El presidente ucraniano, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, pidió a las naciones que establezcan una zona de exclusión aérea sobre Ucrania o proporcionen apoyo aéreo a Ucrania. [2] Zelenskyy también pidió "paz", afirmando que no "quiere que la historia de Ucrania sea una leyenda sobre 300 espartanos ". [2] Zelenskyy, en un discurso ante la Cámara de los Comunes británica , también invocó las palabras de Winston Churchill al decir "Lucharemos en el mar; lucharemos en el aire; protegeremos nuestra tierra. Lucharemos en todas partes... y no nos rendiremos". [3]
Las autoridades ucranianas han publicado fotografías y vídeos de soldados rusos muertos y capturados. [4] Algunos expertos han argumentado que el artículo 13 de la Tercera Convención de Ginebra prohíbe los vídeos de soldados capturados. [5]
El 2 de abril, Zelenskyy advirtió a los residentes ucranianos que las fuerzas rusas que se retiraban de los alrededores de Kiev estaban "minando todo el territorio. Están minando casas, equipos de minería, incluso los cuerpos de personas que fueron asesinadas", y dejando atrás "un montón de cables trampa, muchos otros peligros". [6]
Rusia
El 26 de febrero de 2022, el regulador ruso de las comunicaciones, Roskomnadzor , ordenó a los medios de comunicación independientes que retiraran los informes que describían la invasión rusa de Ucrania como un "asalto, invasión o declaración de guerra", amenazando con multas y bloqueos. [7] A partir del 1 de marzo, las escuelas rusas comenzaron a impartir clases de estudios sociales con temática bélica para adolescentes basadas en la posición del gobierno ruso sobre la historia; un manual de enseñanza (publicado por el medio de comunicación independiente MediaZona ) afirmaba que se había estado produciendo un "genocidio" en el este de Ucrania durante ocho años y que Rusia estaba respondiendo con una "operación especial de mantenimiento de la paz" en Ucrania, que "no era una guerra". [8]
El presidente ruso, Vladimir Putin, declaró el 4 de marzo que Rusia no tenía "absolutamente ninguna mala intención con respecto a nuestros vecinos". [9] Putin pidió a otros países que "pensaran en normalizar las relaciones y cooperar normalmente", afirmando que no había "ninguna necesidad de agravar la situación ni de imponer restricciones". [9]
El 5 de marzo criticó a Ucrania por resistirse a la invasión, diciendo que "están poniendo en tela de juicio el futuro del Estado ucraniano". [10] También ese día, el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores ruso instó a los países de la Unión Europea y la OTAN a "dejar de bombear armas" a Ucrania, alegando que los terroristas podrían utilizar las armas contra los aviones. [11]
El 8 de marzo, Putin declaró que los soldados rusos "no participan en las hostilidades" en Ucrania "y no participarán en ellas". El 9 de marzo, el Ministerio de Defensa ruso declaró que había "descubierto" soldados rusos que participaban en la operación militar en Ucrania y que "casi todos" esos reclutas habían regresado a Rusia, pero algunos otros habían sido "capturados" en Ucrania. [13]
Rusia y Estados Unidos controlan el 90% de las armas nucleares del mundo . Putin advirtió que “quien intente obstaculizarnos” en Ucrania enfrentará consecuencias “que nunca han visto en su historia”. [14]
El 9 de marzo, Rusia bombardeó un hospital de maternidad en Mariupol ; los periodistas de Associated Press en el lugar tomaron fotos y videos de varias madres embarazadas manchadas de sangre que salían de la sala de maternidad destruida. [15] Una mujer embarazada y su bebé murieron después del bombardeo. [15] Los funcionarios rusos proporcionaron diferentes posturas sobre el bombardeo. [16] El portavoz del Kremlin, Dmitry Peskov , declaró inicialmente que Rusia "no dispara contra objetivos civiles", luego dijo que carecía de "información clara sobre lo que sucedió". [16] El ministro de Asuntos Exteriores , Sergey Lavrov , criticó los "gritos patéticos sobre las supuestas atrocidades", afirmando que el hospital no tenía pacientes ni médicos. Según él, estaba controlado por extremistas ucranianos. [16] El Ministerio de Defensa de Rusia negó haber bombardeado el hospital y acusó a Ucrania de organizar el bombardeo. [16] Los funcionarios rusos calificaron las imágenes del ataque de "noticias falsas" y etiquetaron a una mujer embarazada fotografiada huyendo del hospital bombardeado como una actriz. [15]
