Los estatutos federales que hacen referencia a los "tribunales de los Estados Unidos" se refieren únicamente a los tribunales del gobierno federal, y no a los tribunales de los estados y condados individuales. Debido a los fundamentos federalistas de la división entre los gobiernos soberanos federales y estatales, los diversos sistemas judiciales estatales tienen libertad para funcionar de maneras que varían ampliamente de las del gobierno federal y entre sí. En la práctica, sin embargo, cada estado ha adoptado una división de su poder judicial en al menos dos niveles, y casi todos los estados tienen tres niveles, con tribunales de primera instancia que escuchan casos que pueden ser revisados por tribunales de apelación y, finalmente, por un tribunal supremo estatal . Algunos estados tienen dos tribunales supremos separados, uno con autoridad sobre asuntos civiles y el otro revisando casos penales. 47 estados y el gobierno federal permiten al menos una apelación de derecho contra una sentencia final sobre el fondo, lo que significa que el tribunal que recibe la apelación debe decidir la apelación después de que se informe y argumente adecuadamente. Tres estados no otorgan el derecho a una primera apelación. Más bien, sólo otorgan a los litigantes el derecho a solicitar el derecho a que se escuche una apelación.
Los tribunales estatales suelen tener diversos nombres y estructuras, como se ilustra a continuación. Los tribunales estatales atienden alrededor del 98% de los litigios; la mayoría de los estados tienen tribunales de jurisdicción especial, que suelen ocuparse de disputas menores, como multas de tráfico, y tribunales de jurisdicción general, responsables de disputas más graves. [1]
El sistema judicial federal de los Estados Unidos escucha casos que involucran litigantes de dos o más estados, violaciones de leyes federales, tratados y la Constitución , almirantazgo , quiebras y cuestiones relacionadas. [2] En la práctica, alrededor del 80% de los casos son civiles y el 20% penales. [1] Los casos civiles a menudo involucran derechos civiles, patentes y seguridad social, mientras que los casos penales involucran fraude fiscal, robo, falsificación y delitos de drogas. [1] Los tribunales de primera instancia son tribunales de distrito de los Estados Unidos , seguidos por tribunales de apelaciones de los Estados Unidos y luego la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos . El sistema judicial, ya sea estatal o federal, comienza con un tribunal de primera instancia, cuyo trabajo puede ser revisado por un tribunal de apelaciones, y luego termina en el tribunal de última instancia, que puede revisar el trabajo de los tribunales inferiores. [3]
A continuación se enumeran las instituciones que pueden considerarse tribunales de los Estados Unidos.
Tribunales federales de los Estados Unidos
Jurisdicción basada en la geografía
Tribunales de primera instancia: Tribunales de distrito de los Estados Unidos [4] (consulte las secciones de tribunales federales por estado a continuación para conocer los tribunales de distrito específicos)
Jueces de Paz (tribunales del condado) [43] y Tribunales Municipales de Arizona, tribunales de primera instancia de la ciudad y tribunales de jurisdicción limitada
En virtud de una enmienda a la Constitución de Kentucky aprobada por los votantes del estado en 1975, [129] el poder judicial en Kentucky está "conferido exclusivamente a un Tribunal de Justicia", dividido de la siguiente manera: [130]
United States Court for Berlin (1979), existed on paper since 1955, but constituted in fact only once, to hear a single case.
U.S. judicial system in popular culture
Due to its involvement in the resolution of crimes and conflicts, which are an intricate part of drama, the U.S. judicial system is often portrayed in American literature and films.
Several Hollywood films such as A Few Good Men (1992) and Runaway Jury (2003) are set around its courts.
References
^ a b cAmerican Bar Association (2004). How the Legal System Works: The Structure of the Court System, State and Federal Courts. In ABA Family Legal Guide.
^USCourts.gov. Comparing Federal and State Court Systems Archived 2009-10-18 at the Wayback Machine.
^Public Services Department. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURT SYSTEM Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. Syracuse University College of Law.
^"United States District Courts". Uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"The Federal Judiciary – United States Courts of Appeals". Uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"US Courts for the First Circuit". Ca1.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. "United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit". Ca4.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit". Ca5.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit". Ca6.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals". Ca7.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. Court Court of Appeals – Welcome". Ca8.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit". Ca9.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"The U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals". Ca10.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit". Ca11.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^David Bozovich of Web Services, U.S. Government Printing Office. "Supreme Court of the United States". supremecourt.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States Tax Court: Home". Ustaxcourt.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Website of the United States Court of International Trade". Cit.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"US Court of Federal Claims". Uscfc.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Federal Judicial History | Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court". Fjc.gov. Archived from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States Bankruptcy Courts". Uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit". Cafc.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces". Armfor.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"USCAVC – United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims". Vetapp.uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Federal Judicial Center. "History of the Federal Judiciary". Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
^"Records of the United States Commerce Court". Archives.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Joseph Ragland, Outline of the Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Federal Courts (1917), p. 112, §80.
^Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division. "Alabama Judicial System Online – Supreme Court". Judicial.state.al.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division. "Alabama Judicial System Online – Court of Civil Appeals". Judicial.state.al.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division. "Alabama Judicial System Online – Court of Criminal Appeals". Judicial.state.al.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a b c dAlabama Unified Judicial System Structure Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
^Alabama Appellate Courts Technology Division. "Alabama Judicial System Online – Court of the Judiciary – Overview". Judicial.state.al.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Northern District of Alabama Internet Site NDAL". Alnd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States District Court – Middle Alabama". Almd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Alabama Southern District Court – US District Court". Als.uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a bAlaska Appellate Courts Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine.
^ a bAlaska Trial Courts Archived 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.
^"U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska Home Page". Akd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"General Information About the Justice Courts". Superiorcourt.maricopa.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. District Court of Arizona". Azd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Arkansas Supreme Court". Arkansas Judiciary. Administrative Office of the Courts. Archived from the original on 2024-02-14. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ a b c d"Arkansas Court Structure" (PDF). Arkansas Judiciary. Administrative Office of the Courts. 2021-12-15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-02-14. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^"Court of Appeals". Arkansas Judiciary. Administrative Office of the Courts. Archived from the original on 2024-02-14. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^"2023 Arkansas Judicial Circuits" (PDF). Arkansas Judiciary. Administrative Office of the Courts. 2023-08-16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-14. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ a b"District Courts". Arkansas Judiciary. Administrative Office of the Courts. Archived from the original on 2024-02-14. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^"United States District Court Arkansas Eastern District". Are.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States District Court – Western District of Arkansas". Arwd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Court of Appeals of Georgia: 47 Trinity Ave., Suite 501, Atlanta, GA 30334". Gaappeals.us. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Judicial Branch of Georgia :: Superior Courts". Georgiacourts.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Georgia State-wide Business Court".
^"Judicial Branch of Georgia :: State Courts". Georgiacourts.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Judicial Branch of Georgia :: Magistrate Courts". Georgiacourts.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Judicial Branch of Georgia :: Juvenile Courts". Georgiacourts.org. Archived from the original on 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Judicial Branch of Georgia :: Probate Courts". Georgiacourts.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Welcome to the Homepage of the Judicial Branch of Georgia". Georgiacourts.org. Archived from the original on 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"NDGA: Internet Home". Gand.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. District Court – Middle District of Georgia". Gamd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Southern District of Georgia". Gasd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Hawai`i State Judiciary – Courts – Hawai`i Supreme Court – Hawai`i Supreme Court". Courts.state.hi.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Hawai`i State Judiciary – Courts – Intermediate Court of Appeals – Intermediate Court of Appeals". Courts.state.hi.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Hawai`i State Judiciary – Courts – Circuit Courts – Circuit Courts". Courts.state.hi.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Hawai`i State Judiciary – Courts – Family Courts – Family Courts". Courts.state.hi.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Hawai`i State Judiciary – Courts – District Courts – District Courts". Courts.state.hi.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a bHawaii Land and Tax Appeal Courts Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine.
^"US District Court – District of Hawaii". Hid.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a bIdaho State Judiciary.
^"Idaho District Court Websites". Isc.idaho.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"US Courts – District of Idaho Internet". Id.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Illinois Supreme Court Home Page". State.il.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Illinois Appellate Court Home Page". State.il.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Illinois Circuit Court General Information". State.il.us. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Northern District of Illinois – U.S. Courts". Ilnd.uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Central District of Illinois – U.S. Courts". Ilcd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Southern District of Illinois – U.S. Courts". Ilsd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a bU.S. District Courts of Illinois Legislative history.
^"Welcome to the Website of the Indiana Supreme Court!". In.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"IN.gov/judiciary/appeals :: Indiana Court of Appeals". In.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Welcome to the Website of the Indiana Tax Court". In.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a b cIndiana Trial Courts.
^ a b cIndiana Trial Courts: Types of Courts Archived 2014-05-04 at the Wayback Machine.
^"Northern District of Indiana – United States District Court". Innd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. District Court – Southern District of Indiana". Insd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Supreme Court". Judicial.state.ia.us. Archived from the original on 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Court of Appeals - main page?introduction". Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
^"Iowa Judicial Branch". Archived from the original on 2009-10-21. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^"US District Court | Northern District of Iowa". Iand.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Southern District of Iowa". Iasd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Kansas Judicial Branch – Court of Appeals". Kscourts.org. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Kansas Judicial Branch – District Courts". Kscourts.org. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Kansas Judicial Branch – Municipal Courts". Kscourts.org. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Home". ksd.uscourts.gov.
^Kentucky State Board of Elections. "Amendment (May 29, 1975)" (PDF). Kentucky Court of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^"Section 109". Kentucky Constitution. Legislative Research Commission (Kentucky). Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^"Kentucky Supreme Court". Kentucky Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Kentucky Court of Appeals". Kentucky Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Kentucky Circuit Courts". Kentucky Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Kentucky District Courts". Kentucky Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"US District Court KYED – Home". Kyed.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States District Court – Western District of Kentucky". Kywd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States District Court". Moed.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Welcome to the Western District of Missouri". Mow.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Montana Supreme Court". Montanacourts.org. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"MT – District Court". Montanacourts.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a b c"Montana Supreme Court". State of Montana. Archived from the original on 2010-08-05. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
^ a b cMontana Courts of Limited Jurisdiction Archived 2008-12-25 at the Wayback Machine.
^"Youth Court". Judicial Branch. State of Montana. 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
^Larson, Seaborn (November 28, 2017). "Montana Asbestos Court created to take on hundreds of unresolved cases". Great Falls Tribune. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
^"Home". mtd.uscourts.gov.
^"Home". mtb.uscourts.gov.
^"Nebraska Judicial Branch". Supremecourt.ne.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Nebraska Judicial Branch". Supremecourt.ne.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Nebraska Judicial Branch". Supremecourt.ne.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Nebraska Judicial Branch". Supremecourt.ne.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Nebraska Judicial Branch". Supremecourt.ne.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"USDC District of South Carolina". Scd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Unified Judicial System". Sdjudicial.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Unified Judicial System". Sdjudicial.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Unified Judicial System". Sdjudicial.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"USDC-SD Main Index". Sdd.uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-01-18. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Tennessee Supreme Court". Tsc.state.tn.us. Archived from the original on 2002-03-22. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Court of Appeals". Tsc.state.tn.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Court of Criminal Appeals". Tsc.state.tn.us. Archived from the original on 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a b c dCircuit, Criminal, Chancery & Business Courts.
^"Tennessee Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges". State.tn.us. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"General Sessions of Metropolitan Nashville & Davidson County -- Welcome!". Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
^"US District Courts – Eastern District of Tennessee". Tned.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"| United States District Court". Tnmd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee". Tnwd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Texas Office of Court Administration. "Welcome to the official site of the Supreme Court of Texas!". Supreme.courts.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Texas Office of Court Administration. "Welcome to the official site of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals!". Cca.courts.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Texas Office of Court Administration. "Texas Courts Online | Courts | Courts of Appeals". Courts.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Texas Office of Court Administration. "Texas Courts Online | Courts | District Courts". Courts.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Texas Office of Court Administration. "Texas Courts Online | Courts | County Courts". Courts.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Texas Office of Court Administration. "Texas Courts Online | Courts | Justice of the Peace Courts". Courts.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^Texas Office of Court Administration. "Texas Courts Online | Courts | Municipal Courts". Courts.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Welcome to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas". Txed.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. District Court – Northern District of Texas". Txnd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Southern District of Texas Public Website Home Page". Txs.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. Courts, Western District of Texas". Txwd.uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Utah State Courts – Supreme Court". Utcourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Utah State Courts – Court of Appeals". Utcourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Utah State Courts – District Court". Utcourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"HB0216". le.utah.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
^"Utah State Courts – Juvenile Courts". Utcourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Utah State Courts – Justice Courts". Utcourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. District Court, District Of Utah Internet Home Page". Utd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Home Page of Supreme Court". Vermontjudiciary.org. Archived from the original on June 18, 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Vermont Superior Court: General Information". Vermontjudiciary.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Home Page of District Court". Vermontjudiciary.org. Archived from the original on August 31, 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Home Page of District Court". Vermontjudiciary.org. Archived from the original on August 31, 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Vermont Environmental Court: General Information". Vermontjudiciary.org. Archived from the original on June 19, 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Vermont Family Court: General Information". Vermontjudiciary.org. Archived from the original on February 16, 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Trial Courts with web sites". Courts.wa.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Trial Courts with web sites". Courts.wa.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Trial Courts with web sites". Courts.wa.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. District Court Eastern District of Washington". Waed.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington – Federal Courthouse – Seattle and Tacoma". Wawd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ a b c d eThe West Virginia Judicial System.
^"West Virginia Code".
^"US District Court, WVN". Wvnd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"United States District Court – Southern District of West Virginia". Wvsd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Wisconsin Court System - Supreme Court". Wicourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Wisconsin Court System - Court of Appeals". Wicourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Wisconsin Court System - Circuit courts". www.wicourts.gov. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^"Wisconsin Court System - municipal courts". Wicourts.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^"Wisconsin Eastern District Federal Courthouse - Welcome to the Eastern District of Wisconsin's Web Site". Wied.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^U.S. District Court, Western District of Wisconsin. "United States District Court, Western District of Wisconsin". Wiwd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-17.