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AMD

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ( AMD ) es una corporación multinacional estadounidense y una empresa de semiconductores sin fábrica con sede en Santa Clara, California , que diseña, desarrolla y vende procesadores de computadora y tecnologías relacionadas para los mercados empresariales y de consumo.

Los principales productos de AMD incluyen microprocesadores , chipsets para placas base , procesadores integrados y procesadores gráficos para servidores , estaciones de trabajo , ordenadores personales y aplicaciones de sistemas integrados . La empresa también se ha expandido a nuevos mercados, como el de los centros de datos , los juegos y la informática de alto rendimiento [2] . Los procesadores de AMD se utilizan en una amplia gama de dispositivos informáticos, incluidos ordenadores personales, servidores, portátiles y consolas de juegos. Si bien inicialmente fabricaba sus propios procesadores, la empresa posteriormente subcontrató su fabricación , después de que GlobalFoundries se escindiera en 2009. A través de su adquisición de Xilinx en 2022, AMD ofrece productos de matriz de puertas programables en campo (FPGA).

AMD fue fundada en 1969 por Jerry Sanders y un grupo de otros profesionales de la tecnología. Los primeros productos de la empresa fueron principalmente chips de memoria y otros componentes para ordenadores. En 1975, AMD entró en el mercado de los microprocesadores, compitiendo con Intel , su principal rival en la industria. A principios de la década de 2000, experimentó un importante crecimiento y éxito, gracias en parte a su sólida posición en el mercado de PC y al éxito de sus procesadores Athlon y Opteron . Sin embargo, la empresa se enfrentó a desafíos a finales de la década de 2000 y principios de la de 2010, ya que luchaba por seguir el ritmo de Intel en la carrera por producir procesadores más rápidos y potentes.

A fines de la década de 2010, AMD recuperó participación de mercado al aplicar una estrategia de precios de penetración [3] y aprovechar el éxito de sus procesadores Ryzen , que eran considerablemente más competitivos que los microprocesadores Intel en términos de rendimiento y al mismo tiempo ofrecían precios atractivos. [4]

Historia

Antigua sede de AMD en Sunnyvale, California (demolida en 2019)
El campus de AMD en Markham , Ontario, Canadá, antigua sede de ATI
El campus Lone Star de AMD con certificación LEED en Austin, Texas

Años de fundación

Advanced Micro Devices fue fundada formalmente por Jerry Sanders , junto con siete de sus colegas de Fairchild Semiconductor , el 1 de mayo de 1969. [5] [6] Sanders, un ingeniero eléctrico que era el director de marketing de Fairchild, se había sentido, como muchos ejecutivos de Fairchild, frustrado por la creciente falta de apoyo, oportunidades y flexibilidad dentro de la empresa. Más tarde decidió irse para iniciar su propia empresa de semiconductores , [7] siguiendo los pasos de Robert Noyce (desarrollador del primer circuito integrado de silicio en Fairchild en 1959) [8] y Gordon Moore , quienes juntos fundaron la empresa de semiconductores Intel en julio de 1968. [9]

En septiembre de 1969, AMD se mudó de su ubicación temporal en Santa Clara a Sunnyvale, California . [10] Para asegurar de inmediato una base de clientes, AMD inicialmente se convirtió en un proveedor de segunda fuente de microchips diseñados por Fairchild y National Semiconductor . [11] [12] AMD primero se centró en producir chips lógicos. [13] La compañía garantizó el control de calidad según el Estándar Militar de los Estados Unidos , una ventaja en la industria informática temprana ya que la falta de confiabilidad en los microchips era un problema distintivo que los clientes, incluidos los fabricantes de computadoras , la industria de las telecomunicaciones y los fabricantes de instrumentos, querían evitar. [11] [14] [15] [16]

En noviembre de 1969, la compañía fabricó su primer producto: el Am9300, un registro de desplazamiento MSI de 4 bits , que comenzó a venderse en 1970. [16] [17] También en 1970, AMD produjo su primer producto propietario, el contador lógico Am2501, que tuvo un gran éxito. [18] [19] Su producto más vendido en 1971 fue el Am2505, el multiplicador más rápido disponible. [18] [20]

En 1971, AMD entró en el mercado de chips RAM , comenzando con el Am3101, una RAM bipolar de 64 bits . [20] [21] Ese año, AMD también aumentó considerablemente el volumen de ventas de sus circuitos integrados lineales y, para fin de año, las ventas anuales totales de la compañía alcanzaron los 4,6 millones de dólares. [18] [22]

AMD salió a bolsa en septiembre de 1972. [11] [23] [24] La compañía fue una segunda fuente de circuitos MOS / LSI de Intel en 1973, con productos como Am14/1506 y Am14/1507, registros de desplazamiento dinámico duales de 100 bits. [25] [26] En 1975, AMD estaba produciendo 212 productos, de los cuales 49 eran propietarios, incluido el Am9102 (una RAM estática de canal N de 1024 bits) [27] y tres circuitos MSI Schottky de bajo consumo : Am25LS07, Am25LS08 y Am25LS09. [28]

Intel había creado el primer microprocesador , su 4004 de 4 bits , en 1971. [29] [30] En 1975, AMD entró en el mercado de microprocesadores con el Am9080 , un clon de ingeniería inversa del Intel 8080 , [31] [32] [33] y la familia de microprocesadores de segmento de bits Am2900 . [32] Cuando Intel comenzó a instalar microcódigo en sus microprocesadores en 1976, firmó un acuerdo de licencia cruzada con AMD, a la que se le otorgó una licencia de derechos de autor para el microcódigo en sus microprocesadores y periféricos, vigente a partir de octubre de 1976. [28] [34] [35] [36] [37]

En 1977, AMD se unió a una empresa conjunta con Siemens , un conglomerado de ingeniería alemán que deseaba mejorar su experiencia tecnológica y entrar en el mercado estadounidense. [38] Siemens compró el 20% de las acciones de AMD, lo que le dio a la empresa una inyección de efectivo para aumentar sus líneas de productos. [38] [39] [40] Las dos empresas también establecieron conjuntamente Advanced Micro Computers (AMC), ubicada en Silicon Valley y en Alemania, lo que permitió a AMD ingresar al campo de desarrollo y fabricación de microcomputadoras , [38] [41] [42] [43] en particular basándose en los microprocesadores Zilog Z8000 de segunda fuente de AMD . [44] [45] Cuando la visión de las dos empresas para Advanced Micro Computers divergió, AMD compró la participación de Siemens en la división estadounidense en 1979. [46] [47] AMD cerró Advanced Micro Computers a fines de 1981 después de cambiar el enfoque a la fabricación de microprocesadores Intel x86 de segunda fuente. [44] [48] [49]

