The Serbian mafia (Serbian: Cpпска мафија / Srpska mafija), or Serbian organized crime, are various criminal organizations based in Serbia or composed of ethnic Serbs in the former Yugoslavia and Serbian diaspora. The organizations are primarily involved in smuggling, arms trafficking, drug trafficking, human trafficking, assassinations, heists, assault, protection rackets, murder, money laundering and illegal gambling. Ethnic Serb organized crime groups are organized horizontally; higher-ranked members are not necessarily coordinated by any leader.[10] The Serbian mafia is estimated to earn over €200 billion annually, with its annual earnings on the cocaine market in Europe worth €5.4 billion.[11] According to criminologists and law enforcement authorities, the Serbian mafia is the most powerful in Europe.[11] [12]
Serbian organized crime emerged during the 1970s as increasing numbers of Yugoslav expatriates emigrated to Western Europe. Serbian gangsters in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and France carried out robberies and heists with the support of the Yugoslavian security services, which employed expatriate criminals as informants and assassins, and in exchange provided them with weapons and legal protection. Such government support, along with the wealth Serbian gangs accumulated through a pattern of robberies, allowed the Serbian mafia to become one of the most powerful crime groups in Europe by the 1980s.[13] One of the most significant mafia groups in Scandinavia is the Serbian-Montenegrin mafia in Scandinavia, also known as Juggemaffian ("Yugo Mafia"). The foundations of the gang began during the mass immigration of Yugoslav guest-workers to Sweden in the 1970s. Its power base is in the cities of Stockholm and Copenhagen, with territory in Malmö and Gothenburg, among other cities in western Sweden. The "Yugo Mafia" received significant media attention in Sweden especially during the 1990s, thanks to flashy top-ranking members such as Dragan "Jokso" Joksović. The founder and first leader of the gang is believed to be warlord Željko Ražnatović Arkan and the current leader is alleged to be Milan Ševo.
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, many Serbian gangsters throughout Europe returned to Serbia to exploit new criminal opportunities and serve in paramilitary units during the Bosnian War.[13] The Serbian mafia gave many Serbs a perceived way out of the economic disaster that occurred in the country following the implementation of internationally imposed sanctions against Serbia during the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. Serbian criminals have also been recruited into state security forces, a notable example being Milorad "Legija" Ulemek, a commander in Arkan's Tigers, which was re-labelled as the JSO (Red Berets) after the war.
During the period when the cigarette mafia operated, the Serbian mafia earned about 100 billion dollars.[14] Today, the Serbian mafia is composed of several major international criminal organizations specializing in the cocaine trade, which in turn have wider networks throughout Europe and across the world. These include some highly successful groups, including one of the largest cocaine import enterprises in Europe, "Group America", and the "Pink Panthers", responsible for some of the biggest heists ever committed.[15] The Serbian mafia has established a direct connection with the majority of cocaine producers, purchasing drugs directly from South American producers, selling them only to wholesalers operating in Europe.[16][17]
According to estimates by Europol and the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Serbian cartel "Group America", also known "el cartel de las Balcanes" ("the cartel of the Balkans"),[2] imports about 500 tons of cocaine annually to Europe. The boss of the group, Dejan Stanimirovic, was wanted by more than 30 countries.[18][19] In June 2013, Forbes magazine published a list of the richest mafia bosses in the world, with Serbian drug lord Darko Šarić in fifth place with an estimated 27 billion dollars worth of assets.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
Ljubomir Magaš, aka Ljuba Zemunac, was known as the "Godfather" of the Serbian mafia during the 1970s and 1980s. He and his gang operated in Germany and Italy during this time.[28] He was assassinated in 1986 by his rival Goran "Majmun" Vuković.
