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Ciudad de Iloilo

La ciudad de Iloilo , oficialmente la ciudad de Iloilo ( hiligaynon : Dakbanwa sang Iloilo ; filipino : Lungsod ng Iloilo ), es una ciudad altamente urbanizada de primera clase en la región de Visayas Occidentales de Filipinas , ubicada en la costa sureste de la isla de Panay . Según el censo de 2020, la ciudad de Iloilo tiene una población de 457.626 personas, lo que la convierte en la ciudad más poblada de Visayas Occidentales. [6] Para el área metropolitana , la población total es de 1.007.945 personas. [10]

Es la ciudad más grande y capital de la provincia de Iloilo , donde está situada geográficamente y agrupada bajo la Autoridad de Estadísticas de Filipinas , pero sigue siendo políticamente independiente en términos de gobierno y administración. Además, es el centro del área metropolitana de Iloilo-Guimaras , así como el centro regional de la región de Visayas Occidentales. La ciudad sirve como centro regional para la educación, las artes culinarias, la religión, la atención médica, el turismo, la cultura, la industria, la gobernanza y la economía.

La ciudad es una conglomeración de antiguas localidades, ahora organizadas como distritos geográficos o administrativos . Estos distritos incluyen Villa de Arévalo , Iloilo City Proper , Jaro (antes una ciudad independiente), La Paz , Mandurriao , Molo y Lapuz (declarado distrito separado en 2008). [11]

En 1566, los españoles se establecieron en Iloilo, estableciéndose como uno de los centros coloniales españoles más antiguos de Filipinas. La ciudad recibió el título honorífico de "La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad" (La ciudad más leal y noble) por parte de la reina regente María Cristina de España y sirvió como la última capital del Imperio español en Asia y el Pacífico , [12] [13] así como la capital del efímero Estado Federal de las Visayas . [14] En los tiempos modernos, la ciudad de Iloilo sigue siendo prominente en el país, con su influencia española todavía muy evidente en su arquitectura, cultura, gastronomía y monumentos históricos. [15] [16]

Famosa por platos como La Paz Batchoy , Kansi , Kadyos, Baboy, kag Langka (KBL) , Laswa y Pancit Molo , la ciudad de Iloilo ha sido reconocida como la primera Ciudad Creativa de Gastronomía de la UNESCO en Filipinas. [17] La ​​ciudad también alberga varias instituciones notables, incluida la Universidad Central de Filipinas , la primera universidad bautista y la segunda universidad estadounidense y protestante del país y Asia , que está clasificada mundialmente por Quacquarelli Symonds y Times Higher Education . [18] [19] También es conocida por albergar las Grabaciones de Cantos Épicos Hinilawod, declaradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO . [20] [21]

La ciudad de Iloilo también es popular por el Festival Dinagyang , casas patrimoniales bien conservadas , iglesias católicas centenarias , museos , explanadas fluviales y edificios arquitectónicos de la época colonial española y estadounidense , además de ser el centro de la devoción de la Candelaria en Filipinas.

Etimología

El nombre "Iloilo" se deriva del nombre más antiguo "Ilong-ilong" ( español filipino : Ilong̃-ílong̃ ) que significa "como una nariz", en referencia al promontorio entre dos ríos ( Iloilo y Batiano ) donde se ubicaban el Fuerte San Pedro y el puerto español del siglo XVII. [22] [23] [24] [25]

Historia

Periodo precolonial

Imágenes del Códice Boxer (c. 1595), que ilustran a los antiguos visayanos
La expansión territorial de la ciudad de Iloilo.

Poco se sabe históricamente sobre la región antes de la llegada de los españoles. En Historia natural del sitio, fertilidad y calidad de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas (1668), el misionero jesuita Francisco Ignacio Alcina (1668) identifica el origen del pueblo hiligaynon de "Oton" ( Panay ) como la isla de Leyte , que se correlaciona con el subgrupo lingüístico de la lengua hiligaynon . [26]

Sin embargo, existen numerosas leyendas sobre los orígenes del pueblo hiligaynon . Entre ellas se encuentra la epopeya Maragtas de Pedro Monteclaro (publicada por primera vez en 1907), que describe cómo diez datu y sus familias, liderados por Datu Puti, abandonaron el "reino de Borneo " para escapar del cruel reinado del sultán Makatunaw. Llegaron a la isla de Panay y negociaron una venta de las tierras bajas con el rey Marikudo del pueblo ati . Se dice que el precio fue un salakot de oro para Marikudo y un largo collar de oro para su reina, Maniwan-tiwan. Entonces se forjó un pacto de amistad entre los dos pueblos, y los atis interpretaron sus canciones y danzas nativas, lo que se dice que fue el origen del Festival Ati-Atihan . Según el fraile agustino Rev. Fr. Según los registros de Santaren de la época española de esta legendaria historia prehispánica, Datu Macatunao o Rajah Makatunao, que era el "sultán de los moros" y pariente de Datu Puti, que se apoderó de las propiedades y riquezas de los diez datus, fue finalmente asesinado por los guerreros llamados Labaodungon y Paybare, después de enterarse de esta injusticia por su suegro Paiburong (Datu de Iloilo), navegó hacia Odtojan en Borneo, donde gobernaba Makatunaw. Los guerreros saquearon la ciudad, mataron a Makatunaw y su familia, recuperaron las propiedades robadas de los 10 datus, esclavizaron a la población restante de Odtojan y navegaron de regreso a Panay. Labaw Donggon y su esposa, Ojaytanayon, se establecieron más tarde en un lugar llamado Moroboro . [27] Los Maragtas también continúan describiendo otros asentamientos como " datu malayo " en otras áreas de las Visayas y Luzón . [28] [29]

Aunque en su día fue ampliamente aceptado e incluido en los libros de texto escolares, hoy en día los estudiosos modernos consideran que Maragtas (así como el Código de Kalantiaw ) es un engaño de principios del siglo XX . La historicidad de la epopeya fue cuestionada por primera vez por el historiador William Henry Scott en 1968. [28] Scott defendió con éxito su crítica ante un panel de expertos en historia filipina (incluidos Gregorio Zaide , Teodoro Agoncillo , etc.), algunos de los cuales habían promovido en su día la inclusión de Maragtas en libros sobre historia filipina. [29]

Una tesis más reciente de 2019, "Mga Maragtas ng Panay: Análisis comparativo de documentos sobre la tradición de asentamiento de Borneo" (Talaguit, 2019) [27] ha descubierto un relato ligeramente anterior del mito de la migración de Borneo por el fraile agustino, el reverendo padre Tomás Santaren. Su relato, Bisayan Accounts of Early Bornean Settlements , se publicó por primera vez en 1902 como apéndice del libro Igorrotes: estudio geográfico y etnográfico sobre algunos distritos del norte de Luzón del padre Ángel Pérez. El relato de Santaren es supuestamente una traducción directa al español de dos manuscritos adquiridos de lugareños en Iloilo en algún momento después de 1858, cuando estaba destinado allí. Los detalles del relato de Santaren corroboran la mayor parte de los de Monteclaro. Sin embargo, los manuscritos que Santaren tradujo presumiblemente fueron escritos durante la era colonial en hiligaynon romanizado , ya que los visayos precoloniales transmitían la historia a través de la tradición oral, no por escrito. Por lo tanto, sigue siendo improbable que sean de origen precolonial. Sin embargo, es preciso considerar que los maragtas (o al menos elementos de ellos) derivan de la historia popular local, en lugar de historia auténtica o simplemente invenciones de Monteclaro. [27] [30]

En los registros de la dinastía Yuan del siglo XIV se menciona la actual ciudad de Iloilo, Oton, cuando se la llamaba en chino hokkien :啞陳; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : A-tân . [31]

En Panay, según Fray Gaspar de San Agustín, OSA, “…en los tiempos antiguos, hubo un centro de comercio y una corte de la más ilustre nobleza de toda la isla.” [32]

Periodo colonial español temprano

Carlos V de España .

En 1519, el rey Carlos I de España ya había adquirido y heredado reinos católicos. Era rey de toda España, rey de Alemania y emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, duque de Borgoña y Luxemburgo , conde de Holanda , conde de Barcelona , ​​conde de Flandes , príncipe de Asturias , archiduque de Austria , rey de Aragón , rey de Jerusalén , Cataluña, Valencia, Nápoles, dos Sicilias, Córcega y Cerdeña. Rey de las Indias Occidentales y Orientales, de las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Océano. Rey de Italia , rey de Bohemia y Hungría. Encargó a Fernando de Magallanes la circunnavegación del globo especialmente para establecer el comercio internacional en la isla de las Especias. El peligroso e incierto viaje, ya que 5 barcos con 270 hombres parten de Sevilla y en 1520, la expedición había atravesado durante meses el Océano en calma al que llamaron Pacífico . [33] Las montañas de Samar y Leyte eran visibles cuando se acercaban, lo que la tripulación llamó "Las Velas". Desembarcaron en la deshabitada isla de Homonhon durante una semana después de un largo viaje en busca de comida y agua y llamaron al lugar "Buenas Senas" o buena señal. Navegaron por el estrecho de Siargapo y desembarcaron en la isla de Limasawa y fueron recibidos pacíficamente por los lugareños. Encantados, los españoles plantaron una cruz en una colina y se celebró la primera misa. Fue el primer asentamiento español y la cuna del cristianismo en Filipinas. Los lugareños fueron llevados a visitar a otro jefe pariente a lo largo del río Butuan . El rey de Butuan recibió a los españoles el 8 de abril de 1521. Al regresar a Limasawa, el príncipe de Limasawa también les habló de 3 poderosos Kedatuan : en Sugbu, Yrong-yrong y Tondo. El 17 de marzo de 1521, Magallanes nombró la isla recién descubierta como "Las islas de San Lázaro". El 7 de abril, Magallanes llegó a Sugbu. Datu Zula de Mactán envió a Magallanes 2 cabras.

" El viernes veintiséis de abril, Zula, el segundo jefe de la isla de Mactan, envió a uno de sus hijos a presentar dos cabras al capitán general, y a decirle que le enviaría todo lo que había prometido, pero que no había podido enviárselo a causa del otro jefe Lapu-Lapu, que se negó a obedecer al rey de España. " [34]

Humabon engañó a Magallanes para que matara a Lapu Lapu , el datu o jefe de la cercana isla de Mactan . [35] Los hombres de Humabon que acompañaban a Magallanes no entraron en batalla con Lapu-Lapu. Magallanes fue alcanzado por una flecha envenenada, se volvió hacia sus hombres que regresaban a los barcos y cayó al suelo. Al día siguiente, el rajá Humabon de Sugbu ofreció un banquete para los españoles. Veintisiete marineros españoles murieron debido al envenenamiento por parte de los cebuanos. El rajá Humabon restableció las relaciones amistosas con Lapu-Lapu, ya que está casado con Hara Humamay, la sobrina de Lapu-Lapu.

En 1565, bajo el reinado de Felipe II, los españoles en México regresaron a Cebú para vengar la muerte de Magallanes por la traición de los cebuanos. Miguel López de Legazpi saqueó y quemó casas en Cebú durante días. Los cebuanos se retiraron, temiendo a los españoles fuertemente armados, ahora con una formidable infantería reformada llamada Tercios compuesta por alabardero , alférez con espada y Arcabucero con pólvora . [36] Miguel López de Legazpi ordenó a Felipe de Salcedo junto con el fraile español Martín de Rada y otros misioneros agustinos que buscaran comida. Desembarcaron en Iloilo y establecieron un asentamiento temporal en Araut, en algún lugar de Dumangas . En 1566, fundaron un asentamiento en las áreas entre Ogtong ( Oton ) y el actual distrito de La Villa Rica de Arévalo de la ciudad de Iloilo. Aunque fue fundada en 1566, Oton, que forma una gran parte del área en dicho asentamiento con Arévalo, se estableció formalmente en 1572 como el segundo puesto colonial español oficial después de la ciudad de Cebú . La ciudad fue fundada por 80 españoles puros de Europa [37] y fue reforzada por un número consecutivo de 66, 50, 169 y luego otros 169 soldados mexicanos de América Latina durante los años 1603, 1636, 1670 y 1672. [38] En 1586, dio la bienvenida a 20 casas españolas y la guarnición fue reforzada por 30 soldados españoles y/o mexicanos. [39] Más tarde, en la década de 1700, Iloilo fue el hogar de 166 familias filipinas españolas y 29.723 familias nativas. [40] : 113 

A diferencia de los cebuanos indianizados que eran neutrales a los españoles o los tagalos parcialmente islamizados de Manila que eran más hostiles, la gente de Madja-as dio la bienvenida a los iberos como aliados ya que en ese período de tiempo, Madja-as estaba atrapada en una guerra contra los musulmanes invasores, especialmente con el Sultanato de Brunei y sus estados vasallos, el Sultanato de Sulu y el Reino de Maynila que, según el gobernador general español Francisco de Sande , son sus primos de sangre. [41] La gente entonces aceptó fervientemente el cristianismo, ya que suministraron la mayor parte de los mercenarios utilizados en la conquista de Manila parcialmente islamizada, cuyos gobernantes estaban relacionados con el sultán de Brunei. [42]

Cuando los españoles llegaron a las Visayas, notaron que los piratas que había entre ellos eran más aterradores que los musulmanes de Jolo y Mindanao. Durante todo el año, después de la cosecha, navegaban hacia lugares lejanos para cazar esclavos y realizar ataques sorpresa a los asentamientos. Los que no vivían a lo largo de los ríos realizaban sus incursiones en los meses de febrero, marzo, abril, octubre y noviembre, adentrándose más en las partes interiores de las islas y saqueando las aldeas. Estas expediciones de incursión se denominan panggubat (sustantivo) o manggubat (forma verbal en gerundio). [43]

El Plano del Fuerte de Iloilo en 1738, anteriormente llamado Fortificación de Nuestra Señora del Rosario en el Puerto de Yloylo, Provincia de Oton , a principios del siglo XVIII.

Sin embargo, con la cristianización y la hispanización, los más feroces cazadores de esclavos entre las islas Filipinas, el pueblo Panay y los otros pueblos cristianizados del archipiélago, se convirtieron y reformaron y abandonaron la práctica de la esclavitud, la piratería y las incursiones y se contentaron con ser simples soldados o agricultores. [44] [45]

En 1581, Ronquillo trasladó el centro colonial de Ogtong a aproximadamente 12 kilómetros (7,5 millas) al este debido a las incursiones recurrentes de piratas moros y corsarios holandeses e ingleses. Cambió el nombre de esta nueva sede colonial a La Villa Rica de Arévalo en honor a su ciudad natal en Ávila, España . [46] Ronquillo también estableció grupos de soldados españoles y mexicanos para convertirse en los primeros colonos de Arévalo mientras construía su mansión en el área. [47] Los comerciantes chinos que abastecían a los colonos luego se establecieron en el parian Molo de Iloilo . [48] Mientras tanto, Jaro pronto se llenó de varios tipos de mestizos (gente de raza mixta), el distrito de La Paz era donde se congregaban los devotos de la imagen de Nuestra Señora de la Paz y el Buen Viaje , hecha en México; y Mandurriao albergó a la creciente comunidad india cerca del templo indio sij Nanak Darbar . [49]

En los primeros días del período español, los primeros galeones de Manila se construyeron originalmente en el puerto de Oton, al oeste de Iloilo. Dado que no había precedentes en España de la inmensidad de un galeón de Manila, se podría argumentar que los prototipos de galeones de Manila eran de diseño visayo, ya que los visayos ya construían enormes caracoas de varios mástiles con 4 o 5 cubiertas en sus guerras contra los otros reinos y, por lo tanto, los conocimientos técnicos para construir los primeros galeones de Manila fueron una mejora de la construcción naval visaya con la construcción naval española. Oton construyó los primeros galeones de Manila antes de que las operaciones finalmente se transfirieran a los astilleros de Bicol y Cavite .

Década de 1600-1700

En el año 1600, se lanzó un gran ataque musulmán a la ciudad de Iloilo, con una fuerza de 70 barcos y 4.000 guerreros, que asaltaron y atacaron varias islas Visayas con el fin de secuestrar esclavos. Sin embargo, el ataque fue rechazado por una fuerza de 1.000 guerreros Visayas y 70 arcabuceros mexicanos bajo el mando de Don Juan García de Sierra (el alcalde mayor español ), que murió en batalla. [50] Con el aumento de las incursiones moras hacia finales del siglo XVI, las defensas españolas en las Visayas se reforzaron con la construcción de un fuerte en Iloilo atendido por dos compañías de soldados (mexicanos). [51]

En 1635, en un esfuerzo por controlar las incursiones islámicas en busca de esclavos en las islas Visayas, los cristianos visayanos de Iloilo, junto con oficiales españoles y sus soldados latinos de Perú [52], pronto fundaron la ciudad de Zamboanga y se establecieron en ella, utilizándola como fortaleza para prevenir los ataques moros en las Visayas y como base de operaciones para las campañas cristianas en el Mindanao musulmán.

En 1700, debido a los ataques cada vez mayores, especialmente de los holandeses y los moros, los españoles trasladaron nuevamente su sede de poder unos 25 kilómetros (16 millas) al este, a la aldea de Irong-Irong, que tenía una defensa natural y estratégica contra las incursiones. En la desembocadura del río que serpentea a través de Panay, los españoles construyeron la Fortificación de Nuestra Señora del Rosario en el Puerto de Yloylo, Provincia de Oton [53] (ahora llamado Fuerte San Pedro ) para protegerse mejor de las incursiones que ahora eran la única amenaza para su control sobre las islas. Irong-Irong o Ilong-Ilong se acortó a Iloilo. Más tarde, la zona portuaria natural se convirtió rápidamente en la capital de la provincia. [46]

La época del auge azucarero y el período colonial español tardío (siglo XIX)

La Aduana de Iloilo ( Aduana de Iloilo ) es la segunda aduana más grande de Filipinas después de la antigua Aduana (Intendencia) de Manila española en Intramuros y la Aduana de Manila (Aduana de Manila) construida en la era estadounidense .

El gobierno local colonial español en Iloilo permitió que los inmigrantes chinos que trabajaban en las industrias de la ciudad (las familias Locsin, López, Jalandoni, Lim y Sy) y los latinoamericanos del otro lado del Pacífico ( Virreinato de Nueva España ) ocuparan sus fortificaciones militares (las familias Araneta, De Rama y Arroyo). A fines del siglo XVIII, el desarrollo de la industria textil a gran escala inició el movimiento del auge del comercio y la economía de Iloilo en las Visayas.

