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Guerra de Gaza de 2014

La Guerra de Gaza de 2014 , también conocida como Operación Margen Protector ( en hebreo : מִבְצָע צוּק אֵיתָן , romanizadoMiv'tza Tzuk Eitan , lit. ' Operación Acantilado Fuerte ' [nota 3] [26] [27] [28] ), y Batalla del Grano Marchitado ( en árabe : معركة العصف المأكول , romanizadoMaʿrakat al-ʿAṣf al-Maʾkūl [29] [30] ), fue una operación militar lanzada por Israel el 8 de julio de 2014 en la Franja de Gaza , un territorio palestino que ha sido gobernado por Hamás desde 2007 . [nota 4] Tras el secuestro y asesinato de tres adolescentes israelíes en Cisjordania por militantes palestinos afiliados a Hamás , las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel (FDI) iniciaron la Operación Guardián del Hermano , en la que mataron a 10 palestinos, hirieron a 130 y encarcelaron a más de 600. [31] [32] [33] [34] Según se informa, Hamás no tomó represalias, pero reanudó los ataques con cohetes contra Israel más de dos semanas después, tras la muerte de uno de sus militantes en un ataque aéreo israelí el 29 de junio. [35] Esta escalada desencadenó un conflicto de siete semanas de duración entre las dos partes, uno de los brotes más mortíferos de conflicto abierto entre Israel y los palestinos en décadas. La combinación de ataques con cohetes palestinos y ataques aéreos israelíes resultó en más de dos mil muertes, la gran mayoría de las cuales eran palestinos de Gaza. [36] Esto incluye un total de seis civiles israelíes que murieron como resultado del conflicto. [37]

La operación militar israelí tenía como objetivo detener el lanzamiento de cohetes hacia Israel desde la Franja de Gaza. Por el contrario, los ataques de Hamás tenían como objetivo ejercer presión internacional sobre Israel con el objetivo estratégico de obligar a este último a levantar el bloqueo israelí-egipcio de la Franja de Gaza ; entre sus otros objetivos estaban poner fin a la ofensiva militar de Israel, obtener un tercero que supervisara y garantizara el cumplimiento de un alto el fuego, [38] liberar a los presos políticos palestinos y superar su aislamiento. [39] Según la BBC , Israel lanzó ataques aéreos sobre la Franja de Gaza en represalia a los ataques con cohetes de Hamás, la Jihad Islámica Palestina (PIJ) y otros grupos militantes palestinos . [40]

El 7 de julio, después de que siete militantes de Hamás murieran en la explosión de un túnel en Khan Yunis que fue causada por un ataque aéreo israelí (según Hamás, Nathan Thrall , BBC y un alto funcionario de las FDI) [41] o una explosión accidental de sus propias municiones (según las FDI), Hamás asumió la responsabilidad de los cohetes disparados contra Israel y, posteriormente, lanzó 40 cohetes más hacia Israel. [42] [43] La operación aérea israelí comenzó oficialmente al día siguiente y, el 17 de julio, se amplió para incluir una invasión terrestre a gran escala de la Franja de Gaza con el objetivo declarado de destruir el sistema de túneles de Gaza ; [44] la invasión terrestre israelí terminó el 5 de agosto. [45] El 26 de agosto, se anunció un alto el fuego abierto. [46] En ese momento, las FDI informaron que Hamás, la Yihad Islámica Palestina y otros grupos militantes palestinos habían disparado 4.564 cohetes y morteros contra Israel, y que más de 735 proyectiles habían sido interceptados en pleno vuelo y derribados por la Cúpula de Hierro de Israel . La mayoría de los disparos de morteros y cohetes de Gaza fueron imprecisos y, en consecuencia, impactaron en campo abierto; más de 280 proyectiles habían caído dentro de la Franja de Gaza, [47] [48] [49] y 224 habían impactado en zonas residenciales. [50] [51] Los cohetes palestinos también mataron a 13 civiles palestinos en Gaza, 11 de ellos niños. [52] [53] Las FDI atacaron 5.263 objetivos en la Franja de Gaza; al menos 34 túneles conocidos fueron destruidos [50] y dos tercios del arsenal de 10.000 cohetes de Hamás se agotaron o destruyeron. [54] [55]

Entre 2.125 [21] y 2.310 [18] habitantes de Gaza murieron durante el conflicto, mientras que entre 10.626 [18] y 10.895 [56] resultaron heridos (incluidos 3.374 niños, de los cuales más de 1.000 quedaron discapacitados permanentemente). [57] Las estimaciones de víctimas civiles en Gaza varían entre el 70 por ciento del Ministerio de Salud de Gaza , [14] [19] [56] el 65 por ciento del Grupo de Protección de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) de OCHA (basado en parte en informes del Ministerio de Salud de Gaza), [20] y el 36 por ciento de los funcionarios israelíes. [58] [21] La ONU estimó que más de 7.000 casas para 10.000 familias fueron arrasadas, junto con otras 89.000 casas dañadas, de las cuales aproximadamente 10.000 se vieron gravemente afectadas por el bombardeo. [59] Se calculó que los costos de reconstrucción oscilarían entre 4 y 6 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses a lo largo de 20 años. [60] 67 soldados israelíes, 5 civiles israelíes (incluido un niño) [61] y un civil tailandés murieron [14] mientras que 469 soldados israelíes y 261 civiles israelíes resultaron heridos. [17] Del lado israelí, se estima que el impacto económico de la operación tuvo un impacto de 8.500 millones de rupias (aproximadamente 2.500 millones de dólares estadounidenses) y una pérdida del PIB del 0,4 por ciento . [62]

Fondo

Histograma de ataques con cohetes palestinos contra Israel por día y al inicio de la operación militar (en rojo), 2014

En 2005, tras la conclusión de la Segunda Intifada , Israel se retiró de la Franja de Gaza, que había ocupado previamente desde 1967. El plan de retirada unilateral comenzó en agosto de 2005 y se completó en septiembre de 2005. [63] No obstante, el CICR , [64] la ONU [65] y varias organizaciones de derechos humanos [66] [67] [68] consideran que Israel sigue siendo la potencia ocupante de facto debido a su control de las fronteras, el espacio aéreo y las aguas territoriales de Gaza. [69] [70]

En 2006, Hamas ganó la mayoría de los escaños en las elecciones legislativas palestinas . Este resultado sorprendió a Israel y a los Estados Unidos que habían anticipado el regreso de la oposición Fatah al poder y, junto con el Cuarteto , exigieron que Hamas aceptara todos los acuerdos anteriores, reconociera el derecho de Israel a existir y renunciara a la violencia. [71] Cuando Hamas se negó, afirmando que la demanda lo dejaba "esposado", [72] Israel cortó la ayuda a la Autoridad Palestina . A mediados de 2006, un soldado israelí fue capturado por Hamas en una incursión transfronteriza . Estados Unidos e Israel, en respuesta a los movimientos de Fatah en octubre de 2006 para formar un gobierno de unidad con Hamas, intentaron deshacer las elecciones armando y entrenando a Fatah para derrocar a Hamas en Gaza. [73] En junio de 2007, Hamas tomó el poder completo de Gaza por la fuerza . [74] [75] [76] [77] [71]

Israel definió entonces a Gaza como un "territorio hostil" que no forma parte de un estado soberano y puso a Gaza bajo un bloqueo económico y político integral , [78] que también negó el acceso a un tercio de su tierra cultivable y al 85% de sus zonas de pesca. Ha llevado a considerables daños económicos y problemas humanitarios en Gaza. [79] [80] [81] [82] El consenso abrumador de las instituciones internacionales es que el bloqueo es una forma de castigo colectivo e ilegal. [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] Israel sostiene que el bloqueo es legal y necesario para limitar los ataques con cohetes palestinos desde la Franja de Gaza a sus ciudades y para impedir que Hamás obtenga otras armas. [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] Israel llevó a cabo la Operación Plomo Fundido en diciembre de 2008 con el objetivo declarado de detener los ataques con cohetes de los militantes de Hamás. [93] La Misión de Investigación de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Conflicto de Gaza concluyó que la operación fue "un ataque deliberadamente desproporcionado diseñado para castigar, humillar y aterrorizar a una población civil, disminuir radicalmente su capacidad económica local tanto para trabajar como para proveerse a sí misma, e imponerle un sentimiento cada vez mayor de dependencia y vulnerabilidad". [94] El análisis del gobierno israelí concluye que el informe pervierte el derecho internacional para servir a una agenda política y envía un "mensaje jurídicamente infundado a los Estados de todo el mundo que se enfrentan al terrorismo de que el derecho internacional no tiene una respuesta efectiva que ofrecerles". [95]

Primera reconciliación entre Hamás y Fatah (2011)

Influenciada por la Primavera Árabe y por las manifestaciones en Ramallah y Gaza, la brecha entre Hamas y Fatah se cerró en 2011. Después de que el presidente palestino Mahmoud Abbas declarara su voluntad de viajar a Gaza y firmar un acuerdo, las FDI mataron a dos activistas de Hamas en Gaza; las FDI declararon que los asesinatos fueron en respuesta al lanzamiento de un solo cohete Qassam, que no alcanzó a nadie, pero Alex Fishman de Yedioth Ahronoth argumentó que fueron una "escalada premeditada" por parte de Israel. [96] [ se necesita una mejor fuente ] En una entrevista con CNN , el primer ministro israelí, Benjamin Netanyahu, declaró que las conversaciones de reconciliación eran llamados a la destrucción de Israel, y se opuso firmemente a la idea de un gobierno de unidad. [97]

El alto el fuego de noviembre de 2012 y sus violaciones

El 14 de noviembre de 2012, Israel lanzó la Operación Pilar Defensivo en la Franja de Gaza. La operación fue precedida por un período con una serie de ataques mutuos israelíes y palestinos. [98] Según el gobierno israelí, la operación comenzó en respuesta al lanzamiento de más de 100 cohetes contra Israel durante un período de 24 horas [99] y una explosión causada por IED , que ocurrió cerca de soldados israelíes, en el lado israelí de un túnel que pasaba bajo la barrera israelí de Cisjordania . [100] [101] El gobierno israelí declaró que los objetivos de la operación militar eran detener los ataques con cohetes contra objetivos civiles originados en la Franja de Gaza [102] y perturbar las capacidades de las organizaciones militantes. [103] Los palestinos culparon al gobierno israelí por el aumento de la violencia, acusando a las FDI de ataques contra civiles de Gaza en los días previos a la operación. [104] Citaron el bloqueo de la Franja de Gaza y la ocupación de Cisjordania , incluida Jerusalén Oriental , como la razón de los ataques con cohetes. [105] Una semana después, el 21 de noviembre, Egipto negoció un alto el fuego en el conflicto que contenía los siguientes acuerdos: [106] [107]

  1. Israel debe detener todas las hostilidades en la Franja de Gaza por tierra, mar y aire, incluidas las incursiones y los ataques contra individuos.
  2. Todas las facciones palestinas deben detener todas las hostilidades desde la Franja de Gaza contra Israel, incluidos los ataques con cohetes y todos los ataques a lo largo de la frontera.
  3. Se deben abrir los cruces fronterizos, facilitando el movimiento de personas y bienes; Israel debe abstenerse de restringir los movimientos de los residentes y de atacar a los residentes en las zonas fronterizas; los procedimientos de implementación deben abordarse 24 horas después del inicio del alto el fuego.
Franja de Gaza : acceso y cierre
Una escultura en Sderot hecha con restos de cohetes

Violaciones

Tanto Israel como Hamás sostienen que el otro violó el acuerdo de alto el fuego de 2012 , lo que resultó en 1 israelí y 8 gazatíes muertos y 5 israelíes y 66 gazatíes heridos. Según la Agencia de Seguridad Israelí ( Shabak ), hubo una marcada disminución de los ataques desde Gaza en 2013. [108] Sin embargo, se lanzaron 63 cohetes (un promedio de 5 por mes) en 36 ataques con cohetes además de varios ataques con mortero, todos prohibidos por el alto el fuego de noviembre de 2012. El Centro Palestino para los Derechos Humanos (PCHR) [109] informó de ataques israelíes mensuales con drones, misiles, fuego de armas pequeñas y ataques aéreos. Seis de las muertes en Gaza ocurrieron en las Áreas de Acceso Restringido de la zona fronteriza (ARA, zonas no demarcadas dentro del territorio de Gaza definidas unilateralmente por Israel como de acceso restringido), a pesar de la prohibición del alto el fuego de los ataques israelíes en estas áreas. [32] [109] OCHAO, con datos de fuentes más amplias, informó de 11 muertes en Gaza y 81 heridos en 2013. [110]

En los primeros tres meses después de la Operación Pilar Defensivo de las FDI , según Ben White, dos proyectiles de mortero impactaron en territorio israelí, mientras que cuatro habitantes de Gaza fueron muertos a tiros y 91 resultaron heridos por las fuerzas israelíes que dispararon dentro del territorio de Gaza en 63 ocasiones, realizaron 13 incursiones en la Franja y atacaron la flota pesquera de Gaza 30 veces. [111] Los ataques israelíes contra Gaza aumentaron constantemente durante la segunda mitad de 2013, a pesar de la disminución de los ataques desde Gaza. [38]

Desde diciembre de 2012 hasta finales de junio/principios de julio de 2014, Hamás no disparó cohetes contra Israel y trató de controlar a otros grupos que sí lo hacían. [112] Estos esfuerzos tuvieron un gran éxito; Netanyahu declaró en marzo de 2014 que el lanzamiento de cohetes en el último año fue el "más bajo en una década". [32] [112] [113] Según Shabak , en la primera mitad de 2014 hubo 181 ataques con cohetes [114] en comparación con 55 ataques con cohetes en todo 2013. [108]

Mientras continuaban los ocasionales disparos de cohetes, el bloqueo de Gaza continuó en violación directa del acuerdo de alto el fuego. [115] "Se cerraron repetidamente los cruces y se restablecieron zonas de amortiguación. Las importaciones disminuyeron, se bloquearon las exportaciones y se concedieron menos permisos de salida a Israel y Cisjordania a los habitantes de Gaza." [32]

Israel suspendió el suministro de material de construcción a Gaza tras declarar que había descubierto un túnel que conducía a Israel, a unos 300 metros de un kibutz . Las FDI afirmaron que era el tercer túnel descubierto ese año y que los dos anteriores estaban repletos de explosivos. [116]

Algunas de las armas capturadas en Khan Yunis

Según el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Israel, en los primeros cinco meses de 2014 se produjeron 85 ataques con cohetes. [117] La ​​mayoría de los 85 cohetes se dispararon en marzo, después de que las FDI mataran a tres miembros de la Jihad Islámica. Los miembros de la Jihad Islámica afirman que estaban disparando cohetes en respuesta a una incursión de tanques y excavadoras israelíes en territorio de Gaza al este de la zona de Khan Yunis. [118] [119] [120] Las FDI afirmaron que estaban realizando patrullas militares rutinarias cerca de la frontera de Gaza cuando fueron atacadas, por lo que respondieron con ataques aéreos. [121] [122]