Las ventas totales en el año fiscal 1978 superaron los 100 millones de dólares, [41] y en 1979, AMD debutó en la Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York . [19] En 1979, también comenzó la producción en la nueva planta de fabricación de semiconductores de AMD en Austin, Texas ; [19] la compañía ya tenía instalaciones de ensamblaje en el extranjero en Penang y Manila , [50] y comenzó la construcción de una planta de fabricación en San Antonio en 1981. [51] En 1980, AMD comenzó a suministrar productos semiconductores para telecomunicaciones, una industria que experimentaba una rápida expansión e innovación. [52]

Asociación con Intel

Intel había introducido los primeros microprocesadores x86 en 1978. [53] En 1981, IBM creó su PC y quería los procesadores x86 de Intel, pero solo bajo la condición de que Intel también proporcionara un fabricante de segunda fuente para sus microprocesadores x86 patentados. [14] Intel y AMD firmaron un acuerdo de intercambio de tecnología de 10 años, firmado por primera vez en octubre de 1981 [48] [54] y ejecutado formalmente en febrero de 1982. [37] Los términos del acuerdo eran que cada empresa podía adquirir el derecho a convertirse en un fabricante de segunda fuente de productos semiconductores desarrollados por la otra; es decir, cada parte podía "ganarse" el derecho a fabricar y vender un producto desarrollado por la otra, si así lo acordaban, intercambiando los derechos de fabricación de un producto de complejidad técnica equivalente. La información técnica y las licencias necesarias para fabricar y vender una pieza se intercambiarían por una regalía para la empresa desarrolladora. [36] El acuerdo de 1982 también extendió el acuerdo de licencia cruzada AMD-Intel de 1976 hasta 1995. [36] [37] El acuerdo incluía el derecho a invocar arbitraje de desacuerdos, y después de cinco años el derecho de cualquiera de las partes a terminar el acuerdo con un año de aviso. [36] El principal resultado del acuerdo de 1982 fue que AMD se convirtió en un fabricante de segunda fuente de los microprocesadores x86 de Intel y chips relacionados, e Intel proporcionó a AMD cintas de base de datos para sus chips 8086 , 80186 y 80286. [37] Sin embargo, en caso de quiebra o adquisición de AMD, el acuerdo de licencia cruzada se cancelaría efectivamente. [55]

A partir de 1982, AMD comenzó a producir en volumen procesadores 8086, 8088, 80186 y 80188 con licencia de Intel de segunda fuente y, en 1984, su propio clon Am286 del procesador 80286 de Intel, para el mercado de rápido crecimiento de IBM PC y clones de IBM . [14] [56] También continuó su exitosa concentración en chips bipolares propietarios. [57]

La empresa continuó gastando mucho en investigación y desarrollo, [58] y creó la primera EPROM de 512K del mundo en 1984. [59] Ese año, AMD fue incluida en el libro Las 100 mejores empresas para trabajar en Estados Unidos , [51] [60] y más tarde apareció en la lista Fortune 500 por primera vez en 1985. [61] [62]

A mediados de 1985, el mercado de microchips experimentó una grave recesión, debido principalmente a las prácticas comerciales agresivas a largo plazo ( dumping ) de Japón, pero también debido a un mercado de chips abarrotado y no innovador en los Estados Unidos. [63] AMD superó la crisis de mediados de la década de 1980 innovando y modernizándose agresivamente, [64] ideando el programa Liberty Chip de diseño y fabricación de un nuevo chip o chipset por semana durante 52 semanas en el año fiscal 1986, [51] [65] y presionando fuertemente al gobierno de los EE. UU. hasta que se establecieron sanciones y restricciones para evitar precios predatorios japoneses. [66] Durante este tiempo, AMD se retiró del mercado de DRAM , [67] e hizo algunos avances en el mercado de CMOS , en el que se había retrasado en entrar, habiéndose centrado en cambio en chips bipolares. [68]

AMD tuvo cierto éxito a mediados de los años 1980 con el módem FSK "World Chip" AMD7910 y AMD7911 , uno de los primeros dispositivos multiestándar que cubría tonos Bell y CCITT a hasta 1200 baudios half duplex o 300/300 full duplex. [69] A partir de 1986, AMD adoptó el cambio percibido hacia RISC con su propio procesador AMD Am29000 (29k); [70] el 29k sobrevivió como procesador integrado . [71] [72] La compañía también aumentó su participación en el mercado de memoria EPROM a fines de los años 1980. [73] A lo largo de los años 1980, AMD fue un proveedor secundario de procesadores Intel x86. En 1991, presentó su propio Am386 compatible con 386 , un chip diseñado por AMD. Al crear sus propios chips, AMD comenzó a competir directamente con Intel. [74]

AMD tenía un negocio de memoria flash grande y exitoso , incluso durante la crisis de las puntocom . [75] En 2003, para desprenderse de parte de la fabricación y ayudar a su flujo de caja general, que estaba bajo presión por la agresiva competencia de microprocesadores de Intel, AMD escindió su negocio de memoria flash y fabricación en Spansion , una empresa conjunta con Fujitsu , que había estado co-fabricando memoria flash con AMD desde 1993. [76] [77] En diciembre de 2005, AMD se deshizo de Spansion para centrarse en el mercado de microprocesadores, y Spansion salió a bolsa en una IPO. [78]

2006-presente

El 24 de julio de 2006, AMD anunció la adquisición de la empresa canadiense de tarjetas gráficas 3D ATI Technologies . AMD pagó 4.300 millones de dólares y 58 millones de acciones de su capital social , por un total de aproximadamente 5.400 millones de dólares. La transacción se completó el 25 de octubre de 2006. [79] El 30 de agosto de 2010, AMD anunció que retiraría la marca ATI para sus chipsets gráficos a favor de la marca AMD. [80] [81]

En octubre de 2008, AMD anunció sus planes de escindir las operaciones de fabricación en forma de GlobalFoundries Inc. , una empresa conjunta multimillonaria con Advanced Technology Investment Co. , una empresa de inversión formada por el gobierno de Abu Dhabi . La asociación y la escisión dieron a AMD una inyección de efectivo y le permitieron centrarse únicamente en el diseño de chips. [82] Para asegurar a los inversores de Abu Dhabi el éxito de la nueva empresa, el director ejecutivo de AMD, Héctor Ruiz, renunció en julio de 2008, aunque siguió siendo presidente ejecutivo, en preparación para convertirse en presidente de GlobalFoundries en marzo de 2009. [83] [84] El presidente y director de operaciones Dirk Meyer se convirtió en el director ejecutivo de AMD. [85] Las pérdidas recesivas obligaron a AMD a recortar 1.100 puestos de trabajo en 2009. [86]