A veces denominada la "capital textil de Filipinas", [54] sus productos se exportaban a Manila y otros lugares extranjeros. Sinamay, piña y jusi son ejemplos de los productos producidos en los telares de Iloilo. Debido al auge de la industria textil, también hubo un auge de la clase media alta. Sin embargo, con la introducción de textiles baratos del Reino Unido y el surgimiento de la economía azucarera, la industria decayó a mediados del siglo XIX.

La Mansión de López ( Jardín de Nelly ), considerada la " Reina de todas las casas patrimoniales de Iloilo " y Panay, es una de las grandes mansiones del distrito patrimonial de Jaro que resultó del auge del azúcar.

Sin embargo, la menguante industria textil fue reemplazada por la apertura del puerto de Iloilo al mercado mundial en 1855. Debido a esto, la industria y la agricultura de Iloilo tuvieron acceso directo a los mercados extranjeros. Pero lo que desencadenó el auge económico de Iloilo en el siglo XIX fue el desarrollo de la industria azucarera en Iloilo y su vecina isla de Negros. El azúcar durante el siglo XIX tuvo una gran demanda. Nicholas Loney , el vicecónsul británico en Iloilo, desarrolló la industria otorgando préstamos, construyendo almacenes en el puerto e introduciendo nuevas tecnologías en el cultivo de azúcar. Las familias ricas de Iloilo desarrollaron grandes áreas de Negros , que luego se llamaron haciendas, debido a la gran demanda de azúcar en el mercado mundial. Debido al aumento de la actividad comercial, surgieron en Iloilo infraestructuras, instalaciones recreativas, instituciones educativas, bancos, consulados extranjeros, empresas comerciales y mucho más.

Estado de la ciudad

La reina regente María Cristina de España y su hijo el rey Alfonso XIII . La reina regente elevó el estatus de Iloilo a ciudad, el 5 de octubre de 1889, en nombre del rey Alfonso XIII, que todavía era menor de edad.

El 5 de octubre de 1889, un decreto real elevó el estatus de Iloilo de pueblo a ciudad, debido al creciente desarrollo en el comercio y la industria, lo que la convirtió en la segunda ciudad más importante después de Manila. [55] [56] De esta manera, Iloilo sucedió a Manila, Cebú y Vigan como ciudades declaradas oficialmente. [57] [58] A través de la Ley Becerra de 1889, el ayuntamiento de Iloilo se estableció el 7 de enero de 1890, y su inauguración estuvo a cargo del exgobernador general Valeriano Weyler . [59] [60] La ciudad de Iloilo era la segunda ciudad más importante del archipiélago al final del régimen español. [61]

El período revolucionario (1896)

La reacción inmediata de la élite ilonggo ante el estallido de la rebelión de 1896 en Manila fue de sorpresa. Respondieron de inmediato con protestas de indignación y afirmaron su lealtad a España. Los propios ilonggos estuvieron unidos en su apoyo a España durante los dos primeros años del período revolucionario. [62]

Poco después del Grito de Balintawak , el Ayuntamiento de Jaro (otra ciudad colonial adyacente a la ciudad de Iloilo), compuesto por nativos ilonggos, [63] convocó una sesión especial el 1 de septiembre de 1896, donde se condenó el levantamiento de Manila como un acto antipatriótico "que no encuentra eco en los nobles corazones de los jareños, que no olvidan la inmensa gratitud que le deben a España que, de la nada, nos elevó a una vida de civilización y progreso". [64]

El Ayuntamiento de Iloilo [65] también afirmó su lealtad y fidelidad a España e hizo una protesta similar. En la carta de la ciudad al Gobernador General, condenando el levantamiento, se dice:

"Esas oscuras traiciones, cuya sola noción avergüenza a los buenos y leales filipinos, han producido un sentimiento unánime de protesta e indignación en el pueblo ilongo, que graba su más honroso blasón en el amor sagrado e inextinguible que profesa a la gloriosa nacionalidad española, de la que legítimamente se siente orgulloso. Los ilongos son españoles, Excelencia, y españoles serán hasta la muerte, porque no quieren vivir ni morir de otra manera que bajo la sombra del augusto estandarte castellano, al que deben ser ahora hombres dignos y libres." [66]

La comunidad extranjera de la ciudad también pidió a sus representantes que visitaran a las autoridades locales y elevaran sus protestas contra la revuelta. Y lo mismo hicieron los párrocos filipinos de Jaro, Molo, Mandurriao y Arévalo. [67] Las ciudades de la provincia de Iloilo también condenaron el levantamiento de Manila, y las de las provincias vecinas de Cápiz y Antique, así como la isla de Negros, siguieron su ejemplo. Esto envalentonó a la élite ilonggo para iniciar la organización de voluntarios que se enviarían a sofocar lo que se consideraba una rebelión mayoritariamente tagalo. La medida fue respaldada por las comunidades española y extranjera de Iloilo. [68] Se formó un batallón de quinientos voluntarios nativos, que se dividió en dos compañías y se puso bajo el mando de un grupo de oficiales en su mayoría españoles. [69] Llegaron a Manila el 16 de enero de 1897. [70] Fueron uno de los contingentes nativos más grandes que sirvieron a las fuerzas gubernamentales contra las tropas de Katipunan lideradas por Emilio Aguinaldo, en los campos de batalla de la provincia de Cavite. [71]

Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer en Jaro, ciudad de Iloilo , la institución de educación superior más antigua de la región de Visayas Occidentales . Es el quinto seminario más antiguo y el último establecido por españoles en Filipinas.

Los voluntarios ilonggo se ganaron un distinguido historial de combate en Cavite. Una vez firmado el Pacto de Biak-na-Bato , regresaron a Iloilo. En abril de 1898, su regreso a casa, al igual que su partida, fue recibido con gran fanfarria. Esto impulsó a los ilonggo a realizar más manifestaciones públicas de lealtad a España. [72]

Debido a la lealtad de los ilonggos, la ciudad de Iloilo fue honrada con el título perpetuo [71] de Muy Noble (Most Noble). El Real Decreto que otorgaba este título fue firmado el 1 de marzo de 1898 por la Reina Regente María Cristina. [73] [74] Con el tiempo, este título le valió a la ciudad de Iloilo la reputación de ser la Ciudad Favorecida de la Reina en el Sur o simplemente la Ciudad de la Reina en el Sur , siendo el segundo puerto español en importancia después de Manila, y estando ubicada al sur de la capital del archipiélago. Como nota al margen, a principios del período estadounidense hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Cebú se convirtió en el segundo puerto en importancia (Iloilo había sido parcialmente devastada por bombardeos, incendios y disturbios durante la ocupación estadounidense de la ciudad de Iloilo).

Sin embargo, fue también durante este período de la historia de Filipinas que Iloilo fue más popularmente conocida como la Ciudad Reina del Sur . Esto apunta al hecho de que el apodo estaba asociado con el favor de la Reina Regente y con el título honorífico otorgado a la ciudad de Iloilo como La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad (La Ciudad Más Leal y Noble), debido a la lealtad de sus ciudadanos a la Corona española. [75] Además, los ilonggos, que estuvieron entre los primeros aliados de la Corona española en el archipiélago, contribuyeron a la conquista española de Luzón. Fue en Arévalo (más tarde, un distrito de la ciudad de Iloilo), Panay, donde se planificó y lanzó la conquista de Luzón, el 8 de mayo de 1570, con la ayuda de los habitantes marineros de la isla. [76]

La actual Plaza Libertad (antes Plaza Alfonso XII [El Duodécimo] ) , con el Ayuntamiento de Iloilo al fondo.

Tras la derrota de las fuerzas españolas en la batalla de la bahía de Manila durante la guerra hispanoamericana , la capital de las Indias Orientales Españolas fue trasladada a Iloilo, con el general Diego de los Ríos como nuevo gobernador general residiendo en la ciudad. Se declaró una tregua entre las fuerzas estadounidenses y españolas en espera de las negociaciones de la comisión conjunta de ambos países en guerra en París, Francia, para los términos de la paz. Mientras tanto, el general Aguinaldo envió varios barcos pequeños a Panay con revolucionarios tagalos para incitar la rebelión en las Visayas. Estaba ansioso por asegurar todos los territorios que pudiera antes de que se establecieran las condiciones para la paz en París. Estaba en juego la esperanza de que la posesión real de territorios influiría en la decisión final. [77]

En octubre de 1898, nuevas expediciones tagalas fueron enviadas a Panay y obligaron o persuadieron a su gente a alzarse con mayor fuerza que nunca, hasta que finalmente, el general de los Ríos tuvo que replegarse a Iloilo. A mediados de noviembre, después de haber conseguido el apoyo de los habitantes de las ciudades fuera de Iloilo mediante el liderazgo del general Martín Delgado, prácticamente toda la isla de Panay, excepto Iloilo (la ciudad propiamente dicha), Jaro, La Paz y Molo, estaba bajo el dominio revolucionario. En diciembre, De los Ríos solo controlaba la ciudad y el puerto de Iloilo. [78]

El 25 de diciembre de 1898 (quince días después de la firma del Tratado de París el 10 de diciembre), [79] el gobierno español se rindió a los revolucionarios ilonggo en la Plaza Alfonso XII ( hoy Plaza Libertad ), convirtiendo a Iloilo en la última capital del Imperio español en Asia y el Pacífico. El gobernador provincial militar Ricardo Monet, que representaba al gobernador general de los Ríos, junto con el teniente coronel Agustín Solís, entregaron formalmente la Plaza Alfonso XII a Delgado, que representaba a Emilio Aguinaldo, presidente de la recién establecida República de Filipinas, en Iloilo. Delgado fue nombrado gobernador provincial posteriormente.

La libertad que los ilonggos habían recuperado no duró mucho. Las fuerzas estadounidenses llegaron a Iloilo el 27 de diciembre de 1898, bajo el mando del general Marcus P. Miller , y luego fueron reforzadas hasta una fuerza total de aproximadamente 3.000 tropas y dos barcos, [80] para tomar posesión del territorio de acuerdo con el Tratado de París. [81]

El Estado Federal de las Visayas se estableció el 2 de diciembre de 1898 para promover el ideal de la federación para una nación filipina independiente. Estaba compuesto por los gobiernos cantonales de Bohol y Negros, así como por el Gobierno Provisional en las Visayas, que ejercía poderes sobre Panay y Romblon. El gobierno del estado federal se basó en el federalismo de los Estados Unidos y la confederación suiza . [14] Se dice que el gobierno se creó tras consultas con Emilio Aguinaldo . Roque López, que era el presidente del gobierno provisional en Panay, se convirtió en el presidente del estado federal y la ciudad de Iloilo fue designada como la capital de las Visayas. [82]

Guerra filipino-estadounidense

Después de que las fuerzas españolas abandonaran la ciudad, las fuerzas revolucionarias hicieron una entrada formal en medio de música y pancartas. Se constituyó un gobierno. El 17 de enero de 1899, una elección colocó a Raymundo Melliza, de una familia notable de Molo que era respetada tanto por los nativos como por los extranjeros, como alcalde. Sin embargo, la influencia del nuevo régimen establecido por el gobierno de Aguinaldo no tuvo un alcance efectivo más allá de un día de marcha desde la capital. En el umbral de la ciudad y provincia de Iloilo, los estadounidenses esperaban una señal de Manila. Dos barcos más complementaron las fuerzas estadounidenses, aunque no se produjeron enfrentamientos con los revolucionarios después de que los españoles abandonaran la ciudad. Miller expresó demandas de rendición de Iloilo, pero no se disparó ningún arma. Los estadounidenses estaban esperando el momento adecuado, ya que no fue hasta el 6 de febrero de 1899 que el Senado estadounidense ratificó el Tratado de París. [83]

El 4 de febrero estallaron las hostilidades entre las fuerzas de Aguinaldo y los estadounidenses en Luzón. Los emisarios llevaron el mensaje de Aguinaldo a los ilonggos para que defendieran la ciudad contra los enemigos. La exigencia de rendición fue renovada por Miller el 7 de febrero, tras recibir órdenes de Manila, con la amenaza de bombardear Iloilo antes del día 12 del mes si no se producía la rendición. [84]

El general Martín Teófilo Delgado marcha en 1901 al frente de 30 oficiales y 140 hombres para rendirse al general de brigada Robert P. Hughes, comandante regional de las fuerzas estadounidenses que ocupaban el país.

Mientras los americanos se preparaban para atacar la ciudad, las 1.650 tropas nativas bajo el mando del general Martín Delgado se volvieron incontrolables e insolentes con sus oficiales. Se les prometió una remuneración mensual de 4 pesos filipinos y comida, pero sólo recibieron 1 peso. Las amenazas de motín, saqueo e incendio de la ciudad obligaron a los generales a recaudar dinero de los pueblos de Panay para apaciguar a los contingentes visayanos. Lo mismo ocurrió con el componente tagalo de las tropas. El peligro de disturbios en la ciudad y la actitud de los soldados nativos fomentaron el miedo entre los habitantes. Los comerciantes chinos cerraron sus tiendas dejando sólo un pequeño hueco para realizar transacciones comerciales. Muchas familias prominentes, que temían constantemente por su seguridad, se trasladaron a la isla de Negros en pequeñas goletas que ondeaban la bandera filipina, sin tener ningún problema con los barcos americanos que estaban a la espera en las aguas entre las dos islas. [84]

El 10 de febrero, una sesión extraordinaria en el Ayuntamiento discutió los planes para el inminente bombardeo de la ciudad. Se propuso quemar Iloilo, pero el alcalde protestó por este plan bárbaro. Una mayoría de los presentes en la reunión estaba a favor de la quema, que se consideraba una invitación a despojar, devastar y matar. Los instigadores, que no tenían intereses de propiedad en Iloilo, pero que estaban tan celosos de los que sí los tenían, encontraron una pronta respuesta en los mercenarios tagalos, que no tenían ningún apego local a la ciudad. [85]

El 11 de febrero de 1899, los americanos dispararon el primer proyectil. Testigos extranjeros observaron que el bombardeo dañó bastantes edificios. Mientras tanto, desde la madrugada, se observó que los soldados nativos que se retiraban, seguidos por una turba de gentuza, corrían de un lado a otro, arrojando teas a las casas lavadas con petróleo. Los chinos tuvieron que atrincherarse en vano, ya que el fuego quemaba sus bazares. Los europeos y los mestizos españoles tuvieron que defenderse por todos los medios posibles, incluido el soborno a los alborotadores con unos pocos pesos. Dos buques de guerra británicos en la rada enviaron botes a tierra y desembarcaron un grupo de marines, que hicieron un valiente esfuerzo por salvar las propiedades extranjeras, [85] ya que el Reino Unido tenía un fuerte interés comercial en Iloilo y un consulado.

A la una de la madrugada del mismo día, los norteamericanos desembarcaron y restablecieron el orden. Se apostaron centinelas para proteger lo que aún quedaba de los bienes de los habitantes de la ciudad. A su debido tiempo, se enviaron solicitudes de indemnización a las autoridades militares estadounidenses, pero todas fueron rechazadas. [86]

Diez años después, un artículo publicado en el periódico local Nuevo Heraldo resumió la caída de la Ciudad Reina en estas palabras:

"El incendio no dejó más que el nombre de Iloilo, pues la parte principal de la ciudad quedó reducida a cenizas por las tropas ilongas en retirada. Ese acontecimiento fue la causa de la ruina de una ciudad tan hermosa, sólo superada por Manila, donde, si no sobraba dinero, tampoco faltaba el bienestar del pueblo y la vida era próspera y pacífica. Si el cerebro que plantó un acto tan desconsiderado hubiera medido las consecuencias... tal vez nunca se hubiera atrevido a hacerlo..." [87]

Barcos de vela en el muelle Muelle Loney de la ciudad de Iloilo, alrededor de la década de 1920 a 1930.

En febrero de 1899, los estadounidenses habían comenzado a movilizarse para afirmar su autoridad sobre la ciudad y la provincia. Continuaron encontrando resistencia por parte de los ilonggos, que duró hasta 1901. En ese caso, Iloilo también fue una de las últimas ciudades en caer en manos de los estadounidenses. [88] Muchos líderes se rindieron al nuevo régimen y se reintegraron a la sociedad ilonggo sin condiciones. Entre ellos estaba el general Martín Delgado, quien aceptó el cargo de gobernador de la provincia de Iloilo de 1901 a 1904, bajo la bandera estadounidense. Era, en ese momento, el gobernador mejor pagado de todo el archipiélago, recibiendo 3.000 dólares de oro al año. [89]

Vista aérea del puerto de Iloilo, alrededor de la década de 1920 a 1930.

El gobierno local se estableció en algunas ciudades de Iloilo el 11 de abril de 1901. José María Gay fue nombrado alcalde, Matías Hibiernas fue teniente alcalde de Iloilo; José Yusay fue presidente de Molo; Pablo Borromeo fue presidente de Arévalo; Ruperto Montinola fue el único representante de Jaro, pero no fue su presidente; el presidente de Madurriao fue Emigdio Mesa. Emilio Magbanua fue nombrado su delegado de policía. Juan de León y Benedicto, juez del Tribunal de Primera Instancia, observó que existía una rivalidad entre los pueblos de Iloilo, Jaro y Molo, que son adyacentes y están a solo media hora de viaje en carruaje uno del otro. Además, Molo y Jaro son pueblos residenciales, e Iloilo era la ciudad comercial de ambos. También se recomendó que Arévalo se uniera a Molo y La Paz a Jaro. La población total de estos territorios era de 100.000 habitantes en 1901. [90] También se nombraron presidentes y otros representantes para las ciudades de Alimodian, Miag-ao, Janiuay, Mina, Oton, Passi, Guimbal, Pototan, San Joaquín, Santa Bárbara, San Miguel, Pavía, Sara, Nagaba (actualmente conocida como Nueva Valencia), San Enrique, Lambunao, Córdoba (hoy un barangay de Cabatuan), , Leganés, Tigbauan, Banate, Buena Vista, Navalas, Tubungan, Dueñas, Mandurriao, Maasin, Lucena y León. Otros antiguos existentes, como Anilao y Barotac Viejo, fueron fusionados con otros pueblos. [90]

Como consecuencia de la revolución y de la guerra filipino-estadounidense, quedó claro para todos los ilonggos más sensatos y mejor educados que el gobierno de Aguinaldo fue un fracaso, al menos en Panay. Los visayanos de posición, con intereses de propiedad en juego, estaban convencidos de que la independencia absoluta sin ningún control o protección de algún poder político establecido era prematura y estaba condenada al desastre. El rencor visayano contra el predominio tagalo también fue un factor que contribuyó al fracaso del gobierno de Aguinaldo. Pero el factor agravante fue el aire dictatorial y la conducta brutal de las tropas tagalas, que destruyeron la teoría de la unidad fraternal. [91] Ananias Diocno , el líder de los contingentes tagalos conocido por la severidad en sus campañas de Capiz e Iloilo, dejó un recuerdo duradero y no encomiable en la historia de Panay. [84] [92]

La era colonial estadounidense y el advenimiento del protestantismo y la contrarreforma (1900-1941)

La Universidad Central de Filipinas fue fundada en 1905 gracias a una subvención otorgada por el industrial , magnate petrolero y filántropo estadounidense John D. Rockefeller y por los misioneros bautistas estadounidenses; es la primera universidad fundada por bautistas y la segunda estadounidense en Filipinas y en Asia.