Segunda reconciliación entre Hamás y Fatah

En vísperas del colapso de las conversaciones de paz entre israelíes y palestinos de 2013-2014 , ante la aparente renuencia de Netanyahu a hacer las concesiones deseadas, Mahmud Abás decidió forjar un acuerdo con Hamás. [35] Con su alianza con Siria e Irán debilitada, la pérdida de poder de los Hermanos Musulmanes en Egipto después de un golpe de Estado en Egipto y el impacto económico del cierre de sus túneles de Rafah por Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , [35] el 23 de abril de 2014, poniendo fin a siete años de división, Hamás acordó la reconciliación bajo un gobierno de unidad con la otra facción palestina principal, Fatah . [123] [124] El gobierno aceptado por Hamás iba a ser dirigido exclusivamente por tecnócratas de la ANP. [35]

Este gobierno de unidad palestino fue juramentado el 2 de junio de 2014 [125] [126] e Israel anunció que no negociaría ningún acuerdo de paz con el nuevo gobierno y que impulsaría medidas punitivas. [127] Netanyahu tomó la unidad palestina como una amenaza más que como una oportunidad. [35] [128] En vísperas del acuerdo, afirmó que la reconciliación propuesta "fortalecería el terrorismo" y pidió a la comunidad internacional que evitara abrazarla. [129] La mayor parte del mundo exterior, incluida la Unión Europea, Rusia, China, India, Turquía, Francia y el Reino Unido, se mostró cautelosamente optimista y posteriormente expresó su apoyo al nuevo acuerdo. Estados Unidos, más escéptico, anunció que seguiría trabajando con el gobierno de unidad dirigido por la ANP. [130] El propio Israel suspendió las negociaciones con la ANP [131] y, justo después [132] del anuncio, lanzó un ataque aéreo, que no alcanzó su objetivo e hirió a una familia de tres transeúntes. [126] [133] Netanyahu había advertido antes del acuerdo que éste sería incompatible con la paz entre israelíes y palestinos y que Abbas tenía que elegir entre la paz con Hamás y la paz con Israel. Cuando se firmó un acuerdo de reconciliación, que abrió el camino al nombramiento del nuevo gobierno, Netanyahu presidió un gabinete de seguridad que votó a favor de autorizar a Netanyahu a imponer sanciones no especificadas contra la Autoridad Palestina. [126]

El 4 de junio, un día antes del Día de la Naksa , el Ministerio de Vivienda y Construcción israelí publicó licitaciones para 1.500 unidades de asentamientos en Cisjordania y Jerusalén Oriental, en una medida que el Ministro Uri Ariel calificó como una "respuesta sionista apropiada al gobierno terrorista palestino". [134] [135] Marwan Bishara , analista político de Al Jazeera , afirmó que Israel esperaba perturbar el gobierno de unidad nacional palestino entre Fatah y Hamás con su operación. [136]

Eventos inmediatos

Calle en Ramallah después de una redada de las FDI durante la Operación Guardián del Hermano, junio de 2014
Una fábrica estalla en llamas tras un ataque con cohetes en Sderot , Israel, el 28 de junio de 2014. [137]

El 12 de junio de 2014, tres adolescentes israelíes fueron secuestrados en Cisjordania : Naftali Fraenkel, Gilad Shaer y Eyal Yifrah. Israel culpó a Hamás , y el primer ministro israelí, Benjamin Netanyahu, dijo que tenía "pruebas inequívocas" de que Hamás estaba involucrado y que el secuestro estaba vinculado a la reconciliación palestina, [35] y las FDI declararon que los dos hombres que Israel sospechaba que habían secuestrado a los adolescentes eran miembros conocidos de Hamás. [138] [139] Las autoridades israelíes no ofrecieron ninguna prueba de la participación de Hamás en ese momento. [32] [35] [140] Miembros de alto rango de Hamás negaron que el grupo tuviera alguna participación en el incidente, [141] y el ex jefe del Shin Bet, Yuval Diskin, dudaba de que Hamás tuviera alguna participación. [128] La Autoridad Palestina en Cisjordania atribuyó los secuestros al clan Qawasameh , conocido por actuar contra las políticas de Hamás y cualquier intento de alcanzar un acuerdo con Israel. [142] El jefe político de Hamás, Khaled Meshal, dijo que no podía confirmar ni negar el secuestro de los tres israelíes, pero felicitó a los secuestradores. [143] Los secuestros fueron condenados por organizaciones de derechos humanos. [144] [145] Documentos publicados por Israel sugieren que el miembro de Hamás Hussam Qawasmeh organizó los secuestros con 60.000 dólares proporcionados por su hermano Mahmoud a través de una asociación de Hamás en Gaza, después de solicitar apoyo para una "operación militar". [146] El 20 de agosto, Saleh al-Arouri, un dirigente de Hamas exiliado con base en Turquía, se atribuyó la responsabilidad del secuestro de los tres adolescentes israelíes: "Nuestro objetivo era provocar una intifada en Cisjordania y Jerusalén, así como dentro de las fronteras de 1948... Sus hermanos de las Brigadas Al-Qassam llevaron a cabo esta operación para apoyar a sus hermanos encarcelados, que estaban en huelga de hambre... Los muyahidines capturaron a estos colonos para llegar a un acuerdo de intercambio". [147] Las fuerzas de seguridad palestinas dijeron que los secuestros fueron organizados por Saleh al-Arouri. [148] Khalid Meshaal, jefe en el exilio del ala política de Hamas desde 2004, reconoció que los miembros de Hamas eran responsables, pero declaró que sus dirigentes políticos no tenían conocimiento previo del secuestro, no estaban involucrados en los detalles militares y se enteraron de él a través de las investigaciones israelíes posteriores. También dijo que si bien Hamás se oponía a atacar a civiles, comprendía que los palestinos "frustrados por la opresión" estaban ejerciendo un "legítimo derecho de resistencia " contra la ocupación al emprender esas operaciones.[149] [150] [151] Israel afirma que las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel y el Shin Bet han frustrado entre 54 [152] y 64 complots de secuestro desde 2013. La Autoridad Palestina dijo que había frustrado 43 de ellos. [153]

Israel, que retuvo pruebas de las que disponía que indicaban que los adolescentes habían sido asesinados hasta el 1 de julio [35] [112] [154], lanzó la Operación Guardián del Hermano , una ofensiva a gran escala contra lo que denominó la infraestructura y el personal terrorista de Hamás en Cisjordania [155], aparentemente destinada a conseguir la liberación de los adolescentes secuestrados. Durante la operación, 11 palestinos resultaron muertos y 51 heridos en 369 incursiones israelíes en Cisjordania hasta el 2 de julio [156] [31] [157] [158] [159], y entre 350 y 600 palestinos [141] [31] [160] [161], incluidos casi todos los dirigentes de Hamás en Cisjordania [162] [163] [164] , fueron detenidos. [165] [166] [167] Entre los arrestados había muchas personas que habían sido liberadas recientemente bajo los términos del intercambio de prisioneros de Gilad Shalit . [168] El portavoz militar israelí, el teniente coronel Peter Lerner, defendió los arrestos, afirmando que los miembros de Hamás habían llevado a cabo 60 intentos de secuestro de israelíes en Cisjordania "en el último año y medio", y que "Hamás no necesita dar una orden directa". [169] Los arrestos no arrojaron información sobre el secuestro. [35] Amnistía Internacional y Human Rights Watch afirmaron que ciertos aspectos de la operación equivalían a un castigo colectivo, [170] [171] y B'tselem dijo en un comunicado de prensa que las acciones han causado "un daño desproporcionado a los derechos básicos de los palestinos". [172] Durante el curso de la operación, Israel dijo que había descubierto un complot de Hamás para lanzar una ola masiva de violencia en toda Cisjordania, con el objetivo de derrocar a la Autoridad Palestina. Los supuestos golpistas fueron detenidos y sus arsenales confiscados [173] [174]

El 30 de junio, los equipos de búsqueda encontraron los cadáveres de los tres adolescentes desaparecidos cerca de Hebrón. [175] [176] [177] Después de su entierro, estalló un motín antiárabe y un adolescente palestino fue asesinado en venganza . Su asesinato desencadenó disturbios árabes. [178] [179] La policía israelí detuvo a seis sospechosos pertenecientes al grupo de seguidores del Beitar Jerusalem FC La Familia [180] [181] y acusó a tres de ellos de asesinato. [182] [183]

Como parte de su ofensiva y simultáneamente con el lanzamiento de cohetes desde Gaza, Israel llevó a cabo ataques aéreos contra instalaciones de Hamás en la Franja de Gaza. Al parecer, Hamás se abstuvo de tomar represalias, aunque no impidió que otras facciones dispararan cohetes hacia Israel. [35] Del 1 de mayo al 11 de junio, se lanzaron seis cohetes y tres granadas de mortero desde Gaza hacia Israel. Del 12 al 30 de junio se lanzaron 44 cohetes y tres granadas de mortero desde Gaza. El 29 de junio, un ataque aéreo israelí contra una tripulación de cohetes mató a un operativo de Hamás, mientras que al menos 18 cohetes fueron lanzados desde Gaza hasta el día siguiente por Hamás según JJ Goldberg y Assaf Sharon, [35] con Goldberg afirmando que era la primera vez que Hamás lanzaba cohetes directamente desde el conflicto en 2012. [112] Durante la noche, del 30 de junio al 1 de julio, los ataques aéreos israelíes alcanzaron 34 objetivos de Gaza en lo que los funcionarios afirmaron que fue una respuesta a los cohetes del domingo, [184] mientras que Stuart Greer informó que los ataques fueron una venganza por las muertes de los tres jóvenes. [185] Desde el día de los secuestros el 12 de junio hasta el 5 de julio, se lanzaron 117 cohetes desde Gaza y hubo aproximadamente 80 ataques aéreos israelíes en Gaza. [186] [187]

Israel pidió un alto el fuego pero se negó a aceptar la condición de Hamás de que los palestinos arrestados en la represión en Cisjordania fueran liberados. [35] En una reunión celebrada el 2 de julio para discutir la crisis, Hamás supuestamente intentó, pero no logró, persuadir a las facciones armadas en Gaza para que mantuvieran la tregua con Israel. [188] Tras la escalada de lanzamiento de cohetes desde Gaza, Israel emitió una advertencia el 4 de julio de que "sólo podría sostener el lanzamiento de cohetes militantes durante otras 24, o un máximo de 48, horas antes de emprender una gran ofensiva militar". [189] Hamás declaró que estaba dispuesto a detener el lanzamiento de cohetes a cambio de un acuerdo de Israel para detener los ataques aéreos. Netanyahu dijo que Israel sólo actuaría contra nuevos ataques con cohetes. [190] El 5 de julio, el funcionario de Hamás Osama Hamdan dijo que el lanzamiento de cohetes continuaría hasta que Israel levantara sus restricciones a las importaciones en Gaza y la Autoridad Palestina transfiriera dinero para pagar a los funcionarios de Hamás. [191] Entre el 4 y el 6 de julio, se dispararon un total de 62 cohetes desde Gaza y la IAF atacó varios objetivos en Gaza. [192] [193] [194] Al día siguiente, Hamás asumió la responsabilidad formal de lanzar ataques con cohetes contra Israel. [32] Hamás aumentó los ataques con cohetes contra Israel, [115] y para el 7 de julio había disparado 100 cohetes desde Gaza hacia territorio israelí; al mismo tiempo, la Fuerza Aérea israelí había bombardeado varios sitios en Gaza. [195] [196] [197] A primera hora del 8 de julio, la IAF bombardeó 50 objetivos en la Franja de Gaza. [198] El ejército de Israel también detuvo una infiltración militante desde el mar. [198] El general de brigada Moti Almoz , portavoz principal del ejército israelí, dijo: "Hemos recibido instrucciones del escalón político de atacar duramente a Hamás". [112] Hamás insistió en que Israel debía poner fin a todos los ataques contra Gaza, liberar a quienes habían sido arrestados nuevamente durante la represión en Cisjordania, levantar el bloqueo a Gaza y volver a las condiciones de alto el fuego de 2012 como condiciones para un alto el fuego. [199]

Cronología de la operación

Los residentes israelíes de Ashkelon corren en busca de refugio durante una alerta de cohetes
Mapa publicado por las FDI de los sitios de lanzamiento de cohetes en Gaza
Tropas y tanques israelíes cerca de la frontera de Gaza

Fase 1: Ataques aéreos

Cuando comenzó la operación israelí y las FDI bombardearon objetivos en la Franja de Gaza con artillería y ataques aéreos, Hamas siguió disparando cohetes y granadas de mortero contra Israel en respuesta. El 14 de julio, el gobierno egipcio anunció una propuesta de alto el fuego , respaldada por el presidente palestino Mahmoud Abbas; [200] el gobierno israelí la aceptó y detuvo temporalmente las hostilidades en la mañana del 15 de julio, pero Hamas la rechazó en "su forma actual", citando el hecho de que Hamas no había sido consultado en la formulación del alto el fuego y omitió muchas de sus demandas. [201] [202] Para el 16 de julio, el número de muertos en Gaza había superado las 200 personas. [203]

Fase 2: Invasión terrestre

El 16 de julio, Hamás y la Yihad Islámica ofrecieron al gobierno israelí una tregua de 10 años con diez condiciones centradas en el levantamiento del bloqueo y la liberación de los prisioneros que fueron liberados en el intercambio de prisioneros de Gilad Shalit y fueron arrestados nuevamente; no fue aceptada. [204] [205] El 17 de julio, tuvo lugar un alto el fuego humanitario de cinco horas , propuesto por la ONU. Aproximadamente cinco horas y media antes de que entrara en vigor el alto el fuego, las FDI avistaron a 13 militantes armados de Hamás que salían de un túnel de Gaza en el lado israelí de la frontera de Gaza. Las FDI destruyeron la salida del túnel, poniendo fin a la incursión. [206] [207] Después del alto el fuego, las FDI comenzaron una ofensiva terrestre en la Franja de Gaza centrada en la destrucción de túneles que cruzaban la frontera con Israel . El 20 de julio, el ejército israelí entró en Shuja'iyya , un populoso barrio de la ciudad de Gaza , lo que resultó en intensos combates .

