stringtranslate.com

Demographics of Hungary

Demographic features of the population of Hungary include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Population

Population density in Hungary by district.

Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980. The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,[4] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,[5] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.[4][6][7] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,[8][9] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.

According to demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to centuries long Ottoman and Habsburg wars, the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.[10]

1400-2023 Historical population development on the territory of present-day Hungary

Population over time

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.

Demographics of Kingdom of Hungary, (1910 Census)

Population of Hungary (1910–2009, with comments)


[77][78][79]

Fertility

Hungary fertility rate by county (2021)

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[80]

[81]

Total Fertility Rate by county

Source: 2011 census [82]

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Hungary since 1900
Life expectancy in Hungary since 1960 by gender

Infant mortality rate

The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2018: 3.4 per 1000 live born children.[84]

Vital statistics

[85][86][87][88][89]

Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office[90]

Current vital statistics

[93][94]

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.01.2021) (Data refer to usual resident population.): [95]

Vital statistics by county

There are large variations in the birth rates as of 2016: Zala County has the lowest birth rate with 7.5 births per thousand inhabitants, while Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has the highest birth rate with 11.2 births per thousand inhabitants.

The death rates also differ greatly from as low as 11.3 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Pest County to as high as 15.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Békés County.

Ethnic groups and language

[97]

History

Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

The Red Map.[98][99] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2[100] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.[70]
  Hungarians
  Germans
  Slovaks
  Rusyns
  Romanians
  Serbs
  Croats
  Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,[101] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians,[60] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.[102]

Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.[103][104][105] Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia. Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

Post-Trianon Hungary

According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.[109]

From 1938 to 1945

Ethnic groups in 1938 in the former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, the state borders before the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 is marked on the map.
  Hungarians
  Bunjevci
  Croatians
  Germans
  Serbs
  Slovaks
  Slovenes
  Romanians
  Ruthenians
  Unpopulated regions (high mountains, large forests, marshes)
Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed.
Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following the First Vienna Award (1938) and Second Vienna Award (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Regarding Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians,[110] while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.[111]The territory of Bácska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.[111]The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.[108]

After WW II: 1949–1990

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Romani people in the second half of the 20th century.

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

2001–2022

[113][114]

Historical ethnic groups of Hungary

Hungarians in Hungary (2001)
Minorities of Hungary

When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of Onogurs and Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureș at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

The Roma minority

The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.[118] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.[119][120][121][122][123] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.[124] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.[124]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

Kabars

Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.[50] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria and Khwarezm.

Pechenegs

Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)

Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.[127] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.

Jassics

The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.[128]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.[129] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.[14]

Romanians

The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the Gesta Hungarorum,[130][131] while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar County from 1283.[132][133] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222, 1280)[133][134][135][136] showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.[133] The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).[133]

They were a significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramureș and Partium (Crișana). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by István Kniezsa, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names,[137] and around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.[137] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the Early modern period,[137] and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.[137] Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage from Venice to Constantinople, claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians[138] and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.[139] Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,[140] however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before Battle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.[141] Nevertheless, Grigore Ureche in Letopisețul Țării Moldovei (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians.[142] Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.[143][144][145]

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: Bedő, Csengerújfalu, Kétegyháza, Körösszakál, Magyarcsanád, Méhkerék, Mezőpeterd, Pusztaottlaka and Vekerd.[146]Important communities lived in the villages of Battonya, Elek, Körösszegapáti, Létavértes, Nyíradony, Pocsaj, Sarkadkeresztúr, Zsáka and in the town of Gyula.[146]

Slovaks

The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of Vojvodina, Banat and Békés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as Békéscsaba, where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or Nyíregyháza, where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.[146] After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary[147][148][149] were transferred to Slovakia – the exact number depends on source consulted – were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000[150][151] or 120,000[152][153] Hungarians.

Serbs

From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians).[154] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).[155]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.[156]

Armenians

The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,[157] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;[158] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.[157] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.[158] A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary after the Greek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village of Beloiannisz.

Bulgarians

The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Hungary from the 18th century.

Religion

The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation led to the first Lutherans, and later Calvinists, which were embraced by nearly the entire Hungarian population at the time.

In the second half of the 16th century, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority, especially in the far east and northeast of the country. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.

Distribution of religions in Hungary

According to 2011 census data, Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%),[160] while the largest denomination in Hungary is the Catholic Church (38.9% — Latin Church 37.1%; Hungarian Greek Catholic Church 1.8%).[161] There is a significant Calvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than attendance; around 12% of Hungarians attend religious services more than least once a week and around 50% more than once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God at all.[162] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents who wish to answer, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish to answer or people who are not following a religion.

Immigration

Hungary migration data, 2001-present

Foreign citizenship population

Largest cities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above represents a stable or increasing population and have been marked blue, while 2.0 and below leads to an aging and, ultimately, declining population.
  1. ^ Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.

Sources

References

  1. ^ "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital events (1941–)". www.ksh.hu.
  2. ^ Népesség a település jellege szerint, január 1. (1980–) KSH.hu
  3. ^ Dezső Danyi-Zoltán Dávid: Az első magyarországi népszámlálás (1784–1787)/The first census in Hungary (1784–1787), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1960, pp. 30
  4. ^ a b c d A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  5. ^ "Eurasian Studies Yearbook". Eurolingua. May 10, 2006 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ "Eurasian Studies Yearbook". Eurolingua. 6 April 2018 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ a b Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150 [1]
  8. ^ Editors of Kingfisher (2004). The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. Kingfisher. p. 120. ISBN 9780753457849. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  9. ^ McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins (6 April 2018). "The Encyclopedia Americana". Americana Corporation – via Google Books.
  10. ^ a b c Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896-1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896-1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 - VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2-3, p. 145-165
  12. ^ a b c d e f Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 58
  13. ^ a b Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways--: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 658
  14. ^ a b Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63-72
  15. ^ a b c d e f Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 978-963-352-002-4 CM
  16. ^ Peter Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500, Boydell & Brewer, 2009, p. 15
  17. ^ a b Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170
  18. ^ a b Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100
  19. ^ a b György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23
  20. ^ Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42
  21. ^ a b Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88
  22. ^ Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424
  23. ^ a b c M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143
  24. ^ Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995
  25. ^ a b c Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381-383
  26. ^ a b c Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201
  27. ^ a b c Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20-22
  28. ^ Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 59
  29. ^ a b George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405 [2]
  30. ^ a b The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25 [3]
  31. ^ Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4 [4]
  32. ^ László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 [5]
  33. ^ Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39 [6]
  34. ^ Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79 [7]
  35. ^ Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258 [8]
  36. ^ Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79 [9]
  37. ^ a b c Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683-1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21
  38. ^ a b István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321
  39. ^ a b Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174
  40. ^ a b Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6. Archived 2011-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)
  41. ^ Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 100
  42. ^ The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 [10][permanent dead link]
  43. ^ Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 49, Issues 1-2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331
  44. ^ Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13
  45. ^ Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93
  46. ^ a b Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191
  47. ^ a b David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 130
  48. ^ M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19 [11]
  49. ^ IIván T. Berend History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
  50. ^ a b Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.[12]
  51. ^ "The Encyclopedia Americana". Americana Corporation. 6 April 1968 – via Google Books.
  52. ^ Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230 [13]
  53. ^ Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4 [14]
  54. ^ Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919-1936, East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2
  55. ^ Krej?í, O.; Styan, M.C.; vied, Ú. (2005). Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. p. 284. ISBN 9788022408523. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  56. ^ a b Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, ISBN 978-0-415-36627-4
  57. ^ a b Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286 [15]
  58. ^ A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179
  59. ^ Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945
  60. ^ a b c Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356 [16]
  61. ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306 [17]
  62. ^ Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 9789637070433. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  63. ^ Ethnic Continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian Area, Elemér Illyés
  64. ^ a b Kocsis, Károly; Tátrai, Patrik; Agárdi, Norbert; Balizs, Dániel; Bognár, András; Bottlik, Zsolt; Kovács, Anikó; Varga, Árpád E.; Farkas, Zoltán; Keresztesi, Zoltán; Koczó, Fanni; Nemerkényi, Zsombor; Szabó, Balázs; Szabó, Renáta; Sziládi, József; Bagaméri, Gergely; Balázs, Éva; Butor, Zsanett; Gertheis, Anna; Szigeti, Csaba; Veszely, Zsuzsanna; Gercsák, Gábor; Klinghammer, István (2015). Changing Ethnic Patterns of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area (3rd ed.). Budapest: The Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences Geographical Institute. ISBN 978-963-9545-48-9.
  65. ^ a b Őri, Péter; Kocsis, Károly; Faragó, Tamás; Tóth, Pál Péter (2021). "History of Population" (PDF). In Kocsis, Károly; Őri, Péter (eds.). National Atlas of Hungary – Volume 3 – Society. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences (CSFK), Geographical Institute. ISBN 978-963-9545-64-9.
  66. ^ a b Kocsis, Károly; Tátrai, Patrik; Agárdi, Norbert; Balizs, Dániel; Kovács, Anikó; Gercsák, Tibor; Klinghammer, István; Tiner, Tibor (2015). Changing Ethnic Patterns of the Carpatho–Pannonian Area from the Late 15th until the Early 21st Century – Accompanying Text (PDF) (in Hungarian and English) (3rd ed.). Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Geographical Institute. ISBN 978-963-9545-48-9.
  67. ^ "Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút". National Geographic Hungary (in Hungarian). 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  68. ^ "A kartográfia története" (in Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  69. ^ Spatiul istoric si ethnic romanesc, Editura Militara, Bucuresti, 1992
  70. ^ a b "Browse Hungary's detailed ethnographic map made for the Treaty of Trianon online". dailynewshungary.com. 9 May 2017.
  71. ^ a b Kocsis, Károly (1996–2000). "V. Népesség és társadalom – Demográfiai jellemzők és folyamatok – Magyarország népessége – Anyanyelv, nemzetiség alakulása" [V. Population and Society – Demographic Characteristics and Processes – Hungary's Population – Development of Mother Tongue and Nationality]. In István, Kollega Tarsoly (ed.). Magyarország a XX. században – II. Kötet: Természeti környezet, népesség és társadalom, egyházak és felekezetek, gazdaság [Hungary in the 20th century – II. Volume: Natural Environment, Population and Society, Churches and Denominations, Economy] (in Hungarian). Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. ISBN 963-9015-08-3.
  72. ^ Kocsis, Károly. "Series of Ethnic Maps of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area".
  73. ^ Árpád, Varga E. (1999). Népszámlálások Erdély területén 1850 és 1910 között [Censuses in Transylvania between 1850 and 1910] (PDF). Bucharest.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  74. ^ "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
  75. ^ Taylor 1948, p. 268.
  76. ^ Kocsis, Károly; Bottlik, Zsolt. The Changing Ethnic Patterns on the Present-Day Territory Of Hungary (PDF).
  77. ^ Magyarország a XX. században / Születési mozgalom és termékenység. Mek.niif.hu. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  78. ^ Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  79. ^ "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1949– )". portal.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
  81. ^ "22.1.1.6. Live births, total fertility rate". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  82. ^ "Területi adatok (Territorial data) – 2011 Census". Hungarian Central Statistical Office.
  83. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  84. ^ "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–)". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  85. ^ B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.
  86. ^ United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
  87. ^ "Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office". ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  88. ^ "22.1.2.7. Vital events by county and region". www.ksh.hu.
  89. ^ "22.1.1.1. Main indicators of population and vital events". www.ksh.hu.
  90. ^ "Hungarian Central Statistical Office". www.ksh.hu.
  91. ^ "World Factbook EUROPE : HUNGARY", The World Factbook, July 12, 2018
  92. ^ hungarian central statistical office, 22.1.1.2. The number of population and average age by sex, visited Oktober 7 2023
  93. ^ "First Releases – Vital events". ksh.hu.
  94. ^ "22.2.1.1. Main indicator of vital events (monthly data)". www.ksh.hu.
  95. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  96. ^ "STADAT – 6.1.5. Main rates in vital statistics (2001–)". www.ksh.hu.
  97. ^ "Népszámlálás 2011 - Területi adatok". www.terezvaros.hu.
  98. ^ "Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút". National Geographic Hungary (in Hungarian). 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  99. ^ "A kartográfia története" (in Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  100. ^ Spatiul istoric si ethnic romanesc, Editura Militara, Bucuresti, 1992
  101. ^ "Open-Site:Hungary". Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  102. ^ "Treaty of Trianon WORLD WAR I [1920]". Britannica. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  103. ^ Francis Tapon: The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us, Thomson Press India, 2012
  104. ^ Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 262
  105. ^ Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture pp. 359–360M1
  106. ^ Pavol Tišliar. "Census in Slovakia in 1919 and 1921" (PDF).
  107. ^ Árpád Varga. "Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995".
  108. ^ a b A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 2009, ISBN 978-963-9545-19-9)
  109. ^ Philip D. Morgan (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 (Routledge history, politics). Oxford: Psychology Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780415169431.
  110. ^ Charles Upson Clark (1941). Racial Aspects of Romania's Case. Caxton Press.
  111. ^ a b Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 [18] Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
  112. ^ Joseph Rothschil. East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars
  113. ^ "Hungarian census 2001 - Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001". nepszamlalas2001.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  114. ^ "Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  115. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  116. ^ A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades. ksh.hu Retrieved 2018-01-1
  117. ^ Ennyi roma él Magyarországon. hvg.hu. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
  118. ^ Huping Ling, Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 111 [19]
  119. ^ Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Demos.hu (2009-11-06). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  120. ^ "The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos". www.nytimes.com.
  121. ^ "Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center". errc.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  122. ^ The New York City Times: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary's population
  123. ^ The Christian science monitor: "[...] the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10 million people."
  124. ^ a b "Index - Gazdaság - Romák a szegénység csapdájában | "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."". index.hu. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  125. ^ "Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék."". mek.oszk.hu.
  126. ^ "Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában". mek.oszk.hu. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  127. ^ Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, p.135 [20]
  128. ^ "National and historical symbols of Hungary". nemzetijelkepek.hu. Archived from the original on 2008-07-29. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  129. ^ Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz, HistoryNet
  130. ^ Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895-1324). Lucidus Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-9465-12-1.
  131. ^ Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.
  132. ^ György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, Volume 7, typis typogr. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831 [21]
  133. ^ a b c d Tamás Kis, Magyar nyelvjárások, Volumes 18-21, Nyelvtudományi Intézet, Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). Magyar Nyelvtudományi Tanszék, 1972, p. 83 [22]
  134. ^ Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995 p. 58 [23]
  135. ^ István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 28 [24][permanent dead link]
  136. ^ Heinz Stoob, Die Mittelalterliche Städtebildung im südöstlichen Europa, Böhlau, 1977, p. 204 [25]
  137. ^ a b c d Louis L. Lote (editor), ONE LAND — TWO NATIONS TRANSYLVANIA AND THE THEORY OF DACO-ROMAN-RUMANIAN CONTINUITY, COMMITTEE OF TRANSYLVANIA INC. (This is a special issue of the CARPATHIAN OBSERVER Volume 8, Number 1. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number; 80-81573), 1980, p. 10
  138. ^ "Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... " cited from "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444
  139. ^ White, G.W. (2000). Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129. ISBN 9780847698097. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  140. ^ Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500; University of Washington Press, 1994; ISBN 0-295-97290-4, page 8
  141. ^ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19) [26][permanent dead link]
  142. ^ "În ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiescu numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste samă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul, de mai multu-i ţara lăţită de români decât de unguri." cited from Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, pp. 133–134
  143. ^ A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948.
  144. ^ "Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája". Varga.adatbank.transindex.ro. Archived from the original on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
  145. ^ Erdély rövid története, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1989, 371. o. - The short history of Transylvania, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989 Budapest p. 371.
  146. ^ a b c "Hungarian 1881 census" (in Hungarian).
  147. ^ obchod ⛰️, Roy sk | outdoorový. "České mesiace - mesiace po česky ❤️ Roy.sk". roy.sk. Archived from the original on March 1, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  148. ^ Bobák, Ján (1996). Maďarská otázka v Česko–Slovensku, 1944–1948 [Hungarian Question in Czechoslovakia] (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-354-4.
  149. ^ Zvara, Juraj (1969). Maďarská menšina na Slovensku po roku 1945 [Hungarian minority in Slovakia after 1945] (in Slovak). Bratislava: Epocha, t. Pravda.
  150. ^ Kaplan, Karel (1987). The short march: the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948. C.Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-0-905838-96-0.
  151. ^ Šutaj, Štefan (2005). Nútené presídlenie Maďarov zo Slovenska do Čiech [Deportation of population of Hungarian nationality out of Slovakia to Bohemia after the World War II] (in Slovak). Prešov: Universum. ISBN 978-80-89046-29-4.
  152. ^ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 23 [27][permanent dead link]
  153. ^ Pertti Ahonen, People on the move: forced population movements in Europe in the Second World War and its aftermath, Berg Publishers, 2008, p. 83
  154. ^ Sue Clarkson. "History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary". Feefhs.org. Archived from the original on 1997-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  155. ^ "18. Demographic data" – Hungarian Central Statistical Office Archived May 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  156. ^ Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology (2015 ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 21.
  157. ^ a b "Oi ellinikes paroikies tis Kentrikis Evropis". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  158. ^ a b "Oi ellinikes paroikies stin Ungaria". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  159. ^ "Demographic data – Hungarian Central Statistical Office". Nepszamlalas.hu/KSH. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
  160. ^ "2011 Hungary Census Report" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  161. ^ "Population by religions, 2001 census (English)". nepszamlalas.hu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  162. ^ "World Values Survey". worldvaluessurvey.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  163. ^ a b "Foreign citizens residing in Hungary" Hungarian Statistical Bureau

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of Hungary.