Vukasin Despotović & Dario Ivišić operated in the Netherlands and became one of the most powerful gangsters through his elimination of rivals while working as a hitman and took over the drug trade in the Netherlands.[29] The drug that was smuggled was cocaine from Colombia[29] and "Joca Amsterdam" became known as the "Cocaine King".[30] He worked for "Duja" Bećirović as an underboss and later lived in Bulgaria where he successfully smuggled drugs until his arrest in 2002. Upon returning to Serbia, he took over companies by force, utilizing the Surčin clan,[29] (one of three then most powerful "clans" of Belgrade). He was later accused of organizing the 2008 assassination of Ivo Pukanić, a Croatian journalist killed by a car bomb, but was acquitted by a Serbian court due to a lack of evidence for his involvement.[31][32]
Željko "Arkan" Ražnatović was a successful bank robber in Western Europe in the 1970s. He had convictions and warrants in Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. However, he managed to escape from several prisons and then made connections with several known criminals from Yugoslavia during his time there. In the 1980s he returned to Serbia where he became involved with illegal businesses and led the Red Star Belgrade supporters' group "Delije Sever" ("Ultras").[33]
The real breakthrough for criminal organizations in Serbia occurred in the early 1990s, when the Yugoslav Wars erupted in first Croatia and then Bosnia. The Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks fought over territory in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. International sanctions were imposed on Serbia starting in May 1992 and Serbia became economically isolated. This prompted the breakthrough for criminal organizations. Desperate for money, many former soldiers and youngsters turned to a life of crime.[citation needed]
In 1992, members of the "Peca" gang were arrested in a massive police-operation. One of the gang's members was Dušan Spasojević, who later became the head of the Zemun clan.[34] A young mobster from the Belgrade suburb of Voždovac, Aleksandar "Knele" Knežević, was murdered in October of that year, prompting a brief, but violent Gang War in Belgrade.[35]
Arkan was the founder and leader of the Serb Volunteer Guard (Arkan's Tigers), a Serb paramilitary unit that fought during the Yugoslav Wars. The unit's members were mostly newly recruited Red Star Belgrade hooligans and gangsters from Serbia.[33] Those who joined the unit profited on the battlefields by looting and stealing. Arkan later founded the Party of Serbian Unity in 1993. By the time he returned home, he had become the most powerful member of the Serbian Mafia. He married singer Svetlana "Ceca" Ražnatović.[36]
Since the days of SFRY, the mafia has sometimes been protected in exchange for political favors, thus having a direct connection to their activities. Stane Dolanc, a Slovene, instrumentalized the mafia for political assassinations abroad. In the 90s, the Mafia profited by smuggling cigarettes, alcohol and oil. Businessman Stanko Subotić was the person that made the largest profit at this time, as cigarettes and oil were in such high demand because of the sanctions. Subotić's net worth is estimated to be €650 million.[37] After Milošević's fall from power, Subotić maintained connections with Montenegrin President Milo Đukanović, who granted him political favours.[38]
From 1994 to 2000, illegal cigarette smuggling in Italy was operated by the Serbian mafia in coordination with the Italian organized crime groups.[39] Serb and Montenegrin soldiers who had returned from the front-lines of the Yugoslav wars found the only way to make a profit was by turning to a life of crime. The most common crimes were assassinations, kidnappings, drug and cigarette trafficking, robberies, money laundering, racketeering and illegal software production.[10] In 1998, 350 kilograms of heroin were seized at the Serbian-Bulgarian border.[40]
On 15 January 2000, Arkan was assassinated in the lobby of the Continental Hotel in Belgrade. Slobodan Milošević was dethroned in the October 2000 Bulldozer Revolution. However, a bloody feud soon emerged among the different criminal "clans" of Belgrade. The feud grew into an open war in which many of the key Mafia bosses were assassinated.[36] In 2000, some €841,000,000 was made in illegal profits in Serbia.[41]
25 August 2000. Ivan Stambolić, former Serbian president was abducted in Belgrade, just before the federal election in which it was mentioned that he could be included as a candidate for the President of the FRY, and since then he disappeared without a trace. The remains of Stambolić were discovered on 28 March 2003. He was killed on the same day he had been hijacked by members of the Zemun clan. The funeral was on 8 April.[citation needed]
By the early 2000s, the Serbian mafia reportedly had more money than the Serbian government and was better armed than the Serbian Army and Serbian police, according to Serbian Interior Minister Dušan Mihajlović, who claimed Slobodan Milošević had given life to crime-syndicates as a "state-sanctioned mafia". Prostitutes from Russia, Belarus and the Ukraine were smuggled into Serbia. After Milošević fell from power, the Mafia began seeking a new contact in the government.[38] In September 2001, 700 kilograms of heroin was found in a bank vault rented by the BIA in central Belgrade. The illegal safekeeping was never explained, nor brought up. In exchange for information about Kosovo Albanian terrorists, the Zemun Gang was provided "special training courses" by the Serbian Special Forces.[40]
In 2011, Dr Gilly McKenzie, an Interpol Organized Crime Unit expert, compiled a "White Book" containing 52 criminal organizations of Serbia, none of which had been terminated by the year's end. In the same year, it was concluded that the Protection rackets in port cities on the Black Sea were run by Serbian, Russian and Ukrainian criminals.[42]
