary de SANCTO JOHANNE β St. John; Singen de SANCTO JUDOCO β de Joyeuse; Jorz; Joyce de SANCTO LAUDO; de SANCTO LODO β St. Laud; Sentlo; Senlo de SANCTO LEODEGARIO β St. Ledger; Sallenger; Ledger de SANCTO LEONARDO β Lennard de SANCTO LIZIO β St. Lys; Senliz de SANCTO LUPO β Sentlow de SANCTO LUZO β Sentluke de SANCTO MARTINO β de Danmartin; Semarton; Martin de SANCTO MAURISIO β St. Morris de SANCTO MAURO β St. Maur de SANCTO MEDARDO β Semark de SANCTO NEOTO β Sennett de SANCTO OLAUO β Toly de SANCTO PAULO β Sampol; Semple de SANCTO PETRO β Sampier; Semper; Symper de SANCTO PHILEBERTO β Filbert de SANCTO QUINTINO β St. Quintin de SANCTO REMIGIO β de St. Remy; Remy de SANCTO SERENNIO β Chinnery de SANCTO VEDASTO β Foster de SANCTO VIGORE β Vygour de SANCTO WALLERICO β St. Wallere; Waller de SANDUICO β Sandwich SAPIENS β Le Sage SARACENUS β Sarazin; Sarson SARTORIUS β Sartoris; Sartres SAVAGIUS β Savage SAVARICUS β Savory de SAVINIACO β de Savigny; Saveney de SAXO FERRATO β Ironston; Ironzon de SCALARIIS β de Scaliers; Scales de SCOLEIO β Scully de SCURIS β LESCURES de SEINLICIO; SENLYCIO β de Seinliz de SELLA β de Salle; Sale SENESCALLUS β Stewart; Stuart de SEPTEM HIDIS β de Sethides de SEPTEM VALLIBUS β de Setvaux de SEPTEM VANNIS β Setvans SERLO β Searle de SEUECURDA β Seacourt SEVALLUS β Sewell de SICCA VILLA β de Secheville; de *Sacheville; Satchwell; Sackville de SIDEVILLA β Sidwell SILVANUS β Silvain; Salvin SINE AVERIO β Sanzaver SIVARDUS β Seward de SMALAUILLA β {See MALAUILLA} de SOLA β Sole de SOLARIIS β Solers SOPHOCARDIUS β Wiseheart de SPADA β Speed; Speedy de SPINETO β Spine; Spinney de STAGNO β Stanhow; Poole; Pond de STAMPIS β d'Estampes; Stamp de STELLA β Stel; Steele STEPHANIDES β Fitz Stephen STIGANAUS β Stiggins de STIPITE SICCO β de la Zouche de STOTEVILLA β d'Estoteville; Stutfield STRABO β Louch de STRATAVILLA β d'EstrΓ©eville; Streatfield de STRATONA β Stretton SUB NEMORE β Underwood de SUDBURIA β Sudbury de SUILLEIO β de Suilli; Sully SUPER TYSAM β Surteys; Surtees de SUREVILLA β Surville; Sherville de SUTHLEIA; SUTLEIA β Suthley; Sudley de SYLUA β Weld SYLUANECTENSIS β Seyton de TABERNA β Taverner TALLIATOR β Taylor de TANAIA β Taney de TANCO β de Tani; Tawney de TANKARDI VILLA β Tankerville TANNATOR β Le Tanur; Tanner TAXO β Tesson; Tyson TELARIUS β Taylor; Tylor de TERTIA MANU β Tremayne TEUTONICUS β Tyes; Teys THAMARIUS β Thame; Tame de THANETO β Thanet; Tanet; Tent THEOBALDUS β Tipple THEODORICUS β Terry; Derrick de THORNAMUSA β Torneumue de TIRNISCO β de Terouisch de TOLETA β Tollitt; Tullet de TONA β Tonny; Tony de TORTO β Turt de TOSCA β Tosh de TRIBUS MINETIS β Treminet de TRUBLEUILLA β Troubleville; Turberville de TULKA β Tuke; Toke de TURBIDA VILLA β Turberville TURCHETILLUS β Turchill de TURPI VADO β Fulford de TURRI β Towers; Torry de TURRIBUS β de Turs; de Tours de TYLIA β Tille; Tyley de UFFINTONA β Ufton de