En 1900, ningún estadounidense revirtió el estatus de la ciudad en un municipio. En virtud de la Ley No. 719 de 1903, los municipios de Jaro , La Paz , Mandurriao y Molo se incorporaron al municipio de Iloilo . [93] Pavía también se incorporó a Iloilo desde Santa Bárbara en virtud de la Ley No. 1333 del 19 de abril de 1905. [94] Más tarde, la Orden Ejecutiva No. 64 del 24 de diciembre de 1907 separó a Pavía y Jaro de Iloilo y los constituyó como el municipio de Jaro con efecto el 15 de febrero de 1908. [95] La Paz se restableció como municipio separado en 1920 en virtud de la Orden Ejecutiva No. 70 firmada el 11 de octubre de 1919.

Los estadounidenses iniciaron la construcción de las calles Baluarte y Arroyo, la prolongación de la calle Delgado hasta Valeria y desde las calles Fuentes y Jalandoni hasta la actual UP en las Visayas. Se asfaltaron las calles Quezón y Mabini y se construyeron sus aceras. Más importante aún fue la instalación de farolas en toda la ciudad en 1921. En 1926 se inició la ampliación de calles importantes, como General Luna, JM Basa y Ledesma. En 1927 se inauguró una calle mejorada, Valeria-Ledesma (antes conocida como Weyler) (David 1937). [96]

Durante el régimen colonial estadounidense de esa época en las islas Filipinas, los estadounidenses trajeron consigo su fe protestante. En 1898 se llegó a un acuerdo de cortesía por el que las islas Filipinas se dividirían en diferentes denominaciones protestantes para realizar obras misioneras a fin de evitar conflictos futuros; Iloilo es uno de los primeros lugares favorecidos del país a donde llegaron las primeras sectas protestantes debido a la prominencia económica de la ciudad y su importancia junto a Manila durante esa época. [97] Las Visayas occidentales y Negros, de conformidad con el acuerdo de cortesía, fueron entregadas a las jurisdicciones religiosas de los bautistas, aunque a otras sectas protestantes se les permitió realizar misiones en la misma zona.

Vista aérea de Iloilo, alrededor de principios del siglo XX.

Los misioneros protestantes iniciaron empresas a gran escala en la provincia predominantemente católica. Los presbiterianos establecieron el primer hospital protestante y estadounidense del país, el Hospital de la Misión de Iloilo . Supuestamente, Iloilo también fue el lugar original para la fundación de la Universidad Silliman , la primera universidad protestante y estadounidense del país y de Asia. Sin embargo, debido a la oposición católica sobre el lugar donde se ubicaría la escuela, el fundador, David Hibbard , buscó nuevas ubicaciones. Fue a Cebú y más tarde hizo un viaje secundario a Dumaguete , donde tomó la decisión de establecerse y donde se encuentra actualmente la Universidad Silliman. [98]

Los bautistas, por otro lado, establecieron instituciones como la Universidad Central de Filipinas en 1905, como la primera universidad fundada por bautistas y la segunda universidad estadounidense en Asia; la Iglesia Evangélica Jaro , la primera iglesia bautista en Filipinas; y la Convención de Iglesias Bautistas de Filipinas , el organismo organizativo bautista más antiguo de Filipinas. [99] Más tarde, los Adventistas del Séptimo Día establecieron el Centro Adventista Jaro, la primera iglesia adventista del séptimo día organizada fuera de Manila.

La Universidad Central de Filipinas se estableció gracias a una subvención otorgada por el entonces industrial y magnate petrolero estadounidense más rico, John D. Rockefeller. [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] La Universidad Central de Filipinas fue pionera en el programa de trabajo y estudio en el país, que luego fue modelado y seguido por otras instituciones, y también estableció el primer y más antiguo órgano de gobierno estudiantil en el sudeste asiático inspirado en el gobierno civil estadounidense, la República de la Universidad Central de Filipinas en 1906 después de que se estableciera la Escuela Industrial Jaro, precursora de la CPU.

Fundado en 1901 por el médico y misionero presbiteriano protestante estadounidense Joseph Andrew Hall, el CPU–Iloilo Mission Hospital es el primer hospital fundado por estadounidenses y protestantes en Filipinas.

En 1901, bajo los auspicios de la Iglesia Presbiteriana de los Estados Unidos, el médico misionero estadounidense Joseph Andrew Hall y su esposa Jane Russell Hall fundaron el Sabine Haines Memorial Union Mission Hospital (Union Mission Hospital). El hospital también fue el primer hospital para soldados y agentes de policía (predecesor de la Policía Nacional de Filipinas ) durante el régimen colonial estadounidense en el país. El hospital fue pionero en la educación de enfermería en el país mediante el establecimiento de la Escuela de Formación de Enfermeras del Union Mission Hospital, la primera escuela de enfermería en Filipinas. Más tarde, el hospital pasó a manos de los bautistas protestantes. En 1931, el Union Mission Hospital se trasladó a su emplazamiento actual en una propiedad comprada por los bautistas, por lo que un año después, en 1932, el hospital cambió su nombre a Iloilo Mission Hospital junto con su escuela de enfermería. La escuela fue posteriormente transferida y se convirtió en una unidad académica orgánica de la Universidad Central de Filipinas (actual Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad Central de Filipinas ). El Hospital de la Misión de Iloilo se ha asociado a lo largo de los años con la Universidad Central de Filipinas como su hospital universitario (CPU-Hospital de la Misión de Iloilo).

Hasta el presente, las diversas denominaciones protestantes evangélicas (que componen alrededor del 2,8% de los filipinos) y sus instituciones educativas también atienden a los estudiantes católicos en Iloilo, que representan el 83% de la población. [105]

La confiscación de tierras y parroquias de frailes y las actividades protestantes mencionadas anteriormente dieron al público estadounidense y filipino una impresión de una postura anticatólica de la ocupación estadounidense de las islas durante los primeros años del gobierno estadounidense. La Comisión Taft , el único cuerpo legislativo del gobierno estadounidense para Filipinas (entonces conocidas como las Islas Filipinas bajo el control soberano de los Estados Unidos) mientras aún estaba bajo la guerra filipino-estadounidense , fue atacada por la prensa católica en Nueva York por intolerancia anticatólica. Pronto, las presiones de católicos influyentes en los Estados Unidos, y también en Irlanda, hicieron que el presidente Theodore Roosevelt nombrara a un católico en la comisión para defender los intereses católicos en Filipinas. Los católicos influyentes en Manila siguieron su ejemplo. Las preocupaciones sobre el voto católico en las elecciones nacionales llevaron al gobierno civil a enviar la comisión al Vaticano para negociar la exploración de soluciones viables a la cuestión católica en el territorio recién adquirido. Antes de venir a Roma, el jefe de la Comisión visitó personalmente al cardenal arzobispo de Baltimore. [106] Paso a paso, se emplearon soluciones aceptables. En 1902, el Presidente de los Estados Unidos de América encargó a dos frailes agustinos estadounidenses que iniciaran un movimiento para enviar sacerdotes estadounidenses a Filipinas para reemplazar a los frailes españoles, [107] quienes disminuyeron en número (1.013 en 1898 a 246 en 1903) debido a la pérdida normal de personal por muerte o jubilación, muerte causada por hostilidades nativas o regreso voluntario a España. [108]

Antigua estructura de la época española del Colegio de San Agustín , actual Universidad de San Agustín. Fue construida para contrarrestar el protestantismo por frailes agustinos católicos romanos españoles a través de sus cofrades estadounidenses.

En Iloilo, los católicos estadounidenses se opusieron a las misiones protestantes estadounidenses y los obispos católicos estadounidenses, como Frederick Rooker, Dennis Joseph Dougherty y James McCloskey, fueron nombrados para la sede católica romana de Jaro en la ciudad de Iloilo. Estos obispos sostuvieron los logros educativos de los frailes españoles al traer misioneros católicos estadounidenses y europeos, entre los que se encontraban las Hermanas de la Caridad de San Pablo y sacerdotes misioneros agustinos . Los agustinos, que fueron los primeros en traer la fe cristiana a Filipinas, así como a la isla de Panay, y que construyeron las iglesias patrimoniales centenarias en esta isla, [109] establecieron el Colegio de San Agustín en 1904, que finalmente se convirtió en la única universidad de la Orden Agustina en Asia. Durante el régimen estadounidense, sus cohermanos de los Estados Unidos desarrollaron cada vez más esta institución, que más tarde se convirtió en la primera universidad de Iloilo. Los obispos católicos estadounidenses también mantuvieron y mejoraron el Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer (establecido en 1869 como Colegio-Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer), que fue la primera institución de educación superior en Visayas Occidentales. A pesar de que los agustinos eran católicos y los bautistas protestantes, se enriquecieron mutuamente a través del diálogo, principalmente porque los ideales agustinianos eran los cimientos del protestantismo, ya que el primer protestante fue Martín Lutero y él mismo era un ex sacerdote agustino, y el celo protestante por reformar la corrupción incluso inició algunas reformas en la propia iglesia. San Ezequiel Moreno, que fue ordenado en las Órdenes Menores en Jaro, Iloilo, había caminado por la delgada línea entre la reforma, la obediencia y el liderazgo desde que ministró y caminó de la mano con rebeldes y criminales condenados en la Prisión y Granja Penal de Iwahig , también fue obediente a sus superiores en la Orden de los Agustinos Recoletos , un movimiento de reforma o "Recolección" en la Orden Agustiniana, que tomó elementos de la Reforma Protestante. San Ezequiel Moreno también se convirtió en el líder de un movimiento político cuando se convirtió en obispo de Pasto, Colombia . [110]

La visita de San Ezequiel Moreno es una encarnación armonizada de la antigua Convivencia en España, cuando diferentes religiones y reinos, paganos, cristianos, judíos y musulmanes, vivían uno al lado del otro y luchaban por mantener su pureza de perspectiva, competían entre sí y, sin embargo, también se enriquecían mutuamente sin convertirse en un crisol mestizo de un lodazal mezclado y confuso. Casualmente, San Ezequiel Moreno fue ordenado en las Órdenes Menores en la entonces iglesia de Jaro, que albergaba una estatua de la Virgen María bajo el título de " Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Jaro ". Una imagen con complejas propiedades alusivas a la Convivencia debido a la confluencia de muchos símbolos de varias culturas presentes simultáneamente en la imagen, pero es probable que no sea de naturaleza terrenal y sea una gracia pura directa del cielo o una imagen "No tallada por manos humanas" debido a su naturaleza milagrosa que fue encontrada flotando en un río, cambiando de peso y creciendo en tamaño.

Un mercado en Iloilo, en la década de 1910.

Las Hermanas Paulinas se hicieron cargo del Hospital St. Paul, originalmente propiedad de la Diócesis Católica de Jaro. El obispo Dennis Joseph Dougherty, quien más tarde se convirtió en el cardenal arzobispo de Filadelfia , cedió las instalaciones médicas a las Hermanas. Para conmemorar la generosidad del obispo, el hospital bautizó una sección más reciente de las instalaciones con su nombre: CADMA (Cardinal Dougherty Medical Annex). Para satisfacer la creciente necesidad de proporcionar enfermeras para su hospital, las Paulinas también abrieron una escuela de enfermería. Hoy, esta institución también se ha convertido en una universidad ( St. Paul University Iloilo ), y desde entonces ha proporcionado profesionales de la salud de alta calidad conocidos en todo el mundo por sus habilidades y dedicación al trabajo.

Hospital de San Pablo de Iloilo (circa 1920). Fundado durante el período colonial estadounidense en 1911 por las Hijas de San Pablo o Chartres, es el hospital más antiguo que existe bajo la mencionada orden católica romana en las islas Filipinas.

Durante la ocupación colonial estadounidense, una de las plataformas del gobierno colonial fue establecer e implementar un sistema de educación pública en las islas, y los tomistas fueron enviados y comisionados por el gobierno estadounidense para enseñar en las escuelas públicas que se establecerían. Los tomistas toleraron la libertad religiosa, que es uno de los fundamentos de la constitución de los Estados Unidos y un legado a las Filipinas, mientras fueron comisionados y bajo su tutela para enseñar en escuelas públicas durante el período colonial. Las escuelas públicas que se establecieron cuando los tomistas llegaron a Iloilo son la Escuela Normal de Iloilo, la actual Universidad Estatal de Visayas Occidental (establecida formalmente en 1924, pero que data de su fundación en 1902 como parte del Sistema de Escuelas Normales de Filipinas en Filipinas); la Escuela Secundaria Nacional de Iloilo, la primera escuela secundaria provincial pública en las islas; y la Escuela Primaria Baluarte, la primera escuela primaria pública en las islas.

En 1936 se aprobó la Ley de la Commonwealth Nº 57 que otorgaba el estatus de ciudad a Iloilo; esta carta fue inmediatamente enmendada por la Ley de la Commonwealth Nº 158 algunos días después para incorporar los municipios de La Paz y Arévalo como parte del territorio de la nueva ciudad. [111] Iloilo recuperó el estatus de ciudad el 16 de julio de 1937, mediante la Ley de la Commonwealth Nº 158. Se incorporaron como parte de la ciudad de Iloilo los pueblos de La Paz y Arévalo y se inauguraron el 25 de agosto de 1937. El municipio de Jaro, por otro lado, se incorporó a la ciudad de Iloilo algunos años después en virtud de la Ley de la Commonwealth Nº 604 del 22 de agosto de 1940, que enmendó la carta de la ciudad de Iloilo para incluir, en la ciudad de Iloilo, el municipio de Jaro "en la fecha que el Presidente de Filipinas pueda establecer por proclamación". [112] A tal efecto, el Presidente Manuel L. Quezón emitió la Proclamación No. 663 el 7 de enero de 1941, dando el 16 de enero como la fecha de la incorporación de Jaro a la ciudad de Iloilo. [113] La demanda de azúcar estaba disminuyendo, los disturbios laborales en la zona portuaria ahuyentaron a los inversores y la apertura del subpuerto de Pulupandan en Negros Occidental acercó la importación de azúcar a las plantaciones azucareras.

Ocupación japonesa (1942-1945)

Vista aérea del lado noreste del campus principal de la Universidad Central de Filipinas en la década de 1960. Durante el inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , todas las propiedades de la Universidad Central en su campus principal fueron destruidas en gran medida. El campus principal de la universidad, devastado por la guerra, fue reconstruido después de la posguerra, lo que dio como resultado un plano de campus bien diseñado, salpicado de palmeras y acacias y hogar de una gran cantidad de estructuras de herencia colonial estadounidense de un siglo de antigüedad construidas a principios del siglo XX.

En 1942, los japoneses invadieron Panay y la economía se paralizó. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Iloilo estuvo bajo el control de varios batallones japoneses. El objetivo final de Japón era atrincherarse profundamente en Filipinas para que al final de la guerra pudieran ocuparla tal como lo habían hecho los españoles y los estadounidenses años antes. Los japoneses construyeron "estaciones de consuelo" en Iloilo en 1942, donde encarcelaron a " mujeres de consuelo " filipinas a las que violaban en grupo, brutalizaban y asesinaban rutinariamente para entretenerse. [114] [115] [116] Sin embargo, durante la ocupación japonesa, Macario Peralta Jr. , liberó la mayor parte de Panay (con pocas excepciones) del imperialismo japonés, por lo que otras guerrillas aliadas en otras provincias de Romblon , Palawan , Marinduque y partes de Masbate y Mindoro , consideradas mayoritariamente liberadas de la isla de Panay , el " Primus inter pares " en su red de alianzas. [117] : 110 

Cuando las fuerzas filipinas y estadounidenses liberaron Iloilo de la ocupación militar japonesa el 25 de marzo de 1945, los restos de estos batallones fueron retenidos en la Plaza Jaro como un centro de detención improvisado. [88]

Declive de posguerra

La guerra dañó gravemente la infraestructura de Iloilo. Sin embargo, el conflicto continuo entre los sindicatos de trabajadores en la zona portuaria, la decadencia de la economía azucarera y el deterioro de la paz y el orden en el campo provocaron el éxodo de los ilonggos a otras ciudades, provincias/regiones e islas que ofrecían mejores oportunidades y negocios. La gente se estaba mudando a otras ciudades como Bacolod, Cebú y Manila, lo que provocó la pérdida de importancia económica de Iloilo en el centro de Filipinas. Las áreas agrícolas rurales siguieron ayudando a la economía local. Durante años, debido a este éxodo de inversores, la economía de Iloilo progresó a un ritmo moderado. [118]

El cambio se produjo lentamente. Primero se construyó el puerto pesquero y un nuevo puerto marítimo internacional. Una a una, las empresas comerciales invirtieron en Iloilo, impulsando la ciudad hacia su eventual recuperación.