Beginning with the Yugoslav wars and ending with the assassination of Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić in March 2003, connections between the mafia and the government were obvious and corruption was rampant in most branches of the government, from border patrols to law-enforcement agencies. On 12 March 2003, Đinđić was assassinated by a former Serbian Special Operations Unit member, Zvezdan Jovanović. "Legija" was also involved in the assassination and was sentenced to 50 years in prison.[36]
Đinđić had connections within the Surčin Gang that dated back to the earlier overthrowing of Milošević. The government set in motion an operation against organized crime - "Operation Sabre", which led to more than 10,000 arrests. Many New Belgrade malls, locations frequented by gangsters, were closed after the Operation,[36] 123 criminal groups were shattered with 844 members awaiting trial; 3,949 people had criminal complaints issued against them. 28 kilograms of heroin, 463 grams of cocaine, 44,837 kilograms of marijuana, 4,960 kilograms of synthetic drugs and 688 stolen cars were recovered in a single day.[43] Milan Sarajlić, the Deputy State Prosecutor of Serbia was arrested that day and later confessed to being on the payroll of the Zemun clan.[44]
In November 2003, 140 kilograms of marijuana were seized in Belgrade and 4 people were arrested.[45] The Red Berets were dissolved on 23 March 2003.[10] In 2005, it was confirmed that Serbia had lost 7,500,000 RSD daily due to economic crime,[clarification needed] with the estimated total loss to criminal activity [clarification needed] being estimated to be approximately €200,000,000 yearly.[41] In 2006, it was revealed that Dušan Spasojević, leader of the Zemun clan, was connected to Serbian Radical leader Vojislav Šešelj, to whom he had allegedly given information about high-profile murders carried out in Serbia, which Šešelj wrote about.[46]
In January 2009, Serbian Interior Minister Ivica Dačić estimated that between 30 and 40 serious organized crime groups were operating in Serbia.[47] The figures provided by Dačić did not include smaller criminal groups but more organized ones that were involved in drug and arms trafficking, human trafficking, murder and protection rackets.[citation needed]
In September 2009, 22 members of the Elez group were arrested by the Serbian police, dubbed the most dangerous gang in Western Balkans.[48] The leader, Darko Elez, was captured with five other members in Serbia. 13 others were captured in Bosnia, including three police officers.[48] Police seized 2.8 tons (2,800 kg, worth 120 million €[49]) of cocaine shipment from Uruguay on 17 October 2009, the BIA and American DEA made the joint operation.[50][51][52] On 31 October 2009, Serbian police arrested over 500 people in the biggest anti-drug bust ever in Serbia.[52]
The Interior Ministry organized the Morava-operation that would focus on drug trafficking to young people in the primary and secondary schools, clubs and cafes and would encompass 2,000 police officers searching the whole country.[53]
In November 2009, Argentine police arrested five Serbian drug couriers and seized their 492 kilograms of cocaine in Buenos Aires,[52] One of the largest drug busts in 2009.[54] The routes of the drugs were from Uruguay and Argentina via Central alt. South Africa to Northern Italy alt. Turkey to Montenegro.[52] Serbian organized crime experts estimated 10,000 foot soldiers part of 5 major organized crime groups operating in Serbia.[55] A courier package of 5 kilos cocaine was intercepted from Paraguay, 4 Serbs from Belgrade were arrested.[51] The busts were part of the Operation Balkan Warrior; an international drug smuggling case that involves mainly the Zemun clan, led by, among others, Željko Vujanović.[50]
In December 2009, Interior Minister Ivica Dačić said "half of the Serbian sport clubs are led by people with links to organized crime".[56] 21 kilos of heroin ($1,5-million) were found in a Belgrade flat rented by a Montenegrin national. The drugs were brought from Turkey.[57]
In January 2010, a 20-acre (81,000 m2) lot illegally owned by the Zemun clan was seized at Šilerova Street, Zemun, Belgrade, the clan's headquarters.[54] By 21 January, the Balkan Warrior Operation included 19 suspects, 9 of whom were already in custody. New arrestees included Darko Šarić[58] and Goran Soković.[50] That same day, an 8-man crime group involved in stealing of oil over a two-year period from the NIS pipelines, the crude oil was sold through a company, worth several hundred thousands of euros, among the arrested is a member of the MUP.[59]
On 10 February 2010, Serbian top officials said serious death threats from the narco-mafia have been directed against President Boris Tadić, Deputy Prime minister and Interior minister Ivica Dačić, Special prosecutor for organized crime Miljko Radisavljević, and other top government officials.[49] On 18 February, a group of six robbers from Belgrade were arrested, they had since 2008 stolen more than 10 million RSD from banks, post offices, gas stations, exchange offices and stores.[60]
On 19 February 2010, Interior Minister Dačić said more than 50 suspects were arrested today in an ongoing operation aimed against financial crime and money laundering conducted in Valjevo, Novi Sad, Belgrade, Šabac, Sremska Mitrovica, Čačak and Sombor.[61]
In March 2010, Stanko "Cane" Subotić, head of the so-called "Tobacco mafia", accused Nebojša Medojević, the Montenegrin party leader of Movement for Change of having organized a manhunt for him. Medojević had claimed that Cane and Darko Šarić had been hiding in a Montenegrin police villa in Žabljak, while Cane said in an interview that he was in Geneva, Switzerland.[62] On 11 March, a "well-known" entrepreneur [who?] was arrested with 1.2 kilograms of heroin meant for resale in Jagodina.[63]