En agosto de 2011, AMD anunció que el ex ejecutivo de Lenovo Rory Read se uniría a la compañía como CEO, reemplazando a Meyer. [87] En noviembre de 2011, AMD anunció planes para despedir a más del 10% (1.400) de sus empleados de todas las divisiones en todo el mundo. [88] En octubre de 2012, anunció planes para despedir a un 15% adicional de su fuerza laboral para reducir costos ante la disminución de los ingresos por ventas. [89] La inclusión de chips AMD en PlayStation 4 y Xbox One se consideró más tarde como una forma de salvar a AMD de la bancarrota. [90] [91]

AMD adquirió el fabricante de servidores de bajo consumo SeaMicro a principios de 2012, con la intención de lanzar un chip de servidor Arm64 . [92]

El 8 de octubre de 2014, AMD anunció que Rory Read había renunciado después de tres años como presidente y director ejecutivo. [93] Fue sucedido por Lisa Su , una lugarteniente clave que había sido directora de operaciones desde junio. [94]

El 16 de octubre de 2014, AMD anunció un nuevo plan de reestructuración junto con sus resultados del tercer trimestre. A partir del 1 de julio de 2014, AMD se reorganizó en dos grupos de negocios: Computación y Gráficos, que incluye principalmente procesadores y chipsets para computadoras de escritorio y portátiles, GPU discretas y gráficos profesionales; y Enterprise, Embedded y Semi-Custom, que incluye principalmente procesadores para servidores e integrados, servidores densos, productos SoC semi-personalizados (incluidas soluciones para consolas de juegos), servicios de ingeniería y regalías. Como parte de esta reestructuración, AMD anunció que el 7% de su fuerza laboral global sería despedida a fines de 2014. [95]

Después de la escisión de GlobalFoundries y los despidos posteriores, AMD se quedó con un espacio vacante significativo en 1 AMD Place, su antiguo complejo de oficinas de la sede central de Sunnyvale. En agosto de 2016, los 47 años de AMD en Sunnyvale llegaron a su fin cuando firmó un contrato de arrendamiento con Irvine Company para un nuevo edificio de oficinas centrales de 220.000 pies cuadrados en Santa Clara. [96] La nueva ubicación de AMD en Santa Clara Square está frente a la sede de su archirrival Intel al otro lado de la autopista Bayshore y San Tomas Aquino Creek . Casi al mismo tiempo, AMD también acordó vender 1 AMD Place a Irvine Company. [97] En abril de 2019, Irvine Company obtuvo la aprobación del Ayuntamiento de Sunnyvale de sus planes de demoler 1 AMD Place y reconstruir todo el sitio de 32 acres para convertirlo en casas adosadas y apartamentos. [97]

En octubre de 2020, AMD anunció que adquiriría Xilinx , uno de los líderes del mercado en matrices de puertas programables en campo y dispositivos lógicos programables complejos (FPGA y CPLD) en una transacción íntegramente en acciones. La adquisición se completó en febrero de 2022, con un precio de adquisición estimado de 50 mil millones de dólares. [98] [99]

En octubre de 2023, AMD adquirió un proveedor de software de IA de código abierto, Nod.ai, para reforzar su ecosistema de software de IA. [100] [101]

En enero de 2024, AMD anunció que interrumpiría la producción de todos los dispositivos lógicos programables complejos (CPLD) adquiridos a través de Xilinx. [102]

En marzo de 2024, el repunte de las acciones de semiconductores impulsó la valoración de AMD por encima de los 300 mil millones de dólares por primera vez en la historia. [103]

En julio de 2024, AMD anunció que adquiriría la empresa emergente de inteligencia artificial con sede en Finlandia Silo AI en un acuerdo en efectivo por 665 millones de dólares en un intento de competir mejor con el líder del mercado de chips de IA, Nvidia . [104]

Lista de directores ejecutivos

Productos

CPU y APU

IBM PC y la arquitectura x86

En febrero de 1982, AMD firmó un contrato con Intel , convirtiéndose en un fabricante autorizado de segunda fuente de procesadores 8086 y 8088. IBM quería utilizar el Intel 8088 en su IBM PC , pero su política en ese momento era requerir al menos dos fuentes para sus chips. AMD luego produjo el Am286 bajo el mismo acuerdo. En 1984, Intel decidió internamente no cooperar más con AMD en el suministro de información de productos para apuntalar su ventaja en el mercado, y retrasó y finalmente se negó a transmitir los detalles técnicos del Intel 80386. [105] En 1987, AMD invocó el arbitraje sobre el tema, e Intel reaccionó cancelando por completo el acuerdo de intercambio tecnológico de 1982. [106] [107] Después de tres años de testimonio, AMD finalmente ganó en el arbitraje en 1992, pero Intel impugnó esta decisión. Se produjo otra larga disputa legal que finalizó en 1994, cuando la Corte Suprema de California se puso del lado del árbitro y de AMD. [108] [109]

En 1990, Intel presentó una contrademanda contra AMD, renegociando el derecho de AMD a utilizar derivados del microcódigo de Intel para sus procesadores clonados. [110] Ante la incertidumbre durante la disputa legal, AMD se vio obligada a desarrollar versiones diseñadas en sala limpia del código de Intel para sus procesadores x386 y x486, el primero mucho después de que Intel hubiera lanzado su propio x386 en 1985. [111] En marzo de 1991, AMD lanzó el Am386 , su clon del procesador Intel 386. [51] En octubre del mismo año había vendido un millón de unidades. [51]

En 1993, AMD presentó el primero de los procesadores de la familia Am486 , [19] que resultó popular entre un gran número de fabricantes de equipos originales , incluido Compaq , que firmó un acuerdo exclusivo para utilizar el Am486. [11] [112] [113] El Am5x86 , otro procesador basado en Am486, se lanzó en noviembre de 1995 y continuó el éxito de AMD como procesador rápido y rentable. [114] [115]

Finalmente, en un acuerdo que entró en vigor en 1996, AMD recibió los derechos sobre el microcódigo de las familias de procesadores x386 y x486 de Intel, pero no los derechos sobre el microcódigo de las siguientes generaciones de procesadores. [116] [117]

K5, K6, Athlon, Duron y Sempron

El primer procesador x86 interno de AMD fue el K5 , lanzado en 1996. [118] La "K" en su nombre era una referencia a la kriptonita , la única sustancia conocida por dañar al personaje de cómic Superman . Esto en sí era una referencia a la hegemonía de Intel sobre el mercado, es decir, una antropomorfización de ellos como Superman. [119] El número "5" era una referencia a la quinta generación de procesadores x86; su rival Intel había presentado previamente su línea de procesadores x86 de quinta generación como Pentium porque la Oficina de Patentes y Marcas de Estados Unidos había dictaminado que los simples números no podían ser registrados como marca. [120]

En 1996, AMD compró NexGen , específicamente para los derechos de su serie Nx de procesadores compatibles con x86. AMD le dio al equipo de diseño de NexGen su propio edificio, los dejó solos y les dio tiempo y dinero para rehacer el Nx686. El resultado fue el procesador K6 , presentado en 1997. Aunque estaba basado en Socket 7 , variantes como K6-III /450 eran más rápidas que el Pentium II de Intel (procesador de sexta generación).