UMBROSA QUERCU β Dimoak; Dimock de URTIACO β de Lorty; Lort; Hort de USSEIO β Ducie USUSMARE β Hussey de VAACEIO β de Vaacey; Vaizey VACA β de la Wae; Wake VACARIUS β Vacher; Levaque; Livock de VACCARIA β Vicary; Vickery de VADA β Wade de VADO BOUM β Oxford de VADO SAXI β Stanford VALCHELINUS β Wakelin de VALEIO β de Valle; Wall de VALENCIA β Valence VALESIUS β Walsh de VALLE β Wale; Wall de VALLE TORTA β Valetor; Vautort de VALLIBUS β de Vals; Vaux de VALLO β Wall de VALONIIS β de Valognes; Valoines de VALUINIS β Wauwain; Walwyn de VANNARIO β Le Vanner de VARAVILLA β Varvill; Warwell VARDΓUS β Ward VELOX β Swift; Fogarty VENATOR β Vendore; Venour de VENETIA β Venesse de VERINEIO β de Verigny; Verney de VERNACO β de Vernai; Ferney de VESCI β Vessey de VETERE AULA β Oldhall; Oldham de VETERE PONTE β Vieuxpont; Vipont; Veepount de VETULA β Vale; Viel; Vyel de VETULIS β de Vielles VETULUS β Viel de VICARIIS β Viccars VICINUS β Le Veysin de VICO β de Vicques; Vick VIDULATOR β Le Vielur de Vigneio β da Vigny; de Wignai de VILLA β Veal de VILLA MAGNA β Mandeville de VILLA MOTA; MOUTA β Wilmot de VILLA TORTA β Croketon de VILLARIIS β Villiers de VINDINO β de Vendome; Phantam de VINO SALUO β Vinsauf de VIRIDI CAMPO β Greenfield de VIRIDI VILLA β Greenville VITULUS β See also "VETULUS" VULPIS β Renard; Rainer VULSΓUS β Wolsey de WACELLIS β Wasel; Vassall WALCHELINUS β Wakelin WALLENSIS β Le Walleis; Wallace de WANCEIO β Wansey de WARENNA β Warren WARENNARIUS β Warrender de WARNEUILLA β Warneville de WARTEUILLA β See also "de WATEUILLA" de WASA β Wace de WASPRIA β de Guaspre; de Waspre; Vosper de WATELEGA β Wateley; Wheatley de WATEUILLA β Waleville; Waterfield de WELLEBO β de Wellebof; Welbore WISCARDUS β Wishart WOLLΓUS β Wolley WOLSΓUS β Wolsey WOLUESΓUS β Wolsey de WYUILLA β Wyville; Weevil; Whewell
Biological taxonomy One of the most abundant sources of Latinized names is in biological taxonomic nomenclature , particularly binomial nomenclature . Many thousands of species are named after individuals, chiefly but not exclusively scientists. This most often involves, in principle, creating a Latinized equivalent of the name in question. In some cases this will involve a traditional latinization; for example, the grey penduline tit , Anthoscopus caroli , derives its specific name from the genitive of the traditional Latin form Carolus for the first name of the Swedish explorer Karl Johan Andersson . In most cases, the names are "one-off" Latinized forms produced by adding the genitive endings -ii or -i for a man, -ae for a woman, or -orum in plural, to a family name, thereby creating a Latinized form. For example, a name such as Macrochelys temminckii notionally represents a latinization of the family name of Coenraad Jacob Temminck to "Temminckius." Another example, Acisoma attenboroughi , Latinizes the name of Sir David Attenborough as if "Attenboroughus."
