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Sistema de clasificación de contenidos de películas

Un sistema de clasificación de contenido cinematográfico clasifica las películas en función de su idoneidad para el público debido a su tratamiento de temas como el sexo, la violencia o el abuso de sustancias, su uso de blasfemias u otros asuntos que normalmente se consideran inadecuados para niños o adolescentes. La mayoría de los países tienen algún tipo de sistema de clasificación que emite determinaciones conocidas como certificaciones , clasificaciones , certificados o calificaciones . Las recomendaciones de edad, ya sea de carácter consultivo o restrictivo, se aplican a menudo en lugar de la censura ; en algunas jurisdicciones, las salas de cine pueden tener la obligación legal de aplicar clasificaciones restrictivas.

En países como Australia, Canadá y Singapur, un organismo oficial del gobierno decide las clasificaciones; en otros países como Dinamarca, Japón y Estados Unidos, lo hacen comités de la industria que tienen poco o ningún estatus oficial gubernamental. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los países, las películas que se consideran moralmente ofensivas han sido censuradas, restringidas o prohibidas. Incluso si el sistema de clasificación de películas no tiene consecuencias legales y una película no ha sido restringida o prohibida explícitamente, generalmente hay leyes que prohíben ciertas películas o que prohíben que los menores las vean. La influencia de factores específicos en la decisión de una clasificación varía de un país a otro.

Otros factores pueden influir o no en el proceso de clasificación, como el hecho de que la película esté ambientada en un contexto histórico no ficticio , si glorifica la violencia o el consumo de drogas, si dicha violencia o consumo de drogas lo lleva a cabo el protagonista, con quien el espectador debería empatizar, o el antagonista. En Alemania, por ejemplo, las películas que muestran violencia bélica explícita en un contexto bélico real (como la Segunda Guerra Mundial) se tratan con más indulgencia que las películas con escenarios puramente ficticios.

Una película puede producirse con una clasificación determinada en mente. Puede reeditarse si no se obtiene la clasificación deseada, especialmente para evitar una clasificación más alta de la prevista. Una película también puede reeditarse para producir una versión diferente para otros países.

Tabla comparativa

Comparación de los sistemas de clasificación de películas actuales, en la que se muestra la edad en el eje horizontal. Sin embargo, cabe señalar que los criterios específicos utilizados para asignar una clasificación pueden variar ampliamente de un país a otro. Por lo tanto, los códigos de colores y los rangos de edad no son directamente comparables de un país a otro.

Llave:

Argentina

El Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales (INCAA), a través de su Comisión Asesora de Exhibición Cinematográfica , emite calificaciones de películas con base en las siguientes categorías: [1]

Categorías del sistema de clasificación argentino

Australia

La Junta de Clasificación y la Junta de Revisión de Clasificación son organizaciones financiadas por el gobierno que clasifican todas las películas que se lanzan para su exhibición pública. [2] [3]

Las clasificaciones australianas

Las películas destinadas a informar, educar o instruir o relacionadas con el deporte, la religión o la música están exentas de clasificación siempre que no contengan material que daría lugar a una clasificación "M" o superior si se presentaran para su clasificación. [5]

Austria

La clasificación de las películas la realiza la Junta Austriaca de Clasificación de Medios (ABMC) del Ministerio Federal de Educación, Arte y Cultura (Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur). Las recomendaciones de la ABMC no suelen ser vinculantes y existen nueve conjuntos de leyes estatales sobre el sector cinematográfico con diferentes disposiciones de edad. [6] La única excepción es el caso de las películas clasificadas como "16", ya que según la ley austríaca existe una restricción de edad legal para ciertos tipos de contenido, es decir, discriminación, abuso sexual, glorificación de la violencia, etc. [7] Además de las recomendaciones de edad de la ABMC, en el estado de Viena los niños menores de 6 años solo pueden asistir a funciones cinematográficas públicas si están acompañados. [8]

La AMBC emite recomendaciones de edad de las siguientes categorías:

Bahamas

La Junta de Control de Obras de Teatro y Películas de las Bahamas clasifica las películas en el país. Una vez finalizado el examen, la Junta clasificará la película de acuerdo con las siguientes clasificaciones: [9]

Barbados

En Barbados, las películas están clasificadas por la Junta de Censura Cinematográfica (FCB): [10]