El 24 de julio, más de 10.000 palestinos protestaron en Cisjordania contra la operación israelí; dos manifestantes palestinos fueron asesinados. [208] 150 militantes de Hamás que se rindieron a las FDI fueron interrogados sobre las operaciones de Hamás. [209] El 25 de julio, un ataque aéreo israelí mató a Salah Abu Hassanein, el líder del ala militar de la Jihad Islámica. [210] El 26 de julio, se produjo otro alto el fuego humanitario durante doce horas, [211] seguido de una prórroga unilateral por parte de Israel durante otras veinticuatro horas, que fue rechazada por Hamás. [212] El número de muertos palestinos en la Franja de Gaza superó los 1.000. [213]

El 1 de agosto, los Estados Unidos y la ONU anunciaron que Israel y Hamás habían acordado un alto el fuego de 72 horas a partir de las 08:00. Hubo una disputa sobre los términos del alto el fuego: Israel y los Estados Unidos declararon que permitían a Israel "continuar realizando operaciones para destruir túneles que representan una amenaza para el territorio israelí que conducen desde la Franja de Gaza a Israel propiamente dicho mientras esos túneles existan en el lado israelí de sus líneas"; Hamás dijo que no aceptaría tal condición. [214] [215] El alto el fuego se rompió casi inmediatamente después de su inicio. Israel culpó a Hamás por violar el alto el fuego, diciendo que un grupo de soldados israelíes fueron atacados por militantes palestinos que salían de un túnel. [ cita requerida ] Los palestinos dijeron que las FDI fueron las primeras en violar el alto el fuego cuando a las 08:30 destruyeron 19 edificios mientras realizaban trabajos para demoler túneles. [215] Según la OLP , la Autoridad Palestina y fuentes de Gaza, Hamás atacó una unidad israelí, matando a un oficial israelí (Hadar Goldin, que inicialmente se creyó que había sido capturado) mientras las fuerzas israelíes todavía estaban involucradas en actividades militares en Rafah en territorio de Gaza antes de que la tregua entrara en vigor. Los tuits informaron sobre la batalla en Rafah antes de la fecha límite para el alto el fuego. [215] Hamás también mató a dos soldados en un ataque suicida con bomba . [216] El alto dirigente de Hamás, Moussa Abu Marzouk, acusó a Israel de crear pretextos para socavar el alto el fuego de Gaza y dijo que los combatientes palestinos secuestraron al oficial y mataron a los dos soldados antes del inicio de la tregua humanitaria, [217] que un testigo de Hamás ha declarado que comenzó a las 7:30 y duró cinco minutos, [218] mientras que Israel dijo que el evento tuvo lugar a las 09:20, después del inicio del alto el fuego a las 08:00. [219] [220] [221]

Fase 3: Retirada de las tropas israelíes

El 3 de agosto, las FDI retiraron la mayor parte de sus fuerzas terrestres de la Franja de Gaza tras completar la destrucción de 32 túneles construidos por Hamás y otros militantes. [45] [222] [223] El 5 de agosto, Israel anunció que había detenido a Hossam Kawasmeh el 11 de julio y que sospechaba que había organizado el asesinato de los tres adolescentes. Según documentos judiciales, Kawasmeh declaró que miembros de Hamás en Gaza financiaron el reclutamiento y el suministro de armas a los asesinos. [224] [225]

El 10 de agosto, se negoció y acordó con funcionarios israelíes y palestinos otra propuesta egipcia de alto el fuego de 72 horas, que el 13 de agosto se prorrogó por otras 120 horas para permitir que ambas partes continuaran las negociaciones para una solución a largo plazo que pusiera fin a los combates que habían durado un mes. [226] El 19 de agosto, una prórroga del alto el fuego de 24 horas fue violada apenas horas después del acuerdo, con el lanzamiento de 29 cohetes de Hamás en 20 minutos, seguidos de ataques aéreos de la Fuerza Aérea israelí, que mataron a 9 habitantes de Gaza. Se ordenó a la delegación israelí que regresara a casa desde El Cairo. [227]

El 21 de agosto, un ataque aéreo israelí en Rafah mató a tres de los principales comandantes de Hamás: Mohammed Abu Shammala, Raed al Atar y Mohammed Barhoum. [228] Durante el período del 22 al 26 de agosto, más de 700 cohetes y granadas de mortero fueron disparados contra Israel, matando a tres israelíes. El 26 de agosto, Israel y Hamás aceptaron otro alto el fuego a las 19.00 horas. [229]

Resultado y acontecimientos posteriores al conflicto

El 16 de septiembre, por primera vez desde que comenzó el alto el fuego, se disparó un proyectil de mortero contra Israel. El Ministro de Defensa, Moshe Ya'alon, aseguró a la población de las ciudades fronterizas que los combates con la Franja de Gaza no se reanudarían a finales de este mes, la misma época del año en que se celebra el Año Nuevo judío . [230]

Según los palestinos, el 1 de octubre las fuerzas israelíes entraron en la Franja de Gaza y dispararon contra agricultores y granjas palestinas. No se registraron heridos. [231] [232]

Las FDI informaron que el 31 de octubre se lanzó un cohete o un proyectil de mortero desde Gaza hacia el sur de Israel sin causar daños. [233]

El 23 de noviembre, un agricultor palestino fue asesinado a tiros en Gaza, lo que marcó la primera vez que un palestino de Gaza había muerto a causa del fuego israelí desde que la guerra de siete semanas entre Israel y militantes de Hamás terminó con un alto el fuego mediado por Egipto el 26 de agosto. El ejército israelí dijo que dos palestinos se habían acercado a la valla fronteriza y habían ignorado las llamadas para que se detuvieran, lo que llevó a las tropas a disparar tiros de advertencia al aire. "Una vez que no obedecieron, dispararon hacia sus extremidades inferiores. Hubo un impacto", dijo una portavoz. [234]

Impacto

Sobre los residentes de Gaza

Un mapa que muestra la ubicación de los daños en Gaza [235]
Ruinas de edificios en Beit Hanoun , agosto de 2014
Shaymaa al-Masri, de cinco años, resultó herida el 9 de julio de 2014. [236]

Al 20 de julio de 2014 , los hospitales de Gaza estaban mal equipados y enfrentaban una grave escasez de diversos tipos de medicamentos, suministros médicos y combustible. [237] En respuesta, Israel instaló un hospital de campaña de las FDI para los habitantes de Gaza en el cruce de Erez y Egipto reabrió temporalmente el cruce de Rafah con Gaza para permitir que los suministros médicos ingresaran y los palestinos heridos recibieran tratamiento en Egipto. [238] [239] Debido a la operación, los precios de los alimentos, incluidos el pescado y los productos agrícolas, aumentaron drásticamente. [240] Un informe de noticias del 21 de julio afirmó que más de 83.000 palestinos se habían refugiado en instalaciones de la ONU. [241] Los funcionarios de Fatah acusaron a Hamás de manejar mal la ayuda humanitaria destinada a los civiles. Según ellos, Hamás tomó la ayuda, que incluía ropa, colchones, medicamentos, agua y alimentos, y la distribuyó entre los miembros de Hamás o la vendió en el mercado negro para obtener ganancias. [242] [243]

Según la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios (OCHA), al 31 de julio de 2014 había más de 273.000 palestinos en la Franja de Gaza desplazados, de los cuales 236.375 (más del 11% de la población de Gaza) se refugiaban en 88 escuelas del OOPS. El OOPS agotó su capacidad para absorber a los desplazados, y el hacinamiento en los refugios corría el riesgo de que estallaran epidemias. 1,8 millones de personas se vieron afectadas por la interrupción o reducción del suministro de agua, 138 escuelas y 26 centros de salud [244] [245] [246] resultaron dañados, 872 viviendas quedaron totalmente destruidas o gravemente dañadas, y las viviendas de 5.005 familias resultaron dañadas pero todavía eran habitables. En toda la Franja de Gaza, la gente recibía sólo dos horas de electricidad al día. Los cortes de electricidad tuvieron un efecto inmediato en la situación de la salud pública y redujeron los servicios de agua y saneamiento, y los hospitales pasaron a depender de generadores. El 2 de septiembre, el OOPS informó que 58.217 personas estaban refugiadas en 31 de sus edificios escolares, una quinta parte de sus edificios. [247]

La OCHA estimó que al menos 373.000 niños necesitaban apoyo psicosocial . [14] "El intenso hacinamiento, agravado por el acceso limitado del personal humanitario a ciertas zonas, está socavando cada vez más las condiciones de vida en muchos refugios y planteando preocupaciones en materia de protección. El suministro de agua ha sido especialmente difícil..." [248] Más de 485.000 desplazados internos necesitaban asistencia alimentaria de emergencia. [244]

La ciudad de Gaza, donde viven 500.000 personas, sufrió daños en el 20-25% de sus viviendas. Beit Hanoun , con el 70% de su parque de viviendas dañado, se considera inhabitable, ya que 30.000 residentes necesitan alojamiento. La única central eléctrica de la Franja resultó dañada el 29 de julio, y la infraestructura de líneas de transmisión eléctrica y bombas de aguas residuales sufrió graves daños, con una importante tubería de aguas residuales que abastece a 500.000 personas gravemente dañada. Entre las infraestructuras atacadas y destruidas por la campaña de bombardeos de Israel se encontraban 220 fábricas en varias zonas industriales, incluida una importante empresa de carpintería, empresas de construcción, una importante fábrica de galletas, granjas lecheras y ganaderas, un fabricante de dulces, los naranjales de Beit Hanoun, las mezquitas más grandes de Gaza y varias estaciones de televisión. Las granjas, como consecuencia de los daños o la presencia de munición sin detonar lanzada durante el conflicto, a menudo son inaccesibles, y los daños a la agricultura se estimaron en más de 200 millones de dólares. 10 de los 26 hospitales cerraron. [249] [250] [251]

Según el Ministerio Palestino de Dotaciones y Asuntos Religiosos, 203 mezquitas resultaron dañadas durante la guerra, y 73 de ellas quedaron completamente destruidas. [252] Dos de las tres iglesias cristianas de Gaza también resultaron dañadas, y la tercera sufrió algunos daños en los edificios periféricos propiedad de la parroquia. [252] En vista de los daños a las mezquitas, Manuel Musallam informó a los musulmanes que podían realizar sus oraciones desde las iglesias cristianas. [253] Algunas de las mezquitas fueron descritas como "históricas"; una tenía 700 años y otra 500 años. [254] Israel sostuvo que Hamás hacía un uso militar rutinario de las mezquitas y que eso las convertía en objetivos militares legítimos. Según las FDI, se lanzaron 160 cohetes desde mezquitas durante la guerra. [255] [256] También afirmó que las mezquitas se utilizaban para almacenar armas, entrar en túneles, entrenar y reunir a militantes. [257] [258] En un informe de Associated Press, los residentes negaron que las mezquitas dañadas por las fuerzas israelíes hubieran sido utilizadas con fines militares. [259]

La ONU calculó que más de 7.000 viviendas para 10.000 familias fueron arrasadas, junto con otras 89.000 viviendas dañadas, de las cuales aproximadamente 10.000 fueron gravemente afectadas por el bombardeo. [59] Se calculó que los costos de reconstrucción ascendieron a entre 4.000 y 6.000 millones de dólares, a lo largo de 20 años. [60]

Sobre los residentes israelíes

Un jardín de infancia en el centro de Israel durante un ataque con cohetes [260]
Uno de los carteles de refugio que se colocaron en el aeropuerto Ben Gurion debido a los ataques con cohetes contra Israel [50]

Hamas y otros grupos islamistas en Gaza lanzaron cohetes y morteros contra pueblos y ciudades israelíes. A pesar del uso por parte de Israel de los sistemas de defensa antimisiles Cúpula de Hierro, seis civiles murieron, entre ellos un israelí árabe y un trabajador civil tailandés . [261] Un adolescente israelí resultó gravemente herido en un ataque con cohetes en la ciudad de Ashkelon. [262] Los profesionales de la salud han señalado que los adolescentes israelíes propensos a sufrir problemas de salud mental sufren cada vez más durante los conflictos de corta y larga duración. Los expertos han identificado una serie de síntomas de salud mental que aumentan durante los conflictos, entre ellos ansiedad, depresión, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, sensibilidad interpersonal, fobias y paranoia. Hay algunas dudas sobre si estos problemas desaparecerán una vez que se resuelva el conflicto. [263]

Los ataques con cohetes desde Gaza causaron daños a la infraestructura civil israelí, incluidas fábricas, gasolineras y viviendas. [264]

Al comienzo de la operación, el gobierno israelí canceló todos los programas en un radio de 40 km (25 millas) de Gaza y pidió a todas las personas que se quedaran en casa o cerca de un refugio. Todos los campamentos de verano fueron cerrados y las universidades cancelaron sus exámenes finales. [265] Además, se prohibieron todas las reuniones de 300 o más personas. [266] Debido a la trayectoria del lanzamiento de cohetes desde Gaza, muchos vuelos que entraban y salían del aeropuerto Ben-Gurion se retrasaron o desviaron. [267] Y los vuelos al aeropuerto Ben-Gurion se interrumpieron durante algunos días después de que un cohete de Hamás impactara en una zona cercana. Hamás calificó la prohibición de vuelos de la FAA como una "gran victoria". [268] Michael Ross escribió que la decisión fue impulsada por la ansiedad y causó considerablemente más daño que el peligro potencial que evitó. [269]

Se presentaron a la Autoridad Tributaria de Israel alrededor de 4.600 reclamaciones por daños directos y 28.000 por daños indirectos, como días de trabajo perdidos, que pagó 133 millones de rupias por daños directos y 1.510 millones de rupias por daños indirectos. [50] [270] [271]

Las comunidades beduinas del Néguev, que viven en muchas de sus viviendas construidas ilegalmente y no reconocidas por el gobierno israelí, fueron clasificadas como "zonas abiertas" y por eso sus 200.000 residentes no contaban con sirenas de advertencia ni protección anticohetes. [272]

En Israel, se estima que entre 5.000 [273] y 8.000 [274] ciudadanos huyeron temporalmente de sus hogares debido a la amenaza de los cohetes procedentes de Gaza. [273] El coste económico de la operación se estima en 8.500 millones de NIS (aproximadamente 2.500 millones de dólares estadounidenses) y la pérdida del PIB fue del 0,4%. [62] Al concluir las hostilidades, los israelíes habían presentado entre 3.000 y 3.700 reclamaciones por daños y perjuicios, y se habían pagado 41 millones de dólares por daños materiales y días de trabajo perdidos. [50] Los costes de reconstrucción se estimaron en 11 millones de dólares. [275]

Bajas y pérdidas

palestino

Diversas fuentes han facilitado información sobre las víctimas del conflicto. La mayoría de los informes de los medios de comunicación han utilizado cifras proporcionadas por el Gobierno de Gaza o por organizaciones no gubernamentales. [276]

