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Pandemia de COVID-19 en Inglaterra

Se confirmó por primera vez que la pandemia de COVID-19 se había extendido a Inglaterra con dos casos entre ciudadanos chinos alojados en un hotel en York el 31 de enero de 2020. Los dos principales organismos públicos responsables de la salud en Inglaterra fueron NHS England y Public Health England (PHE). .

NHS England supervisa el presupuesto, la planificación, la ejecución y el funcionamiento diario de la parte encargada del NHS en Inglaterra, mientras que la misión de PHE es "proteger y mejorar la salud de la nación y abordar las desigualdades". Hasta el 14 de septiembre de 2021, ha habido un total de 6.237.505 casos y 117.955 muertes en Inglaterra. [1] En enero de 2021, se estimó que alrededor del 22% de las personas en Inglaterra habían tenido COVID-19. [4]

La atención sanitaria en Escocia , Gales e Irlanda del Norte es administrada por los gobiernos delegados , pero no existe un gobierno delegado para Inglaterra, por lo que la atención sanitaria es responsabilidad directa del gobierno del Reino Unido . Como resultado de que cada país tiene diferentes políticas y prioridades, ahora existe una variedad de diferencias entre estos sistemas. [5] [6]

Línea de tiempo

Cronograma de medidas


Septiembre 2019 – enero 2020: Casos sospechosos

En mayo de 2020, la BBC informó que varios miembros de un coro en Yorkshire habían desarrollado síntomas similares a los del COVID-19 poco después de que la pareja de uno de los miembros del coro regresara de un viaje de negocios a Wuhan , China, el 17 o 18 de diciembre. [9]

Anteriormente, en marzo de 2020, se informó que un hombre de 50 años de East Sussex enfermó con síntomas de COVID-19 el 20 de enero después de regresar de Ischgl en Austria ; el balneario estaba bajo investigación porque supuestamente no reportó posibles casos. Tres miembros de su familia, dos amigos de Dinamarca y uno de Minnesota , EE. UU., tenían los mismos síntomas. [10] [11]

En junio de 2020, la BBC informó que se había descubierto que el COVID-19 en el Reino Unido tenía al menos 1.356 orígenes, principalmente en Italia (finales de febrero), España (de principios a mediados de marzo) y Francia (de mediados a finales de marzo). Marzo). [12] En el mismo mes, se informó que una mujer de 53 años cayó enferma el 6 de enero, dos días después de regresar del centro turístico de Obergurgl en Austria . [13]

En agosto de 2020, el forense de Kent supuestamente certificó que la muerte de Peter Attwood (de 84 años) el 30 de enero había estado relacionada con la COVID-19 ("infección por COVID-19 y bronconeumonía", según un correo electrónico del 3 de septiembre, después de que la COVID-19 19 fue detectado en su tejido pulmonar), lo que lo convierte en la primera muerte confirmada por esta enfermedad en Inglaterra y el Reino Unido. Mostró síntomas por primera vez el 15 de diciembre de 2019. [14] Attwood no había viajado al extranjero. [15]

En noviembre de 2020, se informó que un hombre de 66 años había experimentado síntomas de COVID-19 poco después de regresar de unas vacaciones en Italia en septiembre de 2019, y que su hija de 44 años había experimentado síntomas similares. Los científicos ya habían especulado anteriormente sobre la COVID-19 en Italia ya en septiembre de 2019. [16]

enero 2020

El 31 de enero, dos miembros de una familia de ciudadanos chinos alojados en un hotel de York , uno de los cuales estudió en la Universidad de York , se convirtieron en los primeros casos confirmados de COVID-19 en el Reino Unido. Tras la confirmación, fueron trasladados del Hospital Universitario de Hull a un centro de aislamiento especializado, una Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas de Altas Consecuencias designada en la Royal Victoria Infirmary de Newcastle upon Tyne . [17] [18]

El mismo día, un vuelo de evacuación procedente de Wuhan aterrizó en RAF Brize Norton y los pasajeros, ninguno de los cuales mostraba síntomas, fueron puestos en cuarentena en un bloque residencial para el personal del Arrowe Park Hospital en Wirral . [19] Anteriormente había habido controversia sobre si el gobierno debería ayudar a la repatriación de los titulares de pasaportes del Reino Unido desde las zonas más afectadas de China, o restringir por completo los viajes desde las regiones afectadas. [20] [21] Algunos ciudadanos británicos en Wuhan habían sido informados de que podían ser evacuados, pero sus cónyuges o hijos con pasaportes de China continental no podían hacerlo. [22] Esto fue revocado más tarde, pero el retraso significó que algunas personas perdieron el vuelo. [19] [23]

febrero 2020

El 6 de febrero, se informó en Brighton de un tercer caso confirmado, un hombre que había viajado recientemente a Singapur antes de visitar una estación de esquí en la Alta Saboya , Francia . Había sido la fuente de infección para seis de sus familiares durante una estancia en Francia, antes de regresar al Reino Unido el 28 de enero. [24] [25] Tras la confirmación de su resultado, las CMO del Reino Unido ampliaron el número de países donde un historial de viajes previos asociados con síntomas similares a los de la gripe, como fiebre, tos y dificultad para respirar, en los 14 días anteriores requeriría auto -aislamiento y llamada al NHS 111 . Estos países incluían China, Hong Kong, Japón, Macao, Malasia, República de Corea, Singapur, Taiwán y Tailandia. [26]

El 10 de febrero, el número total de casos en el Reino Unido llegó a ocho, ya que se confirmaron cuatro casos más en personas relacionadas con el hombre afectado de Brighton. [27] [28] A nivel mundial, el virus se había extendido a 28 países. [29] En la mañana del 10 de febrero, el Secretario de Estado de Salud y Asistencia Social , Matt Hancock , anunció el Reglamento de Protección de la Salud (Coronavirus) 2020 , para otorgar a los profesionales de la salud pública "poderes reforzados" para mantener a las personas afectadas y a aquellos que se cree que ser un posible riesgo de tener el virus, de forma aislada. [29] Ese día, el Hospital Arrowe Park , Merseyside, y el hotel y centro de conferencias Kents Hill Park, Milton Keynes, se convirtieron en unidades de aislamiento designadas. [30] [29] Al día siguiente, BBC News informó que dos de los ocho casos confirmados en el Reino Unido eran médicos generales . [27] Un noveno caso fue confirmado en Londres el 11 de febrero. [31]

marzo 2020

Bloqueo en Manchester
Los efectos de las compras de pánico en un supermercado Morrisons en Wetherby , West Yorkshire
Aviones en tierra en el aeropuerto de Leeds Bradford en abril de 2020

El 1 de marzo, se informaron más casos en Greater Manchester , y se cree que algunos de ellos eran contactos del caso en Surrey que no tenían antecedentes de viajes al extranjero. [32] [33]

El 2 de marzo, otras cuatro personas en Inglaterra dieron positivo. Todos habían viajado recientemente desde Italia; eran de Hertfordshire, Devon y Kent. [30] Se informó que el número total de casos en el Reino Unido había llegado a 40, aunque esto se revisó a 39 después de pruebas adicionales. [34] Al día siguiente, cuando el número de casos confirmados en el Reino Unido era de 51, el gobierno del Reino Unido dio a conocer su Plan de Acción contra el Coronavirus , que describía lo que el Reino Unido ya había hecho y lo que planeaba hacer a continuación. [30]

El 2 de marzo se produjo la primera muerte por COVID-19 en una residencia de ancianos, pero en ese momento aún no se habían publicado los datos de la residencia. [35]

El 3 de marzo se notificaron las tres primeras muertes hospitalarias en Nottingham, Essex y Buckinghamshire. [35]

El 15 de marzo, se inició el Sistema de Vigilancia de Hospitalizaciones en Inglaterra (CHESS) por COVID-19 en todos los Trusts del NHS.