Iloilo se convirtió en una ciudad altamente urbanizada el 22 de diciembre de 1979, en virtud de la Ley Batas Pambansa Blg. 51. Como corolario de este nuevo estatus, sus residentes perdieron efectivamente su elegibilidad para votar por los funcionarios provinciales. [119]

Iloilo durante la dictadura de Marcos

Las últimas semanas de 1969 marcaron el comienzo de un período de agitación en Filipinas. Los proyectos impulsados ​​por la deuda iniciados por Ferdinand Marcos habían tenido éxito en el objetivo político de lograr su reelección, pero dieron lugar a la crisis de la balanza de pagos filipina de 1969 justo después de las elecciones de noviembre de 1969. [120] [121] En el momento de su segunda investidura el 30 de diciembre de 1969, el valor del peso había comenzado a desplomarse, y la inflación condujo al período de tres meses de agitación social ahora conocido como la Tormenta del Primer Trimestre . [120] [121] [122] [123] Mientras se producían importantes protestas en la capital filipina, Manila, las protestas también sacudieron la ciudad de Iloilo. Los estudiantes de la Universidad Central de Filipinas fundada por los bautistas (y el cercano Instituto Occidental de Tecnología en La Paz) se convirtieron en líderes particularmente activos en estas protestas, organizándose en la Federación de Estudiantes Ilonggo o FIST. Entre los líderes estudiantiles de esta organización estaban Vic Beloria, Renato Ganchero y los hermanos Napoleón y Rolando Lorca, todos los cuales luego se verían obligados a esconderse tras la declaración de la ley marcial de Marcos, perderían sus vidas resistiendo la dictadura y serían honrados como mártires de la lucha contra el régimen de Marcos al tener sus nombres inscritos en la pared del Bantayog ng mga Bayani (Monumento a los Héroes) de Filipinas. [124] [125] [126]

A medida que se acercaba el final de su último mandato permitido por la Constitución filipina, Marcos puso a Filipinas bajo la ley marcial en 1972. [127] Esto marcó el comienzo de un período de 14 años de gobierno de un solo hombre, recordado históricamente por sus abusos de los derechos humanos. [128] [129] [130] Según la documentación de Amnistía Internacional, el Grupo de Trabajo de Detenidos de Filipinas y entidades similares de monitoreo de los derechos humanos, [131] [132] los historiadores creen que la dictadura de Marcos estuvo marcada por 3.257 ejecuciones extrajudiciales conocidas , [132] 35.000 torturas de detenidos políticos y 70.000 encarcelamientos. [131] [133]

Iloilo fue la ubicación de uno de los centros de detención más importantes para prisioneros políticos, Camp Delgado. Entre los prisioneros más destacados detenidos allí se encontraban el abogado laboral Rodolfo Lagoc, quien estuvo detenido allí sin cargos durante seis meses; [134] y la heroína de la Segunda Guerra Mundial Coronacion “Walingwaling” Chiva, cuyo estatus como heroína legendaria de la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue la razón principal por la que en su mayoría no sufrió daños durante la detención. [135] Otros, como los activistas Luing Posa-Dominado y Judy Taguiwalo, fueron torturados, maltratados y agredidos sexualmente. [136] Por sus diversos roles en la resistencia contra el régimen autoritario, Lagoc, Chiva y Posa-Dominado serían más tarde honrados con la inscripción de sus nombres en el Muro del Recuerdo en el Bantayog ng mga Bayani, que honra a los mártires y héroes de la época. [134] [135] [136] Mientras tanto, Taguiwalo sirvió más tarde brevemente como Departamento de Bienestar Social y Desarrollo. [137]

El siglo XXI y el auge económico

Después de la apertura del nuevo centro comercial y de negocios en el distrito de Mandurriao y con la construcción de una carretera nacional que atraviesa esta zona, grandes empresas como SM Supermalls , SM Prime Holdings , Megaworld Corporation , Gaisano Capital , Robinsons Land , Ayala Corporation , Filinvest y Cebu Landmasters realizaron enormes inversiones en la ciudad, dando impulso y catalizador hacia el progreso futuro.

Además, la rápida urbanización se ha extendido más allá de los límites de la ciudad, lo que ha dado lugar a un amplio desarrollo e inversiones que han beneficiado a las ciudades circundantes dentro de Metro Iloilo. Los desarrolladores distinguidos, incluidos Vista Land , Sta. Lucia Land , Global-Estate Resorts, Robinsons Land, Ayala Corporation e International Builders Corporation, han contribuido activamente a dar forma al horizonte en evolución de Metro Iloilo, fuera de los límites de la ciudad de Iloilo.

Geografía

Vista aérea de la ciudad de Iloilo.

La ciudad de Iloilo está situada en la costa sur de la isla de Panay. La ciudad está frente al estrecho de Iloilo y la isla de Guimaras, al otro lado, lo que la convierte en un puerto natural y un fondeadero seguro para los barcos. Limita con las ciudades de Oton al oeste, Pavia al norte y Leganés al noreste. Al otro lado del estrecho de Iloilo , en sus costas este y sur, se encuentran las ciudades de Buenavista y Jordan en la provincia insular de Guimaras .

La ciudad se encuentra en una llanura aluvial plana, recuperada en su mayoría de las áreas pantanosas debido a la urbanización e industrialización desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. Atravesando la ciudad están los ríos de Iloilo, Batiano , Jaro y Dungon Creek. El río Iloilo es un estuario que separa los distritos de City Proper, Molo y Villa Arevalo del resto de la ciudad. Por otro lado, el río Jaro es alimentado por sus ríos tributarios, Aganan y Tigum. Últimamente, se desarrolló un nuevo canal de escape para las aguas de inundación que vienen de estos dos ríos al estrecho de Iloilo, el Jaro Floodway. La ciudad de Iloilo está a 337,6 millas náuticas (630 km) de Manila, a 116 kilómetros (72 mi) de la ciudad de Roxas , a 158 kilómetros (98 mi) de Kalibo y a 97 kilómetros (60 mi) de San José de Buenavista . La ciudad tiene una superficie total de 70,3 kilómetros cuadrados (27,1 millas cuadradas). [138]

La ciudad está dividida en siete distritos geográficos. Todos los distritos fueron alguna vez pueblos individuales, con excepción de Lapuz, que fue un subdistrito de La Paz hasta 2008. [139] Todos los distritos tienen sus propios centros urbanos, con una plaza, una iglesia católica romana, una estación de bomberos, una estación de policía y un mercado público. La ciudad propiamente dicha es una zona comercial y el centro político de la ciudad y de la provincia de Iloilo y el centro de gobierno regional de Visayas occidentales.

La ciudad de Iloilo es el centro de la única área metropolitana oficialmente reconocida en Visayas Occidental. [a] El área metropolitana está compuesta por la ciudad de Iloilo, los municipios de Leganés, Pavía, Santa Bárbara , Cabatuan , San Miguel , Oton, la provincia insular de Guimaras y sus cinco municipios, a saber: Sibunag , San Lorenzo , Nueva Valencia. , Buenavista y Jordán.

Barangays y distritos

Los distritos de la ciudad de Iloilo son Arévalo, Ciudad propiamente dicha, Jaro, La Paz, Lapuz, Mandurriao y Molo.
Mapa del distrito de la ciudad de Iloilo que muestra sus siete distritos.

Iloilo está políticamente subdividido en 180 barangays. Cada barangay se compone de puroks y algunos tienen sitios .

La ciudad de Iloilo tiene un distrito legislativo y está dividida en siete distritos administrativos , que también se subdividen en barangays (barrios), con un total de 180 barangays de ciudad.

Clima

La ciudad de Iloilo tiene un clima tropical húmedo y seco según el sistema de clasificación climática de Köppen , con una estación húmeda pronunciada desde junio hasta noviembre; luego una estación seca de diciembre a mayo. [138]

Demografía

Idioma

El hiligaynon es el idioma dominante de la ciudad de Iloilo. [147] El inglés se utiliza como idioma de negocios y educación. Además, otras lenguas locales, como el karaya (también conocido como kinaray-a o el obsoleto haraya), también son habladas por la minoría procedente de algunas partes de la provincia. El español , que alguna vez fue ampliamente hablado durante la era colonial hasta la década de 1980, está desapareciendo, aunque algunas familias de sangre española y ancianos barones del azúcar hablan un criollo español fragmentado.

El hiligaynon se habla en las islas de Panay, Guimaras y Negros, y forma parte de la familia de lenguas visayas de las lenguas malayo-polinesias . Se convirtió en el idioma principal de Soccsksargen en Mindanao , donde la mayoría de los residentes son de ascendencia hiligaynon. Debido a que Iloilo fue una antigua colonia española durante 300 años, el hiligaynon está fuertemente influenciado por el idioma español con una gran cantidad de palabras prestadas ( Guerra, Puerta, Golpe, Aguanta, Puerto, Calle y Edificio , entre otras). El hiligaynon se concentra principalmente en las provincias de Iloilo, Guimaras y Negros Occidental. El idioma se conoce como "ilonggo" ( español : ilongo/ylongo ) en Iloilo y Negros Occidental. Más precisamente, "ilonggo" es el grupo etnolingüístico que se refiere a los habitantes de Iloilo y la cultura asociada con los hablantes nativos de hiligaynon. Sin embargo, la distinción entre los términos Ilonggo e Hiligaynon no está clara, ya que muchos habitantes del pueblo afirman que Hiligaynon es el idioma que se habla y que Ilonggo es un término utilizado para referirse a una persona que vive en Iloilo o su cultura y etnia asociadas.

Población

Según el Censo de Población y Vivienda de 2010 (CPH), la ciudad de Iloilo, una ciudad altamente urbanizada de la provincia de Iloilo, registró una población total de 424.619 personas al 1 de mayo de 2010. Esta cifra es 58.228 personas mayor que la población total de 366.391 personas contabilizadas en el CPH de 2000. El aumento de la población entre 2000 y 2010 se tradujo en una tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual promedio (PGR) del 1,49 por ciento. Esta tasa es inferior a la PGR anual del 1,70 por ciento de la ciudad entre los años censales de 1990 y 2000.

Si la tasa de crecimiento anual promedio registrada en 1,49 por ciento durante el período 2000 a 2010 continúa, la población de la ciudad de Iloilo se duplicaría en 47 años.

Hace cuarenta años, la población de la ciudad de Iloilo era de tan solo 209.738 habitantes. Esta población es la mitad de la población de la ciudad en el censo de 2010.

Entre los 180 barangays que comprenden la ciudad de Iloilo, el barangay Calumpang fue el más poblado. Su tamaño de población fue del 2,6 por ciento de la población total de la ciudad. San Juan quedó en segundo lugar en términos de tamaño de población, con una participación del 2,3 por ciento. A esto le siguieron Balabago y Tabuc Suba (Jaro) con un 2,0 por ciento cada uno, Calaparan y So-oc con un 1,9 por ciento cada uno, Molo Boulevard con un 1,8 por ciento, Santo Niño Sur con un 1,7 por ciento, Cubay y Obrero-Lapuz con un 1,6 por ciento cada uno, y Bolilao con un 1,5 por ciento. El resto de los barangays contribuyeron con menos del 1,5 por ciento cada uno.

El barangay menos poblado fue Roxas Village, con menos del 0,1 por ciento de la población total de la ciudad. También fue el barangay menos poblado en 2000.

Religión

La Catedral de Jaro o Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora de las Velas de la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Jaro es la sede del catolicismo romano en Visayas occidentales y de la devoción a la Candelaria en Filipinas.

Como segundo Santuario Nacional en Visayas y Mindanao (el primero en Visayas Occidentales y la segunda iglesia dedicada a María en hacerlo en Visayas y Mindanao), la Catedral Metropolitana de Jaro es ampliamente conocida como la sede de la devoción de la Candelaria en Filipinas y del catolicismo romano en Visayas Occidentales.

José Romeo O. Lazo , actual arzobispo católico romano de Jaro.

La ciudad de Iloilo es uno de los centros religiosos más importantes de Filipinas. Debido a las numerosas misiones religiosas que se llevaron a cabo durante los 300 años de colonización española, la población de la ciudad es predominantemente católica, con más del 90 % perteneciente a la Iglesia Católica Romana. Otras minorías religiosas, como los protestantes (5 %), la Iglesia de Cristo (2 %) y los aglipayanos (1 %) (también una forma de anglocatolicismo episcopal ) tienen una presencia significativa en la ciudad. [148]

La antigua ciudad de Jaro (uno de los distritos actuales de la ciudad de Iloilo) es la sede del obispado y de las instituciones cristianas pioneras no solo en Visayas Occidental sino en todas las Filipinas establecidas a través de la colonización española. Los españoles que trajeron la fe católica establecieron la sede metropolitana católica romana de la Arquidiócesis de Jaro con su catedral diocesana, mientras que los estadounidenses que trajeron el protestantismo establecieron la Convención de Iglesias Bautistas Filipinas (la primera y más antigua organización de iglesias bautistas en Filipinas), la Iglesia Evangélica de Jaro (la primera iglesia bautista en las islas Filipinas) y el Centro Adventista de Jaro (la primera iglesia adventista organizada en Filipinas).

La Arquidiócesis Católica Romana es una de las sedes obispales más grandes y antiguas del país. Se estableció como parroquia en 1587 y abarcaba inicialmente Catmon, Cabatuan y Maasin. Fue creada diócesis en virtud de bula papal del Papa Pío IX el 27 de mayo de 1865. Tiene jurisdicción sobre los obispos sufragáneos de Mindoro, Palawan, Zamboanga, la provincia de Iloilo, Negros Oriental , Guimaras, San José de Buenavista, Capiz. , Bacolod , San Carlos y Kabankalan en Negros Occidental.

La estatua de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria en la Catedral de Jaro , patrona católica de las Visayas occidentales . Coronada personalmente durante la visita apostólica del papa y santo Juan Pablo II en 1981, es la primera imagen mariana que recibe tal reconocimiento sin un legado papal en Filipinas y Asia.

Perdió parte de su territorio para establecer la Diócesis de Zamboanga y la Prefectura Apostólica de Palawan. Mucho más tarde, se establecieron otras tres jurisdicciones eclesiásticas a partir de partes de su territorio: la Diócesis de Bacolod (15 de julio de 1932), la Prefectura Apostólica de Mindoro (2 de julio de 1936) y la Diócesis de Capiz (27 de enero de 1951). La diócesis fue elevada a Arquidiócesis Metropolitana por el Papa Pío XII. Más tarde, el 24 de marzo de 1962, perdió aún más parte de su territorio que dio lugar al establecimiento de la Prelatura Territorial de San José de Antique (pero que todavía forma parte de ella en la actualidad).

La Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Paz y el Buen Viaje ubicada en el distrito de La Paz es la sede episcopal de la Diócesis de Iloilo de la Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Iglesia Filipina Independiente o Iglesia Aglipayan) .

The Jaro Cathedral (National Shrine of the Our Lady of Candles) is the seat of the Archdiocese of Jaro. Saint Elizabeth of Hungary and the Our Lady of Candles is the official Catholic patronesses of the Archdiocese. The Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria or Our Lady of the Candles is the official patron of the whole Western Visayas and Romblon.

Being designated as a National Shrine, Jaro Cathedral is likewise widely known as the seat of Roman Catholicism in Western Visayas. The said designation (National Shrine) by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines is the first of its kind in the region, the second in the Visayas (after Cebu), and the first Marian-dedicated church outside of Luzon.

Jaro Evangelical Church, the First Baptist Church in the Philippines (first Protestant church outside Manila).

Protestantism formed as the second-largest faith in the City of Iloilo. Protestant sects were brought by the Americans when the Philippines was ceded to American rule by Spain through the 1898 Treaty of Paris.

The said faith brought by the United States in the heavily Roman Catholic Iloilo has gained adherents and still continues to grow at present. Iloilo which is one of the pioneering places in the country where Protestants set foot strongly contributed due to its economic importance on the international scene in the early 1900s. The American colonial government tolerated religious freedom that even to this day Iloilo is still predominantly Catholic.

Presbyterians and Baptists are among the first Protestant sects that arrived in Iloilo. The arrival of the American Protestant denominations resulted in the establishment of notable pioneering institutions in Iloilo. The Presbyterians established the Iloilo Mission Hospital in 1901 (the first American and Protestant hospital in the Philippines) while Baptists established the American John D. Rockefeller-funded Central Philippine University in 1905 (the first Baptist and second American university in the Philippines and in Asia), Jaro Evangelical Church in 1900 (the first Baptist church in the Philippines and also the first Protestant church outside Manila (2nd in the Philippines after the Central United Methodist Church in Manila), and the Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches (the first and oldest Baptist churches organized in the Philippines).

The Seventh-day Adventists did not join the comity agreement with the early Protestant sects for jurisdictional division on the Philippine islands for missionary works, because they wanted to go to any parts of the country. They arrived years later following the advent of Protestant missions in the Philippines in the early 1900s in Iloilo. Their arrival resulted in the founding of Jaro Adventist Center, the first organized Seventh-day Adventist church outside Manila.

There are other Christian sects, such as Iglesia ni Cristo and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and communities of non-Christian sects such as Islam brought by Muslim-Filipinos from the south, Sikhism by the Indian immigrants, and Taoism and Buddhism brought by Chinese immigrants.

Economy

Poverty incidence of Iloilo City

Panoramic view of Iloilo City's downtown area in Iloilo City Proper

Iloilo City has the second-largest economy in the Visayas, after Cebu City, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of ₱145.05 billion in 2022.[157] It is the hub for trade, commerce, finance, technology, medical tourism, hospitality, real estate, tourism, education, and industry in the Western Visayas region. Major industries in the city include management of port facilities, telecommunications infrastructure and utilities, banking and finance, retail trading, real estate, tourism and business process outsourcing. The local government has provided incentives to businesses in certain investment areas, such as income tax holidays and free issuance of permits and licenses.[158] It is the home of Mang Inasal, headquartered in Iloilo.

During the Spanish colonial period, sugar was the main export product of Iloilo. The said industry brought immense wealth to the city alongside when its port was opened to the international trade. As a result, known and old-rich families' wealth was propelled by sugarcane plantations. It yielded affluent clans that are known in the region and the country up to today, which originated in Iloilo—Lacson, Locsin, Ledesma, Montinola, Lopez, to name a few. After World War II, the sugar industry in Iloilo waned, and the importance of the city as the second most important economic center next to Manila diminished.

It was in the 21st century that its economic rebounded, led in particular by the opening of the Iloilo International Airport in 2007, which replaced the old Iloilo Airport in Mandurriao. The Iloilo International Airport is the fifth busiest airport in the country. The acquisition of the old airport after it was decommissioned and the construction of a business park on its site by the real estate giant Megaworld Corporation, became a catalyst for some land developers to invest in Iloilo.

Skyline view of Iloilo City's midtown area in Mandurriao district

As an economic hub in the Western Visayas region, the metropolis leads the Western Visayas region as the city with the most bank savings deposits and accounts (third in the Philippines); the Port of Iloilo, which is one of the historical ports in the Philippine islands, is now one of the busiest ports and natural harbors in the country by terms of passenger movement and cargo handling.[159] Iloilo City has the lowest crime rate in the Philippines,[160] the lowest level of corruption, the highest life expectancy in Visayas and Mindanao, a large concentration of middle class, ranks first in the happiness index,[161] and the most business-friendly city.[162]

Trade and industry

Stronghold Insurance Tower in San Rafael, District of Mandurriao

There were 8,407 business establishments as of December 2003 in Iloilo City, of which 1,182 are new. Total capital investments for new business establishments is P365,506,020.92. However, both new and renewed capital investments for the year 2003 amounted to ₱13.02 billion.[138] Of the employed person by type of industry from primary occupation 82% belongs to service sector, 14% belongs industry sector and only 4% are in agriculture (as of April 2003 FIES, NSO).[138] Average annual family income (at current prices) is P 283,604 or a percentage increase of 32.3 between 1994 and 1997 while Average Annual Family Expenditures is P 226,887 or a 25.6% increase (2000 FIES).