Bélgica

El 8 de enero de 2020, Bélgica adoptó el sistema de clasificación holandés Kijkwijzer. [11] Bélgica había utilizado anteriormente un sistema básico de dos niveles, vigente desde el 1 de septiembre de 1920. [12] Hasta enero de 2020, las clasificaciones de las películas exhibidas públicamente en Bélgica eran emitidas por la Comisión Intercomunitaria de Clasificación de Películas ( en holandés : Intergemeenschapscommissie voor de Filmkeuring ; en francés : Commission Intercommunautaire de Contrôle des Films ). Las películas estaban prohibidas a menores de 16 años a menos que fueran aprobadas por la comisión. No existe un sistema de clasificación obligatorio para los formatos de video, pero el 90% de la distribución de videos se rige por la Federación Belga de Video voluntaria. Básicamente era el mismo que el sistema de exhibición en salas, pero también proporcionaba una clasificación "12". [13] Con Kijkwijzer, el distribuidor completa un cuestionario sobre el contenido de la película y se le asigna automáticamente una categoría de edad. El nuevo sistema es totalmente consultivo y no conlleva restricciones obligatorias. [14] En las comunidades francófonas y alemanas , el sistema se conoce como Cinecheck . [15] [16]

Las etiquetas de clasificación y los descriptores de contenido utilizados en Bélgica para largometrajes

Las categorías de edad son las siguientes: [17]

Brasil

Todas las películas que se exhiben en público o se lanzan en formato de video doméstico en Brasil deben someterse a clasificación en la clasificación indicativa ( Classificação Indicativa , abreviada ClassInd), que está a cargo del Ministerio de Justicia de Brasil ( Ministério da Justiça ). [18] [19] Los menores de 10 años siempre deben estar acompañados por un guardia adulto, incluso para aquellas clasificadas L. Cualquier persona menor de la edad mínima de la película puede verla si está acompañada o permitida por el padre o tutor que tenga al menos 18 años, a excepción de las clasificadas 18, que solo se pueden permitir para adolescentes de 16 años o más. [20] A diferencia de muchos países, la ClassInd no tiene ningún derecho legal para prohibir, exigir cortes o negarse a clasificar ninguna película. [21]

Símbolos de clasificación de películas utilizados en Brasil

La ClassInd utiliza el siguiente sistema:

También se incluyen descripciones operativas de elementos atenuantes y agravantes que pueden interferir en la calificación final.

Bulgaria

El sistema de clasificación de películas búlgaras está definido en la Ley de la Industria Cinematográfica de 2003 y lo administra el Comité Nacional de Clasificación de Películas. [22] Desde entonces, se han añadido al sistema dos clasificaciones más restrictivas (C+ y D+): [23] [24]

Camboya

En Camboya, el Departamento de Cine y Promoción Cultural del Ministerio de Cultura y Bellas Artes clasifica las películas para su exhibición en cines y medios domésticos en las siguientes categorías de edad: [25]

Canadá

La clasificación de películas en Canadá es una responsabilidad provincial, y cada provincia tiene su propia legislación, normas y reglamentos en materia de clasificación, exhibición y admisión. Se requieren clasificaciones para la exhibición en salas de cine, pero no todas las provincias exigen una clasificación para el vídeo doméstico. [26] En el pasado, existía una amplia gama de categorías y prácticas de clasificación en las distintas provincias; sin embargo, los siete sistemas de clasificación (con excepción de Quebec) ahora utilizan categorías y logotipos derivados del Sistema Canadiense de Clasificación de Vídeos Domésticos (CHVRS, por sus siglas en inglés). [27]

Clasificaciones utilizadas fuera de Quebec

Clasificaciones de videos domésticos canadienses utilizadas fuera de Quebec.

Las categorías son en su mayoría idénticas a las del CHVRS con algunas variaciones menores. En las provincias que requieren la clasificación de formatos de video, el suministro de películas 14A y 18A está restringido a clientes mayores de esas edades. [26] En el caso de exhibición en salas de cine, los niños pueden ingresar a 14A si están acompañados por un adulto. En Columbia Británica , [28] Saskatchewan (administrada por la Oficina de Clasificación de Películas de Columbia Británica), [27] Alberta y Ontario, los niños también pueden ingresar a películas 18A si están acompañados. [29] [30] Sin embargo, los niños menores de 14 años tienen prohibido ver películas 18A en las provincias de Manitoba y Maritime incluso si están acompañados por un adulto. [31] [32] Maritimes y Columbia Británica (junto con Saskatchewan) también proporcionan una clasificación "A" para contenido para adultos. [32] [28] Algunas provincias, como Nueva Escocia, se reservan el derecho de prohibir películas por completo. [32]

En general, las categorías son: [26]