El 17 de marzo, el NHS de Inglaterra anunció que todas las operaciones no urgentes se pospondrían a partir del 15 de abril para liberar 30.000 camas. [36] Además, muchos pacientes fueron dados de alta en residencias de ancianos; inicialmente se pensó que esto había causado infecciones importantes y, como resultado, muertes en residencias de ancianos; sin embargo, ahora se cree que las infecciones comunitarias fueron responsables de las infecciones. [37] También el 17 de marzo, el Canciller Rishi Sunak anunció que se pondrían a disposición 330.000 millones de libras esterlinas en garantías de préstamos para las empresas afectadas por la pandemia. [38]

El 18 de marzo, más de 1.000 pacientes estaban hospitalizados con COVID-19. Este número creció rápidamente y el 31 de marzo superó los 11.000. [39] Los ingresos hospitalarios aumentaron de menos de 700 por día el 20 de marzo a más de 2.400 por día el 31 de marzo. [39]

El 20 de marzo, la secuenciación del genoma había identificado diez linajes virales de COVID-19 en Inglaterra (A, B, B1, B10, B10.2, B11, B12.1, B5, B8, B9). La investigación, que se encontraba en una etapa inicial, concluyó que los datos eran consistentes con una gran cantidad de introducciones independientes al Reino Unido, desde lugares de todo el mundo, particularmente Italia y otros países europeos. Era muy probable que el número real de presentaciones independientes fuera sustancialmente mayor. [40]

Al 31 de marzo, Inglaterra era el país más afectado del Reino Unido con más de 21.000 infecciones confirmadas; [41] En marzo hubo alrededor de 4.500 muertes en el hospital [39] pero más de 6.700 pacientes que se habían recuperado fueron dados de alta.

Los datos de la ONS para Inglaterra y Gales sugieren que, hasta el 31 de marzo, Inglaterra había registrado más de 200 muertes por COVID-19 en residencias de ancianos y más de 200 muertes en sus hogares. [42]

abril 2020

Una taberna cerrada que ofrece servicio de comida para llevar.

El 2 de abril se alcanzó el número máximo de ingresos hospitalarios en un día durante la primera ola (unos 3.000 pacientes); [39] el número de muertes hospitalarias diarias por COVID-19 era ahora de más de 600. [43]

El 12 de abril, el número de pacientes hospitalizados, durante la primera ola, alcanzó un máximo de 18.974 y el número de ingresos diarios debido a la COVID-19 se había reducido a menos de 1.900; Se registraron más de 700 muertes hospitalarias por COVID-19. [39]

Hasta el 24 de abril, los registros de defunciones de la ONS en Inglaterra y Gales mostraban que 19.643 habían ocurrido en hospitales, 5.890 en residencias de ancianos, 1.306 en hogares privados y 301 en hospicios. [42] De estas muertes, 1.149 ocurrieron en Gales.

El 29 de abril se cambió el método de notificación de muertes en Inglaterra. [44] Los datos de tres fuentes ahora se cotejan con la lista de personas a las que se les ha confirmado un diagnóstico de COVID-19 por un laboratorio de Public Health England o del NHS. Las tres fuentes son: [44]

  1. datos proporcionados al NHS de Inglaterra por Hospital Trusts,
  2. datos de los equipos de protección de la salud de Public Health England (principalmente muertes no hospitalizadas),
  3. Información obtenida mediante la vinculación del Sistema de Vigilancia de Segunda Generación (SGSS) al Servicio Demográfico por Lotes del NHS.

Después de la verificación, los registros se fusionan en una base de datos y se eliminan los duplicados para que no haya doble conteo.

El nuevo método de contar las muertes da como resultado cifras más altas que el método anterior. El 29 de abril, el número total de muertes notificadas por el NHS de Inglaterra era de 21.400. [43] El nuevo método identificó 23.550 muertes de personas que tuvieron un resultado positivo en la prueba confirmado por un laboratorio de PHE o NHS. [ cita necesaria ]

El número de pacientes con COVID-19 hospitalizados disminuyó constantemente hasta que el 30 de abril rondaba los 12.900; [39] al menos 54.100 pacientes fueron ingresados ​​en el hospital en abril con COVID-19. [39] El número total de muertes en hospitales durante abril por COVID-19 superó las 17.500; [43] Estos datos sugieren que hubo alrededor de 36.000 pacientes que tenían la enfermedad y que fueron dados de alta en abril.

En abril, la editora de ciencia y salud de ITV News, Emily Morgan, filmó el interior de la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Royal Bournemouth en Dorset , mostrando a pacientes críticamente enfermos con coronavirus siendo tratados. Era la primera vez que en el Reino Unido se permitía a las cámaras filmar dentro de una unidad de cuidados intensivos. [45]

mayo 2020

El 3 de mayo, los ingresos hospitalarios diarios se habían reducido aún más, hasta alrededor de 1.000, mientras que las altas seguían superando a los ingresos, por lo que el número de personas hospitalizadas rondaba ahora las 10.500. [39]

El 6 de mayo se lanzó una aplicación para el personal de atención social de adultos en Inglaterra para ayudar a los trabajadores durante el brote de COVID-19. La aplicación Care Workforce fue desarrollada por NHSX y la Autoridad de Servicios Empresariales del NHS . [46] El sindicato GMB dijo a sus miembros que no usaran la aplicación, diciendo que los gerentes podían identificar al personal que se había quejado sobre el salario, las pruebas y el equipo de protección personal a través de una función de chat. [47]

El 11 de mayo, el Gobierno publicó una serie de niveles de alerta de COVID [48] y se aliviaron muchas restricciones en Inglaterra; Se animó a las personas que no podían trabajar desde casa a volver a trabajar, pero, en la medida de lo posible, evitar el transporte público. [49]

El 12 de mayo, el número de personas hospitalizadas cayó por debajo de las 10.000 y el número total de muertes en hospitales desde el 1 de marzo había aumentado hasta al menos 24.500. [43]

El 21 de mayo, el número de pacientes hospitalizados era inferior a 8.000 y los ingresos diarios rondaban los 700 [39].

El 21 de mayo, se modificaron las reglas de bloqueo en Inglaterra para permitir que las personas se reunieran con otra persona de otro hogar, al aire libre, pero permaneciendo a 2 m (6 pies) de distancia. Se permitieron deportes al aire libre como golf o tenis con miembros del mismo hogar o con otra persona de otro hogar, manteniendo el distanciamiento social. A los hogares se les permitió conducir cualquier distancia en Inglaterra a destinos como parques y playas, pero no a Gales o Escocia. [50]

El 27 de mayo, Matt Hancock anunció que NHS Test and Trace comenzaría a operar al día siguiente. [51]

El número de pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 siguió reduciéndose y el 31 de mayo rondaba los 5.900. [39] Durante el mes, al menos 22.400 pacientes fueron ingresados ​​en el hospital con COVID-19, [39] el número de muertes hospitalarias fue de alrededor de 5.200 [43] y alrededor de 23.900 pacientes fueron dados de alta. [39]

junio 2020

Leicester: el primer 'bloqueo local'

Un estudio publicado el 8 de junio que incluía datos de secuenciación del genoma [52] concluyó que entre mediados y finales de febrero los viajes desde Italia dieron lugar a la mayoría de las importaciones. El 1 de marzo esto había cambiado a España y a mediados de marzo volvió a cambiar a Francia; Debido a las restricciones de viaje impuestas, las importaciones después de mediados de abril estuvieron en niveles muy bajos. Se estimó que alrededor de la mitad de las importaciones fueron realizadas por ciudadanos del Reino Unido que regresaron al Reino Unido. En el período hasta el 3 de mayo, aproximadamente el 34% de los linajes de transmisión detectados en el Reino Unido llegaron a través de viajes desde España, el 29% desde Francia, el 14% desde Italia y el 23% desde otros países. Menos del 0,1% eran de China.