See also
References ^ Bazelmans, Jos. "The Early Medieval Use of Ethnic Names from Classical Antiquity: the Case of the Frisians." Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition 13.32 (2009): 321. ^ Hall, Alaric. "Interlinguistic communication in Bedeβs Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum." Interfaces between language and culture in medieval England . Brill, 2010. 37-80. ^ a b c Nennius (February 25, 2006). "History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum), by Nennius". Gutenberg.org . Translated by Giles, J. A. Retrieved 18 July 2024 . ^ a b c Nennius. Mommsen, Theodore (ed.). Historia Brittonum. ^ a b of Monmouth, Geoffrey; Thorpe, Lewis (1966). Radice, Betty (ed.). The History of the Kings of Britain . Penguin Books. p.Β 12. ISBNΒ 978-0-140-44170-3 . ^ of Monmouth, Geoffrey; Thorpe, Lewis (1966). Radice, Betty (ed.). The History of the Kings of Britain . Penguin Books. p.Β 13. ISBNΒ 978-0-140-44170-3 . ^ a b c of Monmouth, Geoffrey; Thorpe, Lewis (1966). Radice, Betty (ed.). The History of the Kings of Britain . Penguin Books. p.Β 41. ISBNΒ 978-0-140-44170-3 . ^ a b c of Monmouth, Geoffrey; Thorpe, Lewis (1966). Radice, Betty (ed.). The History of the Kings of Britain . Penguin Books. p.Β 35. ISBNΒ 978-0-140-44170-3 . ^ Staffan NystrΓΆm (main editor), Eva Brylla, MΓ€rit FrΓ€ndΓ©n, Mats Wahlberg & Per Vikstrand 2013:Namn och namnforskning. Ett levande lΓ€romedel om ortnamn, personnamn och andra namn , pp. 121-122. Accessed on February 15th, 2020, at https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:606610/FULLTEXT01.pdf ^ Staffan NystrΓΆm (main editor), Eva Brylla, MΓ€rit FrΓ€ndΓ©n, Mats Wahlberg & Per Vikstrand 2013: Namn och namnforskning. Ett levande lΓ€romedel om ortnamn, personnamn och andra namn , p. 148. Accessed on February 15th, 2020, at https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:606610/FULLTEXT01.pdf ^ de:Deutsche Familiennamen ^ de:Liste latinisierter Personennamen ^ Stieger, Daniel 2019. Alte Berufsbezeichnungen. http://www.daniel-stieger.ch/berufe.htm (Updated December 7th, 2019. Accessed December 22nd, 2019) ^ G. E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage , Vol.3, 1913, Appendix C, p.610 ^ John Collinson, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset , Vol.2, 1791, p.378 [1] ^ Literally: "from the golden testicles" ^ Charles Trice Martin; Elias (de) Aureis Testiculis was holding 10 knight's fees of Earl William of Gloucester in the Cartae Baronum of 1166 ^ Collins Robert French Dictionary ^ "Court-hand restored, or, the student's assistant in reading old deeds, charters, records, etc.Β : Neatly engraved on twenty-three copper plates, describing the old law hands, with their contractions and abbreviationsΒ : With an appendix containing the ancient names of places in Great Britain and IrelandΒ : An alphabetical table of ancient surnamesΒ : And a glossography of Latin words found in the works of the most eminent lawyers and other ancient writings, but not in any modern dictionaries". 1879. ^ Martin, Charles Trice (1910). The Record Interpreter: a collection of abbreviations, Latin words and names used in English historical manuscripts and records (2ndΒ ed.). London: Stevens and Sons. ^ Wright, Andrew; Martin, Charles Trice (November 9, 1879). "Court-hand restored, or, The student's assistant in reading old deeds, charters, records, etc". LondonΒ : Reeves & Turner β via Internet Archive. ^ "The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America". 1874.