El K7 fue el procesador x86 de séptima generación de AMD, que debutó bajo la marca Athlon el 23 de junio de 1999. A diferencia de los procesadores AMD anteriores, no se podía utilizar en las mismas placas base que Intel, debido a problemas de licencia relacionados con el conector Slot 1 de Intel , y en su lugar se utilizó un conector Slot A , con referencia al bus del procesador Alpha . El Duron era una versión de menor costo y limitada del Athlon (64 KB en lugar de 256 KB de caché L2) en un PGA con zócalo de 462 pines (zócalo A) o soldado directamente a la placa base. Sempron se lanzó como un Athlon XP de menor costo, que reemplazó a Duron en la era PGA del zócalo A. Desde entonces, se ha migrado hacia arriba a todos los nuevos zócalos, hasta AM3 .

El 9 de octubre de 2001 se lanzó el Athlon XP . El 10 de febrero de 2003 se lanzó el Athlon XP con caché L2 de 512 KB. [121]

Athlon 64, Opteron y Phenom

El K8 fue una revisión importante de la arquitectura K7, siendo las características más notables la adición de una extensión de 64 bits al conjunto de instrucciones x86 (llamado x86-64 , AMD64 o x64), la incorporación de un controlador de memoria en chip y la implementación de una interconexión punto a punto de rendimiento extremadamente alto llamada HyperTransport , como parte de la Arquitectura de Conexión Directa . La tecnología se lanzó inicialmente como el procesador orientado al servidor Opteron el 22 de abril de 2003. [122] Poco después, se incorporó a un producto para PC de escritorio, con la marca Athlon 64. [ 123]

El 21 de abril de 2005, AMD lanzó el primer Opteron de doble núcleo , una CPU de servidor basada en x86. [124] Un mes después, lanzó el Athlon 64 X2 , la primera familia de procesadores de doble núcleo para computadoras de escritorio . [125] En mayo de 2007, AMD abandonó la cadena "64" en la marca de su producto de escritorio de doble núcleo, convirtiéndose en Athlon X2, minimizando la importancia de la computación de 64 bits en sus procesadores. Las actualizaciones posteriores implicaron mejoras en la microarquitectura y un cambio del mercado objetivo de los sistemas de escritorio convencionales a los sistemas de escritorio de doble núcleo de valor. En 2008, AMD comenzó a lanzar procesadores Sempron de doble núcleo exclusivamente en China, con la marca Sempron 2000, con menor velocidad HyperTransport y caché L2 más pequeña. AMD completó su cartera de productos de doble núcleo para cada segmento de mercado.

En septiembre de 2007, AMD lanzó los primeros procesadores Opteron K10 para servidores , [126] seguidos en noviembre por el procesador Phenom para computadoras de escritorio. Los procesadores K10 vinieron en versiones de doble núcleo, triple núcleo , [127] y cuádruple núcleo , con todos los núcleos en una sola matriz. AMD lanzó una nueva plataforma con nombre en código " Spider ", que usaba el nuevo procesador Phenom, así como una GPU R770 y un chipset 790 GX/FX de la serie de chipsets AMD 700. [128] Sin embargo, AMD construyó el Spider a 65 nm , lo que no era competitivo con el procesador de 45 nm más pequeño y con mayor eficiencia energética de Intel .

En enero de 2009, AMD lanzó una nueva línea de procesadores denominada Phenom II , una actualización del Phenom original construido utilizando el proceso de 45 nm. [ 129] La nueva plataforma de AMD, con nombre en código " Dragon ", utilizó el nuevo procesador Phenom II y una GPU ATI R770 de la familia de GPU R700 , así como un chipset 790 GX/FX de la serie de chipsets AMD 700. [130] El Phenom II vino en variantes de doble núcleo, triple núcleo y cuádruple núcleo, todas usando el mismo chip, con núcleos deshabilitados para las versiones de triple núcleo y doble núcleo. El Phenom II resolvió problemas que tenía el Phenom original, incluida una baja velocidad de reloj, una pequeña caché L3 y un error Cool'n'Quiet que disminuía el rendimiento. El Phenom II costaba menos, pero no era competitivo en rendimiento con los Core 2 Quads de gama media a alta de Intel . El Phenom II también mejoró el controlador de memoria de su predecesor, permitiéndole usar DDR3 en un nuevo zócalo nativo AM3 , mientras mantenía la compatibilidad con AM2+ , el zócalo utilizado para el Phenom, y permitiendo el uso de la memoria DDR2 que se usaba con la plataforma.

En abril de 2010, AMD lanzó un nuevo procesador Phenom II de seis núcleos con el nombre en código " Thuban ". [131] Se trataba de un chip totalmente nuevo basado en el procesador Opteron de seis núcleos "Istanbul" . Incluía la tecnología "turbo core" de AMD, que permite al procesador cambiar automáticamente de seis núcleos a tres núcleos más rápidos cuando se necesita más velocidad pura.

Las partes del servidor Magny Cours y Lisbon se lanzaron en 2010. [132] La parte Magny Cours vino en partes de 8 a 12 núcleos y la parte Lisbon en partes de 4 y 6 núcleos. Magny Cours está enfocado en el rendimiento mientras que la parte Lisbon está enfocada en un alto rendimiento por vatio. Magny Cours es un MCM ( módulo multichip ) con dos partes Opteron "Istanbul" de seis núcleos . Este utilizará un nuevo zócalo G34 para procesadores de dos y cuatro zócalos y, por lo tanto, se comercializará como procesadores de la serie Opteron 61xx. Lisbon utiliza el zócalo C32 certificado para uso de dos zócalos o solo para uso de un solo zócalo y, por lo tanto, se comercializará como procesadores Opteron 41xx. Ambos se construirán en un proceso SOI de 45 nm .