Clasificaciones utilizadas en Quebec

Las calificaciones utilizadas en Quebec

En Quebec , el Ministerio de Cultura y Comunicaciones provincial (y hasta 2017 la Régie du cinéma ) clasifica todas las películas y vídeos; [34] su ámbito de competencias se deriva de la Ley de Cine (capítulo C-18.1). [35] En algunos casos, el Ministerio puede negarse a proporcionar una clasificación, lo que en la práctica prohíbe la película. Las películas educativas y deportivas están exentas de la clasificación. [36]

Chile

Las películas son clasificadas por el Consejo de Calificación Cinematográfica , que es una agencia central bajo el Ministerio de Educación. [37] En 2002 se promulgó una legislación que revocó la prohibición de las 1.090 películas que habían sido prohibidas previamente en Chile. [38]

Las clasificaciones de edad actuales (promulgadas en 2002) son: [37]

Las clasificaciones por edad también pueden complementarse con las siguientes categorías de contenido:

Los menores de edad podrán ver producciones cinematográficas clasificadas en una categoría inmediatamente superior a la de su edad, siempre que estén acompañados por alguno de sus padres, tutores o profesores, en el marco de sus actividades educativas. Esta norma no se aplica a las películas con contenido pornográfico o excesivamente violento. Además, las películas con contenido pornográfico sólo podrán exhibirse en salas autorizadas para tal fin. [37]

Colombia

En 2005, el Ministerio de Cultura emitió su nuevo sistema de clasificación. [39] [40] Las clasificaciones son:

Islas Cook

En las Islas Cook , las publicaciones como películas, programas de televisión y videojuegos están clasificadas por la Oficina de Censura de las Islas Cook de conformidad con la Ley de Cine y Censura de 1985. [41] Se utilizan las siguientes cuatro clasificaciones: [42]

La Oficina de Censura no define la edad para una "audiencia madura", pero su código de televisión, que utiliza las mismas clasificaciones, define a un niño como "menor de 15 años". [43]

Costa Rica

En Costa Rica las películas son clasificadas por el Ministerio de Justicia y Paz: [44]

Dinamarca

En Dinamarca, el Consejo de Medios para Niños y Jóvenes clasifica actualmente las películas. [45] No es necesario presentar las películas para que se clasifiquen y, en esos casos, deben tener la etiqueta "15" (restringida a personas de 15 años o más). [46] Los niños de 7 años o más pueden asistir a cualquier función, incluidas aquellas restringidas a audiencias mayores, si están acompañados por un adulto. [47]

Las calificaciones danesas

Estonia

La clasificación de películas en Estonia está regulada por la Ley de Bienestar Infantil. [48] [49]

Fiyi

En Fiji, las películas están clasificadas por la Junta de Censores de Fiji: [50]

Finlandia

Clasificación por edades y descriptores de contenido utilizados en Finlandia

Las películas en Finlandia están clasificadas por el Instituto Nacional Audiovisual . Un menor de hasta 3 años que no haya alcanzado la edad límite puede ver una película en un cine si va acompañado de un adulto, excepto en el caso de películas clasificadas para mayores de 18 años. [51] Las películas con clasificación por edad pueden contener un marcador adicional de violencia, sexo, miedo o abuso de sustancias. Las clasificaciones son las siguientes: [52]

Francia

Antes de su exhibición en salas, se debe obtener un certificado de distribución del Ministerio de Cultura . El Ministro decidirá qué certificado emitir basándose en una recomendación de la clasificación del Centro Nacional del Cine y de la Imagen Animada (CNC). En algunos casos, las películas pueden clasificarse como "películas pornográficas o que contengan una incitación a la violencia" o prohibirse totalmente su exhibición. [53] Se concederá un certificado de las siguientes personas:

Alemania

El Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (Autorregulación voluntaria de la industria cinematográfica, FSK) tiene un sistema de clasificación de películas según el cual se clasifican las películas. Todas las clasificaciones contienen la frase "gemäß §14 JuSchG" (de conformidad con el §14 de la Ley de protección de la juventud ), lo que significa que son legalmente vinculantes para los menores. Los cines pueden exhibir legalmente películas sin clasificación, pero los menores tienen prohibido proyectarlas. [54]

La clasificación FSK también limita el horario en el que se puede emitir la película en las estaciones de televisión abierta a un intervalo de tiempo entre las 22:00 (FSK 16) o las 23:00 (FSK 18) y las 6:00. Las estaciones pueden emitir películas no aprobadas para audiencias menores de 12 años a su propia discreción. [56]