On 19 March, Boris Tadić vowed all-out war on the Serbian mafia, in particular drug trafficking that is considered the biggest threat in society. He claimed to have evidence that Serbian cartels have attempted to penetrate state institutions to destabilise the government. "The latest property seizures prove that those groups have laundered narco money by investing not only into their personal houses and land but also in tourism, factories and distribution of the press", Tadić said.[64] On 28 March 2010, two Bosnian Serbs from Novi Pazar were arrested at Zagreb Airport with at least 1.7 kilograms of cocaine for the Serbian drug market. The pure cocaine came from Lima, Peru where they had spent the month traveling from Belgrade. The drugs were worth an estimated €70,000 on the streets of Croatia.[65]
In April 2010, it was concluded that Šarić's gang had planned an operation against Serbian officials, including the president. Encrypted messages in local newspapers were deciphered by investigators and after long surveillance of the clan it was concluded that several hitmen were to kill Serbian officials of the MUP, BIA and state officials in a synchronized and highly well-coordinated way. The Šarić clan wants to liquidate people that are in their way, after the Balkan Warrior Operation that heavily decreased crime in Serbia and Montenegro.[66] On 14 May 2010, three Serbs who worked security for one of Bolivia's top drug lords were killed in a shootout with rival crime groups; the drug lord [who?] was kidnapped.[67]
Dačić submitted the work report for 2009; the police had uncovered 7 OC groups and arrested 86 people. He said that by the end of 2009 there were 27 registered OC groups active, with each group having more than 200 members.[68] There is/was an ongoing investigation against Zemun clan members involved in assassinations who claim Šešelj ordered the assassination of Tomislav Nikolić.[69]
In 2010 it was revealed that the Šarić gang had, from 2008 to 2009, ousted the 'Ndrangheta from the drug market. With the emergence of the gang on Italian soil, the gang offered better quality cocaine for a lower price, effectively gaining the market from 2007 to 2009, trafficking cocaine from South America. Operation Balkan Warrior was successful in Italy, with over 80 people arrested. Two networks were among the arrested, one Italian, with members from Milan and other northern Italian towns, and the other, a Serbian network, with members from Serbia, Montenegro and Slovenia. The Serbian network has operatives all over Europe and South America.[70][71]
The Principi Group is the mafia organization in Serbia that is most closely linked to the Serbian state. After the arrest of their leader and suspected multiple murderer Veljko Belivuk in 2019, he said in a court hearing that he had done "dirty work" for the Serbian government. In 2022, criminal proceedings against the alleged mafia boss Veljko Belivuk and 31 co-defendants began in a court in Belgrade. The leader is charged with five counts of murder, kidnapping, drug trafficking and illegal possession of weapons. He said he worked through intermediaries for President Aleksandar Vučić.[72][73]
Group America (Serbian: Група Америка; Grupa Amerika), also known as "el cartel de las Balcanes" ("the cartel of the Balkans"),[2] is a Serbian mafia group and international drug cartel. Group America has roots in New York and Belgrade,operating on globale scale in dozen of Countries, this criminal organization is considered to be the most pervasive, violent and powerful drug crime in Europe, but its leaders have shown amazing ability to evade capture, What emerged is a picture of a well-disciplined, nimble, and creative network with a unique business model and a knack for staying ahead of the law.[75] [76] [77]
The group originated in the 1970s, when Serbian nationalist Boško "The Yugo" Radonjić emigrated from Yugoslavia to the United States and joined the Westies, a predominantly Irish-American organized crime gang operating in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York. After the imprisonment of Jimmy Coonan and other Westies leaders in the late 1980s, Radonjić assumed control of the gang and recruited other Serb mobsters, including Mileta Miljanić and Zoran Jakšić, into the organization.[2] He also maintained links with the Gambino crime family and its boss, John Gotti.[78] Miljanić, a Bosnian Serb from Gacko, and Jakšić, an immigrant from Zrenjanin, served as bodyguards for Radonjić before they were each sentenced to federal prison for credit card fraud in the late 1980s.[79] Miljanić was paroled after serving 20 months of a three-year sentence, while Jakšić was also paroled after serving part of a five-year sentence, but was returned to prison for a parole violation.[79]
Amidst the breakup of Yugoslavia and outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars in the early 1990s, Radonjić and other gang members returned to Belgrade, where they allegedly established links with the Serbian security services. Radonjić gradually relinquished control of the group, and he was eventually succeeded by Vojislav "Voya the American" Raičević, who oversaw the organization's transformation into an international crime syndicate focusing on trafficking cocaine from South America to Europe which came to be known as "Group America".[2][79]
In 1997, Raičević disappeared, presumed killed by a rival gang. His brother, Veselin Vesko “Little Bear” Raičević, convened a meeting to formulate a campaign to uncover the identity of Raičević's killers and exact revenge. Among the attendees of the meeting was Boško Bojović,” a senior Montenegrin spy loyal to Slobodan Milošević. The man determined to be Raičević's assassin, Miša Cvjetičanin, was tortured until he revealed the identity of his co-conspirators and then dismembered with a chainsaw. A string of murders then followed, including of two rival gang leaders, a police general, two Group America turncoats, and one of their fathers. Following the purge, Miljanić emerged as the leader of Group America.[79]
The Serbian drug cartel, led by , Edin Gacanin known by the nickname Tito, considered to be one of the world's most prolific drug traffickers, security services, however, believe that Edin Gacanin (Tito) is the person who, after Jakšić's arrest, took over the work in the field in his name and the Group America account.