El 16 de marzo, un ataque aéreo ruso alcanzó un teatro en Mariupol que contenía cientos de civiles; imágenes satelitales tomadas tres días antes mostraban grandes palabras "DETI" ("niños" en ruso) desplegadas como una señal a las fuerzas rusas sobre quienes se encontraban dentro del teatro. [17] El ejército ruso negó haber bombardeado el teatro. [17] El Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Rusia dijo que era una "mentira" que Rusia bombardeara el teatro, insistiendo en que "las fuerzas armadas de Rusia no bombardean pueblos y ciudades". [18] Durante la invasión, Rusia utilizó ataques aéreos contra ciudades ucranianas, incluidas Mariupol, Kiev y Járkov. [19]
El 16 de marzo, Putin pronunció un discurso en el que llamó a los opositores rusos a la guerra "escoria y traidores" [20] y afirmó que "la autolimpieza natural y necesaria de la sociedad sólo fortalecerá a nuestro país". [21]
El 25 de marzo, el jefe de la Dirección General de Operaciones del Estado Mayor del ejército ruso , Sergei Rudskoi [ru] , declaró que la primera etapa de la operación "se había cumplido en general" y que "el potencial de combate de las Fuerzas Armadas de Ucrania (se había) reducido considerablemente", lo que permitió a Rusia "centrar nuestros esfuerzos centrales en lograr el objetivo principal, la liberación del Donbás " en el este de Ucrania. [22] Un día después, las fuerzas rusas bombardearon Lviv , una ciudad en el oeste de Ucrania. [23]
Países que han prohibido el paso de aviones rusos a su espacio aéreo. La prohibición impuesta por Rusia en represalia a los aviones de 36 países cambió las rutas aéreas mundiales.
El 1 de abril, Rusia acusó a Ucrania de llevar a cabo un ataque aéreo en territorio ruso; se trataba de la primera acusación de ese tipo desde el comienzo de la invasión rusa. Rusia afirmó que un ataque aéreo contra un depósito de combustible en Belgorod había alterado las negociaciones de paz con Ucrania. [24]
El Ministerio de Defensa ruso sugirió que se habían colocado cadáveres de civiles muertos en las calles de Bucha después de que "todas las unidades rusas se retiraran completamente" de la ciudad el 30 de marzo, pero las fotos satelitales tomadas por Maxar Technologies mostraron que al menos 11 objetos del tamaño de un cuerpo aparecieron en la calle Yablonska de Bucha entre el 9 y el 11 de marzo, permaneciendo allí durante más de tres semanas, en las mismas posiciones que 11 cadáveres de civiles en un video del 1 de abril. [27] Un funcionario ruso de alto rango, Mikhail Ulyanov, afirmó que el alcalde de Bucha, Anatoliy Fedoruk, no habló de "cadáveres en las calles" en un video del 31 de marzo, pero Fedoruk ya lo había hecho el 7 de marzo, y el 28 de marzo acusó a las fuerzas rusas de asesinatos y violaciones en Bucha. [28]
RIA Novosti , un medio de comunicación controlado y propiedad del gobierno ruso, publicó un artículo de Timofey Sergeytsev que declaraba que "los nazis que tomaron armas deben ser asesinados en el mayor número posible", mientras que "la mayoría del pueblo [ucraniano] es culpable, son nazis pasivos, facilitadores nazis... y deben ser castigados". El artículo también afirmaba que Ucrania "sólo puede desarrollarse en dependencia de Rusia" y que "la historia ha demostrado que Ucrania puede no existir como estado nacional". [29] [ 30] [31] El 5 de abril de 2022, el político opositor ruso Alexei Navalny dijo que la "monstruosidad de mentiras" en los medios estatales rusos "es inimaginable. Y, lamentablemente, también lo es su capacidad de persuasión para quienes no tienen acceso a información alternativa". [32] Tuiteó que los "belicistas" entre las personalidades de los medios estatales rusos "deberían ser tratados como criminales de guerra. Desde los editores en jefe hasta los presentadores de programas de entrevistas y los editores de noticias, [ellos] deberían ser sancionados ahora y juzgados algún día". [33]
En julio de 2022, Alexei Gorinov , miembro del consejo del distrito de Krasnoselsky en Moscú, fue sentenciado a siete años de prisión después de hacer comentarios contra la guerra en una reunión del consejo en marzo, [34] incluyendo la afirmación de que "nuestro país ha atacado agresivamente a un país vecino" y "los niños en Ucrania están muriendo cada día". [35] El abogado Pavel Chikov dijo que esta era la primera pena de cárcel bajo las nuevas leyes rusas de censura de guerra de 2022. [ 36]
The Economist , un semanario británico, ha señalado que un año después de la invasión rusa de Ucrania , muchos países han comenzado a acercarse a Rusia, mientras que países como Bangladesh y Madagascar se han alejado de Rusia. [39] [40]
While these countries have taken some neutral positions, in general they have been described as being supportive of Ukraine.