Ghana

En Ghana, las películas están clasificadas por el Comité de Clasificación de Películas: [57] [58]

Grecia

Todas las películas estrenadas públicamente deben ser presentadas al Comité de Juventud para su clasificación. [13] Hay cuatro categorías:

Hong Kong

Las películas destinadas a la exhibición pública deben presentarse al Director de Administración de Cine, Periódicos y Artículos, que es la Autoridad de Censura Cinematográfica (FCA) según la Ordenanza, para su aprobación. Las películas aprobadas para exhibición pública se clasifican o se eximen de la clasificación. [59] [60]

Clasificaciones de Hong Kong administradas por la Autoridad de Censura Cinematográfica

De los cuatro niveles, las categorías I, II A y II B no tienen restricciones. Solo la categoría III es una categoría restringida y regulada por el gobierno.

Hungría

Las clasificaciones húngaras administradas por la Autoridad Nacional de Medios e Infocomunicaciones

Las clasificaciones húngaras las decide la Autoridad Nacional de Medios e Infocomunicaciones (NMHH): [61] [62]

Todas las clasificaciones son de carácter consultivo, excepto la clasificación "X". La actual es el tercer sistema de clasificación de películas en Hungría. El primer sistema existió entre 1965 y 2004, y fue administrado por el Ministerio de Patrimonio Cultural Nacional y sus predecesores. Sus categorías eran "Sin restricción de edad", "No recomendada para menores de 14 años", "Sólo mayores de 16 años" y "Sólo mayores de 18 años". En 2004 se introdujo un segundo sistema que fue revisado en 2011 a favor del sistema actual. Sus categorías, otorgadas por la Oficina Nacional de Cine, eran "Sin restricción de edad", "Se recomienda la supervisión de los padres para menores de 12 años", "No recomendada para menores de 16 años", "No recomendada para menores de 18 años" y "Sólo para adultos". [63]

Islandia

Desde el 1 de julio de 2006, el sistema de clasificación por edades de Islandia ( FRÍSK , abreviatura de Félag rétthafa í sjónvarps- og kvikmyndaiðnaði ) ha sustituido al sistema Kvikmyndaskoðun . En octubre de 2013, FRÍSK anunció que adoptaría un nuevo sistema similar al Kijkwijzer de los Países Bajos al menos hasta 2016. [64] El sistema de clasificación islandés también ofrece una clasificación para mayores de 18 años, además de la clasificación Kijkwijzer. [65] Según la legislación islandesa, los menores de 14 años o más pueden ser admitidos a ver una película con una clasificación por edad superior si van acompañados de un adulto. [66] Las clasificaciones son las siguientes: [67]

Calificaciones y descripciones utilizadas en Islandia desde 2017

India

Las clasificaciones indias administradas por la Junta Central de Certificación Cinematográfica

En la India, la Junta Central de Certificación Cinematográfica (CBFC) es responsable de certificar las películas destinadas a la exhibición pública. [68]

Indonesia

Las películas que se exhiben en Indonesia deben pasar por la revisión de la Agencia de Censura Cinematográfica de la República de Indonesia ( Lembaga Sensor Film , LSF). Además de emitir certificados, la LSF también revisa y emite permisos para publicidad relacionada con películas, como tráilers y carteles. La LSF tiene la autoridad de cortar escenas de películas. Las películas aprobadas para exhibición reciben una de las siguientes clasificaciones: [70]

Irak

El sistema de clasificación de películas iraquíes está establecido por el Ministerio de Información y Cultura . Está prohibido que un menor de edad acceda a películas restringidas en los cines, incluso si está acompañado por sus padres, en cuyo caso puede ser necesario presentar un documento de identidad. [71]

Irlanda

Todas las películas que se exhiben en público o se lanzan en formato de video doméstico deben presentarse para su clasificación a la Oficina de Clasificación de Películas Irlandesas (IFCO). [72] [73]

Calificaciones de videos

Italia

Las clasificaciones por edad utilizadas en Italia

En Italia, el sistema de clasificación de las películas está regulado actualmente por el Decreto legislativo n° 203 del 7 de diciembre de 2017. [74] Para su estreno comercial, se solicita a los distribuidores que clasifiquen sus películas en función de la edad de la audiencia. Su decisión es verificada por una comisión del Ministerio de Cultura , compuesta por miembros de la industria cinematográfica y expertos en educación y derechos de los animales. [75] Desde 2021, la comisión ya no puede prohibir una película ni exigir ediciones. [76] Las películas se clasifican en una de las siguientes categorías: [77]

Los descriptores de contenido utilizados en Italia

La clasificación solo se aplica a los estrenos comerciales en salas de cine, y la ley no exige la clasificación de los medios domésticos. Antes de 2021, las películas destinadas a exhibirse en salas de cine estaban clasificadas para todas las edades (T) o prohibidas para niños menores de 14 o 18 años por la Comisión de Revisión de Cine. [78] La Comisión también podía pedir que se cortaran algunas escenas o prohibir la distribución de la película.