The center of Jakšić's business and other Serbian cartels in South America was Bolivia until 2014. That year, due to large confiscation operations, the business center was transferred to Peru, since then Peru has been the main distribution center of cocaine to Europe. Peru held by Jakšić until 2016, he had the strongest contacts with the cartels there, and no one was stronger than him. When Zoran Jakšić was arrested in 2016, the work continued. Jakšić did not lose his power with the arrest, only one of his associates took over the work on the field. According to our information, the person who took control of the drug business in Peru is the same person identified by the local police under the nickname Tito," a source from the security services told. [80] [81]
According to a Brazilian federal police detective Ivo Silva, Group America,also known as "Balkan Cartel" is the most powerful criminal organization operating in Brazil. Goran Nesic was one of the most powerful drug lords in South America, he is considered to be a member of Group America. He held 2 football clubs one of which was in the champions League. Nešić lived in a fortified villa like in the movie "Scarface", which the Brazilians called "Fortress". It is surrounded by a metal fence through which electricity has been passed. Numerous cameras and armed guards guard her owner, who has a hundreds of subjects: bodyguards, couriers, drug dealers. Nesic was completely calm during his arrest, as the Brazilian media reporter - in the style of a big boss in a luksury summer house in Bauru, he was arrested in a completely casual.[82] [83]
YACS (an abbreviation of "Yugoslavians, Albanians, Croatians and Serbians") is a term used by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to describe a loose-knit network of criminals from the former Yugoslavia based in the Bronx and southern Westchester County areas of New York.[84][85][86] Captain George Duke of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) characterized the YACS group as consisting of two distinct divisions; a Serbian faction which focused on gem heists, and an Albanian group which carried out robberies on targets such as grocery stores and gas stations.[87] Describing the gang's modus operandi, FBI Agent John J. Slicks said: "They are not structured like the Cosa Nostra. It's not like they have one leader, or a top-down structure. They are ad hoc groups. They will mix and match people for different jobs".[86] The YACS group has also been recruited as an "enforcement arm" for American Mafia crime families. According to Captain George E. Rutledge of the Yonkers Police Department: "The YACS are valuable to traditional Italian families because they are very ingrained in European values. They don't talk to police".[88]
The network began operating as early as 1988.[89] Between 1992 and 1998, the YACS group robbed an estimated 150 automated teller machines, and from 1994 to 1998, burgled 410 supermarkets in 23 U.S. states.[86][88] Jewelry stores and other businesses were also targeted.[86] The gang accumulated approximately $50 million from these robberies.[85] According to the FBI, some of the stolen funds were used by the group to finance paramilitary operations in the Balkans.[90]
Hundreds of attempted or successful burglaries had been attributed to the YACS group by the Food Marketing Institute (FMI) by 1994, leading the FMI to seek assistance from the FBI in preventing the crime trend. An investigation into the YACS crime ring was then initiated by the New York office of the FBI.[84] By 1998, the investigation had resulted in almost 300 suspected members being identified and as many as a hundred being arrested.[86]
As part of a Labor Day initiative by the FBI, YACS burglars and robbers were arrested in Branford, Connecticut; Montgomery Township, Pennsylvania; North Reading, Massachusetts; and Los Gatos, California, in September 1995.[91]
In December 1995, five YACS burglars were apprehended by police in Saratoga Springs, New York.[91]
Two YACS gang members, Zenun Kameraj and Bktesh Beka, were arrested while carrying out a burglary at a grocery store in Yorktown, New York in April 1996. The duo were convicted of burglary; Kameraj was sentenced to two-to-four years in state prison, and Beka was sentenced to one and a half-to-four and a half years in state prison.[86]
Thirteen alleged members of the YACS network were indicted in Manhattan Federal Court on 25 April 1996, on charges of conspiracy to commit interstate theft, robbery and bank burglary. The group was accused of planning or attempting to commit at least 21 robberies and burglaries in New York, Illinois and New Jersey.[92]
On 30 May 1996, ten people allegedly affiliated with the YACS group were indicted in White Plains Federal Court, charged with robbery, burglary, narcotics distribution and racketeering. The gang allegedly carried out 16 burglaries on residences, banks, supermarkets and gas stations in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Illinois.[88][93]
Two suspected members of the YACS gang, Sasa Vucetovic and Gary Bohanan, were arrested following a $36,000 armed robbery of a Chase Manhattan Bank in Ardsley, New York on 23 June 1998.[86] Vucetovic and Bohanan were both charged with first-degree robbery.[94]
On 14 August 1998, three suspected YACS members, Shani Gashi, Michael Ruiz and John DeAngelo, were arrested in Yorktown while opening a safe which had been stolen from a convenience store in Hunter, New York.[86] The trio were indicted for possession of stolen property and possession of burglar's tools.[95]
Three YACS members, Nikolin Camaj, Nikolin Prelaj and Mervan Rugovac, were apprehended after tripping a silent alarm while burglarizing a market in Schodack, New York on 10 August 1999. Each of the men were convicted of burglary and sentenced to state prison terms; Camaj to seven years, and Prelaj and Rugovac to four years.[89]
The YACS group was suspected in a string of burglaries carried out in Orange County, New York between June 2002 and February 2003.[90]
The reign of Slobodan Milošević represented the height of power of Serbian organized crime, when mafiosi and government officials were intertwined. The role of several Belgrade gangsters was described in the documentary film, Vidimo se u čitulji (See You in the Obituary).