Neutral countries
Non UN members
Leans to Russia
Many of these countries are described as neutral but have remained friendly with the Russian Federation ever since it was isolated by the international community.
Non UN members
Supports Russia
Non UN members
Expulsion of diplomats
More than a dozen countries expelled Russian diplomats following the invasion, citing espionage activities incompatible with diplomatic status,[452] and then also Russian killing of civilians in the Bucha massacre.[453][454] Additionally, the European Union declared 19 Russian diplomats personae non-gratae.[455]
Countries that have introduced sanctions on Russia in 2014:[needs update]
Countries that have introduced sanctions
European Union countries that have collectively introduced sanctions
United Nations – Secretary-General António Guterres stated that the Russian invasion was "the saddest moment in my tenure" and called on Putin to withdraw his troops "in the name of humanity".[483] On 25 February, the Security Council failed to adopt a draft resolution which would have "deplored, in the strongest terms, the Russian Federation's aggression" on Ukraine. Of the 15 member states on the Security Council, 11 were in support, whilst three abstained from voting. The draft resolution failed due to a Russian veto.[484][485] Due to the deadlock, the Security Council passed a resolution to convene the General Assembly for the eleventh emergency special session.[486] On 2 March, the General Assembly voted to deplore "in the strongest possible terms" Russia's aggression against Ukraine by a vote of 141 to 5, with 35 abstentions.[487] The resolution also called for the Russian Federation to "immediately cease its use of force against Ukraine" and "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw all of its military forces."[487] Only Russia, Belarus, Syria, North Korea and Eritrea voted against the resolution.[488] On 4 March, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution by a vote of 32 to 2, with 13 abstentions, calling for the withdrawal of Russian troops and Russian-backed armed groups from Ukraine and humanitarian access to people in need. The resolution also established a commission to investigate alleged rights violations committed during Russia's military attack on Ukraine.[489] On 23 March, the UN Security Council failed to back a Russian humanitarian resolution calling for the protection of civilians and their safe passage. It was criticised by French and American representatives for not mentioning Russia's role in the ongoing crisis.[490] On 24 March, the UN General Assembly voted 140 to 5 in favor of a resolution approving aid access and civilian protection in Ukraine, which again criticized Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[491] On 7 April, the UN General Assembly voted 93–24, with 58 abstentions, to suspend Russia from the UN Human Rights Council.[492]
African Union – Chairman of the African Union CommissionMoussa Faki and Chair of the African Union and Senegalese president Macky Sall called on Russia and "any other regional or international actor to imperatively respect international law, territorial integrity and national sovereignty of Ukraine" and urged both parties to the conflict to establish an immediate ceasefire and start political negotiations without delay.[493]
Arctic Council – On 3 March, all member states of the Arctic Council besides Russia (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States) released a joint statement condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine, describing it as a flagrant violation of the organization's "core principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity". They also noted, "the grave impediments to international cooperation, including in the Arctic, that Russia's actions have caused". The seven members announced they would no longer attend meetings of the Council in Russia, which currently holds the organization's rotating chairmanship.[494]
ASEAN – Foreign ministers of ASEAN expressed grave concern over Russia-Ukraine tensions and urged maximum restraint and dialogue.[495]
Baltic Assembly – The Baltic Assembly published a statement in which it "firmly condemns the Russian invasion of Ukraine".[496]
Caribbean Community – A statement issued on behalf of the Caribbean Community condemned the invasion of Ukraine and demanded an "immediate and complete withdrawal" of Russia's military from Ukraine.[497][498]