El 15 de junio, el número de personas hospitalizadas había disminuido constantemente hasta unas 3.900 y las admisiones diarias se habían reducido a unas 360, [39] pero cada día todavía se informaban alrededor de 50 muertes. [43]

El 30 de junio, el gobierno impuso el primer bloqueo local en el Reino Unido después de que el 10% de todos los casos positivos en el Reino Unido durante la semana pasada se encontraran en Leicester . Las tiendas no esenciales de la ciudad tuvieron que cerrar, y las tabernas y restaurantes que esperaban reabrir el 4 de julio tuvieron que retrasar su apertura durante al menos dos semanas; las escuelas también estarían cerradas para la mayoría de los alumnos. [53]

Al 30 de junio, los ingresos hospitalarios diarios por COVID-19 eran menos de 200 [39] y las muertes diarias por COVID-19 en el hospital rondaban las 30; [43] el número total de hospitalizados con COVID-19 fue menos de 2.700. [39]

julio 2020

El viernes 24 de julio de 2020, las nuevas normas hicieron obligatorio el uso de mascarillas en la mayoría de las tiendas interiores, centros comerciales, bancos, oficinas de correos y centros de transporte público. Quienes infrinjan las normas podrían recibir una multa de hasta 100 libras esterlinas. Cubrirse la cara siguió siendo opcional en otros lugares públicos cerrados, incluidos museos, cines y peluquerías. Quedaban excluidos de las regulaciones los lugares donde usar una máscara podría ser "poco práctico", como restaurantes y gimnasios. Las exenciones estaban disponibles para niños menores de 11 años, personas con enfermedades o discapacidades físicas o mentales y para cualquier persona a quien esto pudiera causarles una angustia significativa. [54]

El 24 de julio se informó que, como resultado de la pandemia y la pérdida de empleos, casi 1.000 personas se postularon para un restaurante en Manchester que anunciaba una vacante para una recepcionista. [55]

Los gimnasios y piscinas cubiertos comenzaron a reabrir el 25 de julio. [56]

Durante julio, el número total de ingresos hospitalarios por COVID-19 se redujo a alrededor de 3.050, [39] el número de muertes en el hospital por COVID-19 se redujo a alrededor de 480, [43] y alrededor de 4.200 pacientes con la enfermedad fueron dados de alta de los hospitales. [39]

agosto 2020

Agosto registró la menor cantidad de ingresos hospitalarios mensuales (1.600) desde el inicio de la pandemia [39] y muertes hospitalarias (208); [43] el número de pacientes hospitalizados el 31 de agosto era inferior a 500. [39] A lo largo de agosto, la tasa diaria de mortalidad hospitalaria fue esencialmente de un solo dígito. [43]

Las normas destinadas a detener la propagación del virus se suavizaron el 15 de agosto: casinos, boleras y salas de conferencias se encontraban entre una serie de lugares a los que se permitió reabrir en gran parte de Inglaterra. También se permitieron actuaciones en interiores con audiencias en vivo socialmente distanciadas (incluso en teatros y estadios deportivos), recepciones de bodas para hasta 30 personas, pistas de patinaje y esteticistas, siempre que tuvieran medidas para reducir la transmisión de COVID-19. Los esteticistas, tatuadores, spas y salones de bronceado podrían ofrecer servicios adicionales, incluidos tratamientos faciales como el depilado de cejas. [57]

septiembre 2020

El 2 de septiembre se registró el número mínimo de pacientes hospitalizados desde el inicio de la pandemia (451); los ingresos hospitalarios rondaban los 60 por día a principios de mes. [39] Hasta el 12 de septiembre, el número de muertes en el hospital era esencialmente de un solo dígito, pero posteriormente aumentó hasta rondar las 40 por día a finales de mes. [43]

El 8 de septiembre, tras un aumento en el número de casos, el gobierno publicó nuevas reglas de distanciamiento social que entrarán en vigor en Inglaterra a partir del 14 de septiembre. Estas reuniones restringidas de hogares separados a grupos de seis o pocas personas (la llamada "regla de seis"), excluyendo entornos laborales o educativos. [58] El 18 de septiembre, el Estudio de síntomas de COVID estimó que el valor en Inglaterra era 1,4, lo que significa que los casos se duplicaban cada siete días. [59]

Los ingresos hospitalarios en septiembre rondaron los 5.900. [39] Hubo alrededor de 560 muertes en el hospital [43] y más de 3.750 altas de pacientes que habían contraído COVID-19. [39]

octubre 2020

Entre julio y septiembre de 2020 se introdujeron regulaciones locales ad hoc cada vez más amplias y rigurosas, que en muchas zonas no lograron controlar la propagación del virus. [60] En Inglaterra, todas estas regulaciones locales fueron eliminadas el 14 de octubre y reemplazadas por nuevas regulaciones con tres niveles de restricciones.

La flexibilización de las restricciones y la aparición de una segunda variante más infecciosa de la COVID-19 [61] dieron lugar a una segunda ola del virus que se consolidó. Los ingresos hospitalarios aumentaron de menos de 6.000 en septiembre a más de 25.000 en octubre. [39] Casi 3.500 personas que habían dado positivo en la prueba de COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores murieron en el hospital [43] a causa de COVID-19, pero más de 14.700 pacientes fueron dados de alta.

noviembre 2020

Después de nuevas previsiones que predecían una presión insostenible sobre el sistema sanitario, se impusieron nuevas restricciones nacionales uniformes desde el 5 de noviembre hasta al menos el 2 de diciembre. [62] El 8 de noviembre, se había confirmado 1 millón de casos en Inglaterra.

A pesar de estas regulaciones más estrictas, el número de ingresos hospitalarios durante noviembre fue de más de 41.200; las muertes en el hospital de pacientes que habían dado positivo por COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores fueron de alrededor de 8.300 [43] con 29.000 altas de pacientes. [39] El 30 de noviembre había 13.700 personas en el hospital. [39] Ahora se sabe que, en Londres, la nueva variante de COVID-19 representó alrededor del 25% de los casos. [61]

diciembre 2020

A partir del 2 de diciembre, las restricciones nacionales fueron reemplazadas por una segunda versión de regulaciones por niveles , nuevamente con tres niveles; El 57% de la población fue colocada en el Nivel 2 y el 42% en el Nivel 3 más estricto. [63] El gobierno también anunció que, del 23 al 27 de diciembre, se permitiría una "burbuja navideña", [64] que permitiría a personas de hasta tres hogares se reunirán en casas privadas y/o jardines, y viajarán entre niveles con el fin de reunirse con otros en la misma burbuja. [sesenta y cinco]

Después de que se anunciara la existencia de la nueva variante, denominada Variante de Preocupación 202012/01 , [66] el gobierno emitió nuevas directrices de salud pública y se esperaba que impusiera restricciones de tránsito. [67] A mediados de diciembre, alrededor de dos tercios de los casos notificados en Londres eran la nueva variante. [61] El 19 de diciembre se anunció que se aplicaría una nueva medida de "nivel cuatro" a Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Londres y partes de Cambridgeshire, East Sussex, Essex y Surrey, y que se relajaría la temporada navideña. limitado únicamente al día de Navidad. [68] [69]

Estos intentos de controlar la segunda ola tuvieron un éxito limitado: el número total de ingresos hospitalarios volvió a aumentar durante diciembre a más de 58.600, y las muertes en el hospital de pacientes que habían dado positivo por COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores se acercaron a 10.600. [43] Aunque casi 39.000 pacientes fueron dados de alta, el 31 de diciembre todavía había más de 22.700 personas en el hospital. [39]

enero 2021

El 1 de enero, el gobierno anunció que todas las escuelas primarias de Londres permanecerían cerradas. [70] Esto provocó el revuelo de muchos directores y personal docente de otras áreas. [ cita necesaria ] El 4 de enero abrieron la mayoría de las escuelas primarias. Esa noche, Boris Johnson pronunció un discurso televisado a la nación, anunciando un tercer bloqueo en Inglaterra. Las reglas eran similares al primer cierre de marzo de 2020 y las escuelas cerrarían para la mayoría de los alumnos el 5 de enero. En vista del aumento de casos hospitalizados, el lema del gobierno volvió a cambiar a "Quédese en casa, proteja el NHS, salve vidas". [71] El 25 de enero, Boris Johnson dijo que el gobierno daría una actualización sobre cuándo podrán reabrir las escuelas en Inglaterra tan pronto como sea posible. [72] El mismo día, el Secretario de Salud Matt Hancock dijo que había señales tempranas de que las restricciones actuales están funcionando, pero que no era el momento de aliviarlas. [73]

El pico de ingresos hospitalarios se produjo el 12 de enero con 4.134 pacientes; El número máximo de personas hospitalizadas se produjo casi una semana después, el 18 de enero, con 34.336, un 80% más que el registrado en la primera ola de la pandemia. [39] En enero, el número total de pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados ​​en el hospital superó los 100.000, más de 22.000 pacientes que habían dado positivo por COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores murieron pero hubo más de 73.200 altas.