The Pink Panthers international jewel thief network is responsible for some of the most audacious thefts in criminal history.[107] They are responsible for what have been termed some of the most glamorous heists ever, with their crimes being thought of as "artistry" even by criminologists.[108] They have targeted several countries and continents, and include Japan's most successful robbery ever among their thefts.[citation needed]
Interpol believes that the YACS Crime Group that evolved into The PINK PANTHERS are responsible for US$130 million in bold robberies in Dubai, Switzerland, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain and Monaco. Pink Panthers are believed to be responsible for the robbery of the jewellery store Harry Winston in Paris, on 9 December 2008. The thieves escaped with more than €80 million worth of jewellery.[109] The total worth of jewellery that has been stolen by the Pink Panthers was 250 million € in May, 2010.[110]
The first Serbian mafiosi came to Australia in the late 70s, organized in a Yugoslav clan, their headquarters were some 15 kafanas in Sydney, Wollongong and Melbourne.[35]
Milivoje Matović (aka "Miša Kobra") arrived in Sydney in 1986 and became a known gambler who organized big games. His younger brother Braca owed money to the gang of Žorž Stanković, who sent his own son Batica after Matović. Batica was deported to Serbia and Braca was killed in the meantime. Žorž was killed in 1993 and his son Batica was killed in 1996.[35]
In 2005 interviews with Australian Serbs, it was said some 20 Zemun clan members operated in Australia at the time, double the number working prior to Operation Sablja.[35] Serbian boxer Božidar Cvetić who in 2002 was stabbed,[111] now working as a bouncer in Australia said that Australian police had shown him pictures of some 150 Serbian criminals active in Australia.[35]
In May 2007, Australian police saw recruitment to organized crime motorcycle gangs from young Serbs.[112]
The Serbian mafia was the main operators of drug trafficking and cigarette smuggling in Austria and Austria was the home to many Serbian gangs.[113]
On 27 October 1978 Veljko Krivоkарić secretly met with Ljubomir Magaš, a member of the gang he had just left, at the Zur Hauptpost coffee house in Vienna. Magaš and another Yugoslav, Rade Ćaldović, grabbed Krivоkарić and fractured his skull with a glass bottle. Stevan Marković's body was found in garbage bags in 1968. He was the former bodyguard of Alain Delon. His godfather, Corsican gangster François Marcantoni, was under investigation for murder and spent 11 months in custody. The Pink Panthers have operated in Austria.[114]
In 1990, Kosovo Albanian activist Enver Hadri was assassinated in Brussels by Veselin "Vesko" Vukotić, Andrija Lakonić, and Darko Ašanin, at the time hired by the UDBA (Yugoslav intelligence).[citation needed]
From 1994 to 1997, Zemun clan leader Dušan Spasojević used heroin supplies channels through Sofia. In 1997, 350 kilos of heroin was seized at the Serbian-Bulgarian border.[40] Sreten Jocić (aka "Joca Amsterdam") escaped from custody in Netherlands in 1993; he left for Bulgaria where he would continue his drug smuggling under the pseudonym "Marko Milosavljević" (which happens to be the same name as a noted Serbian football player). He was arrested in 2002 and extradited to the Netherlands.[29]
One Macedonian national and 2 Bulgarians were arrested during the Operation Moonlight linked with the Zemun clan; they trafficked cocaine from Bolivia.[115]
Zemun clan member Nenad "Milenko" Milenković was arrested in 2003 at the Varna resort, following the international warrant by the Serbian police after Operation Sablja. He was suspected of orchestrating at least three murders in Bulgaria and some 20 in Serbia.[116] The Zemun clan successfully managed the drug traffic from Bulgaria after 2003, taking over the market from Surcin-associate Sreten Jocić.[117]
It has been alleged that Bulgarian tycoon Iliya Pavlov was murdered by the Serbian mafia in 2004 and had owed 250 million dollars to Milosević era government figures.[118]
Croatian hitman Robert Matanić and his colleagues were hired by the Zemun clan to kill members of the competing Bulgarian mafia for the Balkan drug route. Dimitar Hristov, Kaloyan Savov and Zhivko Mitev were killed in a shootout on 4 June 2004. Matanić and his men were hired by Milcho Bonev [who?] as bodyguards. Matanić was arrested and detained in Bulgaria.[119][120] Milcho Bonev was assassinated in 2004, believed to be organized by the Serbian Mafia.[121]
In September 2007, what appeared to be an internal feud resulted in the death of Jovica Lukić and the critical wounding of two other men as well as a mother and her baby. The men were all members of the Zemun clan.[122] Former Litex president Angel Bonchev had business with the Zemun clan. He was kidnapped in 2008.[123] The Zemun clan is active in Bulgaria.[124]
In the 1990s, Serbian organised groups were one of the leading syndicates operating in the Czech Republic.[125] A letter was sent to Czech newspapers containing information on a supposed future assassination of President Havel by 4 or 5 members and their whereabouts. The letter, written in broken Czech, was thought by police to have been sent by a rival gang.[125]
Serbian-Danish actor Slavko Labović, who played Radovan in the film Pusher, was arrested, along with his brother, for possession of illegal arms (loaded gun) in Sweden. He was the director of the RK Company in Denmark,[126] an illegal gambling company owned by Rade Kotur (Spelkungen, The Gambling King) a known figure in Sweden who hired the murder of Ratko Đokić.[126]