Council of Europe – The Committee of Ministers passed a resolution that "condemned in the strongest terms the armed attack on Ukraine" and called for Russia to "immediately and unconditionally cease its military operations"[499] On 25 February, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe suspended Russia from its rights of representation in the Committee of Ministers and in the Parliamentary Assembly.[500][501] In the following days, the European Court of Human Rights granted interim measures indicating to Russia that it should refrain from military attacks against civilians and civilian objects and should ensure access to safe evacuation routes, healthcare, food and other essential supplies, rapid and unconstrained passage of humanitarian aid, and movement of humanitarian workers.[502] Russia accused NATO and EU members of having undermined the Council of Europe, and announced its intention to withdraw from the organisation.[503][504] On 15 March, Russia notified the council of its decision to withdraw and to denounce the European Convention on Human Rights by the end of 2022.[505][506] The following day, the Committee of Ministers decided to expel Russia from the Council of Europe with immediate effect.[507]
European Union – President of the European CommissionUrsula von der Leyen tweeted; "We will not let President Putin tear down Europe's security architecture" and Foreign Policy Chief Josep Borrell called on Putin to stop the "senseless aggression". President of the European Parliament, Roberta Metsola called for "immediate, quick, solid and swift action" and convened an extraordinary session of Parliament for 1 March.[508][509][510]
Economic Community of West African States – ECOWAS released a statement that condemned the invasion and called for both parties to stop the fighting. Instead, ECOWAS urged for both parties to use dialogue to solve differences for sake of the interest of peace in the region.[511]
International Criminal Court – Neither Ukraine nor Russia are parties to the Rome Statute, however, the Ukrainian government has voluntarily accepted the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court since 2015 for any possible war crimes committed on Ukrainian territory since 20 February 2014.[512] The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim Ahmad Khan, issued a statement on 25 February reminding all parties involved that the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) has jurisdiction to investigate any act of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity and that "any person who commits such crimes, including by ordering, inciting, or contributing in another manner to the commission of these crimes, may be liable to prosecution before the Court."[513] Khan issued a follow-up statement on 28 February that the OTP had a reasonable basis to begin an investigation under article 15(3) of the Rome Statute pending approval from the Pre-Trial Chamber of the court.[514] The approval requirement was bypassed after 39 states parties[i] referred the situation in Ukraine to the OTP and the formal investigation commenced on 2 March.[515] On 17 March 2023, International Criminal Court Issued arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova.[516]
International Energy Agency – On 25 February, the IEA's thirty-one member countries "expressed great concern over the destruction and loss of life" and said they would closely monitor impacts on energy markets.[517] In response to the threat the Russian invasion posed to global oil markets, on 1 March the IEA Governing Board authorized the release of 61.7 million barrels of oil from member countries' strategic petroleum reserves. IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol said, "The situation in energy markets is very serious and demands our full attention. Global energy security is under threat, putting the world economy at risk during a fragile stage of recovery."[518][519] On 1 April, the Governing Board announced a second release of emergency oil stocks, making another 120 million barrels available for oil markets.[520]
NATO – Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg condemned the attack and called it a "grave breach of international law". A separate statement announced an intention to deploy defensive forces and condemned Belarus for enabling the attack.[508] On 8 March, Stoltenberg warned that "if there is any attack against any NATO country, NATO territory, that will trigger Article 5" of the North Atlantic Treaty.[521] On 13 March, Joe Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan warned of a full-fledged NATO response if Russia hit any part of NATO territory.[522]
Nordic Council – President Erkki Tuomioja condemned the invasion as "completely unjust" and stated that it was "contrary to both international law and the order of European security."[523]
Organization of American States – The OAS condemned the attack as an affront to mankind and an attack on civilised international relations.[524] On 21 April OAS voted to suspend Russian permanent observer status in the organization. 25 nations voted in favour, 8 abstained and none voted against the motion.