Jamaica

La clasificación de películas en Jamaica es un requisito de la Ley Cinematográfica de 1913, que también estableció la Autoridad Cinematográfica. [79]

Japón

Un organismo regulador de clasificación de películas japonés conocido como Eirin (映倫) [nombre completo: Ei ga Rin ri Kanri Iinkai (映画倫理管理委員会) ] tiene un sistema de clasificación de películas según el cual las películas se clasifican en una de cuatro categorías. Las categorías se utilizan desde el 1 de mayo de 1998. [80] [81]

Calificaciones de Eirin

Kazajstán

En Kazajstán, la clasificación de las películas la realiza el Comité de Cultura del Ministerio de Cultura e Información. [82]

Kenia

En Kenia, las películas son clasificadas por la Junta de Clasificación de Películas de Kenia . [84]

Kuwait

In Kuwait, films are rated by the Censor Board Committee (لجنة الرقابة) under authority of the Ministry of Information (وزارة الإعلام). The Committee may sanction edits of or outright ban certain films in order to comply with cultural laws and values of Kuwait. The Ministry of Information originally established an age classifications system for films under decision number #73, article #10 of year 2012. The 2012 system rated films as either for "general audiences" (G) or for "persons aged 16 and above" (16+).[85] c. 2015, two additional classifications were introduced for films rated as "under 13 need to be accompanied with adults" (PG) or "adults only" (18+). However, by May 2016, the Ministry of Information established a new age classifications system for films under decision number #30 of year 2016.[86] Therefore, as of May 2016, films in Kuwait are rated under the following:

2016 Kuwaiti film age rating symbols

Cinemas are legally obligated to refuse entry to any minor under the required age of any film's established age classification.

Latvia

In Latvia, it is the duty of the producer of a film or distributor to assign a rating according to a pre-determined set of criteria. All publicly exhibited films, visual recordings and films broadcast over television and electronic networks must be classified.[87]

Lebanon

Films released in Lebanon are rated by the Lebanese Censorship Board.[88]

Lithuania

The Lithuanian Film Centre is a state institution under the Ministry of Culture of Lithuania. A film approved for public exhibition receives one of the ratings below based on its content:[89]

Malaysia

Historically, film censorship in Malaysia was carried out by police under the Theatre Ordinance 1908. In 1954 the Film Censorship Board (LPF) was created to censor films distributed across Malaysia in accordance with the Cinematograph Films Act 1952, and later the Film Censorship Act 2002.[90] Malaysia's motion picture rating system was introduced in 1953, initially classifying films either for General Audiences (Tontonan Umum) or For Adults Only (Untuk Orang Dewasa Sahaja), and in 1996 these classifications were changed to "U" and four different "18" categories (which were amalgamated back into a single classification in 2010). In 2008, the "PG13" classification was introduced, which admitted children under the age of 13 if accompanied by an adult ("PG13" underwent a cosmetic change to "P13" in 2012).[91] In February 2023, the "P13" classification was split in two—a "P12" classification (effectively the same as "P13" but with a slightly lower age threshold) and a prohibitive "13" classification, which bars admission to children under the age of 13. A prohibitive "16" classification was also introduced, barring audiences under the age of 16.[92]

The new film classification logos introduced since February 2023

Upon viewing the board will assign one of three categories to the film:[93]

Should a film be approved, the Board then assigns the film a classification. As of 2023 the ratings are:[92]

Maldives

Film in the Maldives are classified by the National Bureau of Classification. Certificates issued are based on the following categories:[94]

Maldive film classifications

Malta

As of 2012, films in Malta are classified by the Film Board in accordance with the Malta Council for Culture and the Arts Act.[95] As part of an overhaul in 2013 the "14" and "16" age classifications were replaced by "12A" and "15"; the "PG" rating was redefined while "U", "12" and "18" were retained in their existing form.[96]

If the film is deemed "fit for exhibition" it will be awarded one of the following classifications:

Mauritius

The Film Classification Board (FCB) classifies films and stage plays on behalf of the Ministry of Arts and Cultural Heritage. Film will be awarded one of the following classifications in accordance with the Film Act 2002 or rejected.[97]