Fusion se convierte en la APU de AMD

Tras la adquisición en 2006 de la empresa canadiense de gráficos ATI Technologies por parte de AMD, se anunció una iniciativa con el nombre en código Fusion para integrar una CPU y una GPU juntas en algunos de los microprocesadores de AMD, incluyendo un enlace PCI Express integrado para alojar periféricos PCI Express separados, eliminando el chip de puente norte de la placa base. La iniciativa pretendía trasladar parte del procesamiento que originalmente se hacía en la CPU (por ejemplo, operaciones unitarias de punto flotante ) a la GPU, que está mejor optimizada para algunos cálculos. Posteriormente, Fusion pasó a llamarse AMD APU (Unidad de procesamiento acelerado). [133]

Llano fue la primera APU de AMD diseñada para computadoras portátiles. Llano fue la segunda APU lanzada, [134] dirigida al mercado general. [133] Incorporaba una CPU y una GPU en la misma matriz, así como funciones de puente norte, y usaba " Socket FM1 " con memoria DDR3 . La parte de CPU del procesador se basaba en el procesador Phenom II "Deneb". AMD sufrió una disminución inesperada en los ingresos debido a problemas de producción para Llano. [135] Se están utilizando más APU de AMD para computadoras portátiles que ejecutan los sistemas operativos Windows 7 y Windows 8. Estos incluyen las APU de precio económico de AMD, la E1 y la E2, y sus competidores principales con la serie Core i de Intel : la serie Vision A, donde la A significa acelerada. Estos van desde el chipset A4 de menor rendimiento hasta el A6, A8 y A10. Todos ellos incorporan tarjetas gráficas Radeon de última generación: el A4 utiliza el chip Radeon HD base y el resto utiliza una tarjeta gráfica Radeon R4, con la excepción del modelo más alto, el A10 (A10-7300), que utiliza una tarjeta gráfica R6.

Nuevas microarquitecturas

Núcleos Bulldozer de alto rendimiento y alta potencia

Bulldozer era el nombre en código de la microarquitectura de AMD para los procesadores AMD FX para servidores y computadoras de escritorio , lanzados por primera vez el 12 de octubre de 2011. Esta microarquitectura de la familia 15h es la sucesora del diseño de microarquitectura de la familia 10h (K10) . Bulldozer fue un diseño desde cero, no un desarrollo de procesadores anteriores. [136] El núcleo estaba específicamente destinado a productos informáticos con TDP de 10 a 125 W. AMD afirmó que los núcleos Bulldozer habían logrado mejoras espectaculares en la eficiencia del rendimiento por vatio en aplicaciones de computación de alto rendimiento (HPC). Si bien había grandes esperanzas de que Bulldozer llevara a AMD a ser competitivo en rendimiento con Intel una vez más, la mayoría de los puntos de referencia fueron decepcionantes. En algunos casos, los nuevos productos Bulldozer eran más lentos que los modelos K10 que fueron diseñados para reemplazar. [137] [138] [139]

La microarquitectura Piledriver fue la sucesora de Bulldozer en 2012, aumentando las velocidades de reloj y el rendimiento en relación con su predecesor. [140] Piledriver se lanzaría en las líneas de productos AMD FX, APU y Opteron. [141] [142] [143] [144] Piledriver fue seguida posteriormente por la microarquitectura Steamroller en 2013. Utilizada exclusivamente en las APU de AMD, Steamroller se centró en un mayor paralelismo. [145] [146]

En 2015, la microarquitectura Excavator reemplazó a Piledriver. [147] Se esperaba que fuera la última microarquitectura de la serie Bulldozer, [148] [149] Excavator se centró en mejorar la eficiencia energética. [150]

Núcleos Cat de bajo consumo

La microarquitectura Bobcat fue revelada durante un discurso del vicepresidente ejecutivo de AMD, Henri Richard, en Computex 2007 y se puso en producción durante el primer trimestre de 2011. [134] Basándose en la dificultad de competir en el mercado x86 con un único núcleo optimizado para el rango de 10 a 100 W, AMD había desarrollado un núcleo más simple con un rango objetivo de 1 a 10 vatios. [151] Además, se creía que el núcleo podría migrar al espacio portátil si el consumo de energía se puede reducir a menos de 1 W. [152]

Jaguar is a microarchitecture codename for Bobcat's successor, released in 2013, that is used in various APUs from AMD aimed at the low-power/low-cost market.[153] Jaguar and its derivates would go on to be used in the custom APUs of the PlayStation 4,[154][155] Xbox One,[156][157] PlayStation 4 Pro,[158][159][160] Xbox One S,[161] and Xbox One X.[162][163] Jaguar would be later followed by the Puma microarchitecture in 2014.[164]

ARM architecture-based designs

In 2012, AMD announced it was working on ARM products, both as a semi-custom product and server product.[165][166][167] The initial server product was announced as the Opteron A1100 in 2014, an 8-core Cortex-A57-based ARMv8-A SoC,[168][169] and was expected to be followed by an APU incorporating a Graphics Core Next GPU.[170] However, the Opteron A1100 was not released until 2016, with the delay attributed to adding software support.[171] The A1100 was also criticized for not having support from major vendors upon its release.[171][172][173]

In 2014, AMD also announced the K12 custom core for release in 2016.[174] While being ARMv8-A instruction set architecture compliant, the K12 was expected to be entirely custom-designed, targeting the server, embedded, and semi-custom markets. While ARM architecture development continued, products based on K12 were subsequently delayed with no release planned. Development of AMD's x86-based Zen microarchitecture was preferred.[175][176]

Zen-based CPUs and APUs

Zen is an architecture for x86-64 based Ryzen series of CPUs and APUs, introduced in 2017 by AMD and built from the ground up by a team led by Jim Keller, beginning with his arrival in 2012, and taping out before his departure in September 2015.

One of AMD's primary goals with Zen was an IPC increase of at least 40%, however in February 2017 AMD announced that they had actually achieved a 52% increase.[177] Processors made on the Zen architecture are built on the 14 nm FinFET node and have a renewed focus on single-core performance and HSA compatibility.[178] Previous processors from AMD were either built in the 32 nm process ("Bulldozer" and "Piledriver" CPUs) or the 28 nm process ("Steamroller" and "Excavator" APUs). Because of this, Zen is much more energy efficient.

The Zen architecture is the first to encompass CPUs and APUs from AMD built for a single socket (Socket AM4). Also new for this architecture is the implementation of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) technology, something Intel has had for years on some of their processors with their proprietary hyper-threading implementation of SMT. This is a departure from the "Clustered MultiThreading" design introduced with the Bulldozer architecture. Zen also has support for DDR4 memory.