Los informes actuales sobre la proporción de civiles o militantes muertos son incompletos, y los errores en tiempo real, la manipulación intencionada de los datos y las diversas metodologías producen variaciones notables en las cifras de los distintos bandos. [277] [278] [279] Por ejemplo, el Ministerio del Interior dirigido por Hamás ha dado instrucciones a los activistas para que siempre se refieran a las víctimas como "civiles inocentes" o "ciudadanos inocentes" en las publicaciones en Internet. [280] [281] Sin embargo, B'Tselem ha declarado que después de que los distintos grupos terminen sus investigaciones, es probable que sus cifras acaben siendo aproximadamente las mismas. [282] La UNICEF y el Ministerio de Salud de Gaza informaron de que del 8 de julio al 2 de agosto murieron entre 296 y 315 niños palestinos debido a la acción israelí, y el 30% de las víctimas civiles eran niños; [283] [284] para el 27 de agosto, el número total de niños muertos había aumentado a 495 [14] -578, [285] según la OCHA y el Ministerio de Salud de Gaza. En marzo de 2015, la OCHA informó de que 2.220 palestinos habían muerto, de los que 1.492 eran civiles (551 niños y 299 mujeres), 605 militantes y 123 de estatus desconocido. [286] Según el grupo de investigación israelí Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Centre (ITIC) , que tiene vínculos con el ejército israelí, el 48,7% de las víctimas identificadas eran militantes [58] y en algunos casos niños y mujeres participaron en operaciones militares. [287] En diciembre de 2014, el ITIC publicó una lista de 50 militantes de Gaza muertos en la guerra cuyos nombres no aparecían en las listas de víctimas publicadas por Hamás. En 2015, publicó una lista de otros 50 militantes, incluidos 43 de Hamás, que habían muerto en la guerra y no estaban incluidos en la lista de Hamás. El ITIC estimó que el número de militantes afiliados a Hamás muertos en la guerra era de 600 a 650, y afirmó que Hamás informó extraoficialmente que había perdido 400 combatientes, aunque estimó que esa cifra era inferior a la real y excluía a los afiliados al aparato de seguridad de Hamás y a la infraestructura civil que apoyaba su actividad militar. [288] [ verificación necesaria ] Se informó que el Movimiento de la Jihad Islámica en Palestina afirmó que 121 o 123 de sus combatientes murieron en la guerra. El ITIC estimó que la cifra real era varias docenas mayor, hasta 150 o 170. [289] [290]En una reunión con periodistas extranjeros en septiembre de 2014, un alto oficial de inteligencia israelí dijo que hasta la fecha, las FDI habían determinado que 616 de los muertos eran militantes, incluidos 341 de Hamás, 182 de la Yihad Islámica y 93 de facciones palestinas más pequeñas. [291] Israel actualizó posteriormente su estimación a 936 de los muertos siendo militantes confirmados y 428 otros cuya condición de civiles o militantes no se pudo determinar. [21] De los 936 identificados como militantes, 631 eran de Hamás, 201 de la Yihad Islámica y 104 de facciones más pequeñas como redes de Fatah y organizaciones afiliadas a la yihad global. [289]

Las FDI capturaron los cuerpos de 19 combatientes de Hamás muertos durante la guerra. Israel sigue reteniendo los cuerpos a la espera de un acuerdo de intercambio de prisioneros. [292]

Según las principales estimaciones, entre 2.125 [21] y 2.310 [18] habitantes de Gaza murieron y entre 10.626 [18] y 10.895 [56] resultaron heridos (incluidos 3.374 niños, de los cuales más de 1.000 quedaron discapacitados permanentemente [293] [ se necesita una fuente mejor ] ). El Ministerio de Salud de Gaza, la ONU y algunos grupos de derechos humanos informaron de que entre el 69 y el 75% de las víctimas palestinas eran civiles; [14] [19] [56] Los funcionarios israelíes estimaron que alrededor del 50% de los muertos eran civiles. [282] [58] El 5 de agosto, la OCHA declaró que 520.000 palestinos de la Franja de Gaza (aproximadamente el 30% de su población) podrían haber sido desplazados, de los cuales 485.000 necesitaban asistencia alimentaria de emergencia [244] y 273.000 se estaban refugiando en 90 escuelas gestionadas por la ONU. [294]

Los grupos de derechos humanos y la ONU utilizan el número de palestinos muertos en Gaza que proporciona el Ministerio de Salud como preliminar y lo amplían o lo reducen después de realizar sus propias investigaciones. Por ejemplo, los grupos de derechos humanos dicen que el recuento de víctimas proporcionado por el Ministerio de Salud probablemente incluye a las víctimas de ejecuciones de Hamas, violencia doméstica y muertes naturales, [278] pero ellos (los grupos de derechos humanos) eliminan a los colaboradores acusados ​​(a quienes se les disparó a quemarropa) de sus propios recuentos. [295] Israel sostiene que el recuento de víctimas del Ministerio de Salud también incluye las muertes causadas por fallas en los cohetes o morteros. [278]

Según el informe de 2015 de la OCHA, de los 2.220 palestinos muertos en el conflicto, 742 víctimas mortales pertenecían a 142 familias que perdieron a tres o más miembros de la familia en atentados con bombas contra edificios residenciales. [286] Según los datos proporcionados por el Centro Internacional Palestino de Medios de Comunicación de Oriente Medio, el 79,7% de los palestinos muertos en Gaza eran hombres, la mayoría de ellos de entre 16 y 35 años. Por el contrario, un análisis del New York Times afirma que los hombres de las edades con más probabilidades de ser militantes forman el 9% de la población, pero el 34% de las víctimas, mientras que las mujeres y los niños menores de 15 años, que tienen menos probabilidades de ser objetivos legítimos, forman el 71% de la población general y el 33% de las víctimas. [278] [298] Israel ha señalado el número relativamente pequeño de muertes entre mujeres, niños y hombres mayores de 60 años, y los casos de combatientes de Hamás contabilizados como civiles (quizás debido a la amplia definición de "civil" utilizada por el Ministerio de Salud de Gaza), para apoyar su opinión de que el número de muertos que eran militantes es del 40-50%. [282] Las FDI calculan que el 5% de las fuerzas militares de Gaza murieron en la guerra. [299] Jana Krause, del departamento de estudios de guerra del King's College de Londres , afirmó que "una posible explicación distinta de los roles de combatiente" para la tendencia de los muertos a ser hombres jóvenes "podría ser que las familias esperan que sean los primeros en abandonar los refugios para cuidar a familiares heridos, reunir información, cuidar hogares familiares abandonados o preparar comida y agua". [279] El ITIC informó de casos en los que niños y adolescentes sirvieron como militantes, así como de casos en los que las edades de las víctimas informadas por el GHM fueron supuestamente falsificadas, y los niños militantes fueron listados como adultos y los adultos como niños. [300]

Abbas dijo que "más de 120 jóvenes fueron asesinados por violar las órdenes de toque de queda y arresto domiciliario emitidas contra ellos" por Hamás, refiriéndose a informes de que Hamás tenía como blanco a activistas de Fatah en Gaza durante el conflicto. Abbas dijo que Hamás ejecutó a más de 30 presuntos colaboradores sin juicio. [ cita requerida ] Dijo que "más de 850 miembros de Hamás y sus familias" fueron asesinados por Israel durante la operación. [301] [302] [303] Durante los combates entre Israel y Gaza, se produjeron protestas de solidaridad en Cisjordania, durante las cuales murieron varios palestinos; véase Reacciones .

israelí

Un total de 67 soldados de las FDI murieron, incluyendo uno que murió a causa de sus heridas después de dos años y medio en coma, dos soldados – el sargento Oron Shaul y el segundo teniente Hadar Goldin – cuyos cuerpos se cree que están retenidos en Gaza, y un soldado fuera de servicio que murió en un ataque con cohetes cerca de su ciudad natal mientras estaba de permiso del servicio en la guerra. [304] [15] [305] Otros 469 soldados resultaron heridos. [17] Las FDI dijeron que 5 soldados murieron y 23 resultaron heridos por fuego amigo . [306]

Once soldados murieron y decenas resultaron heridos en tres ataques separados de Hamás contra unidades de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel desde túneles situados en Israel. No se informó de víctimas civiles israelíes en esos ataques.

Nueve soldados de las FDI y seis civiles murieron en Israel por disparos de cohetes y morteros palestinos. [307] [308] Eso significa que el 64 por ciento de las víctimas de los ataques con cohetes y morteros de Hamás eran soldados de las FDI.

Según Magen David Adom , 837 civiles fueron tratados por shock (581) o heridas (256): 36 fueron heridos por metralla, 33 por escombros de vidrios rotos y escombros de edificios, 18 en accidentes de tráfico que ocurrieron cuando sonaron las sirenas de advertencia, 159 por caídas o traumatismos mientras se dirigían a refugios, y 9 en actos de violencia en Jerusalén y Maale Adumim . [309] [310]

La primera muerte de un civil israelí se produjo en el puesto de control de Erez , donde un rabino de Jabad fue asesinado por fuego de mortero. Había llegado desde el asentamiento de Bet Arye , en Cisjordania , para entregar alimentos y bebidas a los soldados de las FDI en la línea del frente. [311] [312] [313]

El segundo civil israelí que murió fue Awda Lafi al-Waj, una beduina israelí de 32 años , que fue alcanzada por un cohete en la aldea beduina de Qasr al-Sir , cerca de Dimona . A pesar de haber sido reconocida como asentamiento regular en 1999, la aldea aún no estaba conectada a la red eléctrica nacional. Por lo tanto, el sistema de alarma contra cohetes no estaba operativo en la aldea. La aldea aún no tenía un plan maestro aprobado, lo que significaba que todas las construcciones eran ilegales. No había refugios, habitaciones seguras ni muros protectores en la aldea. La zona donde se encontraba la aldea era considerada "área abierta" por las autoridades militares y, por lo tanto, no estaba defendida por el sistema de defensa aérea Cúpula de Hierro . [314] [315]

Un trabajador migrante tailandés también murió a causa de un disparo de mortero mientras trabajaba en un invernadero en el moshav Netiv HaAsara , situado a unos cientos de metros de la frontera de Gaza. Las FDI habían convertido previamente el aparcamiento de la parte sur del pueblo en una base militar y habían colocado allí tanques. [316] El moshav no proporcionaba protección a los trabajadores migrantes que trabajaban en los campos o invernaderos, situados demasiado lejos de los refugios. [317]

El 22 de agosto, un niño israelí de 4 años murió al ser alcanzado por un mortero que cayó sobre el kibutz Nahal Oz . [314] [318]

Dos civiles israelíes murieron en el kibutz Nirim en una andanada de fuego de mortero, una hora antes de que entrara en vigor el alto el fuego. Los dos eran el jefe del asentamiento y los coordinadores adjuntos de seguridad militar. [319] Tanto Nahal Oz como Nirim (así como otros dos asentamientos cercanos) fueron utilizados como áreas de preparación para los tanques de las FDI que operaban dentro de Gaza. Los asentamientos se utilizaron para envolver, vigilar y suministrar suministros militares. Eyal Weizman comentó que "Israel afirma que Hamás está poniendo en peligro a su población civil al ubicar sus instalaciones en áreas habitadas... Israel hace lo mismo, aunque tiene suficiente espacio para elegir no hacerlo". [320]

Impacto económico

Los funcionarios palestinos calcularon el 4 de septiembre que, con 17.000 viviendas destruidas por los bombardeos israelíes, la reconstrucción costaría 7.800 millones de dólares, lo que equivale aproximadamente a tres veces el PIB de Gaza en 2011. [321] [322] La ciudad de Gaza sufrió daños en el 20-25% de sus viviendas y Beit Hanoun , con el 70% de sus viviendas inhabitables. [250] El New York Times señaló que los daños en esta tercera guerra fueron más graves que en las dos guerras anteriores, donde después de la anterior Operación Plomo Fundido los daños infligidos fueron de 4.000 millones de dólares, tres veces el PIB de la economía de Gaza en ese momento. [323] Los ataques a las pocas industrias de Gaza tardarán años en repararse. La principal planta de energía de Gaza en la calle Salaheddin resultó dañada. Dos estaciones de bombeo de aguas residuales en Zeitoun resultaron dañadas. La mayor empresa privada de Gaza, la fábrica de galletas y helados Alawda, que emplea a 400 personas, fue destruida por un bombardeo el 31 de julio, unos días después de comprometerse a suministrar sus galletas Choco Sandwich a 250.000 refugiados en respuesta a una petición del Programa Mundial de Alimentos ; otros ataques tuvieron como objetivo una fábrica de plásticos, una planta de fabricación de esponjas, las oficinas de la principal red de distribución de fruta de Gaza, la fábrica de la Corporación Industrial y Comercial El Majd para la producción de cajas de cartón, cartón y bolsas de plástico, y el mayor importador y distribuidor de productos lácteos de Gaza, Roward International. Trond Husby, jefe del programa de desarrollo de Gaza de la ONU, comentó que el nivel de destrucción ahora es peor que en Somalia , Sierra Leona , Sudán del Sur y Uganda . [251]

Durante la operación se destruyeron varios túneles que conducían a Israel y Egipto. Se informó de que los túneles entre Gaza y Egipto aportaban unos 700 millones de dólares a la economía de Gaza en forma de bienes o servicios. Varios palestinos afirmaron que los túneles habían sido fundamentales para ayudar a los residentes de Gaza, ya fuera por el empleo que proporcionaban o por los bienes que permitían su entrada, bienes que de otro modo no habrían estado disponibles a menos que se enviaran a través de Egipto. [324] Sin embargo, los túneles a lo largo de la frontera israelí tienen un propósito puramente militar. [325]

Durante la invasión terrestre, las fuerzas israelíes destruyeron el ganado en Gaza. En Beit Hanoun , 370 vacas murieron por bombardeos de tanques y ataques aéreos. En Beit Lahiya , 20 camellos fueron abatidos por fuerzas terrestres. [326] El Ministro de Finanzas de Israel estimó que la operación costaría a Israel 8.500 millones de NIS (aproximadamente 2.500 millones de dólares estadounidenses), lo que es similar a la Operación Plomo Fundido en 2009 y más que la Operación Pilar Defensivo en 2012. El pronóstico incluía costos militares y no militares, incluidos gastos militares y daños a la propiedad. El cálculo indicó que si la operación duraba 20 días, la pérdida en el PIB sería del 0,4%. [62]

Reacciones

Internacional

Manifestación pro palestina en el Día de Al-Quds de 2014 en Berlín, 25 de julio de 2014
Manifestación a favor de Israel en Helsinki, Finlandia

Las reacciones internacionales al conflicto de 2014 entre Israel y Gaza vinieron de muchos países y organizaciones internacionales de todo el mundo.