Mexico

The General Directorate of Radio, Television and Cinematography (in Spanish, Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía) is the issuer of ratings for motion pictures. The RTC is an agency of the Secretariat of the Interior (Secretaría de Gobernación). It has its own classification system, as follows:[98][99]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the Kijkwijzer system is used, which is executed by the Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media (NICAM). Kijkwijzer is an advisory system for parents, but Dutch law also has a legal provision for public spaces, including cinemas. Children under the specified age limits are only admitted to films carrying an age limit of 6, 9, 12, or 14 if accompanied by an adult. In the case of "16" and "18" rated films, admission is legally prohibited for children under 16 years of age in both categories per section 240a of the Wetboek van Strafrecht.[100][101][102]

The Kijkwijzer ratings and descriptors used in the Netherlands since January 2020

There are also six descriptor icons used:

Mostly, these icons are used along with other symbols, displaying if a film contains violence, sexual content, frightening scenes, drug or alcohol abuse, discrimination, coarse language or dangerous challenges and stunts. These symbols are also used in television channels broadcasting under license issued in the Netherlands (independent from country for which the channel are dedicated).

New Zealand

The Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 gives the Office of Film and Literature Classification the power to classify publications into three categories: unrestricted, restricted, or "objectionable" (banned).[103][104] With a few exceptions, films, videos, DVDs and restricted computer games must carry a label before being offered for supply or exhibited to the public.[105][106]

In 2017 the Office of Film and Literature Classification created a special RP18 rating for online content in response to the Netflix television series, 13 Reasons Why. The new classification reflects concerns raised with 17 and 18 year olds in New Zealand being at a higher risk of suicide.[107][108][109] The current ratings are:[110]

New Zealand Ratings

Nigeria

Nigerian Ratings

The National Film and Video Censors Board classifies films, videos, DVDs, and VCDs. Classifications carrying an age rating are legally restricted, although the "15" and "18" classifications do not apply to people below 2 years of age.[113] [114] The categories are:

Norway

In Norway, all films—whether they are exhibited in cinemas, distributed on video, shown on television or streamed through on-demand services—are required by law to be classified. Films shown in cinemas must be classified by the distributor, and films made available by other means must be classified by whoever who has the rights to make them available in Norway. Classifications are mandated to follow the guidelines and age limits set by the Norwegian Media Authority (Medietilsynet).[115] The law previously required films to be classified by the Norwegian Media Authority, but this was repealed in 2022.[116]

The Norwegian Media Authority ratings

The following age limits apply to films:[115]

Philippines

The rating labels used in the Philippines

In the Philippines, motion pictures, along with television programs, are rated by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board, a special agency of the Office of the President. As of 2012, the Board uses six classification ratings.[117]

Independent, foreign-language and art-house films released in the Philippines are not rated by the MTRCB themselves but are instead rated through the Film Development Council of the Philippines. Nevertheless, the same rating system applies.[118]

Portugal

Movies are rated in Portugal by the Comissão de Classificação de Espectáculos of the Ministry of Culture. In cinemas the ratings are mandatory (subject to parental guidance) whereas for video releases they are merely advisory, except in the case of pornographic content.[119] Children under the age of 4 were previously prohibited from public film performances, but a special category was introduced for this age group when the classification system was overhauled in 2014. A category for 14-year-olds was also introduced, and the lowest age rating was dropped from 4 years of age to 3.[120][121] The categories are the following:[121]

Romania

Ratings in Romania are set by the National Center of Cinematography (Romanian: Centrul Național al Cinematografiei) (CNC).[122]

Russia

Since 2012, the rating appears inside circles, which indicate age restrictions followed by a plus(+), and appears in most shows, including TV and Internet shows in Russia.[123][124]

Russian rating system

The indication shown:

Saudi Arabia

Film classification in Saudi Arabia is administered by the General Authority of Media Regulation (Gmedia; formerly known as the General Commission for Audiovisual Media or GCAM), after the reintroduction of film theatres in the country, as of 2017. GCAM (now Gmedia) officially approved a system in 2018,[125] and revised it in 2022 to incorporate a "PG15" rating,[126] which has later officially replaced the "R12" rating.[127] The classifications are:[128]