El 30 de enero de 2021, un grupo de solicitantes de asilo prendió fuego a un cuartel en Napier Barracks , donde habían sido alojados temporalmente en espera de que se resolvieran sus casos. Los solicitantes de asilo se vieron afectados por el COVID-19 a razón de una persona de cada cuatro. La diputada de Coventry South, Zarah Sultana, pidió al gobierno que "proporcione viviendas buenas, seguras y habitables". [74]

febrero 2021

El 1 de febrero se anunció la realización de pruebas puerta a puerta para identificar casos de la variante sudafricana. Se realizarían alrededor de 80.000 pruebas en 8 zonas diferentes del país donde se encontraron los 11 casos que no tenían antecedentes de viaje. [75] El total acumulado de muertes había superado las 100.000 el 9 de febrero. El 22 de febrero, Boris Johnson anunció la hoja de ruta para salir del confinamiento a partir del 8 de marzo, con la reapertura de escuelas y universidades y el confinamiento que finalizaría el 21 de junio con el levantamiento de casi todas las restricciones. [76]

A finales de febrero, los casos diarios eran tan bajos como durante septiembre de 2020: el 28 de febrero se notificaron 5.080 casos en Inglaterra. [77]

En febrero, más de 35.800 personas fueron hospitalizadas con COVID-19, alrededor de 9.400 pacientes que habían dado positivo en las pruebas de COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores murieron, pero más de 44.200 pacientes se recuperaron y fueron dados de alta.

marzo 2021

El 3 de marzo, había menos de 10.000 pacientes en hospitales por primera vez desde el 1 de noviembre de 2020. [78] Los estudiantes regresaron a la educación presencial en las escuelas y universidades el 8 de marzo, y se realizaron pruebas rápidas en las escuelas secundarias. . [79] Al 13 de marzo, más de 20 millones de personas habían recibido su primera dosis de vacunación, así como más de 1 millón de personas habían recibido su segunda dosis. [80] Hubo un aumento de infecciones en muchos países de Europa, sin embargo, la hoja de ruta actual para salir del bloqueo de Inglaterra seguiría según lo planeado. [81] El 29 de marzo, tuvo lugar la siguiente fase de flexibilización del bloqueo, en la que las personas pudieron reunirse en grupos de 6 o 2 hogares al aire libre y las instalaciones deportivas al aire libre pudieron reabrir. [82] Los casos comenzaron a disminuir hacia finales de marzo, con menos de 3.000 personas infectadas por día. [83]

En marzo, algo más de 11.400 personas fueron hospitalizadas, unas 2.090 personas que habían dado positivo por COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores murieron en el hospital y más de 17.000 fueron dadas de alta.

abril 2021

El 5 de abril, Boris Johnson anunció que la siguiente fase de la flexibilización del confinamiento se desarrollaría según lo previsto, con la reapertura de pubs y tiendas no esenciales a partir del 12 de abril. [84] Más de 10 millones de personas habían sido vacunadas completamente hasta el 23 de abril y el total acumulado de segundas dosis superaba los 10 millones. [85] El 18 de abril se anunció un festival de "prueba" de un día en Sefton Park , Liverpool, el 2 de mayo de ese año, que estaría encabezado por la banda Blossoms . El festival fue notable porque iba a ser el primer festival en el Reino Unido en catorce meses sin distanciamiento social ni máscaras faciales luego de la pandemia mundial de COVID-19 . [86] [87]

En abril, poco más de 4.000 personas con COVID-19 habían sido ingresadas en el hospital; Alrededor de 450 pacientes que habían dado positivo por COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores murieron, pero más de 5.400 personas fueron dadas de alta. El número de personas hospitalizadas con COVID-19 el 30 de abril era de 1.161 y los ingresos diarios por la enfermedad se habían reducido a alrededor de 80. [39]

La eficacia de la vacuna está empezando a ser evidente a medida que los datos de la ONS muestran que, como porcentaje de todas las muertes por COVID-19, las de las personas en residencias de ancianos se ha reducido de alrededor del 20% semanal en su punto máximo a menos del 15% en abril.

mayo 2021

El 6 de mayo, había menos de 1.000 pacientes con COVID-19 en el hospital; la última vez que esto sucedió fue a mediados de septiembre de 2020. [88] El 20 de mayo, el número de pacientes con COVID-19 en el hospital era de 749, la última vez que se produjo este nivel fue a mediados de septiembre de 2020. Los casos comenzaron a aumentar hacia el final. de mayo, principalmente en el noroeste. Esto se debió a la propagación de la variante Delta (india). [89]

Poco más de 2.600 personas fueron hospitalizadas en mayo, hubo 170 muertes en el hospital de personas que habían dado positivo por COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores; más de 2.700 pacientes se recuperaron del virus y fueron dados de alta. [39]

junio 2021

A principios de junio, la variante Delta se había convertido en la cepa dominante en Inglaterra, el aumento de la tasa de transmisión asociada a ella había provocado un pequeño aumento de los ingresos diarios y el número de personas hospitalizadas rondaba ahora las 800. El 14 de junio se anunció que el paso final de flexibilización del confinamiento el 21 de junio se retrasaría cuatro semanas hasta el 19 de julio. [90] La investigación del gobierno encontró un aumento del 50% en las infecciones del 3 de mayo al 7 de junio, y un aumento en la variante Delta, que se volvió dominante en el Reino Unido. Sin embargo, el aumento de las infecciones es mayor entre los pacientes más jóvenes y no vacunados. Las personas mayores vacunadas corren menos riesgo. Una tercera ola de infecciones había comenzado en junio, y alrededor de 110.000 pruebas realizadas en Inglaterra del 20 de mayo al 7 de junio parecían mostrar que los casos de COVID-19 se duplicaban cada 11 días. La enfermedad era más común en el noroeste y una persona de cada 670 estaba infectada. [91]

Las admisiones hospitalarias por COVID-19 en junio fueron ligeramente superiores a las de mayo, alrededor de 405.700, y el número de personas hospitalizadas con COVID-19 a finales de junio fue casi el doble que a finales de mayo, 1.560; En junio se produjeron 247 muertes hospitalarias de personas que habían dado positivo en la prueba de COVID-19 en los 28 días anteriores. [39] Más de 4.100 pacientes con COVID-19 fueron dados de alta en junio. [39]

julio 2021

En julio, los casos comenzaron a aumentar rápidamente. El 19 de julio tuvo lugar el "Día de la Libertad", retrasado cuatro semanas. El distanciamiento social y el uso de mascarillas se volvieron opcionales, y se permitió la reapertura de los clubes nocturnos, aunque el autoaislamiento siguió siendo obligatorio para los contactos cercanos de un caso positivo. [92] El número total de infecciones en Inglaterra superó los 5 millones el 27 de julio. A pesar del aumento de casos, las muertes y hospitalizaciones habían sido menores en comparación con las oleadas anteriores debido al programa de vacunación. [93] Los casos comenzaron a disminuir después del 17 de julio, cuando se informaron 50.955 casos; sin embargo, los científicos creían que era demasiado pronto para decir si las tasas de infección habían disminuido. [94]

Más de 19.000 personas fueron hospitalizadas con COVID-19 en julio, más de 1.140 personas murieron en el hospital a causa de COVID-19, pero casi 14.500 pacientes fueron dados de alta después de recuperarse. [39]

Los datos de la ONS mostraron que, como porcentaje de todas las muertes por COVID-19, las que se encuentran en residencias de ancianos ha caído de alrededor del 20% en su punto máximo a alrededor del 10%.

agosto 2021

Las reglas de autoaislamiento cambiaron: a partir del 16 de agosto, aquellos que habían estado en contacto con un caso positivo de COVID-19 ya no necesitaban autoaislarse si estaban completamente vacunados o eran menores de 18 años. [95] Con una mayor mezcla social y familiar , ha habido un aumento inevitable de los ingresos hospitalarios a más de 23.000; El número de personas que murieron en el hospital por COVID-19 fue casi el doble que en julio: 2.100. En agosto se produjeron más de 19.800 altas hospitalarias. [ cita necesaria ]

septiembre 2021

Durante septiembre, el número de personas hospitalizadas siguió aumentando y el exceso semanal de muertes por otras causas aumentó a unas 600. Las muertes hospitalarias por COVID-19 durante septiembre fueron de unas 2.500 y hubo casi 18.500 altas. [ cita necesaria ]