Canadá apoyó a Israel [327] y criticó a Hamás. Los países BRICS pidieron moderación a ambas partes y un retorno a las conversaciones de paz basadas en la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe . La Unión Europea condenó las violaciones de las leyes de la guerra por ambas partes, al tiempo que destacó la "naturaleza insostenible del statu quo", y pidió un acuerdo basado en la solución de dos Estados . El Movimiento de Países No Alineados , la Liga Árabe y la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos criticaron a Israel, y algunos países de este último grupo retiraron a sus embajadores de Israel en protesta. Sudáfrica pidió moderación a ambas partes y el fin del "castigo colectivo a los palestinos".

Hubo muchas manifestaciones a favor de Israel y Palestina en todo el mundo, incluso dentro de Israel y los territorios palestinos. Según la OCHA, 23 palestinos fueron asesinados y 2.218 resultaron heridos por las FDI (el 38% de estos últimos por fuego real) durante esas manifestaciones. [328] [329] [330]

Estados Unidos

El presidente de Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, reconoció el derecho de Israel a defenderse, pero instó a ambas partes a la moderación. Mientras tanto, el Congreso de Estados Unidos expresó su enérgico apoyo a Israel. Aprobó una ley que proporcionaba a Israel 225 millones de dólares adicionales en ayuda militar para la defensa contra misiles con una votación bipartidista de 395 a 8 en la Cámara de Representantes y por consentimiento unánime en el Senado . [331] Esto se sumó a fuertes medidas de apoyo a la posición de Israel aprobadas con un apoyo abrumador en ambas cámaras. [332] Israel recibió fuertes declaraciones de apoyo bipartidista de los líderes y miembros de ambas cámaras del Congreso por sus acciones durante el conflicto. Una encuesta realizada en julio encontró que el 57% de los estadounidenses creían que la operación estaba justificada. [333]

Durante las primarias presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2016 , el candidato demócrata Bernie Sanders criticó a Israel por su trato a Gaza, y en particular criticó a Netanyahu por "reaccionar exageradamente" y causar muertes innecesarias de civiles. [334] En abril de 2016, la Liga Antidifamación pidió a Sanders que retirara los comentarios que hizo al Daily News , que según la ADL exageraban el número de muertos del conflicto entre Israel y Gaza de 2014. Sanders dijo que "más de 10.000 personas inocentes fueron asesinadas", una cifra muy superior a las estimaciones de fuentes palestinas o israelíes. [335] En respuesta, Sanders dijo que aceptó una cifra corregida de la cifra de muertos de 2.300 durante el transcurso de la entrevista, que fue grabada, y que haría todo lo posible para aclarar las cosas. La transcripción escrita de la entrevista no señaló que Sanders dijo "Está bien" a la cifra corregida presentada por el entrevistador durante el transcurso de la entrevista. [336]

Gaza

El 6 de agosto de 2014, miles de palestinos se manifestaron en Gaza en apoyo de Hamás , exigiendo el fin del bloqueo de Gaza. [337] Después del alto el fuego del 26 de agosto, el Centro Palestino de Investigación Política y Encuestas realizó una encuesta en Cisjordania y la Franja de Gaza: el 79% de los encuestados dijo que Hamás había ganado la guerra y el 61% dijo que elegiría al líder de Hamás, Ismail Haniyeh , como presidente palestino, frente al 41% antes de la guerra. [338]

Según The Washington Post , un porcentaje de los habitantes de Gaza responsabilizaba a Hamás por la crisis humanitaria y quería que los militantes dejaran de disparar cohetes desde sus barrios para evitar la reacción israelí. [339] Algunos de los habitantes de Gaza han intentado protestar contra Hamás, que rutinariamente acusa a los manifestantes de ser espías israelíes y ha matado a más de 50 de esos manifestantes. [340] [341] [ ¿ fuente poco fiable? ] Alrededor del 6 de agosto, los manifestantes palestinos habrían atacado y golpeado al portavoz de Hamás, Sami Abu Zuhri, porque culparon a Hamás de incitar a la Operación Margen Protector. [342] [343]

Un número desconocido de palestinos, que se estima que asciende a cientos o miles, intentó huir a Europa debido al conflicto. El grupo de derechos palestinos Adamir recopiló los nombres de 400 personas desaparecidas. En lo que la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones describió como el "peor naufragio en años", un barco que transportaba refugiados fue embestido por contrabandistas y volcó frente a la costa de Malta , lo que provocó la muerte de unas 400 personas. Según entrevistas con supervivientes, pagaron a los contrabandistas entre 2.000 y 5.000 dólares o utilizaron permisos de viaje legales para llegar a Egipto. Un refugiado que murió había considerado que el barco estaba desvencijado, pero le dijo a su padre: "De todos modos, no tengo vida en Gaza". [344] [345]

Israel y Cisjordania

Manifestación proisraelí en apoyo a Israel y a las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel en Tzuk Eytan
Cartel en un jardín de infantes en Kiryat Ono que dice: "¡Queridos soldados! ¡Cuídense! ¡Ustedes son nuestros héroes!"
Manifestación contra la Operación Margen Protector en Tel Aviv , Israel

La mayoría de la población israelí apoyó la Operación Margen Protector. Una encuesta realizada después de que entrara en vigor un alto el fuego temporal durante la guerra en julio encontró que el 86,5% de los israelíes encuestados se oponían al alto el fuego. [346] Otra encuesta realizada en julio encontró que el 91% apoyaba la operación entre la población judía, con un 85% en contra de detener la guerra y un 51% a favor de continuar la guerra hasta que Hamás fuera expulsado del poder en Gaza, mientras que el 4% creía que la guerra era un error. [347] Otras dos encuestas encontraron un 90% y un 95% de apoyo a la guerra entre la población judía. [348] [349] [350] Hacia el final de la guerra, después de que Israel anunciara la retirada de las fuerzas terrestres de Gaza, una encuesta encontró un 92% de apoyo a la guerra entre la población judía, y que el 48% creía que las FDI habían utilizado la cantidad adecuada de potencia de fuego en la operación, mientras que el 45% creía que había utilizado muy poco y el 6% creía que había utilizado demasiado. La encuesta también encontró que el 62% de los árabes israelíes creían que la operación no estaba justificada, mientras que el 24% creía que estaba justificada, y que el 62% creía que se había utilizado demasiada potencia de fuego, el 10% creía que se había utilizado muy poca potencia de fuego y el 3% creía que se había utilizado la cantidad apropiada de potencia de fuego. [351]

La guerra tensó las relaciones entre los judíos israelíes y los árabes israelíes. Muchos negocios árabes cerraron como parte de una huelga general de un día en solidaridad con Gaza, lo que llevó al ministro de Asuntos Exteriores israelí, Avigdor Lieberman, a llamar al boicot de los negocios árabes que participaron en la huelga. Miles de personas se manifestaron contra la guerra, incluidos algunos que lanzaron piedras y bloquearon calles. Unos 1.500 árabes fueron arrestados por participar en protestas contra la guerra. Numerosos árabes fueron despedidos o disciplinados por sus empleadores por comentarios contra Israel y la guerra en las redes sociales. El caso más notable fue el de un consejero psicológico que trabajaba para el municipio de Lod , que fue despedido por orden del alcalde de Lod después de escribir una publicación en Facebook expresando alegría por la muerte de 13 soldados israelíes en la batalla de Shuja'iyya . Los árabes informaron de un aumento del racismo y la violencia por parte de los judíos de derecha. Sin embargo, algunos judíos israelíes contrarios a la guerra se unieron a las protestas contra la guerra, y un puñado también fue arrestado. [352] [353] [354] [355] [356]

En Cisjordania se produjeron continuas protestas y enfrentamientos. El funeral de Mohammed Abu Khdeir, celebrado el 4 de julio, contó con la presencia de miles de personas, y estuvo acompañado de enfrentamientos en Jerusalén oriental durante todo el fin de semana. [357] [ necesita actualización ] Según la OCHA, 23 palestinos fueron asesinados y 2.218 resultaron heridos por las FDI, el 38% de estos últimos por fuego real. [328] [329] [330] Según la OLP, 32 palestinos fueron asesinados en Cisjordania en el período comprendido entre el 13 de junio y el 26 de agosto, casi 1.400 resultaron heridos por fuego israelí y 1.700 fueron detenidos en la mayor ofensiva en Cisjordania desde la Segunda Intifada . La OLP también afirmó que se habían aprobado 1.472 viviendas en asentamientos durante el verano. [358]

Durante la guerra hubo más de 360 ​​ataques contra judíos de Cisjordania, una oleada que según The Jerusalem Post alcanzó su punto máximo el 4 de agosto con un ataque con un tractor en Jerusalén y el tiroteo de un soldado uniformado en el barrio de French Hill , lo que llevó a un aumento de la seguridad en la ciudad. [359] [360]

El 1 de septiembre, Israel anunció un plan para expropiar 400 hectáreas de tierra en Cisjordania, al parecer como "reacción al deplorable asesinato en junio de tres adolescentes israelíes", que Amnistía Internacional denunció como la "mayor apropiación de tierras en los Territorios Palestinos Ocupados desde la década de 1980". [361] [362] La UE se quejó de la expropiación de tierras y advirtió de la reanudación de la violencia en Gaza; los Estados Unidos la calificaron de "contraproducente". [363] [364]

Presuntas violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario

Durante el transcurso de los combates surgieron una serie de cuestiones jurídicas y morales relativas al conflicto. [365] Varios grupos de derechos humanos han argumentado que tanto los ataques con cohetes palestinos como la destrucción selectiva israelí de viviendas de miembros de Hamás y otras milicias violaron el derecho internacional humanitario y podrían constituir crímenes de guerra, violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario . [366] [367] [368] Navi Pillay , la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, acusó a los militantes de Hamás de violar el derecho internacional humanitario al "ubicar cohetes dentro de escuelas y hospitales, o incluso lanzar estos cohetes desde zonas densamente pobladas". [369] También criticó la operación militar de Israel, afirmando que había "una fuerte posibilidad de que se haya violado el derecho internacional, de una manera que podría equivaler a crímenes de guerra", y criticó específicamente las acciones de Israel en Gaza como desproporcionadas. [370]

Amnistía Internacional encontró evidencia de que "durante las hostilidades actuales, portavoces de Hamás habrían instado a los residentes de algunas zonas de la Franja de Gaza a no abandonar sus hogares después de que el ejército israelí lanzara panfletos y realizara llamadas telefónicas advirtiendo a la gente de la zona que evacuara", y que el derecho internacional humanitario era claro en el sentido de que "incluso si funcionarios o combatientes de Hamás o grupos armados palestinos asociados con otras facciones ordenaran de hecho a los civiles que permanecieran en un lugar específico para proteger objetivos militares de ataques, todas las obligaciones de Israel de proteger a estos civiles seguirían aplicándose". [371] B'tselem encontró que Hamás había violado disposiciones del Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH), tanto al disparar desde zonas civiles como al disparar contra zonas civiles israelíes. También afirmó que la política israelí de bombardear viviendas, formulada por funcionarios del gobierno y el alto mando militar, aunque se afirmaba que estaba en conformidad con el DIH, era "ilegal" y diseñada para "bloquear, a priori, cualquier acusación de que Israel violó las disposiciones del DIH", ya que se basa en una interpretación que no deja "restricción alguna a la acción israelí", de modo que "cualquier método que elija para responder a las operaciones de Hamás es legítimo, sin importar cuán horribles sean las consecuencias". [372] [373]

El líder de Hamás, Ismail Haniyeh, instó a la Autoridad Palestina a firmar el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI). [374] El fiscal de la CPI, Geoffrey Nice, dijo que "de la reunión con el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de la AP, Riad Malki, surge claramente una decisión de no hacer nada". [375] [376] El CDHNU encargó a la Misión de Investigación de las Naciones Unidas sobre el conflicto de Israel-Gaza de 2014 , dirigida por William Schabas , que investigara las acusaciones de crímenes de guerra de ambas partes. Israel criticó a Schabas por parcial porque hizo repetidamente declaraciones contra Israel y en apoyo de Hamás, y ha anunciado sus propias investigaciones sobre el liderazgo militar y civil y la conducta durante la guerra. Schabas negó cualquier parcialidad, [377] [378] pero el 2 de febrero de 2015 renunció al cargo. [379] Según The New York Times , "de 44 casos inicialmente remitidos a equipos de investigación del ejército para su examen preliminar, siete han sido cerrados, incluido uno que involucraba la muerte de ocho miembros de una familia cuando su casa fue atacada el 8 de julio, el primer día de la campaña aérea israelí, y otros están pendientes". [380] Las organizaciones de derechos humanos han expresado poca confianza en las medidas de Israel, citando experiencias pasadas. [381] Además, Israel negó el acceso a Gaza a varias organizaciones de derechos humanos, lo que les hizo imposible realizar investigaciones in situ. [382] [383] B'Tselem se ha negado a participar en la investigación del ejército. [380]

Presuntas violaciones por parte de Hamás

Asesinato y tiroteo contra civiles de Gaza

Veinte civiles de Shuja'iyya murieron mientras protestaban contra Hamás. [384] Unos días después, Hamás mató a dos habitantes de Gaza e hirió a diez después de que estallara una pelea por la distribución de alimentos. [385]

El 31 de julio, las FDI declararon que más de 280 cohetes de Hamás [49] fallaron y cayeron dentro de la Franja de Gaza, alcanzando lugares como el Hospital Al-Shifa y el campamento de refugiados de Al-Shati, matando al menos a 11 personas e hiriendo a docenas. [386] Hamás negó que alguno de sus cohetes impactara en la Franja de Gaza. [49] [387] [388] pero fuentes palestinas dijeron que numerosos lanzamientos de cohetes terminaron cayendo en comunidades de Gaza y que decenas de personas han muerto o resultado heridas. Fuentes militares israelíes dijeron que los lanzamientos fallidos de Hamás aumentaron en medio de fuertes ataques aéreos y de artillería israelíes en toda la Franja de Gaza. Dijeron que los lanzamientos fallidos reflejaban cohetes mal ensamblados, así como la prisa por cargar y disparar proyectiles antes de que fueran detectados por aviones israelíes. [389] Si bien el incidente del Hospital Al-Shifa es discutido, los primeros informes de prensa han sugerido que el ataque fue de un misil israelí no tripulado. [386] [390] [391] Amnistía Internacional concluyó que la explosión en el campo de refugiados de Shati el 28 de julio en la que murieron 13 civiles fue causada por un cohete palestino, a pesar de las afirmaciones palestinas de que se trataba de un misil israelí. [392]