Average per Capita Income is P 65,136 and Average Per Capita Expenditures is P 51,557 (FIES 2000). Average Inflation Rate is 3.2, the Average Purchasing Power of the Peso is 0.62 and the Average Consumer Price Index (CPI) is 162.6 in 2003. (Source: NSO, Prices Section).[138]

Banking and finance

The banking industry in Iloilo dates back during the Spanish times. The establishment of banks during that time was the result of the sugar-boom and Iloilo's importance as an international gateway when its port was open for foreign ships. The first Banco Español-Filipino (now Bank of the Philippines), opened its first branch outside of Manila in Iloilo. The first Philippine National Bank branch outside Manila also opened in the city. With that, there are also international banks implying the city's importance in banking history in the Philippines, that opened in Iloilo during Spanish-American times that ceased their operations in the city: the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), first HSBC branch outside Manila; and Standard Chartered (first Standard Chartered Bank branch outside Manila).

At present, Iloilo ranks 3rd in the country as the city with most deposits or savings account, fueled by OFW remittances, IT-BPO industry, and the local industries. The surge of microfinancial and other lending institutions in the city has also sprouted. It is the headquarters of LifeBank MFI, the Iloilo's largest homegrown microfinancial institution (3rd largest microfinancial institution in the country) with ~500 branches across the Philippines.

Queen City Development Bank (QueenBank) which is owned by the Florete Group, is one of the founding member of Megalink (the first bank outside of Manila to become a member of it) has its headquarters and 1st branch in Iloilo City.

Tourism

Dinagyang Tribe Warriors during the Tribe Dance Competition.

As a gateway to the Western Visayan region, tourism plays a major part as a catalyst in contributing to Iloilo City's economy. The metropolis hosts notable festivals which entice thousands of tourists annually especially during the Dinagyang, Kasadyahan, Paraw Regatta (Asia's oldest sailing event), and Fiesta de Candelaria festivals seasons. Iloilo City's bannered monickers like "City of Love" and "City of Mansions" and intensified local government's programs such as beautification of major thoroughfares in the city and building of parks, has played a role in attracting local and foreign visitors also. There are myriad of selections of attractions in the city that tourists can visit – heritage landmarks, museums, art galleries, parks, and restaurants, to name a few. Nightlife in the metro with Smallville Complex as the mecca for party-goers is flocked by revellers every night especially on Friday and weekends.

A well known Philippine heritage city built during the Spanish era, heritage tourism adds also to the city's charm which magnets visitors. Centuries old churches, old edifices and mansions of well known Ilonggo families, magnets sightseers from different places who wants to discover Iloilo City's rich and glorious past. Iloilo City is also respected gastronomic capital with famous dishes originated in the area that gained popularity throughout the country – La Paz Batchoy, Pancit Molo, Kansi, Laswa, KBL (Kadyos, Baboy kag Langka), Chicken Inasal, Tinuom, and KMU (Kadyos, manok, kag ubad).

In 2018 alone, Iloilo City attracted the highest tourist arrivals in Western Visayas, posting 1,242,087 total arrivals, including 1,154,550 domestic visitors, 70,787 foreign guests, and 16,750 overseas workers. Following in 2019, it garnered an 11.59% increase in the previous year's data.[163] In 2020, the city again achieved its target with 1.4 million arrivals.[164]

Information technology

SM Strata houses IT-BPO companies like Teletech, EXL Service, Hinduja, and Legato Health.
Iloilo Site and Philippine Center of Fair Trade Outsourcing at One Lorton Building, a U.S. based IT-BPO company with a global reach of nine sites in five countries across four continents.

The IT-BPO and KPO industry has spurred employment in the metropolis. IT-BPO and KPO locators are attracted to Iloilo because of the literacy rate and the number of graduates per year.[165] With continuous influx of business process outsourcing (BPO) and knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) industry, Iloilo has fast becoming a "Silicon Valley" backed by its political leaders.[166] BPO investors are attracted to Iloilo due to stable energy source, availability of building spaces, high number of graduates and English Proficiency.

iQor Iloilo in the Festive Walk Parade.

Megaworld's Iloilo Business Park – One Global Center, Two Global Center, and Three Techno Place are Iloilo operation sites of Transcom Asia, StarTek, WNS Global and Convergent powered by Nearsol, respectively. While Richmonde Tower is where Reed Elsevier is operates.[167][168] Other IT-BPO and KPO locators are Callbox (the largest homegrown IT-BPO company in Iloilo), Fair Trade Outsourcing (a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. based IT & BPM/BPO company), Telus International, Legato Health Technologies (now Carelon Global Solutions), Asurion, Conectys, TeleTech Holdings, Inc., Crawford & Company, Savant Technologies (A non-voice KPO and BPO company), Eversun Philippines (a non voice KPO and BPO), Reed Elsevier, SPI-Global (Now Inspiro), Sagility, WorldSource Inc., Vista Health Solutions, Xilium Professional Services, WNS, Hinduja Global Solutions, iXL Solution, RS2, Prosync (Process Synergy), Trusttel Customer Care, OneVirtual Global Business Solutions, Medrisk, Bluu Qatar Philippines, POWRD Solutions, iQor Iloilo, Accentline, Voiceless Technologies (Now Leadgen), Atento, HealthyBOS, XtendOps (Extend BPO), and Yazaki-Philippine EDS Techno Service.

Fair Trade Outsourcing (FTO), a United States based IT-BPO company headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, opened its first global site in Iloilo (now its Philippine operations headquarters) in October 2015 as MODph. It was renamed Rethink Staffing in August 2016 and eventually to its present name in February 2018, Fair Trade Outsourcing. It opened two more sites in the metro.

The Department of Science and Technology-Information and Communications Technology Office (DOST-ICTO) and Business Processing Association of the Philippines (BPAP) has named Iloilo City one of the next wave cities.[169]

Iloilo City is a "City of Excellence" as it rivals the cities of Manila and Cebu in terms of economic progress. It has also a number of IT/BPO and KPO centers except for the ones in Iloilo Business Park, and among them is the Ayala Techno Hub Iloilo, Amigo Plaza Mall, SM Strata, and Plazuela de Iloilo.[170][171]

Some of the known IT/BPO centers in Iloilo Business Park, both by Megaworld Corporation while the Iloilo City Center by the Gaisano Group has business process outsourcing (BPO) office buildings undergoing construction for future IT-BPO and KPO locators occupancy.[172]

Shopping and retail

Within the SM Iloilo Complex is SM City Iloilo, the largest mall in Western Visayas.

As the shopping hub of Western Visayas, retail industry has a big relevant presence in Iloilo City since Spanish and American colonial times. Proliferated after Philippines gained Independence from United States of America.

In 1877, the first department store in the Philippines was Hoskyn's Department Store started at Calle Real which stretches from Plaza Libertad to Plazoleta Gay.[173][174] It was first to employ the "fixed pricing" for its commodities in merchandising. Since it was "the store that sold everything from needle to anchor", people of Iloilo and even Bacolod flocked buying from its goods such as English wool imported from England. It offered groceries, hardware, stationery, toys, watches, jewelry, machinery, buttons, threads, etc.[175] It was described as "a great store" and "the best in the islands", Dauncey recounted how she bought "pieces of furniture, some groceries, china, glass, and so forth" from Hoskyn's "at low prices, as they have such an immense business, even being able to compete with the shops in Manila..." by Enid Rolanda Dauncey, wife of Iloilo-based British businessman Campbell Dauncey, in her 1906 memoirs "An Englishwoman in the Philippines". "It has long been a commercial landmark in the Bisayas, people call on it for everything and always get what they want," incorporated in 1925.[176] After the World War II, Que Family acquired Hoskyns and renamed it to " Washington Commercial " as their second store. They have "Washington Grocery" in Iznart Street. Subsequently, it was renamed "Washington Supermart".

Marymart Shopping Center opened in 1972 in called Weyler (renamed later as Valeria (Ledesma), owner of the land) by Jamora Brothers. Henry Sy purchased land an adjacent lot in Valeria and founded the SM Iloilo now called SM Delgado, is the first SM outside Manila, which started operating in 1979 while Cebu only opened 14 years after in 1993 and Bacolod in 2007.[177] In 1993, Jimenez family sold their property and Atrium Shopping Center was opened beside Caza Plaza Hotel. It was first shopping center to have a combination of hotel, restobar, Saloon, Supermarket and Restaurants in the whole Philippines.

With the growing demand of consumerism and real estate, Philippine companies such as – SM Prime Holdings, Robinsons Land Corporation, Megaworld Corporation, and Ayala has fueled the popularity of mall culture in Iloilo.

Festive Walk Parade, the longest shopping and dining strip in the Philippines

Malls or shopping centers in the city include the SM City Iloilo by SM Prime Holdings, the largest SM Supermall in Western Visayas (one of the largest in the Philippines); Robinsons Place Iloilo and Robinsons Place Jaro – both by Robinsons Land Corporation; Gaisano Capital Iloilo, The Atrium Mall, Gaisano ICC Mall, and by Megaworld Corporation's – Festive Walk Iloilo, the first (full-scale) Megaworld Lifestyle Mall outside Luzon and Festive Walk Parade, the longest dining strip in the Philippines.[178][179][180]

Community malls in the city include the CityMall - Tagbak, Jaro & CityMall - Parola, Iloilo by Double Dragon Properties; Jaro Town Square & SM Savemore Jaro I by SM Prime Holdings; GT Mall Molo ; The Shops At Atria by Ayala Malls.

Upcoming shopping centers in the metropolis include the SM City Jaro in SM Prime Holdings 48-hectare property in Balabago, Jaro, Iloilo City (which include hotel and condominium components); and the Sta. Lucia Mall in Sta. Lucia Land's Green Meadows East Township in Tacas, Jaro, Iloilo City; and the another community open-air mall of Ayala Land - the Atria Gardens in Atria Park District in San Rafael, Mandurriao, Iloilo City.

Government

The Iloilo City Hall (Ayuntamiento de Iloilo) and the Plaza Libertad.

Iloilo City is the regional capital of Western Visayas region and the provincial capital of Iloilo province. It is one of the important economic centers in the Philippines and regional and provincial offices of national government agencies has offices in the city. It is classified as a first income class and highly urbanized city (HUC). Due to such status and classification, it is independent from the province of Iloilo, thus its citizens does not have the power to elect for political provincial officials.

Former seal of Iloilo City, in use since 1950. The central seal, often mistaken as the "coat of arms" of the city, was granted when Iloilo achieved its status as a royal city on October 5, 1889, through a decree issued by the Queen Regent Maria Cristina, on behalf of her son King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who was still a minor in that year.[56][55]

The city's actual existence dates back to its founding in 1566 through a settlement established by the Spaniards in the areas of Oton and Villa de Arevalo and received its cityhood status thrice – first on October 5, 1889 (effectivity in 1890) through a Spanish royal decree issued by the Queen Regent of Spain, Maria Christina, secondly in 1893 through a legal declaration by the virtue of Bacura/Becerra Law ratifying the first royal decree and establishing the city government of Iloilo, and the third through a virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 158 on July 16, 1937, formally inaugurated on August 25, 1937, as a chartered city, by consolidating the existing City of Iloilo with the towns of Arevalo, Mandurriao, Molo, and La Paz, while the City of Jaro was officially annexed on January 7, 1941, through the virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 604 of August 22, 1940, issued by President Manuel L. Quezon. By such decrees, the City of Iloilo is the first legal city in the Philippines because no law ratifies and established by the government that creates and enacts an edict declaring or elevating a town into a status of a city during Spanish and early American colonial periods.

The city acquired its royal title "La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad" (The Most Loyal and Noble City) on March 1, 1898, given by Queen Regent Maria Christina of Spain due to the loyalty stand by the Ilonggos to the Spanish crown during the Philippine war of independence. It is likewise one of the few Spanish Royal Cities in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines.

The Mayor of Iloilo City (Alcalde) is the chief executive and is assisted by the vice mayor (vice-alcalde) which governs the city. The city is also represented by a congressman in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. The Iloilo City Council (Filipino: Sangguniang Panglungsod ng Iloilo and Spanish: Consejo de Ciudad de Iloilo) is the local legislative assembly. Its 15-member council is elected concurrently with general elections, held at the same time with the national elections including for the city and vice mayors. The Council convenes every month at the Iloilo City Hall (Ayuntamiento de Iloílo), and the meetings are open to the public. The matters on which the councillors decide have generally already been drafted and discussed by various boards and committees.[181]

Iloilo city is sub-divided into 180 barangays or "barrios" each govern by a Barangay Captain or Chairman held through a national barangay election.

In 1955, through the efforts for a liberal appointing of a new city mayor, Rodolfo Ganzon became the first mayor that won through a popular election process. Ganzon is widely remembered by his constituents for having authored and sponsored the Iloilo City Freedom Law which restored to the people of Jaro, La Paz, Molo, Arevalo, Manduriao and Iloilo City proper their constitutional right to elect their own mayor, vice mayor and 10 councilors.[182][183]

Culture

Cultures and traditions has a crucial role that shaped Iloilo's cultural and heritage sphere apart from the being the Regional Center of the Western Visayas region. Cultural and heritage consciousness is held in much broad public attention and fervor among the various stakeholders with the help of the government. Iloilo holds many cultural institutions especially national ones and heritage houses and mansions that contributed to Iloilo's long held monikers as "Museum City of the Philippines" and the "City of Mansions."

Museums

The National Museum of the Philippines – Western Visayas housed in the old Iloilo Provincial Jail turned museum.

The city has a number of museums ranging from fields of ancient and contemporary art, cultural and economic history to science. Museums and art galleries are the repositories of Iloilo's rich and glorious history and culture. Various notable Philippine artists trace their roots from Iloilo. Unearthed artifacts like potteries, porcelain, gold and plates had been excavated in many parts of Iloilo predating Spanish Era are now showcased in various museums in Iloilo.

The Casa de Emperador in Iloilo Business Park houses the (ILOMOCA) Iloilo Museum of Contemporary Art, first modern and contemporary art museum in Visayas in Mindanao; and Emperador Brandy Museum, the first brandy museum in the Philippines.

Collaborative efforts of the city government with various stakeholders to uplift the cultural cognizance of the Ilonggo people led to the establishment of the Western Visayas Regional Museum of the National Museum of the Philippines in the restored and adoptive reuse of old Iloilo Provincial Jail and their regional headquarters in the restored old Municipio de Jaro (Jaro Municipal Hall). There are other museums that showcase memorabilias of notable person and families, artworks and artifacts.

The other notable museums and art galleries in the city in which some are under some academic institutions which include the Museo Iloilo (the first government built museum outside Manila); Museum of Philippine Economic History; Iloilo Museum of Contemporary Art (housed at the Casa de Emperador at Iloilo Business Park); The Henry Luce III (Museum and Library) of Central Philippine University, University of San Agustin Museum, UPV Art Gallery, John B. Lacson Foundation Museum of Maritime Culture and Craft, Rosendo Mejica Museum, among others.

The Iloilo Museum of Contemporary Art (ILOMOCA), the first museum project of the property giant Megaworld Corporation, is the first museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art in Visayas and Mindanao. The museum of 3,000 square meters of space is housed at the Casa de Emperador which includes five exhibit rooms and souvenir and merchandise shop. The ground floor is The Hulot Exhibit which showcase exhibits of local and international artists. Works by notable and renowned international artists like Salvador Dalí, Marc Chagall, and Joan Miró are exhibit in some of its art collections.[184][185][186]

The Henry Luce III (Museum and Library) of Central Philippine University, the largest library in the Western Visayas (one of the largest in the Philippines). It houses collection on Asian arts and artifacts, the CPU Meyer Asian Collection, and the UNESCO Memory of the World Register inscribed Hinilawod Epic Chant Recordings.

The Museum of Philippine Economic History, the first economic history museum in the Philippines, has a wide array of exhibits and collections showcasing the economic history of the Philippine throughout the different colonial eras. The structure, restored by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines and where the museum is housed is formerly owned by one of the country's biggest trading firms, the Ynchausti y Compania, of the Familia Ynchausti. The firm's name was synonymous with its products like Yco Floor Wax, Tanduay and Yco Paints. The museum has 13 galleries throughout the 2 storey structure.

The location of the Museum of Philippine Economic History in Iloilo City is due to the city and province being called the Queen City of the South during the Spanish and early American colonial era because of its economic importance next to Manila.

Other than the hundred decades-old artifacts and items on display at the Philippine Museum of Economic History, visitors can find in the museum looms from the oldest weavers of Miag-ao in Iloilo, which was known then as the Textile Capital of the Philippines, and also showcases artifacts coming from other regions such as T'nalak from Mindanao and decades-old gold, necklace and other accessories from Pampanga; old photographs and maps, and other interesting remnants of the past.

The Henry Luce III (Library and Museum) on Central Philippine University's main campus which was built through a benevolent grant given by the Henry Luce Foundation though Henry Luce III, the eldest son of the founder of Time Inc. Henry Luce. It holds an array of special museum collections categorized into various sections and types of collections – Meyer Asian Collection, the Elizabeth Knox Sacred Music Collection, rare collections of Second World War documents, Asian archaeological artifacts and historical exhibits, and artworks from known artists. A Henry Luce III (the main library of CPU Library system) sole book holding implies it as the largest library in the Western Visayas region.

Iloilo City's second UNESCO inscription under the UNESCO Memory of World Register, through the Hinilawod Epic Chant Recordings, is located at the Henry Luce III Library of Central Philippine University.[21]

Festivals

An Ati dancer-warrior performs at the annual Dinagyang Festival.

The Ilonggos cultural identity is deeply rooted and influenced by the Hispanic culture. Iloilo is known as Festival(s) Capital of the Philippines with various renowned festivals in the country celebrated in the city showcasing the city's rich cultural and historical past. Iloilo is highlighted with various festivals in which big three is Dinagyang Festival – held every fourth Sunday of January in honor of the Holy Child Jesus (Santo Niño de Jesus) in a venerated image of Santo Niño de Cebu. Kasadyahan Festival, which held every fourth Saturday of January or the day before the highlight of the Dinagyang Festival, is a festival competition showcasing various festivals from different places in the region.

The Jaro Fiesta (Fiesta de Jaro) or Fiesta de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Fiesta de Candelaria) which is held every February 2 in honor of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Virgin of Candelaria) the patron of Western Visayas and Romblon, is the largest marian dedicated festival outside Luzon.

Jaro Fiesta is famous for its pomp and pageantry. The fiesta chooses its annual Reyna del Fiesta de Jaro or Jaro Carnival Queen from among the maiden member of prominent and notable old-rich Spanish-Filipino or wealthy families of the town. The annual fiesta includes a cockfighting held during the fiesta day (largest cockfighting competition in the Philippines) at the Iloilo Coliseum and an agro-industrial and charity fair in Plaza Jaro which starts from September and a week after the fiesta day.

Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch in Iloilo Chinatown

Iloilo with its number of mainland Chinese expatriates who came for trading and settled in the city hundreds of years ago, celebrates the annual Iloilo Chinese Lunar New Year. It is considered as the largest Chinese New Year celebration outside Binondo, Manila, the oldest Chinatown in the world.

In contrast with the city's celebration of the annual Chinese New Year, Iloilo with the advent of Chinese settlers before or during the Spanish Colonial period, settled in what is now the Molo District or Parian, a town established for Sangleyes or Chinese Ilonggos by the Spanish colonial government. Though only a town where Chinese people were organized to settle, Molo is considered as second-oldest Chinatown after Binondo, Manila.

During the holiday season after the all saints (Dia de Todos Los Santos) and all souls days (Dia de los Muertos), various landmarks such as schools are adorned with yuletide lights spectacles. Flocked during its opening night in the first week of December by thousands of spectators, the annual Festival of Lights and Music at Central on the campus of Central Philippine University is the longest running university based Christmas festival of lights in the Western Visayas region since 1991. Trees, major edifices, and places of interests like the CPU Church on the university's 24 hectare main campus in Jaro, Iloilo City are festooned with holiday lights and displays of Christmas icons like Santa Claus, Nativity Scene, and Pasko sa Nayon. It is opened to the public until every January 6 of the next year. Carnival rides, a Christmas Bazaar and food stalls are also found catering to the tourists visiting the campus of the university in the said event.

Paraw Regatta, which is also one of the main festivals of Iloilo and held every February, is the sailing event in Asia (oldest traditional boat sailing event in Asia). The festivities during the said festival includes Samba de Regatta, Miss Paraw Regatta pageant, Lighted Paraw and the annual Paraw Regatta sailing competition held in La Villa Rica de Arevalo (Villa de Arevalo)

In thrive for the city's endeavor as the Art Capital of the Philippines, the Iloilo Summer Arts Festival was launched in 2020 which runs from April to May.[187] The latest addition to such venture is the Iloilo Arts Festival which opened in December 2021. It is a nearly a month long event showcasing the best of Ilonggo artistry in visual arts exhibited in notable city museums and performing arts in theaters across the metropolis.

Public arts

The local government has initiated efforts to promote the city as the "Art Capital of the Philippines". It has established several programs through the help of local artists like turning the blank and public spaces in the metropolis as canvasses for murals and paintings depicting the city's rich history and culture.

A fine example of this is the 3D Mural depicting the Dinagyang warriors dancing in the street in Iloilo River Esplanade 1. Real estate developers also play a role in supporting such programs by rolling out plans to elevate the cultural consciousness of the Ilonggos through public art displays and mural paintings.

Entertainment, film and performing arts

The colonial influence of Spanish and American culture has created an imprint in the entertainment, performing arts, and film sectors and scenes in Iloilo. The city and province has produced a notable people in the field of cinema and entertainment. The arts and entertainment sectors in Iloilo flourished during the time when Iloilo was opened to international trade when the Puerto de Iloilo (Port of Iloilo) was opened to foreign ships to dock from different countries. The annual Iloilo Film Festival, which is held during the Dinagyang Festival, has a plethora of films being screened during the festival's event.

The Iloilo Convention Center in Iloilo Business Park.

The Iloilo Convention Center is a state-of-the-art convention center located in the Iloilo Business Park by Megaworld Corporation in Mandurriao. Its construction was completed in September 2015 in time for the APEC 2015. It is a two-story structure with a total floor area of 11,832 square meters (127,358 square feet). The main hall on the ground floor has a 3,700-seat capacity and 500-seat function rooms on the second floor. A rooftop of 1,500 square meters (16,145 square feet) is available for outdoor functions.[188]

The convention center was designed by Ilonggo architect William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by Iloilo's Dinagyang and Paraw Regatta festivals.

The Rose Memorial Auditorium in Central Philippine University, the largest theater in Western Visayas.

Iloilo has various facilities also for international and local musical, band, and solo performances or concerts. Rose Memorial Auditorium or Rose on Central Philippine University's main campus is the largest and notable auditorium or theater Western Visayas region. It hosted concerts held by famous Filipino and international singers, bands and cultural groups and is also the venue of the annual national Bombo Music Festival that draws homegrown music artists from all over the Philippines.[189][190][191][192]

The auditorium is a 2-storey structure and can occupy or has a maximum capacity of 4,000+ spectators. Rose Memorial along with Central Philippine University has been and is the only theater/auditorium and university in the Western Visayas region that has been designated (one of the first batch of nine) Cultural Center of the Philippines Regional Art Centers (or Kaisa sa Sining Regional Art Centers) in 2014 in the whole Philippines.[193][194][195][196][197][198]

Regent Arcade Building, also known as Regent Theater, formerly known as Cine Palace or Palace Theater, is the oldest existing movie theater in Iloilo.

There had been old cinema theaters in the old central business district of Calle Real, but they do not now operate because of the development of modern shopping malls with cinemas in the metropolis which replaced their once and glorious days in the heritage zone of Calle Real in the city center. Modern day cinemas in the metropolis screens with a wide array of present-day films both national and from foreign countries. The arts and entertainment initiatives with the Film Development Council of the Philippines under the office of the Philippine President city has established its presence in the city as the regional cultural and arts center of Western Visayas through the establishment of Cinematheque theater which showcases various screened films.

Cultural representations in the perspective of performing and visual arts holds numerous concerts throughout the year with some showcased by universities cultural groups and organizations in the city.

University's in Iloilo on the other hand, has a vital role with various established cultural and art groups that gain foothold that held and performed in various cultural performances nationally and internationally in which some are sponsored National Cultural government agencies. The University of San Agustin has established the USA Troubadours while Central Philippine University the CPU Bahandi Singers, CPU Handbell Choir (the first 8 octave handbell choir in the Philippines) and the CPU Sari-Saot Dance Troupe.

Cuisine

The official logo of Iloilo City for UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy
A bowl of La Paz Batchoy. Famous throughout the Philippines, it is an Ilonggo delicacy that originated from the La Paz district of Iloilo City.

With Iloilo being hailed as the Food Haven of the Philippines, its local cuisines are well-loved and recognized by many Filipinos across the country, including from different parts of the world.[199] The City of Iloilo is the first UNESCO Creative Cities Network in Gastronomy in the country owing to its diverse array of traditional and modernized cuisines that has gained foothold across the country.[17] Food in Iloilo is a blend of east-and-west due to the contact of locals with the foreign cultures because of Iloilo's central most location and one of the most important port cities in the Philippines. The three hundred years of Spanish influence in the Iloilo's culture left a heavy imprint in the Ilonggo cuisine that resulted to the cuisines that are the same with other Hispanic influenced countries like Menudo, Afritada, Lechon, Adobo, Estofado, among others. Because of Ilonggos roots as Asians, rice is a staple diet food, and is usually served plain with other dishes.

The city is famous for dishes like La Paz Batchoy, Pancit Molo, Kansi, Kadyos, Baboy, kag Langka (KBL), Kadyos, Manok, kag Ubad, Tinuom nga Manok, Inasal nga Manok (Chicken Inasal), and Kilawin.

The city has a variety of restaurants specialized in serving foreign cuisines (Italian, American, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, German, and Thai cuisines). The rise of international and luxury hotels brought high-end buffet and exclusive dining experience to tourists and locals.

Chinese influenced played also a vital role in influencing the Ilonggo cuisine and because of it, famous dishes like the La Paz Batchoy and Pancit Molo born-out because of such influence which became well known throughout the Philippines that originated from Iloilo.

Iloilo has also been the founding location of the first branch of Mang Inasal fast-food chain of restaurants in the country. It was founded by Edgar Sia, a Japanese-Chinese-Filipino businessman in 2003 and has expanded with its opening of branches throughout the Philippines.[200]

A bowl of Pancit Molo.

La Paz Batchoy is one of Iloilo's signature dishes, a delicacy served in restaurants all over Iloilo City. The said noodle soup is made with miki, (round noodles), pork organs (liver, spleen, kidneys and heart), chicken stock, beef loin, shrimp stock, and garnished with chicharon (pork cracklings). When served with a bowl of batchoy, most Ilonggos would finish the kaldo (broth) first. It is customary to request additional refills of kaldo before finishing the meal.[201]

The Spanish influence brought baking techniques to the locals which established century-old notable baking institutions in which Iloilo is famous for – Panaderia ni Paa (founded in the 1900s) and Deocampo: The Original Barquillos (Los Barquillos Originales) (founded in the 1800s) are both located in Jaro and Panaderia de Molo (founded in the 1800s) in Molo. Sweet delicacies like Biscocho and Barquillos are one of the innumerable influences of the Spaniards. Barquillos is a thin rolled cookies while Biscocho is a hardened baked sliced bread with milk and margarine. In the whole archipelago of the Philippines, Iloilo stands out for serving the first and most popular barquillos and biscocho.[202]

Media

The city and the province of Iloilo is served by mostly tabloid-type English newspapers such as Panay News, The Daily Guardian, News Express, and Sunstar Iloilo. Hublas of Panay News is the sole Hiligaynon tabloid newspaper. Iloilo has a glossy full color lifestyle magazine named Cream Magazine published monthly since 1989.

Iloilo City is the main headquarters of Bombo Radyo Philippines, which owns Bombo Radio AM stations and Star FM stations across the country. Being the urban center of the province, most of the AM and FM radio stations serve the province of Iloilo and Guimaras, mostly local stations of national radio stations.

Television arrived in the city in 1964 when DYAF-TV began airing, serving Iloilo City and the neighboring towns in the province. In 1998, with the frequency transfer to Channel 10, ABS-CBN separated its news team from the Bacolod news team and launched TV Patrol Iloilo (today TV Patrol Panay). In 1967, TV-6 Iloilo (a TV5 affiliate) stated its initial broadcast in Jaro, Iloilo City. By 1974 it changed its affiliation to GMA Network as their local television station. The channel started upgrading its facilities and relocated their TV tower to Guimaras and began serving Iloilo City, Panay and Guimaras, as well as some parts of Negros Occidental in 1998. Studio 23 Iloilo (UHF 38) (changed its name to ABS-CBN Sports and Action on January 18, 2014) initiated its broadcast in 1999. The government television station, PTV (VHF 2) in 1992 and IBC (VHF 12) in 1977 are also broadcasting local programs for Iloilo. In the first quarter of 2010, QTV-28 Iloilo (UHF 28) (changed its name to GMA News TV on February 28, 2011) and UNTV-42 (UHF 42) commenced operations in the city. In second quarter of 2012, TV5 Iloilo (UHF 36) and AksyonTV Iloilo (UHF 46) commenced operation, serving the southern part of Western Visayas that includes southern Panay, Iloilo City and Guimaras, also formerly, Negros Occidental, and at the same time started its News5 team coverage. In 1995, RMN launch a UHF TV CTV (Cinema Television) and Iloilo UHF 26 was born. It started its initial broadcast with limited coverage area. In 1997, RMN 26 rebrand to E! Philippines with general entertainment format. But in 2003, RMN cease it operations. Until BEAM an affiliate of RMN return to test broadcast on July 3, 2010, and rebrand to BEAM TV. In 2012, BEAM TV 26 relocate its transmitter to Jordan, Guimaras from RMN Broadcast Center in Lapaz, Iloilo City, and increase its transmitting power from 500 watts to current power 5,000watts in analog and during that time also initial broadcast its digital terrestrial television at UHF 42 with the power of 1,000 watts.

Cityscape

A city landmark, Eusebio Villanueva Building is one of the heritage edifices that lines the historic Calle Real (Royal Street) Heritage Zone in Iloilo's downtown area.

The city's modern-day appearance is shaped by the key role it has played as a trading hub for centuries. Iloilo City has a multitude of districts, each with its distinctive character and representing colonial influence. Iloilo's other distinctive features include its cityscape surrounded with water features such as rivers and is bounded by a sea; bicycle paths and ornamental trees that line most city streets; and its many open spaces, gardens and parks.

Iloilo spreads out with its location in a plain land in south eastern side of Panay Island. It is bounded in the south east side by Iloilo-Guimaras Strait and Guimaras Island which makes the city as a natural harbor for ships. The two main rivers of Iloilo and Batiano snakes through the city and empties out of the Iloilo-Guimaras Strait.

Iloilo is a conglomerate of former separate towns which includes the former city of Jaro established during the Spanish colonial times, thus the layout of the towns civic centers follows a typical Spanish colonial town center composed of a Plaza (Public Square), church, municipal hall and other religious, academic and government instrumentalities offices. A modern development is clustered in an organized form in the city's premises but is strongly concentrated in the Mandurriao district to protect the city's initiatives in protecting the city's skyline, heritage zones and environment. Present modern developments spread out outside the city in neighboring towns that are a part of Metropolitan Iloilo.

Architecture

Yusay-Consing Mansion, popularly known as Molo Mansion, in the district of Molo, is revered as one of the most outstanding historical homes in the Philippines.

Iloilo City's urban planning and architecture reflect the plans of the Spanish and the American colonial administrations. Since Iloilo City is a conglomeration of towns, the districts have their own plazas which are surrounded by establishments of political and ecclesiastical influence, such as churches and old administrative halls. In 1930, Juan M. Arellano of the Bureau of Public Works designed the schematic plan for Iloilo City, which was influenced by Ebenezer Howard's "Garden City."[203]

The Beaux-Arts Villa Lizares (Lizares Mansion) in the district of Jaro.

The Spanish colonial influence is strongly imprinted not only in Iloilo's history and cultural background but also the architectural perspective.

The city's regaled status during the Spanish colonial era until the turn of the 20th century is implied during by the sugar boom with ubiquitous stately mansions and edifices built by the old money Ilonggo Sugar Baron and elite families which contrast to the city's economic importance as a second city next to Manila during the said era in the Philippines. The city's other moniker – City of Mansions is likewise implied because Iloilo holds 240 mansions in which 30 of it are grand mansions built during the Spanish and American colonial eras.

Campanario de Jaro (Jaro Belfry), one of the few free-standing bell towers in the Philippines that is detached from the church.

The ravaged Fuerte de San Pedro (Fort San Pedro) is Iloilo's ground zero as there was no Iloilo City back in the 1600s. As a fortress, Fort San Pedro was built solely by the Spaniards to protect Iloilo from the marauding pirates and privateers. The fort is the second Spanish built fort after the one in Cebu (also Fort San Pedro) in the Philippines and Asia. The foundation of the Fort San Pedro was substantial to the Spanish Empire's stronghold as Panay Island with Iloilo as their second colonial center established through the Iloilo precursor towns of Oton (1566) and La Villa Rica de Arevalo (1581). Oton which was founded as early as 1566 but formally established in 1572 was the actual second seat of Spanish colonial powers but due to pirate attacks, they moved the capital eastward and established the La Villa Rica de Arevalo.

The town of La Villa Rica de Arevalo holds some of the fine example of Spanish built mansions like the mansion of the Spanish Governor General, but were destroyed when the pirates ransacked and destroyed the town. It was in the said frequent events of pirate attacks that the Spaniards moved finally the capital further eastward in the mouth of Rio de Iloilo (Iloilo River) which is flanked and protected by Guimaras Island across it.

Casa de Emperador in Iloilo Business Park, an example of modern built classical styled edifice.

It was in the said establishment of the city on the mouth of Iloilo River that as years go by, the city flourished to its heights especially in the economic and regal importance in the Spanish and American eras. La Villa Rica de Arevalo (Arevalo) is the first Spanish named town in the Philippine islands. It is also in Arevalo that the third oldest image of Holy Child Jesus (Señor Santo Niño) in the Philippines was brought by the Spaniards. Notable present-day structures that are repositories that attest to the town's former glory as a Spanish precursor town of Iloilo is the mansion of Camiña Balay nga Bato and the Convento de Arevalo.

During the Spanish and American eras, the city developed its own unique charm that exudes a typical European city in the east which differed it from other cities just like the old Manila in the Philippines. It was in the said eras that architectural perspective of Iloilo flourished with European styled edifices and stately mansions was built which stands of Iloilo's once economic and political importance in its heyday.

Aduana de Iloilo (Iloilo Customs House) with the Muelle Loney (Loney Dock) which was used as a wharf and port of call berthing ships that plied international routes when the Puerto de Iloilo (Port of Iloilo) was opened to the world market on September 29, 1855, by Queen Isabella II of Spain.

Calle Real (Royal Street) which stretches from Plazoleta Gay up to Plaza Alfonso XII (Plaza Libertad) is Iloilo's Escolta (a heritage street in Manila) lined with commercial edifices that possesses European designs. Calle Real is Iloilo's old Central Business District and is considered as the second-most preserved heritage business district in the Philippines. The street during the Iloilo's economic heyday during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the Puerto de Iloilo (Port of Iloilo) was opened to the international trade is a melting pot and common ground for people of different walks of life, race and color. Stores back then in Calle Real sells luxury goods and items from all over the world.

Iloilo also possesses structures built during the prelude of the American colonial period in the Philippines. Aduana de Iloilo (Iloilo Customs House) and old Iloilo City Hall are notable of the structures built during the said colonial period. Iloilo Customs House, the second-largest customs house after the Aduana in Manila was built the Filipino Architect Juan M. Arellano.

In farther north is the town of Jaro, the largest of all the district of the City of Iloilo. Once a separate city before it merged with the City of Iloilo in the 1940s, is considered as a town of piousness, old rich and grandeur. Many notable Spanish Ilonggos settled and the said area and built their grand mansions and villas. The town's architecture is heavily influenced by the Hispanic and American cultures.

Iglesia de Molo (St. Anne Parish), the first Gothic and feminist church outside Manila.

Grand mansions with imposing European styled facades and motifs of 'Buena Familias' or "Old-rich families" (Spanish-Chinese-Filipino families) of Jaro like the Lopez, Ledesma, Lizares, Jalandoni, Javellana and Locsin families that some of it lines the first millionaire row in the Philippine islands still stands to this day. Two of notable mansions that attest to Jaro's importance as an old rich town that developed out of the sugar boom during the Spanish colonial period is the Mansion de Lopez (Lopez Mansion) or Nelly Garden and the beaux-art styled Villa Lizares (Lizares Mansion) which houses at present the Angelicum School Iloilo of the Dominicans.

Religion is also a crucial factor that influenced Jaro's architectural and town plan perspective as it is the cradle of Christian faith in Western Visayas. The Spanish which brought the Roman Catholic faith established the Jaro Cathedral (National Shrine of the Our Lady Candles) with its separate belfry located across it (one of the few churches in the Philippines with a detached belfry) and the Seminario-Colegio de San Vicente Ferrer (the first institution of Higher Learning in Western Visayas). The advent of American colonialization which brought Protestantism has resulted also to the establishment of institutions.