El 14 de septiembre, el primer ministro Johnson advirtió que la COVID-19 seguía siendo un riesgo en Inglaterra a medida que se acercaban el otoño y el invierno, y reveló los planes del gobierno para proteger el NHS. Esto incluyó pruebas continuas, rastreo y priorización de la vacunación de niños de 12 a 15 años (con clínicas de acogida en las escuelas), aquellos que aún no están vacunados y el programa de dosis de refuerzo. También se alentaría a las empresas a utilizar voluntariamente el NHS COVID Pass . [96]

Johnson también discutió un "Plan B" que se implementaría en caso de que el NHS esté en peligro de verse abrumado, que incluiría restablecer el uso obligatorio de cubrebocas en ciertos entornos y exigir prueba de vacunación para grandes reuniones y otros entornos. Johnson afirmó que la implementación del "Plan B" se basaría en múltiples métricas (incluidas hospitalizaciones, número de casos y otros factores) y "nos daría la confianza de que no tenemos que volver a los bloqueos del pasado". ". [97] [98] [99] Si se implementa, el Plan B alinearía a Inglaterra con las restricciones en el resto de las naciones de origen . [97]

octubre 2021

La Confederación NHS y la Asociación Médica Británica instaron al gobierno a implementar el "Plan B" para COVID-19 en el invierno debido a una acumulación de cinco millones de pacientes. [100] [101] Sin embargo, el gobierno declaró que actualmente no había planes para hacerlo. [102] El número de personas hospitalizadas a finales de octubre fue alrededor de un 50% mayor que a finales de septiembre, el número de muertes en el hospital fue de alrededor de 2.500 y hubo alrededor de 18.000 altas. [ cita necesaria ]

noviembre 2021

El 27 de noviembre, se encontraron los primeros casos de la variante Omicron en el Reino Unido en Essex y Nottingham. Entraron en vigor nuevas restricciones, incluida la inclusión de varios países africanos en la lista roja para viajar, la exigencia de pruebas de PCR para cualquier persona que ingrese al Reino Unido desde fuera del Área Común de Viajes , la obligatoriedad de las máscaras en el transporte público y en las tiendas, y todos los contactos cercanos de un El caso de la variante Omicron debe aislarse independientemente del estado de vacunación. [103] [104]

diciembre 2021

El 8 de diciembre, Johnson anunció que se activaría el "Plan B" en Inglaterra debido a la preocupación por la variante Omicron y la creciente tasa de infecciones que podría causar, explicando que "la mejor manera de garantizar que todos tengamos una Navidad lo más cercana a lo normal lo más posible es seguir con el Plan B." Se recomendó a los trabajadores que se quedaran en casa si era posible. El 10 de diciembre, la obligatoriedad del uso de mascarillas se amplió a cines y teatros. A partir del 15 de diciembre, el NHS COVID Pass se volvió obligatorio en clubes nocturnos, eventos en interiores sin asientos con 500 asistentes o más, eventos al aire libre sin asientos con 4000 asistentes o más y cualquier evento con más de 10 000 asistentes. [105] Las admisiones hospitalarias durante diciembre fueron alrededor de un 50% más altas que en noviembre, con alrededor de 33.800 pacientes; sin embargo, las muertes hospitalarias fueron ligeramente inferiores, con alrededor de 2.500; Más de 24.400 pacientes fueron dados de alta en diciembre. [ cita necesaria ]

enero 2022

El 19 de enero de 2022, Johnson anunció que las restricciones del "Plan B" terminarían a partir del 27 de enero. Johnson citó como justificación el progreso de la vacunación de refuerzo y los informes de que Omicron había alcanzado su punto máximo, pero advirtió que "debemos aprender a vivir con COVID de la misma manera que vivimos con la gripe". [106] Hubo casi 54.000 ingresos hospitalarios en enero junto con más de 4.700 muertes. Más de 48.000 pacientes fueron dados de alta del hospital en enero. [ cita necesaria ]

febrero 2022

En febrero, más personas con COVID-19 fueron dadas de alta del hospital (unas 32.000) que las ingresadas (unas 30.000). Otros 2.800 pacientes hospitalizados que tenían el virus murieron. [ cita necesaria ]

marzo 2022

El gobierno decidió reducir el número de personas en Inglaterra que serían elegibles para recibir la vacuna gratuita contra la influenza en otoño de 2022: las personas de entre 50 y 64 años y los escolares de entre 11 y 15 años ya no calificarían. Nick Kaye, de la Asociación Nacional de Farmacia, dijo: "Es miope recortar esta sensata medida de salud pública, dado que nadie puede decir con certeza que superaremos la pandemia de Covid el próximo invierno", y agregó que los hospitales Los hospitales estarán sobrecargados durante años y la vacunación gratuita contra la gripe ayuda a mantener a las personas fuera del hospital. Giulia Guerrini, de la farmacia online Medino, sostuvo que la vacunación es importante ya que "los sistemas inmunológicos están más bajos que nunca debido a que nuestros cuerpos han estado menos expuestos a los virus de lo normal durante los últimos dos años". [107] En marzo se produjo otro gran aumento en las admisiones hospitalarias de pacientes con COVID-19 (más de 52.000), y los pacientes que murieron después de haber dado positivo en la prueba de COVID-19 aumentaron a alrededor de 3.250. [ cita necesaria ]

abril 2022

Las admisiones hospitalarias de pacientes que dieron positivo por COVID-19 se redujeron a menos de 45.000 en abril y el número de altas fue de alrededor de 47.000. El número de muertes en hospitales de pacientes que dieron positivo por COVID-19 fue de poco más de 4.000. [ cita necesaria ] Se suspendieron las pruebas gratuitas de COVID-19 para la mayoría de las personas [108] y se cerraron la mayoría de los laboratorios Lighthouse que suministraban pruebas centralizadas de COVID-19. [109]

Estadísticas de muertes hospitalarias

Las estadísticas de muertes en hospitales hasta el 30 de diciembre de 2020 mostraban que las personas con una enfermedad preexistente (especialmente diabetes, enfermedad renal crónica, demencia o cardiopatía isquémica, pero también asma, enfermedades neurológicas crónicas o pulmonares) tenían alrededor de veintitrés veces más probabilidades de morir. morir que aquellos que no la tenían. La edad y el sexo también influyeron en el riesgo de muerte: los hombres entre 60 y 79 años mostraron una tasa de mortalidad que casi duplica la de las mujeres. Los hombres mayores de 80 años tenían un 30% más de probabilidades de morir que las mujeres del mismo grupo de edad. Los porcentajes en cada categoría mostraron sólo pequeños cambios a lo largo del año. [110]

Las estadísticas de muertes hospitalarias para 2021 mostraron solo pequeños cambios con respecto a los datos registrados en 2020, pero la eficacia de la vacunación dio como resultado tasas de mortalidad más bajas entre los mayores de 80 años, especialmente entre los hombres.

2020

2021

datos ONS

Muertes registradas

The Office of National Statistics publishes data on weekly deaths in England and Wales, which include information on deaths from COVID-19. These data give the number of deaths registered in England during a seven-day period; the total number of deaths will be greater as there is normally a delay between the date death occurred and the date it is registered.

2020

Up to and including the week ending 6 March 2020, the number of deaths in England was on average 442 fewer each week than the five-year average (2015–2019). The number of deaths above the average is generally referred to as 'excess' deaths, in both 2020 and 2012 the data were influenced by many factors including the lockdowns, social distancing, mask wearing, reduced elective surgery and less medical diagnosis and care. This resulted in very few deaths from influenza, slightly less from road traffic accident but more because people did not seek or were unable to get healthcare.