Pacific Islands Forum – In a statement, Secretary-General Henry Puna condemned the invasion, saying the group "observed from afar the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as Russia's blatant disregard for international law."[529]
Following the 24 February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, eight NATO member states – Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia – triggered security consultations under Article 4.[531] The Estonian government issued a statement by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas saying: "Russia's widespread aggression is a threat to the entire world and to all NATO countries, and NATO consultations on strengthening the security of the Allies must be initiated to implement additional measures for ensuring the defence of NATO Allies. The most effective response to Russia's aggression is unity."[532] On 24 February, Stoltenberg announced new plans that "will enable us to deploy capabilities and forces, including the NATO Response Force, to where they are needed".[533] Following the invasion, NATO announced plans to increase military deployments[534] in the Baltics, Poland, and Romania.[535][536]
After the 25 February UN Security Council meeting, Stoltenberg announced that parts of the NATO Response Force would be deployed, for the first time ever, to NATO members along the eastern border. He stated that forces would include elements of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF), led by France.[537] The US announced on 24 February that it would deploy 7,000 troops to join the 5,000 already in Europe.[537] NATO forces included the USS Harry S. Truman's Carrier Strike Group 8, which entered the Mediterranean Sea the previous week as part of a planned exercise. The carrier strike group was placed under NATO command, the first time this had occurred since the Cold War.[538]
As Russia began to build forces on Ukraine's border in the lead-up to the invasion, Finland and Sweden, both neutral states, increased their cooperation with NATO.[539] Both countries attended the emergency NATO summit as members of NATO's Partnership for Peace, and both condemned the invasion and provided assistance to Ukraine. On 25 February, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO.[540] Both Finnish and Swedish public opinion shifted in favour of joining NATO after the invasion.[541] A public petition asking the Parliament of Finland to hold a referendum to join NATO reached the required 50,000 signatures, prompting a parliamentary discussion on 1 March.[542]
Western leaders met in Brussels for a round of emergency summits of NATO, the European Council and the G7 to discuss the war in Ukraine, 23 March 2022
On 8 March, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg warned that "any attack against any NATO country [or] NATO territory ... will trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.[543] On 11 March, Biden proclaimed that while the United States would, as part of NATO, "defend every single inch of NATO territory with [its] full might", NATO would not "fight a war against Russia in Ukraine", as such "direct conflict between NATO and Russia is World War III, something we must strive to prevent".[544]
On 13 March, Jake Sullivan, the United States National Security Advisor to President Biden, warned of a full-fledged NATO response if Russia were to hit any part of NATO territory.[545] Sullivan added on 22 March, during Biden's trip to Europe to discuss updating NATO's posture towards Russia, that Biden would emphasize three key issues: new sanctions against Russia and tightening existing sanctions, longer-term adjustments to NATO force posture and contingencies in the case of nuclear weapons use, and 'joint action' on enhancing energy security in Europe, which is highly reliant on Russian gas.[546] Zelenskyy repeatedly urged NATO to impose a no-fly zone over Ukraine, which was rejected by the organization as it would involve shooting down Russian aircraft, an act that would significantly escalate the war to involve NATO.[547][548]
On 16 March, a meeting of NATO defence ministers agreed to continue supplying Ukraine with military, financial and humanitarian aid, though Stoltenberg ruled out the deployment of forces in Ukraine or a no-fly-zone, saying NATO has "a responsibility" not to escalate the war beyond Ukraine.[549]
Upon his arrival for the 2022 Brussels extraordinary summit on 24 March, Biden increased the amount of new aid offered to Ukraine by one billion dollars and announced added guarantees for NATO obligations to protect all NATO-allied nations which border Ukraine.[550] On 28 March, Biden, at the end of his NATO trip to Europe, reaffirmed his condemnation of Putin, saying that he would "'make no apologies'" for previously stating that "'Putin cannot remain in power'".[551] On 29 March, Kallas sided with Biden's condemnation and called for the further isolation of Putin from international politics.[552] As part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, NATO countries agreed to establish four multinational battalion-sized battlegroups in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia, on top of four existing battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.[553]