Asesinato de presuntos colaboradores

Durante el conflicto, Hamas ejecutó a civiles de Gaza a los que acusó de haber colaborado con Israel, treinta el 30 de julio. [393] [ se necesita una mejor fuente ] La Comisión de Investigación de las Naciones Unidas concluyó que al menos 21 personas [nota 5] fueron asesinadas en la ciudad de Gaza en ejecuciones sumarias por colaboración entre el 5 y el 22 de agosto de 2014 en la ciudad de Gaza, la mayoría en la última fecha. 11 de los fusilados el 22 de agosto, un día después de que 3 comandantes de la brigada al-Qassam hubieran muerto en un ataque israelí en Rafah, habían sido sacados de la prisión de Al-Katiba. 7 fueron fusilados la misma noche en la "Operación Estrangulamiento de Cuellos" dirigida contra presuntos colaboradores. [394] Norman Finkelstein comparó el dilema al que se enfrenta Hamas con respecto a la colaboración dentro de las filas con el expresado por los líderes judíos tras el Levantamiento del gueto de Varsovia . [395]

El Secretario General de Abbas, Al-Tayyib Abd al-Rahim, condenó las "ejecuciones aleatorias de aquellos a quienes Hamás llamó colaboradores", añadiendo que algunos de los muertos habían estado detenidos durante más de tres años. [396] [397] Amnistía Internacional, Human Rights Watch y grupos palestinos de derechos humanos condenaron las ejecuciones. [398] [399] [400] Los cuerpos de las víctimas fueron llevados a hospitales para ser añadidos al número de víctimas civiles de la operación israelí. [295] Según un funcionario del Shin Bet, "ni uno solo" de los presuntos colaboradores ejecutados por Hamás proporcionó ninguna información de inteligencia a Israel, mientras que el Shin Bet oficialmente "confirmó que todos los ejecutados durante la Operación Margen Protector habían estado detenidos en Gaza durante las hostilidades". [401]

Moussa Abu Marzouk, un alto funcionario de Hamás, confirmó que algunas víctimas fueron mantenidas bajo arresto antes de que comenzara el conflicto y fueron ejecutadas para satisfacer al público sin el debido procedimiento legal. [402]

Shurat HaDin presentó una demanda ante la CPI acusando a Khaled Mashaal de crímenes de guerra por la ejecución de 38 civiles. [402] [403] El cofundador de Hamás, Ayman Taha , fue encontrado muerto; Al-Quds Al-Arabi informó que Hamás le había disparado por mantener contacto con los servicios de inteligencia de varios países árabes; Hamás afirmó que fue blanco de un ataque aéreo israelí. [ cita requerida ]

El 26 de mayo de 2015, Amnistía Internacional publicó un informe en el que se afirma que Hamás ha llevado a cabo ejecuciones extrajudiciales, secuestros y detenciones de palestinos y ha utilizado el hospital Al-Shifa para detener, interrogar y torturar a sospechosos. En el informe se detallan las ejecuciones de al menos 23 palestinos acusados ​​de colaborar con Israel y la tortura de decenas de personas más; muchas de las víctimas de tortura eran miembros del movimiento rival palestino Fatah. [404] [405]

Poner en peligro a los civiles

Escudos humanos

La Unión Europea condenó a Hamás, y en particular condenó "los llamamientos a la población civil de Gaza para que se conviertan en escudos humanos". [406] [407] La ​​confirmación de esta práctica fue producida por corresponsales de France24 , The Financial Times y RT , quienes respectivamente filmaron una plataforma de lanzamiento de cohetes que estaba ubicada en una zona civil junto a un hotel donde se alojaban periodistas internacionales, [408] informaron sobre cohetes que se disparaban desde cerca del Hospital Al-Shifa, e informaron sobre cohetes que Hamás disparaba cerca de un hotel. [409] En septiembre de 2014, un funcionario de Hamás reconoció a un reportero de Associated Press que el grupo había disparado cohetes desde áreas civiles. [410]

Aunque el gobierno israelí afirmó repetidamente que muchas de las bajas civiles eran resultado de que Hamás utilizara a la población de Gaza como escudos humanos [411], varias organizaciones de medios de comunicación británicas (entre ellas The Guardian y The Independent ) desestimaron esas afirmaciones calificándolas de "mitos" [412] [413] y el editor de la BBC para Oriente Medio, Jeremy Bowen, dijo asimismo que "no veía ninguna prueba de que Hamás utilizara a los palestinos como escudos humanos". [414] Además, la ONG Amnistía Internacional , con sede en Londres , desestimó esas afirmaciones, declaró que no podía verificarlas y enfatizó que incluso si fueran ciertas, las FDI todavía tendrían la responsabilidad de proteger a los civiles. [53] [415]

Las declaraciones se dividen en dos categorías: utilizar estructuras civiles como viviendas, mezquitas y hospitales para almacenar municiones o lanzar cohetes desde ellas, [416] e instar u obligar a la población civil a permanecer en sus casas para proteger a los militantes. [ cita requerida ] Los soldados israelíes también han dicho que los agentes de Hamás emplearon directamente a mujeres y niños como escudos humanos involuntarios para evadir la persecución, [417] [418] mientras que Hamás y otros han dicho que tales acusaciones son falsas. [419] Asa Kasher , que ayudó a redactar el Código de Conducta de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel, argumentó que "Israel no puede renunciar a su capacidad de proteger a sus ciudadanos contra los ataques simplemente porque los terroristas se esconden detrás de los no combatientes. Si lo hiciera, estaría renunciando a cualquier derecho a la legítima defensa". [420]

Utilización de estructuras civiles con fines militares

La Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH), Navi Pillay, acusó a los militantes de Hamás de violar el derecho internacional humanitario al “ubicar cohetes dentro de escuelas y hospitales, o incluso lanzar esos cohetes desde zonas densamente pobladas”, pero añadió que esto no eximía a Israel de hacer caso omiso de esa misma ley. [369] El informe de la ACNUDH reconoció que “la obligación de evitar ubicar objetivos militares dentro de zonas densamente pobladas no es absoluta. El pequeño tamaño de Gaza y su densidad de población hacen que a los grupos armados les resulte difícil cumplir siempre con ese requisito”. [421]

En un informe de 2015 [422] , Amnistía Internacional afirma que "hay informes creíbles de que, en algunos casos, grupos armados palestinos lanzaron cohetes o morteros desde instalaciones o recintos civiles, incluidas escuelas, al menos un hospital y una iglesia ortodoxa griega en la ciudad de Gaza. En al menos dos casos, los relatos indican que se lanzaron ataques a pesar de que los civiles desplazados de Gaza se estaban refugiando en los recintos o en edificios vecinos".

Israel ha declarado que muchas mezquitas, escuelas y hospitales se utilizaron para almacenar armas. El portavoz de las FDI dijo que se dispararon granadas de mortero desde una escuela de niños que servía de refugio para refugiados. [423] Hubo informes de que se utilizaban mezquitas para almacenar armas, [424] y de que había sitios de lanzamiento muy cerca de estructuras civiles. [416] El arzobispo ortodoxo griego de Gaza ha dicho que Hamás utilizó el recinto de la iglesia, que albergaba a 2.000 civiles musulmanes, para lanzar cohetes contra Israel. [256] [425] El corresponsal de France 24, Gallagher Fenwick, informó de que se había colocado una plataforma de lanzamiento de cohetes de Hamás en un barrio densamente poblado de la ciudad de Gaza, a unos 50 metros del hotel donde se alojaban la mayoría de los medios de comunicación internacionales y a 100 metros de un edificio de la ONU. Fenwick dijo que "se puede ver a niños jugando en el lanzacohetes y cerca de él". [426]

Israel publicó imágenes de militantes palestinos lanzando cohetes desde una escuela y un cementerio. [427] En al menos un caso, un cementerio fue el blanco de un ataque aéreo israelí. [428]

Según Shabak , el servicio de seguridad interna israelí, algunos militantes, al ser interrogados, admitieron haber utilizado edificios civiles con fines militares. Entre las admisiones figuraban más de diez mezquitas que se utilizaban para reuniones, entrenamiento, almacenamiento de armas, actividades en túneles y observaciones militares. Durante los interrogatorios, un militante dijo que le habían dado instrucciones de utilizar un túnel para llevar a la víctima a un jardín de infancia situado cerca de su entrada, en caso de secuestro con éxito. [429] [430]

Explosives were allegedly two steps away from a baby's bed in Gaza during the war.

On 24 August, Israel released part of what it says is a Hamas training manual on urban warfare, which states "the process of hiding ammunition inside buildings is intended for ambushes in residential areas and to move the campaign from open areas into built up and closed areas" and "residents of the area should be used to bring in the equipment...take advantage of this to avoid [Israeli] spy planes and attack drones." The manual also explains how fighting from within civilian population makes IDF operations difficult and what the benefits of civilian deaths are.[431] Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri dismissed the document as a "forgery...aimed at justifying the mass killings of Palestinian civilians."[432]

On 12 September, Ghazi Hamad, a senior Hamas official, acknowledged for the first time that Hamas did fire rockets from civilian areas and said "some mistakes were made".[433]

In Israel

Israeli and Jewish critics of the war, including Uri Avnery and Gideon Levy wrote that in their own war of independence in 1948 (and earlier), Jews hid weapons in synagogues, kindergartens and schools as well.[434][435] Other critics have noted that the headquarters of the IDF and Shin Bet, as well as an Israeli military training facility, are also located near civilian centers.[419][436] Commentators brought up the current high population density of Gaza in conjunction with Palestinian military activities and installations being in or near civilian structures.[419][437]

Legality

Using civilian structures to store munitions and launch attacks from is unlawful, and the Fourth Geneva Convention states that "The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations."[438] On the other hand, another convention says that "Any violation of these prohibitions shall not release the parties to the conflict from their legal obligations with respect to the civilian population and civilians, including the obligation to take the precautionary measures."[439]

According to Harriet Sherwood, writer for the Guardian, even if Hamas were violating the law on this matter, it would not legally justify Israel's bombing of areas where civilians are known to be.[419] Amnesty International stated that "Indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks (where the likely number of civilian casualties or damage to civilian property outweighs the anticipated military advantage to be gained) are ... prohibited."[371] It said that "Israel's relentless air assault on Gaza has seen its forces flagrantly disregard civilian life and property".[440] Human Rights Watch has said that in many cases "the Israeli military has presented no information to show that it was attacking lawful military objectives or acted to minimize civilian casualties."[441] An investigation by Human Rights Watch found that "in most of the sites we investigated so far (in this conflict) we found no valid military targets".[442] A high-level group of former diplomats and military experts concluded that "the IDF acted within the bounds of international law during the war."[443] The Israeli government issued a report saying that its military actions were "lawful and legitimate" and that "Israel made substantial efforts to avoid civilian deaths."[444] The High Level Military Group, composed of military experts from Australia, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Britain, the United States, and Spain, released an assessment on Operation Protective Edge acknowledging Israel made "unprecedented efforts" to avoid civilian casualties exceeding international standards.[445]

Medical facilities and personnel
Photo taken during the 72-hour ceasefire between Hamas and Israel on 6 August 2014. A destroyed ambulance in Shuja'iyya in the Gaza Strip.

Medical units including hospitals and medical personnel have special protections under international humanitarian law. They lose their protection only if they commit, outside their humanitarian function, "acts harmful to the enemy."[446] More than 25 medical facilities were damaged in the conflict; one attack on Al-Aqsa hospital killed 5 people.[447] In many cases, ambulances and other medical personnel were hit.[448] Amnesty International has condemned the attacks and said that there is "mounting evidence" that Israel deliberately targeted hospitals and medical personnel; Israel said it had not.[449]

A Finnish reporter from Helsingin Sanomat reported seeing rockets fired from near the Gaza Al-Shifa hospital.[450] The IDF said that in several cases Hamas used Wafa hospital as a military base and used ambulances to transport its fighters.[451][452] According to the Israeli Shabak, many of the militants it interrogated said that "everyone knew" that Hamas leaders were using hospitals for hiding. Hamas security reportedly wore police uniforms and blocked access to certain parts of the hospitals. One of the interrogated militants reportedly said that civilians seeking medical attention usually were thrown out by the security.[429][430] The Washington Post described Al-Shifa hospital as a "de facto headquarters for Hamas leaders, who can be seen in the hallways and offices."[453] Amnesty International reported that: "Hamas forces used the abandoned areas of al-Shifa hospital in Gaza City, including the outpatients' clinic area, to detain, interrogate, torture and otherwise ill-treat suspects, even as other parts of the hospital continued to function as a medical centre".[454]

French-Palestinian journalist Radjaa Abu Dagga[455] reported that Hamas militants interrogated him in Gaza's main hospital (Al-Shifa); his report was later removed from his paper's website at his request.[409]

Mohammed Al Falahi, Secretary General of Red Crescent, UAE said that Hamas militants fired on Israeli planes from Red Crescent's field hospital in order to provoke retaliation, attacked Red Crescent team on their way back and planted land mines on their path.[456][457]

Urging or forcing civilians to stay in their homes

The IDF has released photographs which it says show civilians on rooftops, and a video of Hamas spokesperson Sami Abu Zuhri saying "the fact that people are willing to sacrifice themselves against Israeli warplanes in order to protect their homes [...] is proving itself".[437][442][458][459] The EU has strongly condemned "calls on the civilian population of Gaza to provide themselves as human shields"[460][461] and US Congress-members introduced bills condemning Hamas for using human shields.[462][463][undue weight?discuss] Civilians and activists in Gaza used themselves as 'human shields' in attempts to prevent Israeli attacks.[464][465][466][467]

Hamas officials said human shields were not used.[citation needed] One Gazan stated that "nobody is safe and nobody can flee anywhere because everywhere is targeted."[241] Many reporters, including from the BBC,[468] the Independent[469] and the Guardian[419] said that they found no evidence of Hamas forcing Palestinians to stay and become unwilling human shields.

Fatah officials said that Hamas placed over 250 Fatah members under house arrest or in jail, putting them under threat of being killed by Israeli strikes and shooting them in the legs or breaking their limbs if they tried to leave.[243][470][471] According to Abbas, more than 300 Fatah members were placed under house arrest and 120 were executed for fleeing.[303]

Amnesty International reported that it did "not have evidence at this point" that Palestinian civilians were intentionally used by Hamas or Palestinian armed groups during the current hostilities to "shield" specific locations or military personnel or equipment from Israeli attacks". It additionally said that "public statements referring to entire areas are not the same as directing specific civilians to remain in their homes as "human shields" for fighters, munitions, or military equipment" and that "even if officials or fighters from Hamas or Palestinian armed groups ... did in fact direct civilians to remain in a specific location in order to shield military objectives ..., all of Israel's obligations to protect these civilians would still apply."[371] Human Rights Watch said many of the attacks on targets appeared to be "disproportionate" and "indiscriminate".[441]

Human Rights Watch attributed many civilian deaths to the lack of safe places to flee to, and accused Israel of firing at fleeing civilians. It stated that there are many reasons that prevent civilians from abiding by warnings, and that the failure to abide by warnings does not make civilians lawful targets.