The total number of excess deaths in England for the whole of 2020, based on the 5 year average for 2015–2019, was 71,677 but if the starting point of the pandemic is taken as 6 March, the total number of excess deaths would be more than 76,000. A recent BMJ paper based on a 4-year average (2016–2019) reported a value of 85,400 (83,900 to 86,800 (95% confidence intervals)) excess deaths for England and Wales in 2020; on a pro rata basis this would give a value of around 79,800 for England.[111]

The registration data were affected by closure of the registry offices over bank holidays, Christmas and the New Year. In addition, 2020 was a 53-week year.[112]

2021

For the first nine weeks of 2021 the total number of excess deaths in 2021 continued to increase, then from 12 March it started to reduce, this in likely to be in part is because some of the people who died prematurely from COVID-19 would have succumbed to something else at a slightly later date. At the beginning of July the number of excess deaths started to rise again, many of these deaths are not attributed to COVID-19 which suggests delays in obtaining diagnosis and subsequent treatment in 2020 and 2021 has starting to influence the data. The data are affected by a number of public holidays; 2 and 9 April – Good Friday and Easter Monday Bank Holiday, 7 May – Spring Bank Holiday, 30 August – Summer Bank Holiday.

2022

The ONS 5 year average for 2022 includes data from 2016-2019 and 2021, as the number of deaths in 2021 was significantly above the previous 5 year average there will be a significant effect on the excess death data.

Covid-19 deaths by place of occurrence

13 March – 4 September 2020

The ONS data includes information on deaths by place of occurrence. During the first wave of infections, the majority of deaths were in hospital (63%) but deaths in care homes was also high (30%). The percentage of deaths in each setting remained essentially constant from mid June to early September.

11 September 2020 – 1 January 2021

During the second wave there was a significant increase in the percentage of deaths in hospital, and a corresponding decrease in care-home deaths.

2 January 2021 – present

COVID-19 deaths by age

ONS Data are only available for England and Wales; the differences in the percentage of all deaths with age between the two waves of the pandemic were small. Almost three-quarters of the deaths occurred in those over 75 years (around 11% of the population) while those aged between 70 and 75 accounted for a further 9% of the deaths. Some differences were observed between the genders, with a generally higher percentage of deaths for men; the exception was those over 75, but this reflects the greater number of older women in the population.[112]

Vaccination programme

A programme of mass vaccinations began on 8 December 2020, with priority given to the elderly, their carers and frontline health and social care workers.[115]

Although there is a lag between catching the disease and mortality, the ONS data provided a way of identifying the effectiveness of the vaccination programme; only combined date for England and Wales are available. In December 2020, around 75% of deaths registered in England and Wales where COVID-19 was mentioned on the death certificate were in the 75+ age group, following the vaccination program by the end of March this had fallen to 63%.[112][113] By the end of March 2021, around 50% of the population had received at least one dose of the vaccination and as a result the total number of registered deaths from COVID-19 had fallen from a maximum of more than 8,000/week to less than 700/week.

An alternative source that confirms the effectiveness of the vaccination program in England was the deaths in hospital data released daily by NHS. The caveat when considering this information is that around 30% of all deaths from Covid are not in hospitals and the majority of these deaths are people who are likely to be 80+ years old. In the period 1 January to 26 March 2021 there was a significant and continuous decrease in the weekly number of hospital deaths being recorded in the 80+ age group from 58.4% to 49.2%.

In June 2021 it was calculated that general practice had delivered 27.3 million out of 41.1 million covid-19 vaccinations in England at that point, with better response rates than the "mass" centres. This was considerably more than expected.[116]

In February 2022, concerns have been presented about young children's access to Covid vaccines when it was claimed that they would not be included in school immunization programs in England. Following the Joint Committee for Vaccination and Immunisation's guidance, all children aged five to eleven in England will receive Covid vaccination (JCVI).[117]

Regulations and legislation

Restaurant in London offering home deliveries after dining-in was banned. March 2020.

The government published the Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020 on 10 February 2020, a statutory instrument covering the legal framework behind the government's initial containment and isolation strategies and its organisation of the national reaction to the virus for England.[118] Other published regulations include changes to Statutory Sick Pay (into force on 13 March),[119] and changes to Employment and Support Allowance and Universal Credit (also 13 March).[120]

On 19 March, the government introduced the Coronavirus Act 2020, which grants the government discretionary emergency powers in the areas of the NHS, social care, schools, police, the Border Force, local councils, funerals and courts.[121] The act received royal assent on 25 March 2020.[122] Closures to pubs, restaurants and indoor sports and leisure facilities were imposed via The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Business Closure) (England) Regulations 2020 (SI 327).[123]

On 23 March, the government announced a number of restrictions on movement, some of which were later enacted into law.[124] These included:

  1. Shopping for basic necessities, as infrequently as possible;
  2. One form of exercise a day – for example a run, walk, or cycle – alone or with members of your household (was not enacted in law);
  3. Any medical need, to provide care or to help a vulnerable person;
  4. Travelling to and from work, but only where this is absolutely necessary and cannot be done from home.

The full regulations are detailed in:

Local lockdown regulations

In England, up until 14 October 2020 most of the COVID-19 lockdown regulations covered the whole country, but some local areas of particular concern are or have been subject to more restrictive rules at various times, namely Leicester, Luton, Blackburn with Darwen, Bradford, Tameside, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Trafford, Wigan, Pendle, Hyndburn, Burnley, Calderdale and Kirklees. In most cases, the effect of the local regulations had been to slow down the gradual easing of the lockdown regulations which applied to the rest of the country.

Tier regulations

In England the local lockdown regulations were swept away on 14 October 2020, and were replaced by the first COVID-19 tier regulations in England. The restrictions were enforced by three statutory instruments, as follows:

These are referred to as the 'first tier regulations". The regulations relate to England only.

Following the November lockdown, a new framework of tiers, known as the second tier regulations, were introduced in The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (All Tiers) (England) Regulations 2020. The regulations apply from 2 December 2020 until 2 February 2021, with special arrangements over the Christmas period, 23–27 December 2020.

In December 2020, a new Fourth Tier was added to the second tier regulations. Households in this tier were subjected to further restrictions including a restrictions on movement, a ban on international travel and a ban on meeting more than one person outside.[127] The Christmas regulations were changed, so that only households in Tiers 1–3 could mix with up to three other households only on Christmas Day only; Tier 4 households could not mix over the festive period.

Tiers by local government district for each period of being in force
  • 14 de octubre - 5 de noviembre de 2020
    14 October - 5 November 2020
  • 2-15 de diciembre de 2020
    2-15 December 2020
  • 16-18 diciembre 2020
    16-18 December 2020
  • 19 diciembre 2020
    19 December 2020
  • 20-25 diciembre 2020
    20-25 December 2020
  • 26-30 diciembre 2020
    26-30 December 2020
  • 31 diciembre 2020 - 5 enero 2021
    31 December 2020 - 5 January 2021
  • 5 enero 2021 - 29 marzo 2021
    5 January 2021 - 29 March 2021
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4

Travel restrictions

On 7 May, the government released a list of countries with quarantine rules when returning to England.[128]

Impact

Finance and the economy

During the second half of March, one million British workers applied for the Universal Credit benefit scheme.[129][130] On 20 March the government announced a COVID-19 Job Retention Scheme, where it would offer grants to companies to pay 80% of a staff wage each month up to a total of £2,500 per a person, if companies kept staff on their payroll. The scheme would cover three months' wages and would be backdated to the start of March.[131] Following a three-week extension of the countrywide lockdown the scheme was extended until the end of June 2020.[132][133] Initially the scheme was only for those workers who started work at their company on or before 28 February 2020; this was later changed to 19 March 2020, the day before the scheme was announced, allowing 200,000 additional workers to be part of it.[134] On the first day of operation 140,000 companies used the scheme.[135] Later the scheme was extended until the end of October with the Chancellor saying that from August companies would have to contribute towards the 80% of employees wages that the government was covering. It was stated that the scheme was costing £14 billion a month to run, with nearly a quarter of all workers in Britain furloughed by their employers within two weeks of the start of the scheme.[136] The decision to extended the job retention scheme was made to avoid mass redundancies, company bankruptcies and potential unemployment levels not seen since the 1930s.[137]