On 6 and 7 April, foreign ministers from NATO member states as well as Ukraine, the European Union, Finland, Sweden, Japan, New Zealand and Australia convened to discuss further sanctions on Russia and additional arms deliveries to Ukraine.[554]
European Union
On 27 February 2022, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen announced that the European Union would ban Russian state-owned media outlets RT and Sputnik in response to disinformation and their coverage of the conflict in Ukraine.[555] She also said that the EU would finance the purchase and delivery of military equipment to Ukraine and proposed a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace.[556] The following day, the Council of the European Union adopted two assistance measures to strengthen Ukraine's military capabilities.[557][558] The measures, for a total value of €500 million, financed the provision of military equipment to the Ukrainian armed forces including – for the first time in EU history – weapons and other lethal equipment.[559]
On 28 February, the EU imposed a ban on transactions with the Russian Central Bank and a ban on the overflight of EU airspace and on access to EU airports by Russian carriers.[560] On 2 March, a SWIFT ban for certain Russian banks was adopted, ensuring that they were disconnected from the international financial system, and the broadcasting activities in the EU of the outlets Sputnik and RT were suspended.[561] On 10 March, additional measures targeting the Belarusian financial sector were agreed upon,[562] and the EU imposed restrictive measures, including an asset freeze and a travel ban on 160 prominent businesspeople ("oligarchs") and members of the Russian Federation Council.[563] At the onset of the war, similar measures had already been applied on members of Russia's Security Council and Duma, and on other individuals.[564]
On 15 March, the EU decided to impose a fourth package of economic and individual sanctions, including trade restrictions for iron, steel, and luxury goods.[565] The European Commission claimed that restricting steel imports could lead to a loss of €3.3 billion in revenue for Russia,[566] and von der Leyen explained that the EU was working to suspend Russia's membership rights in multilateral institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.[567] On 23 March, the Council decided to double the funding for the Ukrainian armed forces, bringing the total amount from €500 million to €1 billion.[568] On 1 April, President of the European ParliamentRoberta Metsola visited Kyiv to "show the EU's support for Ukraine" and to meet with Ukrainian officials.[569]
On 8 April, the EU passed the fifth round of sanctions, which included an embargo on Russian coal, restrictions on Russian-flagged ships in EU ports, restrictions on Russian and Belarusian road transport in the EU, a ban on four Russian banks, export bans of high-tech goods and expanded sanctions on family members of individuals already sanctioned.[570] The same day, a delegation including European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen, EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell and prime minister of Slovakia Eduard Heger visited Ukraine.[571] Von der Leyen presented Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy with a questionnaire to join the EU; she also visited the city of Bucha to observe the aftermath of the Bucha massacre.[571] Borrell announced that the EU delegation to Ukraine, headed by Matti Maasikas, would return to Kyiv after it was evacuated at the outbreak of war.[572]
International Criminal Court
On 17 March 2023, International Criminal Court (ICC) judges issued an arrest warrant for Russian leader Vladimir Putin for war crimes committed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[516][573] Among the charges includes having the taking of Ukrainian children by Russian forces.[574] In addition to Putin, ICC also issued an arrest warrant for Russia's Presidential Commissioner for Children's Rights Maria Lvova-Belova on charges of deporting Ukrainian children to Russia.[516][575]
^Artsakh (or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) was a self-proclaimed breakaway state in the South Caucasus, whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan.
^Transnistria's political status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by any UN member state. The Moldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.
^Abkhazia's status is disputed. It is internationally recognized in whole as part the country of Georgia. Abkhazia is recognized as independent by five UN member states as well as four partially or wholly unrecognized states.
^South Ossetia's status is disputed. It is internationally recognized in whole as part of the country of Georgia. South Ossetia is recognized as independent by five UN member states as well as four partially or wholly unrecognized states.