Torre del Reloj (The Clock Tower) of Festive Walk Parade at Iloilo Business Park. Its construction is a result of the economic boom of the City of Iloilo since 2010.

Fine examples of institutions with edifices possessing American architecture and influence includes the Central Philippine University by the Protestant Baptists in 1905 which holds century-old American colonial-styled edifices, the Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches which housed at the European styled former (Rupert) Montinola Mansion in Fajardo, Jaro, and the Jaro Evangelical Church (the first Baptist Church in the Philippine Islands), are among the few of the notable institutions that holds a number of structures that possesses American architectural influence design.

The town of Molo located westward of the "La Punta" (City Proper) is sometimes called "Parian" or Chinese town during the Spanish colonial times. Old rich Molo influential families helped shaped the town's not only economical but political and architectural sphere. The town just like the more Spanish or Mestizo town of Jaro has also a plethora of mansions built by old-rich Chinese-Spanish-Ilonggo Locsin, Lacson, Sayson, Layson and Pison families. The Molo Church "(Iglesia de Santa Ana)" which was built under the supervision of some of the members of notable Molo families like the "Locsins", is the first and only feminist church outside Manila with its imposing façade with gothic influence facing the "Plaza Molo". The "Yusay-Consing" Mansion or Molo Mansion located just across the Plaza Molo and Molo Church was bought by the retail and real estate giant SM Group has been refurbished and restored to its former glory and is now a houses several cultural stores and a mini-museum which exhibits several artworks and native products.

The present economic boom of the 21st century has spurred modern developments across the city. Huge investments of big real estate developers built modern malls and shopping centers, tall and modern edifices and skyscrapers which sprouted up especially in the new city's Central Business Center which occupies a huge land area in the town of Mandurriao. The first tallest skyscraper in Western Visayas, the Injap Tower of the Double Dragon Properties could be found in the area. Hotels and condominiums and tree-lined avenues with jogging and bicycle lanes have also been built during the city's economic renaissance up to the present. The Iloilo's festival inspired iconic Iloilo Convention Center is also located in the Iloilo Business Park.

Sustainability

The Iloilo Provincial Capitol, National Museum – Western Visayas Regional Museum, and Iloilo Hall of Justice with the Iloilo River in the foreground. Iloilo River, which snakes through the metropolis, is home to 22 of 35 species of mangroves endemic to the Philippines.

The city has been a champion in air quality initiatives which further solidified when it won the 2017 Clean Air City Award given by the Clean Air Philippine Movement. The award is given to urban centers and cities whose initiatives in good urban planning is to maintain a good air quality for its citizens to be a more livable and air pollution Philippines cities.[204][205]

For the second time, Iloilo City has been conferred the Galing Pook Award Archived November 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine for its entry the Iloilo Batiano River Development Project.[206] The award recognizes best local government practices worthy of replication by other local government units (LGUs).

The city's government continued initiatives to lessen its impact on the global carbon footprint, resulted in enacting of various environmental laws in the metropolis such as banning of plastic straws in the city, strict compliance of establishments along the stretch of Iloilo river to install waste water treatment facilities, and segregation of bio-degradable and degradable rubbishes. Restaurants such as the ones that are serving fast-food in the city use oxo-degradable plastic bags and recycled paper-boxes. Iloilo City has also tree planting programs such as the government and various stakeholders continued forestation of endemic and ornamental trees along the city's major thoroughfares and mangroves along the city's creeks, estuaries, waterfront areas and rivers.

The Iloilo city government's continued efforts for green sustainability through building of parks, open spaces and making the metropolis clean and conducive to tourists, bagged the city the ASEAN Clean Tourist City award in 2020.[207]

The local government's aim to make Iloilo a sustainable, bike-friendly metro earned the city the Most Bike-Friendly City citation in the 2018 PhilBike Awards. It also received the following accolades: Gold Award in both the 2021 and 2022 National Bike Day - Bike Lane Awards,[208] Gold Award in the Mobility Awards 2021,[209] and the Galing Pook Award 2022 (through its I-Bike Program).[210]

Parks and recreation

Diversion Road, which stretches from Infante in Molo district to Sambag in Jaro district, has a dedicated elevated bricked bicycle and jogging lane, the longest in the country.

The city is endowed with various parks, open spaces and gardens which contribute the city's government initiatives in protecting and preserving its urbanscape for city dwellers for them to benefit from. The Iloilo River Esplanade which stretches on both sides of Iloilo River which has been designed a renowned Filipino Architect Paulo Alcazaren who designed Clarke Quay in Singapore, is the longest linear park and riverside boulevard in the Philippines. The Iloilo River Esplanade along its stretch is dense with mangrove trees where 22 of the 35 species of mangroves that is endemic to the Philippines can be found. The mangroves along the Iloilo River Esplanade is also a breeding ground for marine species.

Iloilo city before is re-incorporation is a conglomerate of former separate towns during the Spanish up to the American colonial eras thus they have their own civic centers or Plazas equipped with ornamental gardens and endemic ornamental and non-ornamental or fruit trees. Plazas have long been played the role for the city dwellers to socialize and recreate.

There are also numerous recent development initiatives that the city government is pushing through for its continued efforts for more parks and open spaces in the city such as the redevelopment of Iloilo City Civic Center which includes the Iloilo City Hall with the revitalization of the former 'Plaza de Aduana' or Sunburst Park and the relocation and building of the new Freedom Grandstand at the Muelle Loney (Loney Wharf) with pocket size and mini gardens. The said same initiative is also being laid-out and undertaken with the Provincial capitol complex of the Iloilo Provincial Government with initial phase of the Iloilo Provincial Jail being renovated and restored becoming the National Museum of the Philippines – Western Visayas regional Museum and the landscaping of the provincial capitol complex.

Smart City Initiative

The Iloilo River Esplanade, stretching for about 8-9 kilometers on both banks of the Iloilo River, is the longest river esplanade and linear park in the Philippines.

Iloilo City is closer to being a smart city[211] as it is providing free internet access in public areas,[212] aiming to decrease its carbon emission, higher efficiency and productivity to underscore Iloilo as a livable city. Electric vehicles are operating in the city. Pumping Stations were installed to prevent flooding.[213] Air quality is being monitored and graded as clean per international standards. Taxis are advised to use an automotive navigation system to inform passengers of their location and for navigation through streets and alleys. Other services include, phone calls for emergency rescue, device charging stations, local wayfinding, free housing in Sooc, Lanit and San Isidro and more. All barangays of Iloilo City have installed Closed-circuit television to predict traffic police requirements and for public safety.[214]

The city has banned the use of plastic straws in the city, strict compliance of establishments along the stretch of Iloilo river to install waste water treatment facilities, and segregation of bio-degradable and degradable rubbish. Restaurants and fast-food stores use oxo-degradable plastic bags and recycled paper-boxes. Iloilo city sustained its tree-planting programs through forestation of endemic and ornamental trees along the city's major thoroughfares and mangroves along the city's creeks, estuaries, waterfront areas and rivers and clean-up drive.

The city was awarded in 2017 with Clean Air City Award by the Clean Air Philippine Movement. The award is recognition of Iloilo urban planning in diligence for maintaining the good air quality[204][205]

For the second time, Iloilo City has been conferred the Galing Pook Award for its entry the Iloilo Batiano River Development Project.[206] The award recognizes best local government practices worthy of replication by other local government units (LGUs).


Healthcare

The CPU–Iloilo Mission Hospital, founded in 1901 by the Presbyterian American missionary doctor Joseph Andrew Hall, is the first American and Protestant hospital in the Philippines (the oldest operating hospital in the Western Visayas region). It serves as the university hospital of Central Philippine University.

Iloilo City is the leading healthcare center of the Western Visayas region and is rapidly becoming one of the medical tourism hubs in the Philippines. The Iloilo City Health Office and the Department of Health (Philippines) is responsible for the implementation and planning of the health care programs provided by the city government. The three government-run hospitals in the city are the West Visayas State University Medical Center (WVSUMC), Western Visayas Medical Center (WVMC), and the Iloilo City Hospital. The Iloilo City Health Office operates and supervises Health Centers in barrios or barangays in the city.

The city provides free immunization programs for children, specifically targeted against the seven major diseases – smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, whooping cough, polio, and measles.

Iloilo's healthcare is also largely provided by private and church-affiliated corporations. Private hospitals that operates in the city are the following:

Healthway Qualimed Hospital Iloilo, formerly known as Qualimed Hospital Iloilo, of AC Health (Ayala Corporation), the first Ayala/Qualimed Hospital in Visayas and Mindanao.

There are also notable maternity clinics and centers in the city which include the La Paz Maternity and Reproductive Health Center (LMRHC) and CPU Birthing Center of the Central Philippine University.

The oldest running hospital in Iloilo City is the CPU–Iloilo Mission Hospital. It was founded as Union Mission Hospital in 1901 by the Presbyterian American missionary Joseph Andrew Hall as "the first Protestant and American hospital in the Philippines". Iloilo Mission Hospital serves as the university hospital of Central Philippine University. The hospital pioneered nursing education in the Philippines when it established the Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1906, the present-day Central Philippine University - College of Nursing, the first school of Nursing in the country. The nursing school produced the first three nursing graduates, the first rank number one topnotcher and the first number one top-performing school in the history of nursing licensure and education in the Philippines.

Saint Paul's Hospital Iloilo which was founded in 1911 by the French catholic missionaries through the help of the American Catholics, is the oldest running hospital founded by Daughters of Saint Paul of Chartres in the Philippines. At present, it serves as an affiliated hospital of the St. Paul University Iloilo. Both St. Paul's Hospital Iloilo and CPU–Iloilo Mission Hospital are considered notable heritage healthcare institutions in Iloilo.

The two hospitals in the city, the Qualimed Hospital – Iloilo, now known as Healthway QualiMed Hospital – Iloilo and The Medical City – Iloilo are newly built ones of the two of the renowned hospital groups based in Manila in the country. The Healthway Qualimed Hospital – Iloilo of the Ayala Corporation and Mercado General Hospital, Inc. is the first Ayala-Qualimed hospital outside Luzon, while The Medical City – Iloilo is likewise the first The Medical City hospital in Visayas and Mindanao of the group of healthcare institution giant, The Medical City Group. Both hospitals are equipped with state-of-the-art medical facilities catering to the community in general.

There are three public hospitals in the city operated and managed by the government:

The West Visayas State University Medical Center (WVSU Medical Center), commonly referred to as Don Benito, is a government-run hospital administered under the West Visayas State University. It primarily serves the indigent populace in the city and region, has auxiliary centers established by the national government for the Western Visayas region through the Department of Health of the Philippines – the WVSU/DOH Regional Cancer Center and the soon to be built 10 storey facility WVSU/DOH Regional Lung and Heart Center.

The Western Visayas Medical Center is the largest referral public hospital in the Western Visayas region. It is operated by the Department of Health. The hospital facilities include a 6 storey heart & lung specialty building, 3 storey dialysis building, a 2 storey main building which houses the administrative and emergency and other auxiliary health units of the hospital, and the WVMC annex building (5-6 storey).

The Iloilo City Hospital which is undergoing construction in San Pedro, Molo, is the city government's project to cope with the healthcare demand of the metropolis's indigent citizens. Components of the hospital include a 5 storey main hall, a medical arts building, and USWAG Iloilo City Molecular Laboratory.

Transportation

Passad Jeepneys of Iloilo City.

Public transport

Iloilo City is served mostly by passenger jeepneys, white metered taxis and tricycles within the city limits. The passad jeepneys of Iloilo are known for their sleek and sedan-like design. These often serve fixed routes and mostly travel on the city's major and secondary roads. Jeepneys are also the main mode of transportation to Metropolitan Iloilo areas. Tricycles serve most secondary roads and city communities.

Large passad jeepneys and buses link Iloilo City to the rest of the province and the island of Panay. Buses bound for Metro Manila, Mindoro, Batangas, Cebu, Negros and Mindanao are also available via the Roll-on, Roll-off ferry services of the Strong Republic Nautical Highway. Mini-shuttle vans also serve major points in Panay Island.

Festive Walk Transport Hub and the Premium Point-to-Point (P2P) Bus servicing Iloilo City to Iloilo International, Kalibo International, and Caticlan Airports and vice versa.

Iloilo is one of the few cities in the Philippines that recently initiated to adopt the mini-bus like type modern PUJ or modern Jeepneys in contrast to the President Rodrigo Duterte's administration to phase out the old dilapidated jeepneys as the mode of mass public transportation in the Philippines.[215][216]

In March 2019, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board announced the opening of a new Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service in Iloilo City with express bus services to the airports in Cabatuan, Kalibo and Boracay (Caticlan).[217]

Integrated transport terminals

Infante Flyover in Iloilo City – the first flyover outside Manila.

Iloilo City has five Major Integrated Transport Terminals located at the city's perimeter areas: the Iloilo North ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo North Ceres Bus Terminal (NCBT) located at Tagbak, Jaro District is the transport hub serving passengers to/from north western municipalities of Iloilo, City of Passi and northwestern Panay (Capiz and Aklan including Boracay Island); Iloilo Central Line ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Pavia Peoples Terminal (PPT) in Ungka, Jaro District is the transport terminal for passengers to/from central municipalities of Iloilo; Aleonsan ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal at Hibao – and in Mandurriao for those to/from the upland municipalities of San Miguel, Alimodian and Leon (including Bucari, Leon); Iloilo South ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo South Ceres Bus Terminal (SCBT) located at Mohon in Villa de Arevalo for going to/from the southern municipalities of Iloilo and to/from the province of Antique; and Iloilo North Coast ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal at Ticud, Lapaz District for those going to/from the northern coastal municipalities of Iloilo (including Sicogon Island and Isla de Gigante all part of Carles, Iloilo).

Cycling

Jaro West Diversion Road (Benigno S. Aquino Avenue).

The city has been hailed and earned its reputation as the Bicycling capital of the Philippines, a yielded effort through the recent modern economic renaissance of Iloilo City by the local and the national government units and different stakeholders by educating the city locals on the importance of a bike-able city and building dedicated bicycle lanes on city main thoroughfares.[218] The metropolis has a network of nearly 100 kilometers (62 miles) of bicycle lanes and the longest of which is located along the stretch of Diversion Road. The annual Iloilo Bike Festival has drawn bicycling enthusiasts throughout the country.[219][220] By 2019, Dutch Government helped out Iloilo City to become a bike-friendly city.[221]

Iloilo's exemplary efforts in promoting bicycling culture earned it a citation as the Most Bike-Friendly City in the PhilBike Awards 2018. It also secured the Gold Award in both the 2021 and 2022 National Bike Day - Bike Lane Awards (sponsored by the Department of Transportation (DOTr), Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), Department of Health (DOH), and SM Cares of SM Prime Holdings),[208][210] as well as the Gold Award in the Mobility Awards 2021 (organized by the Institute for Climate and Sustainable Cities (ICSC), MNL Moves, Climate Reality Project-Philippines, 350. Org Pilipinas, and Pinay Bike Commuter),[209] and the Galing Pook Award 2021 through its I-Bike Program.[210] and the Galing Pook Award 2022 through its I-Bike Program.

In addition to the aforementioned accolades received by the city, institutions, establishments, and workplaces in the metro that received awards include Iloilo Business Park (Ranked 7th in the Mobility Awards 2021 Bicycle-Friendly Workplaces 2021 Category), Central Philippine University (Ranked 16th in the Mobility Awards 2021 Bicycle-Friendly Workplaces 2021 Category), University of San Agustin (Ranked 13th in the Mobility Awards 2021 Bicycle-Friendly Workplaces 2021 Category), SM City Iloilo (Ranked 11th in the Mobility Awards 2021 Bicycle-Friendly Large Commercial Establishments 2021 Category), and Robinsons Place Iloilo (Ranked 20th in the Mobility Awards 2021 Bicycle-Friendly Large Commercial Establishments 2021 Category)."[209]

Railway

Engine of the Panay Railways on display in the City Proper's plaza, Plaza Libertad (formerly Plaza Alfonso XII).

From 1907 to the 1980s, Panay Railways operated a railroad from Roxas City to the port area of Muelle Loney along the Iloilo River in Iloilo City.[222] In 2022, Panay Railways announced its opening to foreign ownership to reconstruct its former train lines, which will reconnect the major cities in Panay, including Caticlan in Malay, Aklan.[223]

Airport

Iloilo International Airport passenger terminal façade.

Iloilo International Airport is the 4th busiest in the Philippines[224] with international flight to Singapore and Hong Kong and vice versa serving passengers from Western Visayas Region, Palawan and Mindanao.[225] For domestic flights to/from Metro Manila, Caticlan, Cebu, Cuyo, Puerto Princesa, Sipalay, General Santos, Cagayan de Oro and Davao City, Iloilo International Airport is the airport serving the general area of Metropolitan IloiloGuimaras, the province of Antique and the rest of Iloilo Province. It is located 19 kilometres (12 miles) northwest of Iloilo City on a 188 hectares (460 acres) site in the town of Cabatuan. It opened to commercial traffic on June 14, 2007, replacing the Old Iloilo Airport at the Mandurriao District. The new airport inherited its IATA and ICAO airport codes.[226] It is linked to the city through Sen. Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Avenue and served by metered taxis, airport shuttle vans and multicabs.

Recently, the national government has approved the ₱791 million budget for the expansion of the Iloilo International Airport.

Seaport

Iloilo International Port/Loboc Wharf.

The Port of Iloilo is the port serving the general area of Iloilo and the premier port in the Western Visayas Region. The new Port of Iloilo is located on a site away from the older port facilities. It is situated in the southern coast of Panay Island, in Panay Gulf. With Guimaras Island guarding the port from violent storms, it has one of the safest and most natural harbors in the Philippines

The Iloilo International Port Complex (IIPC) is located on 20.8 hectares of reclaimed land. It has modern facilities that include 11,400 sq. meters of open space for unhampered operations, supplemented by a backup area of 97,000 sq. meters, a crane, rails of 348 lineal meters; roll-on-roll-off support; a 7,800 container freight stations; and a 720 sq. meter passenger shed. The port complex is ideal for ships plying international routes having a berth length of 400 meters, a width of 26.26 meters and a berthing depth of 10.50 meters. It is currently expanding with the reclamation of the west side sea front portion of the complex

The Iloilo Domestic Port Complex (IDPC), located near Fort San Pedro and formerly the Old Foreign Pier, serves inter-island passenger and cargo ferries which serves the routes Manila, Palawan, Cebu, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro. It is located near the mouth of Iloilo River at the vicinity of the Western Visayas Regional Government Center at the City Proper District. It is also the port of call for several domestic shipping companies such as 2GO Travel, Cokaliong Shipping Lines Shipping, Trans-Asia Shipping Lines and others. The colloquial name "Fort San Pedro" refers to the old Spanish fortress beside it that was destroyed during World War II and soon to be restored by the Department of Tourism (DOT) under TIEZA.