In March the Self Employed Income Support Scheme (SEISS) was announced.[138] The scheme paid a grant worth 80% of self employed profits up to £2,500 each month, for companies whose trading profit was less than £50,000 in the 2018–19 financial year or averaged less than £50,000 over the last three financial tax years. HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) were tasked with contacting those who were eligible and the grant was taxable. The government also had announced a six-month delay on tax payments. Self employed workers who pay themselves a salary and dividends are not covered by the scheme and instead had to apply for the job retention scheme.[139] The scheme went live on 13 May.[140] The scheme went live ahead of schedule and people were invited to claim on a specific date between 13 and 18 May based on their Unique Tax Reference number. Claimants would receive their money by 25 May or within six days of a completed claim.[141] By 15 May, more than 1 million self employed people had applied to the scheme.[142]

The government announced Retail, Hospitality and Leisure Grant Fund (RHLGF) and changes to the Small Business Grant Fund (SBGF) on 17 March. The SBGF was changed from £3,000 to £10,000, while the RHLGF offered grants of up to £25,000.[143][144][145] £12.33 billion in funding was committed to the SBGF and the RHLGF schemes with another £617 million added at the start of May.[146] By 25 April only around 50% of eligible business had received funding.[147]

On 23 March the Government announced the COVID-19 Business Interruption Loan Scheme (CBILS) for small and medium-sized businesses and Covid Corporate Financing Facility for large companies.[148] The government banned banks from seeking personal guarantees on COVID-19 Business Interruption loans under £250,000 following complaints.[149][150] COVID-19 Large Business Interruption Loan Scheme (CLBILS) was announced on 3 April and later tweaked to include more companies.[150][151] In May the amount a company could borrow on the scheme was raised from £50 million to £200 million. Restrictions were put in place on companies on the scheme including dividends payout and bonuses to members of the board.[152] On 20 April the Government announced a scheme worth £1.25 billion to support innovative new companies that could not claim for COVID-19 rescue schemes.[153] The government additionally announced the Bounce Back Loan Scheme (BBLS) for small and medium size businesses. The scheme offered loans of up to £50,000 and was interest free for the first year before an interest rate of 2.5% a year was applied, with the loan being paid back within six years. Businesses who had an existing CBILS loan of up to £50,000 could transfer on to this scheme, but had to do so by 4 November 2020. The scheme launched on 4 May.[154][155] The loan was 100% guaranteed by the government and was designed to be simpler than the CBILS scheme.[156] More than 130,000 BBLS applications were received by banks on the first day of operation with more than 69,500 being approved.[157][156] On 13 May the Government announced that it was under writing Trade credit insurance, to prevent businesses struggling in the pandemic from having no insurance cover.[158][159] On 12 May almost £15 billion of state aid had been given to businesses.[160] The Treasury and the Bank of England on 17 March announced the Covid Corporate Financing Facility (CCFF).[161][162]

The Resolution Foundation surveyed 6,000 workers, and concluded that 30% of those in the lowest income bracket had been affected by the pandemic compared with 10% of those in the top fifth of earners.[163] The foundation said that about a quarter of 18 to 24-year-olds included in the research had been furloughed whilst another 9% had lost their job altogether. They also said that 35 to 44 year olds were least likely to be furloughed or lose their jobs with only around 15% of the surveyed population having experienced these outcomes.[164] Earlier research by the Institute for Fiscal Studies concluded that young people (those under 25) and women were more likely to be working in a shutdown business sector.[165]

The Guardian reported that after the government had suspended the standard tender process so contracts could to be issued "with extreme urgency", over a billion pounds of state contracts had been awarded under the new fast-track rules. The contracts were to provide food parcels, personal protective equipment (PPE) and assist in operations. The largest contract was handed to Edenred by the Department for Education, it was worth £234 million and was for the replacement of free school meals.[166]

National health service response

Appointments and self-isolation

A COVID-19 'pod' at Hull Royal Infirmary

In March, hospitals in England began to cancel all elective procedures.[167] On 22 March, the government announced that it would be asking about 1.5 million people (everyone in England with certain health conditions that carry serious risk if infected) to "shield" for 12 weeks. They were to be notified by mail or text messaged by their NHS general practitioners, and provided deliveries of medication, food, and household essentials, delivered by pharmacists and local governments, and at least initially paid for by the UK government.[168] Members of the public were told to stay at home, should they suspect they have symptoms of COVID-19, and not visit a GP, pharmacy, or hospital.[169] For advice, the public were told to use a dedicated online self-assessment form before calling NHS 111, the non-emergency medical helpline.[170]

To allow vulnerable patients with underlying conditions to still be able to attend for routine blood tests without having to come to a hospital, from 8 April, the Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust opened a drive-through phlebotomy service operating out of a tent in the car park of Sheffield Arena.[171] This allows patients to have their blood tests taken from within their car, in a similar manner to how COVID-19 swabbing drive-through stations work. Following the success of the service, it was expanded to cover all patients registered with any GP in the Sheffield area from 27 April.[172]

Beds

NHS England freed up 30,000 beds by discharging patients who were well enough and by delaying non-emergency treatment,[173] and acquired use of 8,000 beds in private sector facilities.[173] Emergency building work was undertaken to add capacity to existing hospitals, 52 beds in Wigan, for example.[174] An additional capacity of almost 20,000 beds was created with NHS Nightingale Hospitals in major conurbations across the United Kingdom.[citation needed] Only a small amount of the capacity was used, and most of the hospitals were put on standby as the situation progressed.

On 18 October 2020, The Guardian reported that according to the National Health Service (NHS) report, the Greater Manchester is at risk of running out of hospital beds during the pandemic. NHS data revealed that before Friday 211 of the 257 critical care beds were occupied in Greater Manchester, and 82% of the total supply was in use by Covid-positive people or people admitted for other critical cases.[175]

Communication

NHS England's approach to communications during the pandemic was described as "truly dreadful" by Sir Richard Leese, chair of Greater Manchester Health and Social Care Partnership in May 2021. He said their tight control of public communications had made getting crucial messages to the public a "nightmare". "We took the view that having a fully informed public might have helped us tackle covid, but that's not the view we got from NHSE. People's willingness to comply with guidelines around covid was beginning to weaken and we wanted to get a message out [that] our hospitals were on the edge of falling over. We wanted to have responsible media to be able to go into hospitals and tell that story, but it took us ages to get consent to do that." Although this criticism was rejected by NHS England medical director Steve Powis dozens of local NHS leaders and communications staff privately agreed.[176]

Birth sex ratio changes

Population stress is thought to have contributed to a sharp drop in the sex ratio at birth in England and Wales to 51.00% in June 2020, three months after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. In December 2020, nine months after the pandemic was declared, the sex ratio at birth dramatically increased to 51.71%, most likely as a result of lockdown measures that initially encouraged more coupled sexual activity in a portion of the population.[177]

Law and order

In March, police forces in each nation of the UK were given powers to arrest and issue fixed penalty notices (FPNs) to citizens who broke lockdown rules.[178][179][180][181][182] The National Police Chiefs' Council said police had issued their first FPNs for people breaking lockdown rules on 27 March. The penalty amounts were £60, reduced to £30 if paid within 14 days.[183] By 31 March, some police forces and individual officers were being criticised by a variety of people including[184] former Supreme Court judge Lord Sumption,[185][186] former Justice secretary David Gauke,[184] former Chancellor George Osborne and privacy and civil liberties group Big Brother Watch for over-zealous and incorrect application of the new powers.[184][187] New guidance was released by the National Police Chiefs Council.[185][188]

According to the National Police Chiefs' Council, around 9,000 people were issued FPNs for breaking lockdown rules in England and Wales between 27 March and 27 April.[189] From 13 May, amendments to the regulations increased the initial penalty to £100.[190]

In May 2020, the Crown Prosecution Service stated 56 people were wrongly charged with offences related to the pandemic. This was mainly due to Welsh regulations being applied in England and vice versa.[191][192][193] Some fixed penalty notices issued for breaking lockdown laws were wrongly issued. Of those where an individual declined to pay and were prosecuted in open court, 25% were found to be wrongly issued. Giving evidence to parliament, barrister Kirsty Brimelow said it was likely that thousands of FPNs had been incorrectly issued.[194]

There were reports of hate incidents against Italian and Chinese persons, and a Singaporean student was assaulted in London in an attack that police linked to COVID-19 fears.[195][196] In addition there were reports of young people deliberately coughing and spitting in the faces of others, including an incident involving health workers.[197][198][199][200][201]