^38 states parties (Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, New Zealand, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) jointly referred the matter to the OTP on 2 March; Lithuania submitted an earlier, separate referral on 28 February.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Archive of the Kremlin's official websites when hacked by Anonymous
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United Nations – Secretary-General António Guterres stated that the Russian invasion was "the saddest moment in my tenure" and called on Putin to withdraw his troops "in the name of humanity".[483] On 25 February, the Security Council failed to adopt a draft resolution which would have "deplored, in the strongest terms, the Russian Federation's aggression" on Ukraine. Of the 15 member states on the Security Council, 11 were in support, whilst three abstained from voting. The draft resolution failed due to a Russian veto.[484][485] Due to the deadlock, the Security Council passed a resolution to convene the General Assembly for the eleventh emergency special session.[486] On 2 March, the General Assembly voted to deplore "in the strongest possible terms" Russia's aggression against Ukraine by a vote of 141 to 5, with 35 abstentions.[487] The resolution also called for the Russian Federation to "immediately cease its use of force against Ukraine" and "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw all of its military forces."[487] Only Russia, Belarus, Syria, North Korea and Eritrea voted against the resolution.[488] On 4 March, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution by a vote of 32 to 2, with 13 abstentions, calling for the withdrawal of Russian troops and Russian-backed armed groups from Ukraine and humanitarian access to people in need. The resolution also established a commission to investigate alleged rights violations committed during Russia's military attack on Ukraine.[489] On 23 March, the UN Security Council failed to back a Russian humanitarian resolution calling for the protection of civilians and their safe passage. It was criticised by French and American representatives for not mentioning Russia's role in the ongoing crisis.[490] On 24 March, the UN General Assembly voted 140 to 5 in favor of a resolution approving aid access and civilian protection in Ukraine, which again criticized Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[491] On 7 April, the UN General Assembly voted 93–24, with 58 abstentions, to suspend Russia from the UN Human Rights Council.[492]
African Union – Chairman of the African Union Commission Moussa Faki and Chair of the African Union and Senegalese president Macky Sall called on Russia and "any other regional or international actor to imperatively respect international law, territorial integrity and national sovereignty of Ukraine" and urged both parties to the conflict to establish an immediate ceasefire and start political negotiations without delay.[493]
ASEAN – Foreign ministers of ASEAN expressed grave concern over Russia-Ukraine tensions and urged maximum restraint and dialogue.[495]
Caribbean Community – A statement issued on behalf of the Caribbean Community condemned the invasion of Ukraine and demanded an "immediate and complete withdrawal" of Russia's military from Ukraine.[497][498]
Council of Europe – The Committee of Ministers passed a resolution that "condemned in the strongest terms the armed attack on Ukraine" and called for Russia to "immediately and unconditionally cease its military operations"[499] On 25 February, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe suspended Russia from its rights of representation in the Committee of Ministers and in the Parliamentary Assembly.[500][501] In the following days, the European Court of Human Rights granted interim measures indicating to Russia that it should refrain from military attacks against civilians and civilian objects and should ensure access to safe evacuation routes, healthcare, food and other essential supplies, rapid and unconstrained passage of humanitarian aid, and movement of humanitarian workers.[502] Russia accused NATO and EU members of having undermined the Council of Europe, and announced its intention to withdraw from the organisation.[503][504] On 15 March, Russia notified the council of its decision to withdraw and to denounce the European Convention on Human Rights by the end of 2022.[505][506] The following day, the Committee of Ministers decided to expel Russia from the Council of Europe with immediate effect.[507]
European Union – President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen tweeted; "We will not let President Putin tear down Europe's security architecture" and Foreign Policy Chief Josep Borrell called on Putin to stop the "senseless aggression". President of the European Parliament, Roberta Metsola called for "immediate, quick, solid and swift action" and convened an extraordinary session of Parliament for 1 March.[508][509][510]
NATO – Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg condemned the attack and called it a "grave breach of international law". A separate statement announced an intention to deploy defensive forces and condemned Belarus for enabling the attack.[508] On 8 March, Stoltenberg warned that "if there is any attack against any NATO country, NATO territory, that will trigger Article 5" of the North Atlantic Treaty.[521] On 13 March, Joe Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan warned of a full-fledged NATO response if Russia hit any part of NATO territory.[522]
Nordic Council – President Erkki Tuomioja condemned the invasion as "completely unjust" and stated that it was "contrary to both international law and the order of European security."[523]
Organization of American States – The OAS condemned the attack as an affront to mankind and an attack on civilised international relations.[524] On 21 April OAS voted to suspend Russian permanent observer status in the organization. 25 nations voted in favour, 8 abstained and none voted against the motion.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe – OSCE Chairman Zbigniew Rau and Secretary General Helga Schmid issued a joint statement on 24 February 2022 condemning the invasion.[526] All international members of the multi-national OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, which had been deployed in the country since 21 March 2014, were evacuated beginning 24 February.[527] A Ukrainian member of the OSCE mission, Maryna Fenina, was killed on 1 March during the shelling of Kharkiv.[528].jpg/1280px-G7_leaders_met_at_the_sideline_of_March_2022_special_NATO_meeting_(1).jpg)