Rocket attacks on Israeli civilians

House destroyed by a rocket in Yehud, Israel

Human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, pointed to Hamas's rocket attacks on Israeli cities as violations of international law and war crimes.[367] Palestinian ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council, Ibrahim Khraishi stated in a 9 July interview on PA TV that the "missiles that are now being launched against Israel – each and every missile constitutes a crime against humanity, whether it hits or misses, because it is directed at civilian targets".[472]

Hamas political figure Khaled Mashaal has defended the firing of rockets into Israel, saying that "our victims are civilians and theirs are soldiers".[473] According to one report, "nearly all the 2,500–3,000 rockets and mortars Hamas has fired at Israel since the start of the war seem to have been aimed at towns", including an attack on "a kibbutz collective farm close to the Gaza border", in which an Israeli child was killed.[432] Former Israeli Lt. Col. Jonathan D. Halevi stated that "Hamas has expressed pride in aiming long-range rockets at strategic targets in Israel including the nuclear reactor in Dimona, the chemical plants in Haifa, and Ben-Gurion Airport", which "could have caused thousands" of Israeli casualties "if successful".[474]

According to Israel, Hamas continued to fire rockets at the Erez border crossing while sick and wounded Gazans tried to enter Israel for treatment. The Erez border crossing is the only legal border crossing between Gaza and Israel. Other people affected by this included journalists, UN workers, and volunteers.[475][476]

Military use of UN facilities

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has a number of institutions and schools in the Gaza region, and, as of 24 July 23 had been closed. Hamas took advantage of the closures to employ some of these vacant UNRWA buildings as weapon storage sites.[477] UNRWA officials, on discovering that three[478][479] such vacated schools had been employed for storing rockets, condemned Hamas's actions, calling it a "flagrant violation of the neutrality of our premises."[480][481][482]

On 16 July,[483] 22 July,[484] and on 29 July, UNRWA announced that rockets had been found in their schools.[485] Israel's foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman stated that UNRWA had turned over some discovered rockets to Hamas.[486] Israel Democracy Institute Vice President, Mordechai Kremnitzer, accused the UNRWA of war crimes for handing over the rockets, while Hebrew University Professor Robbie Sabel stated that the UNRWA "had no legal obligation to hand the rockets over to Israel" and had little other choice in the matter.[487] UNRWA states the armouries had been transferred to local police authorities under the Ramallah national unity government's authority, in accordance with "longstanding UN practice in UN humanitarian operations worldwide".[477][488][489] UN Secretary Ban Ki-moon ordered an investigation.[490]

On 30 July, the IDF said that they had discovered the entrance to a tunnel concealed inside a UNRWA medical clinic in Khan Yunis. The clinic was rigged with explosives, which then exploded and killed three Israeli soldiers.[491] This report was later corrected by the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, the military unit that implements government policies in the Palestinian areas, who later that day stated that despite its UNRWA sign, the site was not registered as belonging to UNRWA.[491]

Intimidation of journalists

Israeli officials said Hamas intimidates journalists in Gaza. A French reporter said that he was "detained and interrogated by members of Hamas's al-Qassam Brigade" in Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital, and forced to leave Gaza; he later asked the newspaper to remove his article from their site.[409][492][493] Some journalists reported threats on social media against those who tweet about rocket launch sites. John Reed of The Financial Times was threatened after he tweeted about rockets being fired from near Al-Shifa Hospital, and RT correspondent Harry Fear was told to leave Gaza after he tweeted that Hamas fired rockets from near his hotel.[409] Isra al-Modallal, head of foreign relations for the Hamas Information Ministry, said Hamas did deport foreign journalists who filmed Hamas rocket launches, stating that by filming the launch sites the journalists were collaborating with Israel.[494][495] The Foreign Press Association (FPA) in Israel and the Palestinian territories protested what it called "blatant, incessant, forceful and unorthodox methods employed by the Hamas authorities ... against visiting international journalists in Gaza", saying several had been harassed or questioned over information they reported. It also said that Hamas was trying to "put in place a 'vetting' procedure" that would allow the blacklisting of specific journalists.[496][497] The Jerusalem Post said UNRWA workers were threatened by Hamas at gun-point during the war, but Christopher Gunness, UNRWA spokesman, said "I have checked and double checked with sources in Gaza and there is no evidence of death threats made to UNRWA personnel."[498]

Some FPA members disputed the FPA's comments, including New York Times Jerusalem bureau chief Jodi Rudoren, who wrote "every reporter I've met who was in Gaza during [the] war says this Israeli/now FPA narrative of Hamas harassment is nonsense."[499] Haaretz interviewed many foreign journalists and found "all but a few of the journalists deny any such pressure". They said Hamas's intimidation was no worse than what they got from the IDF, and said no armed forces would permit reporters to broadcast militarily sensitive information; and that, furthermore, most reporters seldom saw Hamas fighters, because they fought from concealed locations and in places that were too dangerous to approach.[500]

Alleged violations by Israel

Israel received some 500 complaints concerning 360 alleged violations. 80 were closed without criminal charges, 6 cases were opened on incidents allegedly involving criminal conduct, and in one case regarding 3 IDF soldiers in the aftermath of the Battle of Shuja'iyya, a charge of looting was laid. Most cases were closed for what the military magistrates considered to be lack of evidence to sustain a charge of misconduct. No mention was made of incidents during the "Black Friday" events at Rafah.[501][502]

According to Assaf Sharon of Tel Aviv University, the IDF was pressured by politicians to unleash unnecessary violence whose basic purpose was 'to satisfy a need for vengeance,' which the politicians themselves tried to whip up in Israel's population.[35] Asa Kasher wrote that the IDF was pulled into fighting "that is both strategically and morally asymmetric" and that like any other army it made mistakes, but the charges it faces are "grossly unfair".[420] The Israeli NGO Breaking the Silence, reporting on its analysis of 111 testimonies concerning the war by some 70 IDF soldiers and officers,[503][504] cited one veteran's remark that "Anyone found in an IDF area, which the IDF had occupied, was not a civilian," to argue that this was the basic rule of engagement. Soldiers were briefed to regard everything inside the Strip as a threat. The report cites several examples of civilians, including women, being shot dead and defined as "terrorists" in later reports.[505][506] Since leaflets were dropped telling civilians to leave areas to be bombed, soldiers could assume any movement in a bombed area entitled them to shoot.[503] In one case that came under investigation, Lt Col Neria Yeshurun ordered a Palestinian medical centre to be shelled to avenge the killing of one of his officers by a sniper.[507]

Civilian deaths

Many of those killed were civilians, prompting concern from many humanitarian organisations. An investigation by Human Rights Watch concluded that Israel had probably committed war crimes on three specific incidents involving strikes on UNWRA schools.[508] Amnesty International stated that: "Israeli forces have carried out attacks that have killed hundreds of civilians, including through the use of precision weaponry such as drone-fired missiles, and attacks using munitions such as artillery, which cannot be precisely targeted, on very densely populated residential areas, such as Shuja'iyya. They have also directly attacked civilian objects."[371] B'tselem has compiled an infogram listing families killed at home in 72 incidents of bombing or shelling, comprising 547 people killed, of whom 125 were women under 60, 250 were minors, and 29 were over 60.[509] On 24 August, Palestinian health officials said that 89 families had been killed.[510]

Nine people were killed while watching the World Cup in a cafe,[511] and 8 members of a family died that Israel has said were inadvertently killed.[512] A Golani soldier interviewed about his operations inside Gaza said they often could not distinguish between civilians and Hamas fighters because some Hamas operatives dressed in plainclothes and the night vision goggles made everything look green. An IDF spokesperson said that Hamas "deploys in residential areas, creating rocket launch sites, command and control centers, and other positions deep in the heart of urban areas. By doing so, Hamas chooses the battleground where the IDF is forced to operate."[513] The highest-ranking U.S. military officer, Army General Martin Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said that "Israel went to extraordinary lengths to limit collateral damage and civilian casualties". Later in his speech he said, "the Pentagon three months ago sent a 'lessons-learned team' of senior officers and non-commissioned officers to work with the IDF to see what could be learned from the Gaza operation, to include the measures they took to prevent civilian casualties and what they did with tunneling."[514] Col. Richard Kemp told The Observer, "IDF has taken greater steps than any other army in the history of warfare to minimise harm to civilians in a combat zone"[515]

Warnings prior to attacks

In many cases the IDF warned civilians prior to targeting militants in highly populated areas in order to comply with international law.[368][516][517][518] Human rights organizations including Amnesty International,[519][520] confirmed that in many cases, Palestinians received warnings prior to evacuation, including flyers, phone calls and roof knocking. A report by Jaffa based NGO Physicians for Human Rights, released in January 2015, said that Israel's alert system had failed, and that the roof-knock system was ineffective.[521] The IDF was criticized for not giving civilians enough time to evacuate.[522] In one case, the warning came less than one minute before the bombing.[523] Hamas has told civilians to return to their homes or stay put following Israeli warnings to leave.[524] In many cases, Palestinians evacuated; in others, they have stayed in their homes. Israel condemned Hamas's encouragement of Palestinians to remain in their homes despite warnings in advance of airstrikes.[241] Hamas stated that the warnings were a form of psychological warfare and that people would be equally or more unsafe in the rest of Gaza.[241][525]

Amnesty International said that "although the Israeli authorities claim to be warning civilians in Gaza, a consistent pattern has emerged that their actions do not constitute an "effective warning" under international humanitarian law."[371] Human Rights Watch concurred.[441] Many Gazans, when asked, told journalists that they remained in their houses simply because they had nowhere else to go.[525] OCHA's spokesman has said "there is literally no safe place for civilians" in Gaza.[526] Roof knocking has been condemned as unlawful by Amnesty International[520] and Human Rights Watch[368] as well as the United Nations Fact Finding Mission in the 2008 war.

Destruction of homes

Ruins of a residential area in Beit Hanoun

Israel targeted many homes in this conflict. UNWRA official Robert Turner estimated that 7,000 homes were demolished and 89,000 were damaged, some 10,000 of them severely.[527] This has led to many members of the same family being killed. B'Tselem documented 59 incidents of bombing and shelling, in which 458 people were killed.[509] In some cases, Israel has stated that these homes were of suspected militants and were used for military purposes. The New York Times noted that the damage in this operation was higher than in the previous two wars and stated that 60,000 people had been left homeless as a result.[323] The destruction of homes has been condemned by B'Tselem,[366] Human Rights Watch[367][442] and Amnesty International[519] as unlawful, amounting to collective punishment and war crimes.

Israel destroyed the homes of two suspects in the case of the abduction and killing of the three teenagers. The house demolition has been condemned by B'Tselem as unlawful.[528][non-primary source needed]

Palestinians returning to their homes during the ceasefire reported that IDF soldiers had trashed their homes, destroyed home electronics such as TV sets, spread feces in their homes, and carved slogans such as "Burn Gaza down" and "Good Arab = dead Arab" in walls and furniture. The IDF did not respond to a request by The Guardian for comment.[529]

On 5 November 2014, Amnesty International published a report examining eight cases where the IDF targeted homes, resulting in the deaths of 111 people, of whom 104 were civilians. Barred from access to Gaza by Israel since 2012, it conducted its research remotely, supported by two contracted Gaza-based fieldworkers who conducted multiple visits of each site to interview survivors, and consulted with military experts to evaluate photographic and video material. It concludes, in every case, that "there was a failure to take necessary precautions to avoid excessive harm to civilians and civilian property, as required by international humanitarian law" and "no prior warning was given to the civilian residents to allow them to escape." As Israel did not disclose any information regarding the incidents, the report said it was not possible for Amnesty International to be certain of what Israel was targeting; it also said that if there were no valid military objectives, international humanitarian law may have been violated, as attacks directed at civilians and civilian objects, or attacks which are otherwise disproportionate relative to the anticipated military advantage of carrying them out, constitute war crimes.[530][531]

The report was dismissed by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs as "narrow", "decontextualized", and disattentive of alleged war crimes perpetrated by Hamas. Amnesty, it asserted, was serving as "a propaganda tool for Hamas and other terror groups."[532][533] Anne Herzberg, legal adviser for NGO Monitor, questioned the accuracy of the UN numbers used in the report, saying that they "essentially come from Hamas."[534]

Shelling of UNRWA schools

There were seven shellings at UNRWA facilities in the Gaza Strip which took place between 21 July and 3 August 2014. The incidents were the result of artillery, mortar or aerial missile fire which struck on or near the UNRWA facilities being used as shelters for Palestinians, and as a result at least 44 civilians, including 10 UN staff, died. During the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict, many Palestinians fled their homes after warnings by Israel or due to air strikes or fighting in the area. An estimated 290,000 people (15% of Gaza's population) took shelter in UNRWA schools.