On 9 May, police broke up an anti-lockdown protest in London consisting of around 40 people. It was thought to be the first such protest in the UK, following protests in other nations.[202] It was reported that around 60 protests had been planned on the weekend of 16 May, with police saying that they were preparing to break them up.[203] Protests took place in London and Southampton, with several protesters arrested and fined at the London demonstration.[204]

In October, police broke up a wedding with 100 guests at the Tudor Rose, Southall, breaking social isolation laws. A police spokesman said the owner could be fined £10,000.[205]

Fraud

Local councils found fake goods being sold including testing kits, face masks and hand sanitiser. There had also been reports of scams involving the replacement school meals scheme and incidents of people posing as government officials, council staff or IT workers.[206]

During the contact tracing app trial on the Isle of Wight the Chartered Trading Standards Institute found evidence of a phishing scam. In the scam recipients would receive a text stating that they had been in contact with someone with COVID-19 and were directed to a website to input their personal details.[207]

Courts and prisons

On 17 March, trials lasting longer than three days were postponed until May in England and Wales, Those cases already running would continue in the hope of reaching a conclusion.[208][209]

The government released specific guidance to prisons in the event of COVID-19 symptoms or cases, specifically the rule that "any prisoner or detainee with a new, continuous cough or a high temperature should be placed in protective isolation for 7 days".[210] There are around 83,000 prisoners in England and Wales.[211] On 24 March, the Ministry of Justice announced that prison visits would be suspended and that inmates would be confined to their cells.[212] In order to maintain communication between prisoners and their families, the government promised 900 secure phones to 55 prisons, with calls being monitored and time-limited.[213] In a committee meeting on the same day, Justice Secretary Robert Buckland suggested that 50 pregnant inmates might be given early release, and another 9,000 inmates awaiting trial could be transferred to bail hostels.[214] On 14 April, the Ministry of Justice ordered 500 modular buildings, reportedly adapted from shipping containers, to provide additional single prison cell accommodation at seven prisons: HMPs North Sea Camp, Littlehey, Hollesley Bay, Highpoint, Moorland, Lindholme and Humber.[215]Following a COVID-19 case in HMP Manchester, public services think tank Reform called for the release of 2,305 "low-risk" offenders on short sentences to reduce the risk of COVID-19 on the prison population.[216][217] Former justice secretary David Gauke echoed similar sentiments, citing the "churn" of prisoners going in and out of prison as a risk.[218] Up to 4,000 prisoners in England and Wales are to be released.[219] Amnesty International's Europe Deputy Director of Research said that authorities in UK should consider releasing those who are more vulnerable to COVID-19.[220]

On 18 March, the first COVID-19 case was reported within the UK prison population. The prisoner, who had been serving time in HMP Manchester (commonly referred to as Strangeways), was moved to a hospital. While no other prisoners or staff tested positive for the virus, thirteen prisoners and four members of staff were put into isolation as a precaution.[221] On 26 March, it was reported that an 84-year-old sex offender had died from COVID-19 on 22 March at HMP Littlehey in Cambridgeshire, becoming the first inmate in the UK to die from the virus.[211] On 28 April, Public Health England had identified around 2,000 "possible/probable" and confirmed COVID-19 cases; outbreaks had occurred in 75 different institutions, with 35 inmates treated in hospital and 15 deaths.[222]

Aviation

From the latter half of January, Heathrow Airport received additional clinical support and tightened surveillance of the three direct flights it receives from Wuhan every week; each were to be met by a Port Health team.[223] Later, airlines including British Airways and Ryanair announced a number of flight cancellations for March.[34]

On 25 March, London City Airport announced it would temporarily close due to the COVID-19 outbreak.[224] Heathrow Airport closed one runway from 6 April, while Gatwick Airport closed one of its two terminals, and said its runway would open for scheduled flights only between 2:00 pm and 10:00 pm.[225]

Public transport

On 20 March, Southeastern became the first train operating company to announce a reduced timetable, which would come into use from 23 March.[226]

On 19 March, the Stagecoach Supertram light rail network in Sheffield announced that they would be switching to a modified Sunday service from 23 March until further notice.[227] Local bus operators First South Yorkshire and Stagecoach Yorkshire, which operate across the same area, announced that they would also be switching to a reduced timetable from 23 March.[228] National Express suspended all its long-distance coach services from 6 April.[229]

A sign stating that a face covering must be worn on TfL services at Tower Hill tube station in August 2021.

Transport for London (TfL) services were reduced in stages. All Night Overground and Night Tube services, as well as all services on the Waterloo & City line, were suspended from 20 March, and 40 tube stations were closed on the same day.[230] The Mayor of London and TfL urged people to use public transport only if absolutely essential, so it could be used by critical workers.[231]

In April, TfL trialled changes encouraging passengers to board London buses by the middle or rear doors to lessen the risks to drivers, after the deaths of 14 TfL workers including nine drivers.[232] This measure was extended to all routes on 20 April, and passengers were no longer required to pay, so they did not need to use the card reader near the driver.[233]

On 22 April, London mayor Sadiq Khan warned that TfL could run out of money to pay staff by the end of April unless the government stepped in.[234] Since London entered lockdown on 23 March, Tube journeys had fallen by 95% and bus journeys by 85%.[235] On 7 May, it was reported that TfL had requested £2 billion in state aid to keep services running until September 2020.[236] on 12 May, TfL documents warned it expected to lose £4bn due to the pandemic and said it needed £3.2bn to balance a proposed emergency budget for 2021, having lost 90% of its overall income. Without an agreement with the government, deputy mayor for transport Heidi Alexander said TfL might have to issue a 'section 114 notice' – the equivalent of a public body becoming bankrupt.[237] On 14 May, the UK Government agreed £1.6bn in emergency funding to keep Tube and bus services running until September.[238]

In April, Govia Thameslink Railway re-branded three trains with special liveries to show its support for the NHS and the 200,000 essential workers commuting on GTR's network every week.[239]

British Armed Forces

The COVID-19 pandemic affected British military deployments at home and abroad. Training exercises, including those in Canada and Kenya, had to be cancelled to free up personnel for the COVID Support Force.[240] The British training mission in Iraq, part of Operation Shader, had to be down-scaled.[241] An air base supporting this military operation also confirmed nine cases of COVID-19.[242] The British Army paused face-to-face recruitment and basic training operations, instead conducting them virtually.[243] Training locations, such as Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and HMS Raleigh, had to adapt their passing out parades. Cadets involved were made to stand 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) apart in combat dress and there were no spectators in the grandstands.[244][245] Ceremonial duties, such as the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace and the Gun Salute for the Queen's Official Birthday were either scaled-down or cancelled.[246][247] The Royal Air Force suspended all displays of its teams and bands, with some replaced by virtual displays.[248][249] The British Army deployed two experts to NATO to help counter disinformation around the pandemic.[250]

Elsewhere in defence, air shows, including the Royal International Air Tattoo at RAF Fairford, were cancelled.[251] Civilian airports, including Birmingham Airport, were used to practice transferring COVID-19 patients to local hospitals via helicopter.[252][253] Several defence and aerospace companies contributed to the national effort to produce more ventilators.[254] BAE Systems, the country's largest defence company, also loaned its Warton Aerodrome site to be used as a temporary morgue.[255] The Government's defence and security review, named the Integrated Review, was delayed.[256]

The armed forces assisted in the transportation of COVID-19 patients in some of the country's remotest regions, such as Shetland and the Isles of Scilly.[257][258] On 23 March 2020, Joint Helicopter Command began assisting the COVID-19 relief effort by transporting people and supplies. Helicopters were based at RAF Leeming to cover Northern England and Scotland, whilst helicopters based at RAF Benson, RAF Odiham and RNAS Yeovilton supported the Midlands and Southern England.[259]

On 24 March 2020, the armed forces helped plan and construct a field hospital at the ExCeL London conference centre, named NHS Nightingale Hospital London. Further critical care field hospitals were later built with military assistance in Birmingham, Manchester, Harrogate, Bristol, Exeter, Washington and Glasgow. These hospitals were staffed by military medics, alongside the NHS.[260][261]

See also

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External links