The Jalandoni Bridge over the Iloilo River.

Muelle Loney or Iloilo River Wharf is the original port of the city. Opened to international trade in 1855, it has served as the trans-shipment docks for muscovado sugar in the late 19th to the first half of the 20th century. It has undergone several times of expansion and improvement. Today, it serves smaller cargo ships, roll-on roll-off ferries bound for Guimaras and Negros Island and fast ferries that ply Iloilo-Bacolod route regularly. In September 2014, the newly opened Iloilo River Port Complex (IRPC) at Lapuz District started its operation to replace the Iloilo River Wharf.[227]

Iloilo-Guimaras Jetty Ports for Guimaras outrigger ferries are located at Calle Ortiz and Parola. The terminal at Calle Ortiz serves Jordan, Guimaras-bound passenger and cargo outrigger boats, while Parola terminal serve Buenavista, Guimaras-bound ferries. Soon the Iloilo Jetty Port Complex (IJPC) at the Western Visayas Regional Government Center will replace the two jetty ports, the complex is complete with a modern passenger terminal building, a pumpboat fuel refilling station, a 1.3 hectares (3.2 acres) children's park with a marine museum and a CityMall complex by Double Drangon Properties. This project of the City Government was achieved through public-private partnership.[228]

Roll-on/roll-off ferry service, known in as RO-RO, is available from to Iloilo City. There is also a ro-ro service to Cebu via Negros. It is ranked third in terms of ship calls at 11,853, fourth in cargo throughout at 491,719 million metric tons and fourth in passenger traffic at 2.4 million annually.

The Iloilo Fish Port Complex (IFPC) is the only and the major center of fish trading and marine products processing in all of Visayas. The port complex is the traditional landing site of bagnetters and other fishing bancas in Iloilo City and nearby towns. This strategic location has made the port the major fish/marine source of major supermarkets, hotels and restaurants and local public markets in the country and abroad.

Its services includes, unloading and marketing facilities for fish and other fishery/aquatic products both for local and foreign markets; services and facilities for harbor operations such drydocking/repair shop, fuel, oil, water and ice conveyance and for transshipping products; processing, refrigeration and other post-harvest services including product pre-processing, freezing through contact freezer, cold storages and top-grade facilities for the processing of marine products such as prawn, abalone, cuttlefish, lobster, nylon shell, octopus, slippertail, squid, whiting and bangus; and raw land for the establishment of fishery-related factories.[229]

The complex is situated in a 21-hectare reclamation at southern part of the City Proper District. In March 2022, the fish port complex was granted ₱570 million for the expansion of its facilities which will include the construction of a new fish processing plant, establishment of a fish canning facility and the construction of an alternative energy source.[230][231]

Utilities

The Panay Energy and Development Corporation's Coal power plant in Ingore, La Paz (district) of Iloilo City.

A 72 MW Diesel Fuel Power Plant operated by Panay Power Corporation and a 164 MW coal power plant operated by Panay Energy Development Corporation (PEDC) provides power generation for Iloilo City, both situated in Barangay Ingore in Lapaz district.[232][233] PEDC plans for a third coal-fired power generation facility. The newest generator will be on top of the existing 164-MWs for an additional 150-megawatt to be generated that will help produce a total of 404 MW supply for the Panay and Guimaras islands.[234]

Power distribution had been facilitated by Panay Electric Company (PECO) since 1923 as one of the oldest private electricity distributor companies in the Philippines, but MORE Electric and Power Corporation (MORE Power) of the Spanish Filipino Billionaire Enrique K. Razon, has taken over PECO's operations and acts as the sole power distributor in Iloilo City.[235]

Metro Pacific Iloilo Water (MPIW), the metropolis' sole water distributor, has established a joint venture with Metro Pacific Water (MPW) and Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD), to bolster the former's service of supplying potable water to the city and the whole Metro Iloilo.[236][237][238][239][240]

Education

Being the center of education in Western Visayas Region, the city and the province of Iloilo has a total of ten major universities.

Central Philippine University, which was founded through the benevolent grant of the American titan John D. Rockefeller, is the first Baptist and second American-founded university in the Philippines and in Asia. CPU has been ranked as one of the top universities in Asia and the world by Times Higher Education and Quacquarelli Symonds, the two most influential global university ranking institutions.[241]

Iloilo City alone hosts to 8 universities such as the Central Philippine University (CPU), University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), which houses the University of the Philippines High School in Iloilo (UPHSI), University of San Agustin (USAI), West Visayas State University (WVSU), Iloilo Science and Technology University (formerly WVCST) (ISAT-U),[242] University of Iloilo (UI), St. Paul University Iloilo (SPUI), and John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University (JBLFMU).

Three of the universities which are private in the city are founded by Christian religious orders and sects. Roman Catholics established the University of San Agustin (Spanish), St. Paul University Iloilo (American through their French confreres) and the Protestants who founded the Central Philippine University (American Baptist).

University of the Philippines Visayas – Iloilo City campus's main hall.
Central Philippine University College of Nursing is the First School of Nursing in the Philippines.

The university holds the top rank in the Western Visayas region with 2 Commission on Higher Education (Philippines) Centers of Excellence designated programs in Agriculture and Business Administration, and 4 Commission on Higher Education (Philippines) Centers of Development designated programs in Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, and Teacher Education.[243]

Central Philippine University has consistently been included in the Top Universities in Asia Rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds from 2021 to 2023, as well as in the 2023 Impact Rankings by Times Higher Education.[244][245][246][247][241][248]

The Central Philippine University College of Nursing, founded as the Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses (Iloilo Mission Hospital) in 1906, is the First School of Nursing in the Philippines.

Central Philippine University pioneered in various fields by establishing the CPU Philippine Center for Packaging Engineering and Technology (CPU PC-PET), the first of its kind in Southeast Asia; the Central Philippine University College of Agriculture, Resources, and Environmental Sciences, the first government-recognized agricultural school outside Luzon; the Central Philippine University Republic (CPU Republic), the first and oldest organized student government in Southeast Asia; the CPU TV Channel, the first university-based TV Channel in Asia; the Central Philippine University College of Theology, the first Baptist theological seminary in the Philippines; and the Iloilo Mission Hospital, the first American and Protestant hospital in the Philippines.

The university boasts notable alumni, including Rodolfo Ganzon (Senator and the first popularly elected Mayor of Iloilo City), Jovito Salonga (Senator), Perfecto Yasay Jr. (Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines), National Artists Ramon Muzones (for Literature) and Leonor Orosa-Goquingco (for Dance), Leonor Briones (Secretary of Education of the Philippines under President Duterte's administration), Gilopez Kabayao (Musician and Ramon Magsaysay Award laureate, often referred to as the 'Asian Nobel Prize'), and Jose Vasquez Aguilar (The first Filipino recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award, also the first recipient of the award in the Government Service category for his work as the 'Father of the Community School Movement')."

Chapel of the University of San Agustin, the first Augustinian university in Asia and the Pacific, and the first university in the Western Visayas.

The city universities of University of the Philippines Visayas – Iloilo City College Campus, West Visayas State University and Iloilo Science and Technology University are all controlled and subsidized by the government or as state universities.

The university's alumni have excelled and became notable in their fields which include – Franklin Drilon; Miriam Defensor Santiago, Senator and first Asian to be nominated for a seat in the International Criminal Court; Myrtle Sarrosa, celebrity and TV host; and Jed Patrick Mabilog, 2014 World Mayor Award – Top 5 best Mayor.[249]

West Visayas State University Quezon Hall, the main building of the university.

Other private universities in the city include:

The Ateneo Graduate School of Business under the Ateneo de Manila University has a satellite campus in Iloilo City housed at the Ateneo de Iloilo Main Campus. The Ateneo Graduate School of Business – Iloilo offers Master of Business Administration (MBA) – Regis program. It is an initial part of the Ateneo educational system's plan in offering collegiate courses to make Ateneo de Iloilo a full university in the future.

Other universities that maintain units offering off-campus extension programs in Iloilo City include the Philippine Christian University (through a partnership with St. Roberts International College) and Guimaras State University.

The Iloilo City Community College (ICCC), a city project for the city to have its own community-city public college, is administered by the Iloilo City Government through the Commission on Higher Education. It offers undergraduate degrees in business, information technology and travel management.

Iloilo is also home to numerous private colleges and schools such as the Iloilo Doctors College (IDC), one PAREF-affiliated high school, the Westbridge School for Boys, St. Therese – MTC Colleges (ST-MTCC), Western Institute of Technology (WIT), De Paul College (DPC) (defunct), ABE International College of Business and Economics, ACLC College of Iloilo, Computer College of the Visayas, Dominican College of Iloilo, Great Saviour College, AMA Computer College – Iloilo Campus, STI College – Iloilo, Interface Computer College – Iloilo, IMAPF – School of Midwifery, Philippine College of Aeronautics, Science and Technology, ACSI College – Iloilo, ABBA Institute of Technology, Iloilo Scholastic Academy, Hua Siong College of Iloilo, Sun Yat Sen High School, Cabalum Western College, St. Anne College of Iloilo, St. Augustine School of Nursing – Iloilo, Assumption Iloilo (run by the Congregation of the Religious of the Assumption).

Others include Ateneo de Iloilo – Santa Maria Catholic School (run by the Society of Jesus), Angelicum School Iloilo (run by the Order of Preachers), Philippine Science High School-Western Visayas, Colegio de las Hijas de Jesus (or simply Hijas de Jesus which is run by the Congregation of the Daughters of Jesus), San Jose Catholic School (which is run by the Order of St. Agustin), Colegio de San Jose (CSJ) and Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus (CSCJ) which are both run by the Congregation of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, and Asian College of Aeronautics. Colegio de San Jose is the oldest school for girls in Western Visayas which is now 141 years old. Iloilo is also home to numerous religious formation houses, St. Joseph Regional Seminary for Theologate studies, the 148-year-old St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary for Collegiate studies and Mill Hill Formation House of the Mill Hill Missionaries. In June 2012, the city government opened the Iloilo City Community College at Molo, Iloilo City.

The Department of Education – Division of Iloilo City covers 88 private schools[250] and 52 public schools.[251]

Notable people

Sister cities

Iloilo City is twinned with:[252][253][254]

International

Domestic

Friendship cities

Iloilo City also has friendly relations with:[252]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Presidential Executive Order No. 559 of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed on August 28, 2006

References

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  29. ^ a b Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 21–23. ISBN 9789712350450.
  30. ^ Tomas Santaren, Bisayan Accounts of Early Bornean Settlements in the Philippines, trans by Enriqueta Fox, (Chicago: University of Chicago, Philippine Studies Program, 1954), ii.
  31. ^ Reading Song and Ming Records on the Precolonial History of the Philippines Archived February 13, 2023, at the Wayback Machine By Wang Zhenping Page 256.
  32. ^ Mamuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615), Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1975, pp. 374–376.
  33. ^ Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe HarperCollins Publishers [2003]
  34. ^ Nowell, Charles E. (1962). Magellan's Voyage Around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts. Northwestern University Press.
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  36. ^ Scott, William Henry (1992) p. 48
  37. ^ "A History of the Philippines by David P. Barrows". Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2022. In the Bisayas were the Cities of the Holy Name of God (Cebu), and on the island of Panay, Arévalo (or Iloilo). The first maintained something of the importance attaching to the first Spanish settlement. It had its stone fort and was also the seat of a bishopric. It was visited by trading-vessels from the Moluccas, and by permit of the king enjoyed for a time the unusual privilege of sending annually a ship loaded with merchandise to New Spain. Arévalo had about eighty Spanish inhabitants, and a monastery of the Augustinians.
  38. ^ Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson Archived June 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v .
  39. ^ "Jesuits In The Philippines (1581-1768)" Page 143
  40. ^ ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
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  47. ^ "A History of the Philippines by David P. Barrows" Page 147. The few years of Ronquillo's reign were in other ways important. A colony of Spaniards was established at Oton, on the island of Panay, which was given the name of Arévalo (Iloilo).
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  51. ^ San Agustín, Conquistas, lib. 2 cap 37: 545
  52. ^ "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" Archived February 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reinforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
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  55. ^ a b The actual words of the Royal Decree says: "A propuesta del Ministro de Ultramar, y teniendo en cuenta el creciente desarrollo que en la industria y el commercio ha alcanzado la cabecera de la provincia de Ilo-Ilo, la más importante de las islas de Filipinas, despues de la de Manila; En nombre de mi Augusto Hijo el Rey D. Alfonso XIII, y como Reina Regente del Reino, Vengo en conceder el titulo de la Ciudad á la cebecera de Ilo-Ilo, en dichas islas. Dado en San Sebastian á cinco de Octubre de mil ochocientos ochenta y nueve. Maria Cristina" Cf. Decreto Real de la Reina Regente Maria Cristina (5 Octubre 1889) en Gazeta de Madrid, N. 298, 25 Octubre 1889, p. 238.
  56. ^ a b "TIF file". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
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  62. ^ Policarpio F. Hernandez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566–1898), p. 143.
  63. ^ The members of the Jaro Ayuntamiento who signed the act of protestation against the uprising were: Mariano Villalobos, Tranquilino Gonzales, Severino Argüelles, Raimundo Escarilla, Vidal Jabelona, Ruperto Jalandoni, Esteban Jalandoni, Juan Ledesma, Pablo Ledesma, and León Jereos (Secretary). Cf. September 7, 1896, issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas
  64. ^ Policarpio F. Hernandez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566–1898), p. 144. The actual text of the letter of the members of the Jaro Ayuntamiento addressed to the Governor General of the Philippines (published in the September 7, 1896, issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas) says: Estos hechos de sedición, doblemente criminales en las dolorosas circunstancias que afligen a la Patria común, que allá, al otro lado de los mares, en los Campos de Cuba, está vertiendo sin tasa la generosa sangre de sus leales hijos que otros hijos integrados la hacen derramar; no pueden levantar eco en los corazones nobles de los Jareños, que no olvidan la inmensa gratitud que deben a España que, de la nada... los hizos nacer a la vida de la civilización y del progreso.
  65. ^ The officials of the City of Iloilo who signed the letter of protestation were as follows: Victoriano Mapa (Primer Alcalde), Emilio Escay (Primer Teniente Alcalde), Arcadio Conde Otegui (Segundo Teniente Alcalde), Vanancio Conception, José María Aguilar, Félix de la Rama, Severino Durán, Eduardo Arjanuate, Francisco Aguado, Francisco Ortiz, Lorenzo Guevara, Ramón Roco, and Mariano Teaño - regidores. Cf. September 7, 1896, issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas.
  66. ^ Esas negras traiciones, cuya sola idea avergüenza a los Filipinos buenos y leales, han producido un sentimiento unánime de protesta e indignación en el pueblo Ilongo, que cifra su más honroso blasón en el inextinguible y sacrosanto amor que profesa a la gloriosa nacionalidad española de que se siente legitimamente orgulloso. Españoles son los Ilongos, Ex.cmo. Señor, y españoles seran hasta la muerte, porque no quieren vivir ni morir de otro modo que a la sombra de la augusta enseña castillana, a la cual deben el ser hoy hombres dignos y libres. 7 September 1896 issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas.
  67. ^ Cf. September 3, 1896, issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas. Also cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566–1898), p. 145.
  68. ^ Cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566–1898), p. 145.
  69. ^ Cf. December 30, 1896, issue of El Eco de Panay. Also cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566–1898), pp. 145-146.
  70. ^ Cf. January 16, 1897, issue of Diario de Manila.
  71. ^ a b Cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566–1898), p. 147.
  72. ^ Cf. April 26, 1898, issue of El Eco de Panay. Cf. also Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566–1898), p. 147.
  73. ^ "TIF file". Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  74. ^ "Queriendo dar una prueba de Mi Real aprecio á la ciudad de Ilo-Ilo por su honroso proceder con motivo de haber sido la primera que presentó voluntarios para combatir la insurrección de Filipinas; a propuesta del Ministro de Ultramar, de acuerdo con Mi Consejo de Ministros; En Nombre de Mi augusto Hijo el Rey D. Alfonso XIII, y como Reina Regente del Reino, vengo en conceder á dicha ciudad el dictado de "Muy Noble", como recompensa á su conducta y estimulo para el porvenir. Dado en Palacio á primero de Marzo de mil ocho-cientos noventa y ocho." These were the actual words (in Spanish) of the Royal Decree honoring the City with the title "Muy Noble" (Most Noble). Real Decreto de La Reina Regente Maria Cristina (Marzo 1, 1898) in Gaceta de Mardrid, No. 63, 4 Marzo 1898, p. 750.
  75. ^ Foreman, John, The Philippine Islands: a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government, New York: 1907, C. Scribner's Sons, pp. 518, 526. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  76. ^ Cf. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1911). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 03 of 55 (1493–1803). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", p. 73.
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  81. ^ John Foreman (February 7, 2017). "Treaty of Paris (pp.479-783) in The Philippine Islands : a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government., New York: 1907, C. Scribner's Sons". Retrieved February 7, 2017.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  84. ^ a b c John, Foreman, The Philippine Islands: a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government, New York: 1907, C. Scribner's Sons, p. 513.
  85. ^ a b John, Foreman, The Philippine Islands: a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government, New York: 1907, C. Scribner's Sons, p. 515.
  86. ^ John, Foreman, The Philippine Islands: a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government, New York: 1907, C. Scribner's Sons, p. 516.
  87. ^ Nuevo Heraldo, Iloilo, February 11, 1908.
  88. ^ a b Lopez Group Foundation (2008). Iloilo: A Rich and Noble Land. Pasig, Philippines: Benpres Publishing. p. 278. ISBN 978-971-93904-0-4.
  89. ^ The San Francisco Call, April 12, 1901, p. 2.
  90. ^ a b Annual report of the Philippine Commission / Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department to the President of the United States, Washington D.C.: 1901, Vol. I, p. 130. [1]
  91. ^ John, Foreman, The Philippine Islands: a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government, New York: 1907, C. Scribner's Sons, pp. 516-517.
  92. ^ N.B. For a detailed study regarding the history of war for independence in Iloilo and Panay, as well as regarding the American occupation of the Island, confer the paper of Jose Manuel Velmonte, Ethnicity and the Revolution in Panay Archived September 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine in Kasarinlan, Volume 14 No. 1.
  93. ^ Act No. 719 – Act reducing the fifty-one municipalities of the Province of Iloilo to seventeen, Supreme Court E-Library, archived from the original on December 31, 2019, retrieved December 31, 2019
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