AMD released the Zen-based high-end Ryzen 7 "Summit Ridge" series CPUs on March 2, 2017,[179] mid-range Ryzen 5 series CPUs on April 11, 2017, and entry level Ryzen 3 series CPUs on July 27, 2017.[180] AMD later released the Epyc line of Zen derived server processors for 1P and 2P systems.[181] In October 2017, AMD released Zen-based APUs as Ryzen Mobile, incorporating Vega graphics cores.[182] In January 2018 AMD has announced their new lineup plans, with Ryzen 2.[183] AMD launched CPUs with the 12nm Zen+[184] microarchitecture in April 2018, following up with the 7nm Zen 2 microarchitecture in June 2019, including an update to the Epyc line with new processors using the Zen 2 microarchitecture in August 2019, and Zen 3 slated for release in Q3 2020.

As of 2019, AMD's Ryzen processors were reported to outsell Intel's consumer desktop processors.[185] At CES 2020 AMD announced their Ryzen Mobile 4000, as the first 7 nm x86 mobile processor,[vague] the first 7 nm 8-core (also 16-thread) high-performance mobile processor, and the first 8-core (also 16-thread) processor for ultrathin laptops.[186] This generation is still based on the Zen 2 architecture. In October 2020, AMD announced new processors based on the Zen 3 architecture.[187] On PassMark's Single thread performance test the Ryzen 5 5600x bested all other CPUs besides the Ryzen 9 5950X.[188]

In April 2020, AMD launched three new SKUs which target commercial HPC workloads & hyperconverged infrastructure applications. The launch was based on Epyc’s 7 nm second-generation Rome platform and supported by Dell EMC, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Lenovo, Supermicro, and Nutanix. IBM Cloud was its first public cloud partner.[189] In August 2022, AMD announced their initial lineup of CPUs based on the new Zen 4 architecture.[190]

The Steam Deck,[191][192] PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Series S all use chips based on the Zen 2 microarchitecture, with proprietary tweaks and different configurations in each system's implementation than AMD sells in its own commercially available APUs.[193][194]

Graphics products and GPUs

ATI prior to AMD acquisition

Lee Ka Lau,[195] Francis Lau, Benny Lau, and Kwok Yuen Ho[196] founded ATI in 1985 as Array Technology Inc.[197]Working primarily in the OEM field, ATI produced integrated graphics cards for PC manufacturers such as IBM and Commodore. By 1987, ATI had grown into an independent graphics-card retailer, introducing EGA Wonder and VGA Wonder card product lines that year.[198] In the early nineties, they released products able to process graphics without the CPU: in May 1991, the Mach8, in 1992 the Mach32, which offered improved memory bandwidth and GUI acceleration. ATI Technologies Inc. went public in 1993, with shares listed on NASDAQ and on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

ATI's former Silicon Valley office at 4555 Great America Pkwy, Santa Clara, CA
ATI "Graphics Solution Rev 3" from 1985/1986, supporting Hercules graphics. As the PCB reveals, the layout dates from 1985, whereas the marking on the central chip CW16800-A says "8639"—meaning that chip was manufactured in week 39, 1986. Notice UM6845E CRT controller. This card uses the ISA 8-bit interface.
ATI VGA Wonder with 256 KB RAM

In 1994, the Mach64 accelerator debuted, powering the Graphics Xpression and Graphics Pro Turbo, offering hardware support for YUV-to-RGB colour space conversion in addition to hardware zoom; early techniques of hardware-based video acceleration.

ATI introduced its first combination of 2D and 3D accelerator under the name 3D Rage. This chip was based on the Mach 64, but it featured elemental 3D acceleration. The ATI Rage line powered almost the entire range of ATI graphics products. In particular, the Rage Pro was one of the first viable 2D-plus-3D alternatives to 3dfx's 3D-only Voodoo chipset. 3D acceleration in the Rage line advanced from the basic functionality within the initial 3D Rage to a more advanced DirectX 6.0 accelerator in 1999 Rage 128.

The All-in-Wonder product line, introduced in 1996, was the first combination of integrated graphics chip with TV tuner card and the first chip that enabled display of computer graphics on a TV set.[199] The cards featured 3D acceleration powered by ATI's 3D Rage II, 64-bit 2D performance, TV-quality video acceleration, analogue video capture, TV tuner functionality, flicker-free TV-out and stereo TV audio reception.

ATI entered the mobile computing sector by introducing 3D-graphics acceleration to laptops in 1996. The Mobility product line had to meet requirements different from those of desktop PCs, such as minimized power usage, reduced heat output, TMDS output capabilities for laptop screens, and maximized integration. In 1997, ATI acquired Tseng Labs's graphics assets, which included 40 engineers.

The Radeon line of graphics products was unveiled in 2000. The initial Radeon graphics processing unit offered an all-new design with DirectX 7.0 3D acceleration, video acceleration, and 2D acceleration. Technology developed for a specific Radeon generation could be built in varying levels of features and performance in order to provide products suited for the entire market range, from high-end to budget to mobile versions.

In 2000, ATI acquired ArtX, which engineered the Flipper graphics chip used in the GameCube video game console. They also created a modified version of the chip (codenamed Hollywood) for the successor of the GameCube, the Wii. Microsoft contracted ATI to design the graphics core (codenamed Xenos) for the Xbox 360. Later in 2005, ATI acquired Terayon's cable modem silicon intellectual property, strengthening their lead in the consumer digital television market.[200] K. Y. Ho remained as Chairman of the Board until he retired in November 2005. Dave Orton replaced him as the President and CEO of the organization.

On July 24, 2006, a joint announcement revealed that AMD would acquire ATI in a deal valued at $5.6 billion.[201] The acquisition consideration closed on October 25, 2006,[202] and included over $2 billion financed from a loan and 56 million shares of AMD stock.[203] ATI's operations became part of the AMD Graphics Product Group (GPG),[204] and ATI's CEO Dave Orton became the Executive Vice President of Visual and Media Businesses at AMD until his resignation in 2007.[205] The top-level management was reorganized with the Senior Vice President and General Manager, and the Senior Vice President and General Manager of Consumer Electronics Group, both of whom would report to the CEO of AMD.[206] On 30 August 2010, John Trikola announced that AMD would retire the ATI brand for its graphics chipsets in favour of the AMD name.[207]

Radeon within AMD

In 2008, the ATI division of AMD released the TeraScale microarchitecture implementing a unified shader model. This design replaced the previous fixed-function hardware of previous graphics cards with multipurpose, programmable shaders. Initially released as part of the GPU for the Xbox 360, this technology would go on to be used in Radeon branded HD 2000 parts. Three generations of TeraScale would be designed and used in parts from 2008 to 2014.