Gmedia classification symbols as of December 2023

Singapore

Film classification in Singapore was introduced on 1 July 1991 and comes under the jurisdiction of the Board of Film Censors (BFC), currently part of the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA). There were three ratings originally: G (General), PG (Parental Guidance) and R (Restricted to 18 years and above). Prior to then films were either approved or effectively banned. Since then, there have been several alterations to the ratings over the years. In September 1991, a Restricted (Artistic) (R(A)) rating was introduced to replace the previous R-rating so as to allow the screening of certain art-house films which would otherwise have been banned without said rating, with an increased age restriction set at 21 years of age.[129] The R(A) rating has since been replaced by NC16 (No Children under 16), M18 (Mature 18) and R21 (Restricted 21). A PG13 (Parental Guidance 13) rating, introduced in 2011, is the latest rating to be introduced. The G, PG and PG13 ratings are advisory while NC16, M18 and R21 carry age restrictions. Video ratings are mostly the same as the cinema ratings, except only go up to M18. Some titles, such as documentaries, children's programmes and sports programmes may be exempt from classification on video, but all titles must be classified for public theatrical exhibition.[130][131]

Singapore's film rating symbols as of 2021

The categories are:

In exceptional cases, a film may be refused classification if it either exceeds the permissible limits of the R21 classification, contains any material that undermines or is likely to undermine public order, or is likely to be prejudicial to national interest.

Slovakia

Jednotný systém označovania (English: Unified System of Age Rating/Labeling) (JSO) is a statutory board of Ministry of Culture of Slovakia under act 589/2007, which regulates age restriction of films, television programs and video games in Slovakia.[132][133] In 2024, rating were once again updated, this time content descriptions were added and ratings -7, 7+, 12+ and 15+ were abolished.[134][135][136]

The rating labels and content descriptors used in Slovakia

The age ratings are:

Educational movie ratings that were used in Slovakia

The educational movie ratings, which have since been abolished, were:

New content descriptors and icons were added including:

South Africa

In South Africa, films are classified by the Film and Publication Board.[137] Distributors and exhibitors are legally compelled to comply with the age ratings.[138] All broadcasters, cinemas and distributors of DVD/video and computer games must comply with the following:[139][140]

The FPB's rating categories

There are also sub-descriptors used with some of the ratings:

The FPB's rating descriptors

South Korea

KMRB rating logos and content descriptors

The Korea Media Rating Board (영상물등급위원회) in Busan administers South Korea's film classification system. There are four general purpose ratings, comprising an "All" category for films that are suitable for all ages, and three age-restrictive categories: 12, 15 and 19.[141] Children below the ages of 12 and 15 are admitted to 12- and 15-rated films respectively, if accompanied by an adult. The 19-rating replaced the 18-rating on May 1st 2024; this change was retrospective, meaning that all films which were previously rated 18 had their former ratings withdrawn and uprated to 19.[142] As with the previous classification minors are prohibited. A "restrictive" rating also exists which confines exhibition to specially licensed venues.[143] The KMBR divides licensed films into the following categories:

Classification ratings are determined by the following:[144]

Spain

All films to be commercially released in Spain in any medium must be submitted to the ICAA (Instituto de Cinematografía y Artes Audiovisuales - Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts Institute). Classifications are advisory except for X-rated films, which are restricted to specially licensed venues. A supplementary classification, "Especialmente Recomendada para la Infancia" (Especially recommended for children), is sometimes appended to the lowest two classifications.[145] Another supplementary classification, "Especialmente recomendada para el fomento de la igualdad de género" (Especially recommended for the promotion of gender equality), is sometimes appended to any of the classifications except the last one.[146]

Spanish classifications

Sweden

The Swedish Media Council ("Statens medieråd") is a government agency with the aims to reduce the risk of harmful media influences among minors and to empower minors as conscious media users.[147] The classification bestowed on a film should not be viewed as recommendations on the suitability for children, as the law the council operates under (SFS 2010:1882) only mandates them to assess the relative risk to children's well-being. It is not a legal requirement to submit a film to the Media Council.[148] The councils classification only applies to public exhibition, and the law does not require classification of home media.[149]

The following categories are used:[150][151]

Switzerland

Switzerland has adopted Germany's Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (Voluntary Self-Regulation of the Film Industry, FSK). Under Swiss law, however, children up to two years younger than the age recommendations will be admitted if accompanied by a person invested with parental authority.[153]

Taiwan

From 1994 until 2015, the Government Information Office (GIO) classified films into four categories (General Audience/Protected/Parental Guidance/Restricted) pursuant to its issued Regulations Governing the Classification of Motion Pictures of the Republic of China (電影片分級處理辦法 in traditional Chinese):[154] The "Parental Guidance" rating previously prohibited viewing by children under the age of 12 and required adolescents aged 12–17 to be accompanied by an adult. In 2015, the "Parental Guidance" rating was further divided into two categories: one that prohibits children under the age of 12 and one that prohibits adolescents under the age of 15.[155][156][157]

The revised Taiwan motion picture rating system which took effect from 16 October 2015

Thailand

A motion picture rating system was proposed in the Film and Video Act of 2007, and was passed on December 20, 2007 by the Thai military-appointed National Legislative Assembly, replacing laws which had been in place since 1930. The draft law was met with resistance from the film industry and independent filmmakers. Activists had hoped for a less-restrictive approach; however, films are still subject to censorship, or can be banned from release altogether if the film is deemed to "undermine or disrupt social order and moral decency, or might impact national security or the pride of the nation".[158]

Thai film rating symbols

The ratings were put into effect in August 2009.[159] They are as follows:

Turkey

In Turkey, movies to be shown in cinemas are rated by the Evaluation and Classification Board of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. All films to be made commercially available must be classified, except in the case of educational films which are labeled as "for educational purposes" instead. The board also has the power to refuse classification in extreme cases (producers and distributors can submit an edited version of a movie to the board but edited versions may also be rejected if still deemed inappropriate); in this case, the movie will be banned with the exception of special artistic activities like fairs, festivals, feasts and carnivals.[160][161]

The rating labels and content descriptors used in Turkey

In addition to the age ratings, content is also assessed for violence/horror, sexuality and negative examples i.e. drugs, vulgar and slang language.

Ukraine

The Ukrainian State Film Agency is the central executive body of cinematography in Ukraine. The Ratings issued by the Derzhkino are:[162]

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates has had a form of an age rating system for theatrical films since circa early 1980s, established under the federal 1980 Press and Publications Law, and originally authorised by the Ministry of Information and Culture (1972–2006).[163] The National Media Council, established in 2006 when the ministry was eventually dissolved, would continue practising categorising films by perceiving content[164] until February 2018, when it officially re-established the film age rating system under new guidelines, whilst also introducing new age rating systems for video games and print publications.[165][166]

In June 2021, the Ministry of Culture and Youth launched the Media Regulatory Office to execute a number of functions and tasks previously under the National Media Council,[167] following a restructure of the federal U.A.E. government that was approved in July 2020.[168] This made the Media Regulatory Office the current authority for age ratings in the U.A.E. as of June 2021.

U.A.E.'s film rating symbols as of 2021

As of December 2021, the following are the official classifications used for films in the U.A.E.:

United Kingdom

The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) classifies films to be publicly exhibited in the United Kingdom, although statutory powers remain with local councils which can overrule any of the BBFC's decisions. Since 1984, the BBFC also classifies films made commercially available through a home video format. If the BBFC refuses a classification this effectively amounts to a ban (although local councils retain the legal right to overturn it in the case of cinema exhibition). The BBFC's regulatory powers do not extend to the Internet, so a film they have banned on physical media can still be made available via streaming media/video on demand. Videos designed to inform, educate or instruct or concerned with sport, religion or music are exempt from classification; exempt films may be marked as "E", but this is not an official label.[171][172]

BBFC classification symbols (from 2019)

The current BBFC system is:[173]

Older video works still in circulation may still carry the deprecated Uc label, classifying the work as "Especially suitable for pre-school children".[172]

United States

In the United States, film classification is a voluntary process with the ratings issued by the Motion Picture Association (MPA) via the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA).[174][175] The system was established in 1968, but the version listed below is the most recent revision, having been in effect since 1996.[176] An unrated film is often informally denoted by "NR" in newspapers and so forth.[177]

Current American film ratings, since 1990

Venezuela

Age ratings are divided into several categories. The age that corresponds to the category and the level of enforcement is defined by municipality ordinances.

In the San Cristóbal municipality the following ratings apply:[178]

In the Baruta municipality the following ratings apply:[179]

In the Maracaibo municipality children under the age of two are not admitted to performances and the ratings are enforced:[180]

Vietnam

All theatrical releases are screened by the Cinema Department of the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Travel of Vietnam to ensure suitability for public viewing. Regardless of the rating, some scenes may be altered or removed to comply with regulations. The classification was revised in 2022 to incorporate a parental accompaniment rating.[181][182]

The current ratings are:[183]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Under the previous system in Kazakhstan, children over the age of 12 were admitted to "14" and "16" rated films if accompanied by an adult.[83] It is unclear if this remains the case, as the revised law no longer distinguishes between the different age classifications.

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External links