Human trafficking and illegal immigration was growing in Finland has been orchestrated by Serbian organized crime groups since 2004.[113]
Known in French as Mafia Serbe. In 1962, Stevica Marković, Miša Milošević and Radovan Delić arrived in Paris, were part of the "Garderodameri" that was formed in 1966 with the arrival of Marko Nicovic.[28]
The Pink Panthers have operated in France. In October 2008, police officials in Monaco arrested two members of the gang, a Serb and a Bosnian Serb. The gang is suspected of jewellery and gems theft at Harry Winston for an estimated value of up to 80 million Euros or 105 million US dollars.[127]
After the Yugoslav wars, Kristijan Golubović worked in Greece. In 2002, he escaped from Malandrino, a Greek prison where he had been serving fourteen and a half years for stealing two Mercedes-Benz cars and an armed robbery. In December 2009, two Serbs were arrested suspected of involvement of a major group smuggling cocaine from Peru to Montenegro on luxury yachts. The United States DEA helped the Greek police track the smuggling for five months. Two other Serbs [who?] were also wanted in Serbia in connection with this.[128]
Known in German as the German: Serbische Mafia, Jugoslawische Mafia. The Serbian mafia was the main operator of cigarette smuggling in Germany in 2004.[113] Ljubomir Magaš ("Ljuba Zemunac", "Ljuba from Zemun", "The Godfather") was the head of the Serbian mafia at the time. He was killed by two shots to the heart from close range in front of a courthouse in Frankfurt, Germany in 1986 by Goran Vuković "Majmun", a member of the Vozdovac clan, who himself survived five murder attempts following the killing before he was assassinated in downtown Belgrade in broad daylight in 1994. Slobodan "Slobo" Grbović left Italy for Germany in the 1970s and became friends with Vaso Letećeg, a thief from Belgrade. In 1981, the friendship ended in a feud over money, Slobo shot and wounded Letećeg and went to prison.[28]
In 1980, Branislav Saranović [who?] escaped Wuppertal prison with the help of the Ljuba Zemunac gang who blew up a prison wall. In February 1988, Rade Caldović is appointed the leader in Germany after good relations with the Italian crime groups in Milan. He became friends with Greek businessman Mihail Sainidis, who owns casinos in southern Germany. On 30 March, Zoran Lucić, a Belgrade gangster, killed an Albanian rival in Frankfurt.[citation needed]
In the 1990s, the underground of former Eastern Germany was controlled by Italian, German, Russian, Vietnamese and Serbian organized groups.[129] Leipzig was the centre of money laundering, smuggling, prostitution and protection rackets due to the weak system. The most profitable operations of the groups from former Yugoslavia was car thefts, luxury cars were stolen in Germany and sold to Eastern Europe, North Africa and Far East.[129]
Andrija Drašković, an heir to Arkan's syndicate following the latter's assassination, was arrested by German police in Frankfurt after four years on the run from the Italian Anti-Organized Crime Unit. Drašković is believed to have organized the murder of his former boss, Arkan.[130]
The main organized crime groups in Hungary in 2004 were the Bulgarian and Serbian mafias.[113]
In 2019 the Romanian police arrested two Serbian citizens after finding more than a ton of high-quality cocaine on the Black Sea coast that was clearly intended for transit across the country.[131]
Dado "Metko" Cerović and Ibrahim "Belo" Habibović were the most powerful Yugoslav criminals in Milan before moving to Genova.[28] In 1971 Ljubomir Magaš arrived in Italy with "Dača" and settled in Milan. His friend, Rade "Centa" Ćaldović was shot in his stomach in Verona by a rival, Bata Glavac. Ćaldović was later sent to a Rome prison. The Yugoslav mafia in Milan was formed by Magas, Arkan, Ćaldović, Veljko Krivоkарić, Slobodan "Slobo Crnogorac" Grbović, Milan Civija, Dule Milanović, Mile Ojdanić, Sava Somborac, Pera Oziljak, Marinko Magda, and Đorđe "Giška" Bozović. They carried out holdups, murders and burglaries in Trieste, Rome, and Milan.[28]
Ibrahim "BELO" (called "Drago lo Belo" in Italian) was a Serbian gangster who found his way to Milan, he was connected with a godfather of the 'Ndrangheta in Calabria. He was involved with gambling, bank and jewellery robberies.[28] An influx of gangsters from SR Montenegro strengthened the Yugoslav position in the Italian underworld. Đorđe Božović, Vlasto Petrović Crnogorac, and Darko Ašanin were connected with mafiosi operating from Montenegro; Branko and Slobodan Šaranović, Brano Mićunović and Ratko "Cobra" Đokić, Sarajevo; Miša Martinović, Zagreb; Marko Vlahović. In the same time Slobodan Grbović (aka "Slobo Crnogorac") left for Germany and teamed up with Vaso Letećeg, a thief from Belgrade.[28]
During the 1990s the 'Ndrangheta acquired weapon arsenal (Bazookas, explosives, automatic firearms) built in Serbia, imported through firms outside Italy.[129] From 1994 to 2000 illegal cigarette smuggling in Italy was operated by the Serbian mafia together with the Italian crime groups.[39]
Zemun clan member Ninoslav Konstantinović fled the Netherlands to Italy after his brother was arrested in 2003. In Italy he became a leading heroin distributor and professional hitman, working for the Camorra in Naples, he is recognized as highly skilled as many of his fellow Zemun clan members are known throughout Europe.[124]