On three separate occasions, on 16 July,[535] 22 July[536] and on 29 July, UNRWA announced that rockets had been found in their schools.[537] UNRWA denounced the groups responsible for "flagrant violations of the neutrality of its premises". All of these schools were vacant at the time when rockets were discovered; no rockets were found in any shelters which were shelled. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) stated that "Hamas chooses where these battles are conducted and, despite Israel's best efforts to prevent civilian casualties, Hamas is ultimately responsible for the tragic loss of civilian life. Specifically in the case of UN facilities, it is important to note the repeated abuse of UN facilities by Hamas, namely with at least three cases of munitions storage within such facilities."[538]

The attacks were condemned by members of the UN (UNRWA's parent organization) and other governments, such as the U.S., have expressed "extreme concern" over the safety of Palestinian civilians who "are not safe in UN-designated shelters."[538] The Rafah shelling in particular was widely criticized, with Ban Ki-moon calling it a "moral outrage and a criminal act" and US State Department calling it "appalling" and "disgraceful". UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said that both Hamas militants and Israel might have committed war crimes. A Human Rights Watch investigation into three of the incidents concluded that Israel committed war crimes because two of the shellings "did not appear to target a military objective or were otherwise indiscriminate", while the third Rafah shelling was "unlawfully disproportionate".[539] On 27 April 2015, the United Nations released an inquiry which concluded that Israel was responsible for the deaths of at least 44 Palestinians who died in the shelling and 227 were injured.[540]

Infrastructure

On 23 July, twelve human rights organizations in Israel released a letter to Israeli government warning that "Gaza Strip's civilian infrastructure is collapsing".[541][542] They wrote that "due to Israel's ongoing control over significant aspects of life in Gaza, Israel has a legal obligation to ensure that the humanitarian needs of the people of Gaza are met and that they have access to adequate supplies of water and electricity." They note that many water and electricity systems were damaged during the conflict, which has led to a "pending humanitarian and environmental catastrophe". The Sydney Morning Herald reported that "almost every piece of critical infrastructure, from electricity to water to sewage, has been seriously compromised by either direct hits from Israeli air strikes and shelling or collateral damage."[543]

Between five and eight of the 10 power lines that bring electricity from Israel were disabled, at least three by Hamas rocket fire.[544][545][546] On 29 July, Israel was reported to bomb Gaza's only power plant,[547] which was estimated to take a year to repair. Amnesty International said the crippling of the power station amounted to "collective punishment of Palestinians".[548][549] Human Rights Watch has stated that "[d]amaging or destroying a power plant, even if it also served a military purpose, would be an unlawful disproportionate attack under the laws of war".[550] Israel immediately denied damaging the power plant, stating there was "no indication that [IDF] were involved in the strike ... The area surrounding the plant was also not struck in recent days."[551] Contradicting initial reports that it would take a year to repair, the power plant resumed operation on 27 October.[552][553]

Attacks on journalists

17 journalists were killed in the conflict,[554][555] of which five were off-duty and two (from Associated Press) were covering a bomb disposal team's efforts to defuse an unexploded Israeli artillery shell when it exploded.[556][557] In several cases, the journalists were killed while having markings distinguishing them as press on their vehicles or clothing.[558][559] IDF stated that in one case it had precise information that a vehicle marked "TV" that was hit killing one alleged journalist was in military use.[560][561] Several media outlets, including the offices of Al-Jazeera, were hit. The International Federation of Journalists has condemned the attacks as "appalling murders and attacks".[562] Journalists are considered civilians and should not be targeted under international humanitarian law.[563]The Israeli army said it does not target journalists, and that it contacts news media "in order to advise them which areas to avoid during the conflict".[557] Israel has made foreign journalists sign a waiver stating that it is not responsible for their safety in Gaza, which Reporters Without Borders calls contrary to international law.[564][565][566] The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who in August 2014 condemned the killing of Al Aqsa TV journalist Abdullah Murtaja, withdrew her comments after it was revealed that Murtaja was also a combatant in Hamas's Al Qassam Brigade, and said she "deplore[d] attempts to instrumentalize the profession of journalists by combatants"[567][568]

ITIC published a report analyzing a list of 17 names published by Wafa News Agency based on information originating from Hamas-controlled Gaza office of the ministry of information that supposedly belong to journalists killed in the operation. The report says that 8 of the names belong to Hamas or Islamic Jihad operatives, or employees of the Hamas media.[555][569]

Israel bombed Hamas's Al-Aqsa radio and TV stations because of their "propaganda dissemination capabilities used to broadcast the messages of (Hamas's) military wing."[570] Reporters Without Borders and Al-Haq condemned the attacks, saying "an expert committee formed by the International Criminal Court's prosecutor for the former Yugoslavia, to assess the NATO bombing campaign of 1999, specified that a journalist or media organization is not a legitimate target merely because it broadcasts or disseminates propaganda."[563][571] The U.S. government classifies Al-Aqsa TV as being controlled by Hamas, a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist," and states that it "will not distinguish between a business financed and controlled by a terrorist group, such as Al-Aqsa Television, and the terrorist group itself."[572][573][574][original research?]

Human shields

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay accused Israel of having "defied international law by attacking civilian areas of Gaza such as schools, hospitals, homes and U.N. facilities. "None of this appears to me to be accidental," Pillay said. "They appear to be defying – deliberate defiance of – obligations that international law imposes on Israel.""[369] The Jaffa based NGO Physicians for Human Rights stated in a report in January 2015 that the IDF had used human shields during the war. IDF criticized the report's conclusions and methodology which "cast a heavy shadow over its content and credibility".[575] Defense for Children International-Palestine reported that 17-year-old Ahmad Abu Raida was kidnapped by Israeli soldiers who, after beating him up, used him as a human shield for five days, forcing him to walk in front of them with police dogs at gunpoint, search houses and dig in places soldiers suspected there might be tunnels.[576][577] Several of the key claims could not be verified because his Hamas-employed father said he forgot to take photographs of the alleged abuse marks and discarded all the clothing IDF soldiers supposedly provided Abu Raida when he was freed.[578]

The IDF confirmed that the troops suspected Ahmad of being a militant based on the affiliation of his father (a senior official in Gaza's Tourism Ministry) with Hamas and so detained him during the ground operation. The IDF and Israeli authorities challenged the credibility of DCI-P noting their "scant regard for truth".[578] The IDF Military Advocate General opened criminal investigation into the event.[560]

Military operations, weaponry and techniques

Gaza

Range of rockets launched from Gaza Strip
Palestinian militants with rockets

Rockets

The Gazan militants used different kinds of rockets, including the Syrian-made (Chinese-designed) M-302[579] and the locally-made M-75, which had the range to hit Tel-Aviv.[580][581][582] Other rockets include the Soviet Katyushas and Qassams.[583] The Israeli Defense Force reported that at the beginning of the 2014 conflict, Hamas had close to 6,000 rockets in its possession. This included 1,000 self-produced short range rockets (15–20 km range), 2,500 smuggled short range rockets, 200 self-made Grad rockets, and 200 smuggled Grad rockets. In addition, to these short range rockets, Hamas held an assortment of mid and long range rockets, both self-made and smuggled, that totaled over several thousand.[584]

According to the Fars News Agency, Fajr-5 (long range Iranian) rockets had a warhead of 150–200 kg.[585] According to Theodore Postol, the vast majority of Gazan artillery rocket warheads contained 10- to 20-pound explosive loads. Postol stated that this fact made bomb shelters more effective for protection.[586] Mark Perry stated that the "vast majority of the rockets are unsophisticated Qassams, with a 10–20 kg warhead and no guidance system" and that "Hamas' arsenal is considerably weaker today than it was in 2012". Regarding the Fajr-5, he stated that Iran had not transferred full-fledged rockets to Hamas, it has only transferred technology to manufacture them. He also stated that "its guidance system was crude, at best, and its warhead nearly non-existent."[587]

The UNHRC, quoting Amnesty International, stated that armed groups in Gaza have used BM-21 Grad rockets with ranges varying from 20 km to 48 km, in addition to locally produced rockets reaching as far as 80 km, such as the M-75 and J-80. The majority of the rockets had no guidance system. Mortars having a range of up to 8 km, have been actively used along the Green Line. Other weapons included rocket-propelled grenades, home-made drones, SA 7 Grail anti-aircraft missiles, Kornet 9M133 anti-tank guided missiles, and a wide array of small arms, rifles, machine guns and hand grenades.[588]

According to the IDF, of all the 4,564 projectiles fired at Israel, 224 hit built-up areas, 735 were intercepted by the Iron Dome, 875 fell inside Gaza[299] and the rest fell in open territory or failed to launch.[17]

According to OCHA, Palestinian militants fired 4,844 rockets and 1,734 mortar shells towards Israel.[589] 25% of Gazan rockets had sufficient effectiveness to threaten to reach populated areas.[590]

Gazan tunnels

An Israeli soldier overlooking an uncovered Palestinian tunnel in the Gaza Strip during Operation Protective Edge, 2014
A vast network of underground tunnels used for smuggling and warfare exists in the Gaza Strip. This infrastructure runs throughout the Gaza Strip and towards Egypt and Israel, and has been developed by Hamas and other Palestinian military organizations to facilitate the storing and shielding of weapons; the gathering and moving of fighters, including for training and communication purposes; the launching of offensive attacks against Israel; and the transportation of Israeli hostages. On several occasions, Palestinian militants have also used this tunnel network, which is colloquially referred to as the Gaza metro,[591][592][593]‌ to infiltrate Israel and Egypt while masking their presence and activities within the Gaza Strip itself. According to Iranian military officer Hassan Hassanzadeh, who commands the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps from Tehran, the Gaza Strip's tunnels run for more than 500 kilometres (310 mi) throughout the territory.[594]

Other weaponry

Hamas has also used a "crude, tactical" drone, reported to be Iranian-made and named "Ababil-1".[595]

Palestinian militant groups have also used anti-tank rockets against armoured vehicles, as well as against groups of Israeli soldiers. Some armored personnel carriers were hit by missiles,[596][597] and the Israeli Trophy system reportedly intercepted at least 15 anti-tank missiles shot at Merkava IV tanks.[598] Anti-tank mines had also been used against armored vehicles.

Israel

IDF Artillery Corps fires a 155 mm M109 howitzer, 24 July 2014.

Israel used air, land and naval weaponry. The artillery includes Soltam M71 guns and US-manufactured Paladin M109s (155-mm howitzers).[596] The aerial weaponry includes drones and F-16 fighter jets. Drones are used to constantly monitor the Gaza strip.[599][600] The IDF fired 14,500 tank shells and 35,000 other artillery shells during the conflict.[372]

The IDF stated that it attacked 5,263 targets in Gaza, including:[50][429]

According to OCHA figures, Israel fired 5,830 missiles in 4,028 IAF air raids, the IDF's ground forces shot off 16,507 artillery and tank projectiles, and the Israeli navy's off-shore fleet fired 3,494 naval shells, into the Gaza Strip.[589]

Overall, Israel fired 34,000 unguided shells into Gaza. Of these 19,000 were high-explosive artillery shells, marking a 533% rise in the launching of artillery ordnance compared to Operation Cast Lead. Shelling of civilian areas with 155 mm (6.1 in) shells using Doher howitzers, with a kill radius of 150 yards (140 m), also increased.[601][602]

According to Palestinian authorities, 8,000 bombs and 70,000 artillery shells, or 20,000 tons of explosives (the equivalent of two low-yield tactical nuclear weapons), had been dropped on Gaza.[603][604][605][606] The Sydney Morning Herald quoted an anonymous expert who estimated that 10,000 tonnes of explosives were dropped from the air alone, which does not include tank and artillery shells.[607]

Between 32 and 34[50] known tunnels were destroyed or neutralized, 13 of them destroyed completely.[429]

The performance of the Iron Dome defense system was considered effective, achieving an almost 90% success rate.[608] Israel's early warning sirens and extensive shelters have been an effective defense against Gazan rocketry.[586] They are less effective against short-range mortars because the residents have less time to react.[609]

Media coverage

Portrayals of the conflict in different media outlets varied. U.S. news sources were often more sympathetic to Israel while British news sources featured more criticism of Israel.[610] Commentators on both sides claimed that the media was biased either for or against Israel.[611] According to an article by Subrata Ghoshroy published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, most United States media focused on Hamas rockets, of which only 3% actually strike populated areas (causing little damage), with less attention paid to Palestinian casualties, or to why Gazans back Hamas's rocket campaign.[612] As the conflict progressed and Palestinian deaths increased, British media became somewhat more critical of Israel.[613] Within Israel, the newspaper Haaretz issued an editorial stating that the "soft Gaza sand... could turn into quicksand" for the Israeli military and also warned about the "wholesale killing" of Palestinian civilians; the article declared: "There can be no victory here".[614] The Sydney Morning Herald apologised for running an allegedly antisemitic cartoon after Australian Attorney-General George Brandis denounced it as "deplorable." Israel was accused of waging a propaganda war,[615] and on both sides, sympathetic authors released video games relating to the conflict.[616] In Israel, according to Naomi Chazan, the Gaza war sparked "an equally momentous conflagration at the heart of Israeli society": attempts to question government policy were met with severe verbal and physical harassment, incidents of Arab-bashing occurred daily, and 90% of internet posts on the war were found to be racist or to constitute incitement.[617]

Diplomatic efforts

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Benjamin Netanyahu, Tel Aviv, 23 July 2014

A number of diplomatic efforts were made to resolve the conflict. These attempts included efforts by United States Secretary of State John Kerry to broker a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, like the meeting in Paris with European G4 foreign ministers and his counterparts of Qatar and Turkey.[618][619] Egypt brokered a number of ceasefires between Hamas and Israel.[620][621][622][623]

Efforts to reconstruct Gaza

An international conference took place on 12 October 2014 in Cairo, where donors pledged US$5.4 billion to the Palestinians with half of that sum being "dedicated" to the reconstruction of Gaza, which was more than the US$4 billion Abbas first sought.[624] Japan pledged US$100 million in January 2015.[625] The EU pledged €450 million to rebuilding Gaza.[626]

As of 1 February 2015, only US$125 million of the $2.7 billion for reconstruction had been paid out, while tens of thousands of Gazans were still homeless. In February 2015, 30 international aid organizations including UNRWA, the World Health Organization as well as NGOs such as Oxfam, ActionAid and Save the Children International released a statement saying that: "we are alarmed by the limited progress in rebuilding the lives of those affected and tackling the root causes of the conflict." They stated that "Israel, as the occupying power, is the main duty bearer and must comply with its obligations under international law. In particular, it must fully lift the blockade within the framework of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1860 (2009)".[627] Catherine Weibel, UNICEF's Communication Chief in Jerusalem said: "Four infants died from complications caused by the bitter cold in Gaza in January... All were from families whose houses were destroyed during the last conflict and were living in extremely dire conditions."[628]

Only one percent of the needed building material had been delivered. The mechanism agreed between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority, meant to allow delivery of such material, has not worked.[629]

Hamas spokesman blamed Israel for causing an electricity crisis. Israel provided 50,000 liters of fuel for generators running during blackouts and repaired three power lines damaged during storms within a week.[630]

On 15 September 2014, a Fatah spokesperson accused Hamas of misappropriating US$700 million of funds intended to rebuild Gaza.[631][632] On 6 January Hamas spokesperson said that Palestinian national consensus government ministers admitted redirecting rebuilding funds to PNA budget.[633] Israel's military estimated that 20% of cement and steel allowed by Israel to be delivered to Gaza for the reconstruction efforts were taken by Hamas.[634] Arne Gericke, a member of the European Parliament said "It would sicken most [European] taxpayers to know that the EU itself could be directly contributing to the tragic cycle of violence".[626]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Based on figures of the Palestinian Ministry of Health, p. 149[20]
  2. ^ [21] p. 10, para. 21: "Israel does not presume to be able to produce a definitive account of all fatalities that occurred during the 2014 Gaza Conflict."
  3. ^ Turkish Anadolu Agency reported that an Israeli military spokesman had explained that the non-literal translation of the operation's name into English was to "give a more 'defensive' connotation".[23][better source needed] The IDF's official Arabic name for the operation, translated into English, is "Operation Resolute Cliff".[24][25]
  4. ^ Though Hamas governs the Gaza Strip, the majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and many human rights organizations) consider Israel to be occupying Gaza, as it controls the region's airspace, coastline and most of its borders.
  5. ^ 25 according to Human Rights Watch, 23 according to Amnesty International

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External links