Combined GPU and CPU divisions

In a 2009 restructuring, AMD merged the CPU and GPU divisions to support the company's APUs, which fused both graphics and general purpose processing.[208][209] In 2011, AMD released the successor to TeraScale, Graphics Core Next (GCN).[210] This new microarchitecture emphasized GPGPU compute capability in addition to graphics processing, with a particular aim of supporting heterogeneous computing on AMD's APUs. GCN's reduced instruction set ISA allowed for significantly increased compute capability over TeraScale's very long instruction word ISA. Since GCN's introduction with the HD 7970, five generations of the GCN architecture have been produced from 2008 through at least 2017.[211]

Radeon Technologies Group

In September 2015, AMD separated the graphics technology division of the company into an independent internal unit called the Radeon Technologies Group (RTG) headed by Raja Koduri.[212] This gave the graphics division of AMD autonomy in product design and marketing.[213][214] The RTG then went on to create and release the Polaris and Vega microarchitectures released in 2016 and 2017, respectively.[215][216] In particular the Vega, or fifth-generation GCN, microarchitecture includes a number of major revisions to improve performance and compute capabilities.[217][218]

In November 2017, Raja Koduri left RTG[219] and CEO and President Lisa Su took his position. In January 2018, it was reported that two industry veterans joined RTG, namely Mike Rayfield as senior vice president and general manager of RTG, and David Wang as senior vice president of engineering for RTG.[220] In January 2020, AMD announced that its second-generation RDNA graphics architecture was in development, with the aim of competing with the Nvidia RTX graphics products for performance leadership. In October 2020, AMD announced their new RX 6000 series[221] series GPUs, their first high-end product based on RDNA2 and capable of handling ray-tracing natively, aiming to challenge Nvidia's RTX 3000 GPUs.

Semi-custom and game console products

In 2012, AMD's then CEO Rory Read began a program to offer semi-custom designs.[222][223] Rather than AMD simply designing and offering a single product, potential customers could work with AMD to design a custom chip based on AMD's intellectual property. Customers pay a non-recurring engineering fee for design and development, and a purchase price for the resulting semi-custom products. In particular, AMD noted their unique position of offering both x86 and graphics intellectual property. These semi-custom designs would have design wins as the APUs in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and the subsequent PlayStation 4 Pro, Xbox One S, Xbox One X, Xbox Series X/S, and PlayStation 5.[224][225][226][160][163][227] Financially, these semi-custom products would represent a majority of the company's revenue in 2016.[228][229] In November 2017, AMD and Intel announced that Intel would market a product combining in a single package an Intel Core CPU, a semi-custom AMD Radeon GPU, and HBM2 memory.[230]

Other hardware

AMD motherboard chipsets

Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in 2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751, and the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation changed in 2003 with the release of Athlon 64 processors, and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets. This was the "Open Platform Management Architecture" with ATI, VIA and SiS developing their own chipset for Athlon 64 processors and later Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX processors, including the Quad FX platform chipset from Nvidia.

The initiative went further with the release of Opteron server processors as AMD stopped the design of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened the server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today,[when?] Nvidia and Broadcom are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.

As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the firm gained the ATI design team for chipsets which previously designed the Radeon Xpress 200 and the Radeon Xpress 3200 chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMD branding (for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as AMD 580X CrossFire chipset). In February 2007, AMD announced the first AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with the release of the AMD 690G chipset (previously under the development codename RS690), targeted at mainstream IGP computing. It was the industry's first to implement a HDMI 1.2 port on motherboards, shipping for more than a million units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset, the plan was scrapped and the inventories of Radeon Xpress 1250 (codenamed RS600, sold under ATI brand) was sold to two OEMs, Abit and ASRock. Although AMD stated the firm would still produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not granted the license of 1333 MHz FSB to ATI.

On November 15, 2007, AMD announced a new chipset series portfolio, the AMD 7-Series chipsets, covering from the enthusiast multi-graphics segment to the value IGP segment, to replace the AMD 480/570/580 chipsets and AMD 690 series chipsets, marking AMD's first enthusiast multi-graphics chipset. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15, 2007, as part of the codenamed Spider desktop platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a later time in spring 2008 as part of the codenamed Cartwheel platform.

AMD returned to the server chipsets market with the AMD 800S series server chipsets. It includes support for up to six SATA 6.0 Gbit/s ports, the C6 power state, which is featured in Fusion processors and AHCI 1.2 with SATA FIS-based switching support. This is a chipset family supporting Phenom processors and Quad FX enthusiast platform (890FX), IGP (890GX).

With the advent of AMD's APUs in 2011, traditional northbridge features such as the connection to graphics and the PCI Express controller were incorporated into the APU die. Accordingly, APUs were connected to a single chip chipset, renamed the Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), which primarily provided southbridge functionality.[231]

AMD released new chipsets in 2017 to support the release of their new Ryzen products. As the Zen microarchitecture already includes much of the northbridge connectivity, the AM4-based chipsets primarily varied in the number of additional PCI Express lanes, USB connections, and SATA connections available.[232] These AM4 chipsets were designed in conjunction with ASMedia.[233]

Embedded products

Embedded CPUs
An AMD Élan SC450 in Nokia 9000 Communicator

In the early 1990s, AMD began marketing a series of embedded system-on-a-chips (SoCs) called AMD Élan, starting with the SC300 and SC310. Both combines a 32-Bit, Am386SX, low-voltage 25 MHz or 33 MHz CPU with memory controller, PC/AT peripheral controllers, real-time clock, PLL clock generators and ISA bus interface. The SC300 integrates in addition two PC card slots and a CGA-compatible LCD controller. They were followed in 1996 by the SC4xx types. Now supporting VESA Local Bus and using the Am486 with up to 100 MHz clock speed. A SC450 with 33 MHze.g. was used in the Nokia 9000 Communicator. In 1999 the SC520 was announced. Using an Am586 with 100 MHz or 133 MHz and supporting SDRAM and PCI it was the latest member of the series.[234][235]

In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor for its Alchemy line of MIPS processors for the hand-held and portable media player markets.[236] On June 13, 2006, AMD officially announced that the line was to be transferred to Raza Microelectronics, Inc., a designer of MIPS processors for embedded applications.[237]

In August 2003, AMD also purchased the Geode business which was originally the Cyrix MediaGX from National Semiconductor to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor products.[238] During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors 667 MHz and 1 GHz, and 1.4 GHz processor with fan, of TDP 25 W. This technology is used in a variety of embedded systems (Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance), several UMPC designs in Asia markets, as well as the OLPC XO-1 computer, an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world.[239] The Geode LX processor was announced in 2005 and is said will continue to be available through 2015.[needs update]

AMD has also introduced 64-bit processors into its embedded product line starting with the AMD Opteron processor. Leveraging the high throughput enabled through HyperTransport and the Direct Connect Architecture these server-class processors have been targeted at high-end telecom and storage applications. In 2007, AMD added the AMD Athlon, AMD Turion, and Mobile AMD Sempron processors to its embedded product line. Leveraging the same 64-bit instruction set and Direct Connect Architecture as the AMD Opteron but at lower power levels, these processors were well suited to a variety of traditional embedded applications. Throughout 2007 and into 2008, AMD has continued to add both single-core Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors and dual-core AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion processors to its embedded product line and now offers embedded 64-bit solutions starting with 8 W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors for fan-less designs up to multi-processor systems leveraging multi-core AMD Opteron processors all supporting longer than standard availability.[240]

The ATI acquisition in 2006 included the Imageon and Xilleon product lines. In late 2008, the entire handheld division was sold off to Qualcomm, who have since produced the Adreno series.[241] Also in 2008, the Xilleon division was sold to Broadcom.[242][243]

In April 2007, AMD announced the release of the M690T integrated graphics chipset for embedded designs. This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targeted at embedded applications requiring high-performance 3D and video such as emerging digital signage, kiosk, and Point of Sale applications. The M690T was followed by the M690E specifically for embedded applications which removed the TV output, which required Macrovision licensing for OEMs, and enabled native support for dual TMDS outputs, enabling dual independent DVI interfaces.[citation needed][244]

In January 2011, AMD announced the AMD Embedded G-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.[245][246] This was the first APU for embedded applications. These were followed by updates in 2013 and 2016.[247][248]

In May 2012, AMD Announced the AMD Embedded R-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.[249] This family of products incorporates the Bulldozer CPU architecture, and Discrete-class Radeon HD 7000G Series graphics. This was followed by a system-on-a-chip (SoC) version in 2015 which offered a faster CPU and faster graphics, with support for DDR4 SDRAM memory.[250][251]

Embedded graphics

AMD builds graphic processors for use in embedded systems. They can be found in anything from casinos to healthcare, with a large portion of products being used in industrial machines.[252] These products include a complete graphics processing device in a compact multi-chip module including RAM and the GPU.[253] ATI began offering embedded GPUs with the E2400 in 2008. Since that time AMD has released regular updates to their embedded GPU lineup in 2009, 2011, 2015, and 2016; reflecting improvements in their GPU technology.[253][254][255][256]

Current product lines

CPU and APU products

AMD's portfolio of CPUs and APUs as of 2020

Graphics products

AMD's portfolio of dedicated graphics processors as of 2017

Radeon-branded products

RAM

AMD Radeon memory

In 2011, AMD began selling Radeon branded DDR3 SDRAM to support the higher bandwidth needs of AMD's APUs.[258] While the RAM is sold by AMD, it was manufactured by Patriot Memory and VisionTek. This was later followed by higher speeds of gaming oriented DDR3 memory in 2013.[259] Radeon branded DDR4 SDRAM memory was released in 2015, despite no AMD CPUs or APUs supporting DDR4 at the time.[260] AMD noted in 2017 that these products are "mostly distributed in Eastern Europe" and that it continues to be active in the business.[261]

Solid-state drives

AMD announced in 2014 it would sell Radeon branded solid-state drives manufactured by OCZ with capacities up to 480 GB and using the SATA interface.[262]

Technologies

CPU hardware

As of 2017 technologies found in AMD CPU/APU and other products include:

Graphics hardware

As of 2017 technologies found in AMD GPU products include:

Software

AMD has made considerable efforts towards opening its software tools above the firmware level in the past decade.[263][264][265]

For the following mentions, software not expressely stated free can be assumed to be proprietary.

Distribution

AMD Radeon Software is the default channel for official software distribution from AMD. It includes both free and proprietary software components, and supports both Microsoft Windows and Linux.

Software by type

CPU

GPU

Most notable public AMD software is on the GPU side.

AMD has opened both its graphic and compute stacks:

Other

Production and fabrication

Previously, AMD produced its chips at company-owned semiconductor foundries. AMD pursued a strategy of collaboration with other semiconductor manufacturers IBM and Motorola to co-develop production technologies.[274][275] AMD's founder Jerry Sanders termed this the "Virtual Gorilla" strategy to compete with Intel's significantly greater investments in fabrication.[276]

In 2008, AMD spun off its chip foundries into an independent company named GlobalFoundries.[277] This breakup of the company was attributed to the increasing costs of each process node. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi purchased the newly created company through its subsidiary Advanced Technology Investment Company (ATIC), purchasing the final stake from AMD in 2009.[278]

With the spin-off of its foundries, AMD became a fabless semiconductor manufacturer, designing products to be produced at for-hire foundries. Part of the GlobalFoundries spin-off included an agreement with AMD to produce some number of products at GlobalFoundries.[279] Both prior to the spin-off and after AMD has pursued production with other foundries including TSMC and Samsung.[280][281] It has been argued that this would reduce risk for AMD by decreasing dependence on any one foundry which has caused issues in the past.[281][282]

In 2018, AMD started shifting the production of their CPUs and GPUs to TSMC, following GlobalFoundries' announcement that they were halting development of their 7 nm process.[283] AMD revised their wafer purchase requirement with GlobalFoundries in 2019, allowing AMD to freely choose foundries for 7 nm nodes and below, while maintaining purchase agreements for 12 nm and above through 2021.[284]

Corporate affairs

Business trends

The key trends for AMD are (as of the financial year ending in late December):[285]

Partnerships

AMD uses strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to rival Intel's dominance and resources:[274][275][276]

Litigation with Intel

AMD processor with Intel copyright

AMD has a long history of litigation with former (and current) partner and x86 creator Intel.[303][304][305]

Guinness World Record achievement

Acquisitions, mergers, and investments

Corporate responsibility

Other initiatives

Sponsorships

AMD's sponsorship of Formula 1 racing began in 2002 with the Mercedes-AMG Petronas team.[326] AMD was also a sponsor of the BMW Sauber and Scuderia Ferrari Formula 1 teams together with Intel, Vodafone, AT&T, Pernod Ricard and Diageo.[327] On 18 April 2018, AMD began a multi-year sponsorship with Scuderia Ferrari.[328] In February 2020, just prior to the start of the 2020 race season, the Mercedes Formula 1 team announced it was adding AMD to its sponsorship portfolio.[329]

AMD began a sponsorship deal with Victory Five (V5) for the League of Legends Pro League (LPL) in 2022.[330] AMD was a sponsor of the Chinese Dota Pro Circuit together with Perfect World.[331]

In February 2024, AMD was a Diamond sponsor for the World Artificial Intelligence Cannes Festival (WAICF).[332]

AMD was a Platinum sponsor for the HPE Discover 2024, an event hosted by Hewlett Packard Enterprise to showcase technology for government and business customers. The event was held from 17 to 20 June 2024 in Las Vegas.[333][334]

See also

References

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Sources

External links

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