In May 2009, Vladimir Jovanović, a former Zemun clan member and Interpol wanted was arrested in Italy.[132]
The presence of Serbian OC groups, among others, have increased rapidly the later years because of the badly controlled coastline.[133]
International burglary networks were present in 2004, mainly from Southeastern Europe (the Balkans).[113]
Montenegro was in a state union with Serbia from 1991 to 2006. The Serbian mafia is the leading criminal group in Montenegro. Many of the Belgrade crime groups that were not caught during Operation Sablja hid in Montenegro. The Zemun clan is active in Montenegro.[124]
There have been a number of unsolved murder cases in Rotterdam that have been linked to the activities of Serbian Organized Crime gangs. In recent years the Serbian mafia has been growing strong in the Netherlands. By 2004, ecstasy and heroin in Netherlands had originated from the Balkans.[10][113]
Sreten Jocić (aka "Joca Amsterdam"), is a hitman and a drug dealer. He is considered the leader for the Serbian mafia in Amsterdam. On Christmas Eve, 1974, Slobodan Mitrić killed three alleged UDBA members in Amsterdam. In 1977, Emilio Di Giovine was wounded and two of his men killed by rival Yugoslavs.[citation needed]
On 24 October 1979, Arkan, Slobodan Kostovski, and an unnamed Italian accomplice were arrested while robbing a jewelry store in Amsterdam, they had days earlier robbed a jeweller in Hague and were sought in several countries. On 8 May 1981, Arkan escaped from the Bijlmerbajes prison in Amsterdam with Sergio Settimo, an Italian national, one of the most sought-after criminals in Europe.[citation needed]
In 1992, a member of the Chinese Triad was killed after a debt to the Serbian Mafia. The Serbian OC groups have become stronger and has superseded the Russian Mafia in Netherlands and the arms trade is shared by Serbian and Turkish groups.[133]
Non-Norwegian gangs and organized crime groups came to dominate Norway's drug trade in the 1980s. During the 1990s Norway saw a large influx of Yugoslavs seeking refugee status due to the conflict in the Balkan region.[134]
Slovenia has witnessed a growing trend of human trafficking by Balkan organized crime groups since 2004. Serbian organized crime has operated the cigarette smuggling and arms trafficking.[113]
A growing trend of auto theft was seen by southeastern European organized crime groups since 2004. Serbian organized crime groups grew their presence in Spain.[113]
Known in Swedish as: Serbiska maffian or Serbiska Brödraskapet, earlier Jugoslaviska maffian or Juggemaffian during the years of Yugoslavia. And more specifically known as the Serbian Brotherhood encompassing territory from Sweden to Denmark. The Serbian mafia or Serbian Brotherhood in Sweden was said to be the top criminal organisation, but its influence has declined since the deaths of several leading figures. A war was fought over the control of the trade of narcotics and cigarettes between Serbian Organized Crime leaders which resulted in the deaths of Joksa and Ratko Đokić.[citation needed]
Individuals associated to Serbian Organized Crime in Sweden include:
Sweden saw a large influx of ethnic Serbs during the 1960s/70s, when the "Arbetskraftsinvandring" took place; The labour force of immigrants who were granted citizenship (similar to Gastarbeiter programme). In the 1980s the Serbs were the main operators of drug smuggling in Sweden.[135]
In 2003, in a storage room located in the Vårby Gård suburbs, the Swedish police found silenced firearms; Ak47s, Uzis, MP5s, grenades, plastic explosives and mines.[136] The arsenal was used by the Serbian Mafia in Sweden, the owner of the storage was Milan Ševo, son-in-law of Ratko Đokić, former head of the Serbian mafia. This title was soon inherited by Ševo. On 5 May 2003, Đokić was assassinated outside his boxing club in Skärholmen. One of the hitmen, Nenad Mišović, was arrested in Europe years later. Mišović came to Sweden in 2002 after fleeing the police in Serbia. He was hired by Rade Kotur, a rival of Đokić[126] In 2004, the Serbian mafia dominated the organized crime in Sweden, known uncovered operations were doping substances.[113]
One of the chapters in the book, Svensk Maffia (Swedish Mafia) follows the history of the Serbian mafia in Sweden from the 1960s to the present. Serbian Interior Minister Ivica Dačić claims former members of the paramilitary Red Berets took part in the 2009 Västberga helicopter robbery one of the most spectacular heists in the history. One month prior to the robbery, the Swedish Embassy in Serbia was allegedly given "certain information about a criminal group which was preparing a robbery" by Serbian police.[137]
On 2 June 2009, six Serbs were convicted, together with several Israelis, in smuggling of 12.5 ton (£36m) marijuana, orchestrated by the Israeli mafia.[138] The marijuana was seized as it travelled from Larache, Morocco to Southampton on a tugboat under an Israeli flag.[139] The Pink Panthers have operated in London.[114]
There has been known involvement of Balkan crime groups in the United States. One of the most notorious Serbs that arrived in New York City 1956 was Vojislav Stanimirovic, aka MR Stan, criminal turned journalist. He was responsible for the Vizcaya Heist.[140] His son, Pavle Stanimirović, continued the tradition. The best known is Boško Radonjić, leader of the Irish-American organized crime group "the Westies", and the left hand of LCN boss of bosses John Gotti from 1988 to 1992.[citation needed]
The Serbian mafia has appeared in a number of films, novels and video games. They have appeared in: