Major earthquakes in the Turkey–Syria border region
El 6 de febrero de 2023, a las 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC ), un terremoto de magnitud 7,8 sacudió el sur y el centro de Turquía y el norte y el oeste de Siria . El epicentro se situó a 37 km (23 mi) al oeste-noroeste de Gaziantep . [2] El terremoto tuvo una intensidad máxima de Mercalli de XII ( Extrema ) alrededor del epicentro y en Antioquía . Le siguió un terremoto de magnitud 7,7 a las 13:24. [3] Este terremoto tuvo su epicentro a 95 km (59 mi) al noreste del primero. Hubo daños generalizados y decenas de miles de víctimas mortales.
Los daños se extendieron por una superficie de unos 350.000 km2 , aproximadamente el tamaño de Alemania. [7] Se estima que 14 millones de personas, o el 16 por ciento de la población de Turquía, se vieron afectadas. [8] Los expertos en desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas estimaron que alrededor de 1,5 millones de personas se quedaron sin hogar. [9]
El número de muertos confirmado en Turquía fue de 53.537; las estimaciones del número de muertos en Siria fueron entre 5.951 y 8.476. Es el terremoto más mortífero en lo que hoy es Turquía desde el terremoto de Antioquía de 526 [10] y el desastre natural más mortífero en su historia moderna. [11] También es el más mortífero en la actual Siria desde el terremoto de Alepo de 1822 ; [12] el más mortífero en todo el mundo desde el terremoto de Haití de 2010 ; [13] y el quinto más mortífero del siglo XXI . [14] Los daños se estimaron en 148.800 millones de dólares estadounidenses en Turquía, o el nueve por ciento del PIB del país, y 14.800 millones de dólares estadounidenses en Siria. [15] [16]
El centro-sur de Turquía y el noroeste de Siria se ven afectados por la interacción entre tres placas tectónicas : la placa africana , la placa árabe y la placa de Anatolia . El límite entre las placas africana y árabe está representado por la Transformada del Mar Muerto (DST), una zona importante de falla de deslizamiento lateral izquierda que acomoda el movimiento relativo hacia el norte de Arabia con respecto a África. El extremo norte de la DST trunca en la Falla de Anatolia Oriental (EAF), otra zona importante de falla de deslizamiento lateral izquierda que acomoda el movimiento general hacia el oeste de la placa de Anatolia a medida que es extruida en esa dirección por el movimiento hacia el norte de la placa árabe. La DST y la EAF se encuentran en la Triple Unión de Marash . La EAF continúa al oeste de la triple unión , formando el límite entre las placas africana y anatolia, uniéndose al arco de Chipre al oeste a través de la dorsal de Latakia . [21]
El EAF de 700 km de largo (430 millas) se subdivide en siete segmentos, desde el noreste; los segmentos Karlıova , Ilıca, Palu , Pütürge , Erkenek, Pazarcık y Amanos . [21] Algunos geólogos también consideran que el segmento de Amanos es parte del DST , [22] o una estructura de transición entre el EAF y el DST. [23] También se ha reconocido un tramo norte del EAF, que incluye los segmentos de Sürgü, Çardak, Savrun, Çokak, Toprakkale, Yumurtalık, Karataş, Yakapınar y Düziçi–İskenderun. La tasa de deslizamiento estimada en el tramo principal del sistema EAF disminuye hacia el suroeste desde 10 mm (0,39 pulgadas) por año en el segmento Karlıova hasta 2,9 mm (0,11 pulgadas) por año en el segmento Amanos. En el tramo norte, una Se estimó una tasa de deslizamiento de 2,5 mm (0,098 pulgadas) por año en el segmento Çardak. [21] La falla Sürgü-Çardak es una falla de 160 km (99 millas) de largo que se extiende al norte del EAF y se ramifica desde la EAF al oeste de Çelikhan y se extiende hacia el oeste hasta Göksun. [24] Comprende dos segmentos; la falla de Sürgü corre 70 km (43 mi) entre Çelikhan y Nurhak; la falla de Çardak corre 90 km (56 mi) entre Nurhak y Göksun. [25] La sismicidad en la falla es baja: el único terremoto asociado fue un evento de magnitud 6,8 en 1544. [26]
La parte norte de la DST se subdivide en varios segmentos, aunque hay cierto desacuerdo entre los científicos sobre qué fallas deben asignarse a la DST y cuáles a la EAF, en el extremo más septentrional de la estructura. Según el "Mapa de fallas activas de Turquía" de 2013, se reconocen siete segmentos de la DST en Turquía y partes vecinas de Siria: los segmentos Afrin, Sermada, Armanaz, Hacıpaşa, Yesemek, Sakçagöz y Narlı. [21]
Sismicidad
El EAF ha producido terremotos grandes o dañinos en los últimos cientos de años a lo largo de varios segmentos, incluidos los eventos de 1789 (M 7.2, Palu), 1795 (M 7.0, Pazarcık), 1866 (M 7.2 Karlıova) , [27] 1872 (M 7.2, Amanos) , 1874 (M 7.1, Palu), 1875 (M 6.7, Palu), 1893 (M 7.1, Erkenek) , 1971 (M 6.6, Karlıova) y 2020 (M 6.8, Pütürge) . [28] [29] Otros grandes terremotos históricos han sido asignados tentativamente a segmentos del EAF, como los terremotos de Marash de 1114 y 1513 , ambos de los cuales se cree que rompieron el segmento de Pazarcık. [30] [31]
Los segmentos de Palu y Pütürge en el este muestran un intervalo de recurrencia de aproximadamente 150 años para terremotos de M 6.8-7.0. Los segmentos de Pazarcık y Amanos en el oeste tienen intervalos de recurrencia de 237-772 años y 414-917 años, respectivamente, para terremotos de M 7.0-7.4. [28] Un artículo de investigación publicado por Earth and Planetary Science Letters en 2002 estudió la acumulación de tensión y el aumento del riesgo sísmico a lo largo de la falla de Anatolia Oriental. El estudio concluyó que hay dos secciones de la falla con un potencial considerablemente alto para futuros terremotos. Una de estas secciones estaba en Elazığ y Bingöl, ubicadas entre las zonas de ruptura de los terremotos de 1874 y 1971. La brecha sísmica se rompió durante un terremoto de magnitud 6,1 en 2010. El terremoto de magnitud 6,8 de 2020 rompió hacia el suroeste entre los terremotos de 1893/1905 y 1874. [32] Otra brecha sísmica se ubicó en Kahramanmaraş: esta sección de 103 km (64 mi) de largo, según el estudio, se cree que tuvo su última ruptura en 1513 y tiene el potencial de producir terremotos de magnitud 7,3. [33]
Los grandes terremotos en la parte norte del DST incluyen los eventos de 115 , 526, 587, 1138 , 1170 y 1822, que provocaron desde varias decenas de miles hasta varios cientos de miles de muertes. [2] [34]
Secuencia de terremoto
Terremoto de magnitud 7,8 a las 01:17 UTC
El primer y mayor terremoto de la secuencia se produjo a las 01:17 UTC. [35] El Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos (USGS) y el Tensor de Momento Centroide Global (GCMT) lo midieron en M ww 7,8 y M w 7,8, respectivamente. [3] GEOSCOPE informó M w 8,0 [36] y el Observatorio Kandilli (KOERI) informó M w 7,7 y M L 7,4. Tuvo un epicentro en 37°09′58″N 37°01′55″E / 37.166, -37.032 , a 34 km (21 mi) al oeste de Gaziantep en la provincia de Gaziantep, que está cerca de la frontera con Siria. El hipocentro del terremoto se encontraba a una profundidad de 10,0 km (6 mi) según el USGS y 5 km (3 mi) según el KOERI. [2] [37] [38] El choque tuvo un mecanismo focal correspondiente a una falla de desgarre . [2] [36]
Es uno de los más fuertes jamás registrados en Turquía, equivalente en magnitud al terremoto de Erzincan de 1939 (M w 7,8). [39] [4] Estos terremotos son superados solo por las estimaciones más grandes para el terremoto de Anatolia del Norte de 1668. [40] [41] A nivel mundial fue el más fuerte registrado desde agosto de 2021. [ 42] Ambos terremotos son los más grandes y solo se observa que ocurren en tierra en un corto período de tiempo. [43]
Terremoto de magnitud 7,7 a las 10:24 UTC
A las 10:24 UTC, un terremoto de magnitud Mw 7,5 según el USGS [44] , Mw 7,6 [45] según el KOERI, o Mw 7,7 según el Geoscope [46] y el GCMT [3] , golpeó con epicentro cerca de Ekinözü , a 95 km al noreste del evento de magnitud M7,8. Tuvo una profundidad de 7,4 km (5 mi) según el USGS, 5 km (3 mi) según el KOERI [47] y 13 km (8 mi) según el Geoscope. El temblor también fue resultado de una falla de desgarre; tuvo un epicentro al norte del gran terremoto anterior. [46]
Se registraron más de 570 réplicas en las 24 horas posteriores al terremoto de magnitud 7,8 y más de 30 000 en mayo de 2023. [6] Una réplica de magnitud 6,7 se produjo unos 11 minutos después del terremoto principal . [50] Según el USGS, se registraron 25 réplicas de magnitud 4,0 o superior en las seis horas posteriores al temblor principal. Más de 12 horas después, el USGS había informado de al menos 54 réplicas de magnitud 4,3 o superior, mientras que la Presidencia turca de gestión de desastres y emergencias (AFAD) registró al menos 120 réplicas en total. [51] Una réplica de magnitud 6,3 se produjo cerca de Uzunbağ, en la provincia de Hatay, el 20 de febrero; el terremoto fue el resultado de una falla oblicua-normal. [52] El terremoto de magnitud 7,8 tuvo réplicas distribuidas a lo largo de unos 350 km (220 mi) del EAF. [43]
El terremoto de magnitud 7,7 desencadenó su propia secuencia de réplicas, [53] incluidas dos réplicas de magnitud 6,0. [54] [55] Las réplicas del segundo terremoto continuaron al menos hasta el 9 de febrero. [56] Miles de réplicas asociadas con este terremoto se distribuyeron a lo largo de una tendencia este-oeste correspondiente a la falla de Çardak [25] durante unos 170 km (110 mi). [43]
Mapa de sismo principal y réplicas de Mw 4,0 o mayor (datos del mapa)
Sismología
M w 7,8 falla finita
M w 7,7 falla finita
Un modelo fuente para el terremoto de magnitud 7,8 producido por el USGS a partir de ondas sísmicas observadas, teniendo en cuenta el mapeo preliminar de ruptura a partir de datos satelitales, utiliza tres segmentos de falla con longitudes, anchos, rumbos y buzamientos individuales de >40 km (25 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 028°/85° (segmento 1), >175 km (109 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 060°/85° (segmento 2) y >160 km (99 mi) × 20 km (12 mi), 025°/75° (segmento 3). El sismo principal produjo un deslizamiento máximo de 11,2 m (37 pies) a lo largo del Segmento 2, debajo de Sakarya en la provincia de Kahramanmaraş, al noreste de la unión donde se encuentra con el Segmento 1. Otra zona de gran deslizamiento estimado en 4,96 m (16,3 pies) ocurrió más al noreste a lo largo del Segmento 2, al noroeste de Adıyaman. [2]
El modelo de origen del USGS para el terremoto de magnitud 7,7 que se produjo nueve horas después tiene tres grandes segmentos de falla con longitudes, anchos, rumbos y buzamientos individuales de >70 km (43 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 276°/80° (Segmento 1), >40 km (25 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 250°/80° (Segmento 2) y ~80 km (50 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 060°/80° (Segmento 3). El desplazamiento máximo se produjo en el Segmento 1 a 11,4 m (37 ft). [44]
Tres segmentos del EAF estuvieron involucrados en la ruptura M w 7.8; los segmentos Amanos, Pazarcık y Erkenek. El terremoto rompió ~370 km (230 mi) del EAF, produciendo un deslizamiento máximo de hasta ~12 m (39 pies) a lo largo del segmento Pazarcık. [57] [58] El extremo norte de la ruptura estaba a unos 20-30 km (12-19 mi) al sur del terremoto M w 6.8 que golpeó en 2020. Esta sección del EAF, el segmento Pütürge, entre ambos terremotos, puede representar una brecha sísmica . El segmento sur de la ruptura del EAF estaba en su terminación, cerca de Antakya. El deslizamiento alcanzó su punto máximo a 12 m (39 pies) desde la superficie hasta 7 km (4,3 mi) de profundidad durante el terremoto M w 7.7; el deslizamiento fue de 11 m (36 pies) en la superficie. El deslizamiento a lo largo de la falla fue compacto, en su mayor parte confinado dentro de la falla de Çardak; también fue más superficial, atenuándose entre 8 y 12 km (5,0 a 7,5 mi). El deslizamiento durante el evento M w 7,8 se extendió a 18 km (11 mi) y 12 km (7,5 mi) para el evento M w 7,7. El temblor de réplica M w 6,4 que golpeó Antakya el 20 de febrero tuvo un área de ruptura de 25 km (16 mi) × 25 km (16 mi) y produjo un deslizamiento máximo de 0,93 m (3 ft 1 in) a 8,3 km (5,2 mi) de profundidad. [59]
Un análisis preliminar de los efectos de los cambios de tensión causados por el terremoto de magnitud 7,8 en la falla de Çardak-Sürgü, basado en el modelo de fallas del USGS, indicó hasta 3 barras de tensión añadida cerca del epicentro del choque de magnitud 7,7, suficiente para provocar la ruptura en esa zona, suponiendo que ya estaba cerca de la falla. [60] [61] La tensión en la falla de Hatay, fuente del temblor de magnitud 6,4 del 20 de febrero, aumentó en 1 barra después de los terremotos del 6 de febrero. [26]
Propagación de la ruptura
Mapa que muestra las fallas activas durante el Holoceno , la extensión de la ruptura superficial observada o inferida y la ubicación de los epicentros de todos los terremotos en la secuencia de magnitud M ≥ 5.0 en los primeros 21 días
Un análisis preliminar basado en la sismología y las observaciones de ruptura superficial sugieren una ruptura a lo largo de una rama de la DST antes de la transición hacia el EAF donde se observó la mayor parte del fallamiento. La ruptura inicial en el sitio del epicentro del choque M7.8 en la falla Narlı, la sección más al norte de la DST. [62] [63] La falla se rompió unilateralmente hacia el norte hasta que alcanzó el segmento Pazarcık de la falla de Anatolia Oriental. Luego, las rupturas continuaron bilateralmente hacia el noreste y el suroeste a lo largo de este segmento. Este subevento en la falla Narlı correspondió a un terremoto M w 7.0 que se rompió durante 20 segundos. Tuvo un mecanismo focal correspondiente a un fallamiento oblicuo-normal. [26] Un análisis preliminar de los registros sísmicos de campo cercano (a 1 km (0,62 mi) de la ruptura de la falla) indica que la velocidad de ruptura inicial pasó a ser de supercizallamiento después de propagarse aproximadamente 19,5 km (12,1 mi) desde el epicentro a lo largo de la falla Narlı antes de llegar al EAF. [64] La retroproyección sugiere que la longitud total de la ruptura fue de ~560 km (350 mi). [65]
La ruptura continuó al noreste sobre el segmento Ekernek y al suroeste sobre el segmento Amanos. [66] La ruptura del noreste cesó 55 segundos después del inicio, mientras que la ruptura del suroeste cesó cerca de Antakya unos 80 segundos después. [43] El temblor de réplica AM w 6.8 que ocurrió 11 minutos después y al oeste del primer epicentro M>7 puede haber roto a lo largo de la falla Sakçagöz, el siguiente segmento de la DST al sur. [66] La ruptura a lo largo del EAF durante el evento ocurrió a velocidad de subcizallamiento (máximo 3,2 km (2,0 mi) por segundo). [67] Un análisis de datos sísmicos de campo cercano reveló episodios transitorios de ruptura de supercizallamiento a lo largo de la ruptura del EAF. La ruptura de supercizallamiento ocurrió a lo largo de la sección más al norte de la falla Narlı donde se encuentra con el EAF. La ruptura hizo la transición hacia el EAF y se propagó al noreste a velocidad de supercizallamiento hasta su terminación cerca de Malatya. La ruptura hacia el suroeste fue principalmente de subcizallamiento, pero en la terminación sur en Hatay, donde la falla tiene múltiples ramificaciones y curvaturas, probablemente se observó supercizallamiento. La ruptura de supercizallamiento en la terminación sur contribuyó al intenso movimiento del suelo en Antakya. [68]
El segundo terremoto de magnitud 7 se inició en una falla separada [69] [70] conocida como la zona de falla Çardak-Sürgü , [71] parte de la franja norte de la falla de Anatolia Oriental. [21] [72] [73] [74] La ruptura se propagó bilateralmente a lo largo del segmento Çardak, continuando hacia el este sobre el segmento Sürgü antes de continuar hacia el este hasta Malatya a lo largo de la zona de falla Doğanşehir con dirección noreste-suroeste. La ruptura también se propagó hacia el suroeste a lo largo del segmento Çardak. La longitud total de la ruptura se estimó en 160 km (99 mi). [66] La ruptura que se propagó hacia el oeste ocurrió a una velocidad supercortante (máximo 4,8 km (3,0 mi) por segundo) mientras que la ruptura que se propagó hacia el este ocurrió a una velocidad subcortante (máximo 2,8 km (1,7 mi) por segundo). [67] La ruptura duró unos 35 segundos. [43]
El temblor de magnitud 6,4 del 20 de febrero se produjo a lo largo de la falla de Hatay. El mecanismo focal indicó un fallamiento normal a lo largo de una falla con rumbo noreste-suroeste. [26]
La extensión de las rupturas superficiales asociadas con los terremotos M7.8 y M7.7 se han mapeado usando una mezcla de imágenes satelitales y observaciones terrestres. La coincidencia de píxeles en imágenes capturadas por Sentinel-1 antes y después de los terremotos mostró discontinuidades agudas en el desplazamiento, revelando dos zonas separadas de ruptura superficial . La más larga del par, producida por el primer terremoto, midió 320 km (200 mi) mientras que el segundo terremoto produjo 150 km (93 mi) de ruptura superficial. [43] [75] Estas observaciones fueron respaldadas con imágenes directas de las rupturas usando otros datos satelitales, como los de DigitalGlobe 's WorldView-1 , 2 y 3 y GeoEye-1 , [76] y por trabajo de campo. [77] [71] La teledetección usando imágenes satelitales indicó 30 km (19 mi) de ruptura superficial con un gran componente de falla normal.
La zona de ruptura superficial se extendió desde el norte de Antakya, provincia de Hatay hacia Pazarcık , provincia de Kahramanmaraş y Gölbaşı , provincia de Adıyaman. [74] Las rupturas superficiales continuaron al norte de estas ciudades. La ruptura superficial ocurrió en el valle de Amik. La parte más occidental del aeropuerto de Hatay fue dañada por rupturas superficiales, pero las grietas en la pista se atribuyeron a la deformación del suelo. Un canal importante fue dañado y provocó inundaciones en partes del valle de Amik, que antes era el lago Amik . [78] Las observaciones de campo indican un desplazamiento máximo de 7,3 m (24 pies) en la superficie. [79] Los geólogos rastrearon una ruptura superficial de 15 km (9,3 millas) con tendencia al sur desde Pazarcık con un desplazamiento de 2,5 m (8 pies 2 pulgadas). Desde Golbasi hasta Nurdağı, los desplazamientos del suelo fueron de hasta 5 m (16 pies). [71] La ruptura superficial observada durante el terremoto de magnitud 7,8 fue inusualmente grande, comparable a la ocurrida durante el terremoto de San Francisco de 1906 a lo largo de la falla de San Andrés . [80]
Se observaron grandes desfases superficiales de 6 a 8 m (20 a 26 pies) a lo largo de la falla Sürgü-Çardak. A lo largo de una carretera al oeste de Gözpınar [ce; tr; tt; vi] , la ruptura desplazó la carretera lateralmente hacia la izquierda durante 8,6 m (28 pies). [81] El mayor desfase superficial máximo fue de 10,0 a 12,6 m (32,8 a 41,3 pies); uno de los mayores desfases superficiales jamás observados a causa de un terremoto. [82]
Movimiento del suelo
Tierra agrietada tras el terremoto en Gölbaşı , provincia de Adıyaman
Los valores de aceleración del suelo registrados en algunas áreas cerca de la ruptura de la falla fueron superiores a 1 g . [83] Tres instalaciones sísmicas del USGS, dos en Antakya y una en Hassa , registraron grandes aceleraciones y velocidades del suelo. La ciudad de Hassa registró 0,9082 g de aceleración del suelo (pga) y 215,34 cm/s (84,78 in/s) de velocidad del suelo. Los datos de la estación correspondieron a una intensidad de Mercalli modificada de X ( Extrema ). Una estación en Fevzipaşa registró una aceleración máxima del suelo de 1,62 g . [84] La aceleración máxima del suelo generalmente superó los 0,5 g en una gran área alrededor del epicentro, cerca de Adiyaman y una gran parte de Hatay. Se registraron altos valores de pga de 2 g en Hatay. [43] La pga máxima registrada fue de 2,212 g en una estación en Pazarcık Belediyesi Parkı, Pazarcık; Un centro de salud gubernamental cercano sufrió daños limitados, pero la ciudad circundante quedó devastada. [85] La pga máxima registrada durante el terremoto de magnitud 7,7 fue de 0,59 g en Göksun . [ 86]
Según el Observatorio Kandilli , se estimó que la intensidad máxima de Mercalli (MMI) del sismo principal alcanzó MMI XI-XII ( extrema ) en Antakya y cerca del epicentro. Se observó MMI XI ( extrema ) o superior a lo largo de la ruptura de la falla desde el epicentro hasta Antakya. [87] La MMI también alcanzó IX-X ( violenta - extrema ) en Kahramanmaraş e İskenderun , VIII-IX ( severa - violenta ) en Malatya y Adıyaman , VII-VIII ( muy fuerte - severa ) en Gaziantep , Kilis , Idlib y Alepo , y VI-VII ( fuerte - muy fuerte ) en Adana y Şanlıurfa . [88] La MMI máxima del segundo terremoto fue X ( extrema ). [89]
La licuefacción se identificó a través de satélite y teledetección a lo largo de la parte sur de la ruptura M w 7.8 en la falla de Anatolia Oriental desde Antakya a Golbasi. La licuefacción y la propagación lateral se observaron en y cerca de las áreas costeras, valles fluviales y áreas de lagos o pantanos drenados, cubiertos por sedimentos del Holoceno . [90] Estos efectos fueron generalizados en el valle de Amik y la llanura del río Orontes , al norte de Antakya, provincia de Hatay. Se hicieron observaciones limitadas en áreas de gran altitud debido a la capa de nieve y la falta de observaciones satelitales. [90] También se observó licuefacción en Samandağ . En el lago Gölbaşı, provincia de Adıyaman, se produjo propagación lateral a lo largo de la costa norte, este y sur. Partes de la orilla del lago también quedaron sumergidas. Gölbaşı también fue dañado por licuefacción y propagación lateral. [78]
El hundimiento del lago Gölbaşı debido a la expansión lateral provoca inundaciones en la costa
El hundimiento del mar debido a la expansión lateral causó daños importantes en İskenderun. La licuefacción produjo eyecciones de arena que enterraron el bulevar Atatürk en el distrito de Çay. Después de los terremotos se observaron inundaciones regulares en la ciudad. Las inundaciones anteriores pueden atribuirse a la licuefacción, mientras que las posteriores pueden deberse a daños en la costa y la infraestructura hídrica. [91] El mar inundó partes de la ciudad hasta 200 m (660 pies). Grandes áreas de la costa y secciones de muelles se inundaron debido a la expansión lateral. Grandes olas causadas por el mal tiempo y un tsunami pueden haber contribuido a los efectos observados en İskenderun. [92]
Ambos terremotos provocaron niveles de temblores (≥0,12 g ) suficientes para desencadenar deslizamientos de tierra en un área de 90.000 km2 ( 35.000 millas cuadradas). Se identificaron alrededor de 3.673 deslizamientos de tierra desencadenados por terremotos utilizando imágenes satelitales, fotos aéreas y un estudio de campo del área. Los deslizamientos de tierra ocurrieron principalmente en la región norte del área afectada. Los deslizamientos de rocas fueron los más observados; también hubo muchos deslizamientos de tierra rotacionales del lecho rocoso, deslizamientos traslacionales y deslizamientos laterales. Las rupturas superficiales que se propagaron a través de las laderas también desencadenaron deslizamientos de tierra. Estos deslizamientos de tierra bloquearon carreteras y canales de ríos, destruyeron o dañaron gravemente edificios y causaron muchas muertes. [93]
Uno de los mayores deslizamientos de tierra se produjo cerca de la aldea de Tepehan, en la provincia de Hatay; se trató de un deslizamiento traslacional que desprendió un bloque de 1,3 km2 . Este deslizamiento se produjo en una región compuesta por margas y calizas ricas en arcilla. Produjo un desplazamiento vertical de 20 m a lo largo de su escarpa. [93] ITV News informó que la escarpa del deslizamiento tenía hasta 300 m de largo y "más ancha que una cancha de fútbol" en algunas zonas. [94]
Tsunami
A pesar de que el epicentro se encontraba a 90 km (56 mi) tierra adentro, se registró un tsunami en el mar Mediterráneo. [66] Fue el primer tsunami registrado en la región oriental del mar Mediterráneo desde el producido por el terremoto de 1953 de magnitud 6,2 en Chipre . La ola más grande midió 40 cm (16 pulgadas) a lo largo de la costa mediterránea de Turquía. Aunque no se han facilitado los resultados de los estudios submarinos para identificar las fuentes de estos tsunamis, es probable que se produjeran por deslizamientos de tierra en el puerto de Iskenderun y por licuefacción en las llanuras costeras de Antakya. [95]
Se registraron pequeñas olas de tsunami frente a la costa de Famagusta , Chipre, sin daños. [96] El tsunami midió 0,17 m (6,7 pulgadas), y se registraron olas de tsunami de 0,12 m (4,7 pulgadas) en İskenderun y 0,13 m (5,1 pulgadas) en Erdemli . [97] Se emitieron alertas de tsunami para la costa sur de Turquía, las costas sur y este de Italia y toda la zona oriental del mar Mediterráneo, pero luego se retiraron. [98] [99] [100] [101] [102]
Efectos sobre otras fallas
La ruptura del terremoto terminó cerca de Suvatlı en el valle de Amik , donde a unos 10,5 km (6,5 mi) al este, se encuentra un segmento de la Transformada del Mar Muerto; la Falla de Hacıpaşa. La ruptura fue detenida por un paso que conectó la Falla de Anatolia Oriental con la Falla de Hacıpaşa. Aunque no se rompió, la tensión de Coulomb aumentó en la Falla de Hacıpaşa. Una combinación de los aumentos de la tensión, 600-900 sin grandes terremotos, y su tasa de deslizamiento anual de 5 mm (0,20 in), la Falla de Hacıpaşa sigue siendo una fuente potencial de terremotos de magnitud 7,0 o superior. El deslizamiento acumulado a lo largo de este segmento se estima en 3-9 m (9,8-29,5 ft). Sigue siendo plausible un "efecto dominó" de terremotos a lo largo de la Transformación del Mar Muerto a partir de la Falla de Hacıpaşa, como se observa a lo largo de la Falla de Anatolia del Norte, donde sucesivos terremotos han migrado hacia el oeste a lo largo de la falla desde 1939. [103]
Daños y víctimas
En Turquía
Hubo 53.537 muertos [118] [119] y 107.213 heridos [120] en 11 de las 17 provincias afectadas de Turquía . [121] [122] Alrededor de 140 personas siguen desaparecidas; 118 en la provincia de Hatay. [123] Al menos 15,73 millones de personas [124] y 4 millones de edificios fueron afectados. [125] Más de 2 millones de residentes en las provincias afectadas fueron evacuados a provincias cercanas, incluyendo Mersin, Antalya, Mardin, Niğde y Konya. [126] Al menos 518.009 casas [127] y más de 345.000 apartamentos fueron destruidos. [128] Más del 20 por ciento de la producción agrícola de Turquía fue afectada. Las Naciones Unidas dijeron que los cultivos, el ganado, la pesca, la acuicultura y la infraestructura rural fueron gravemente dañados. [124] Al menos 516 edificios universitarios fueron afectados, de los cuales 106 sufrieron graves daños. [129]
Para el 23 de febrero de 2023, el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Urbanización y Cambio Climático realizó inspecciones de daños en 1,25 millones de edificios; revelando que 164.000 edificios fueron destruidos o severamente dañados. [130] Otra inspección realizada en marzo reveló que 1.411.304 unidades de vivienda sufrieron daños de leves a moderados. [127] Más de 150.000 infraestructuras comerciales sufrieron daños al menos moderados. [131] La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones estimó que más de 2,7 millones de personas se quedaron sin hogar. [132] Una evaluación de daños realizada por el gobierno turco reveló que al menos 61.722 edificios tuvieron que ser demolidos, incluidos 11.900 en la provincia de Gaziantep, 10.900 en la provincia de Hatay, 10.800 en la provincia de Kahramanmaraş y 36.046 en la provincia de Malatya. [133] [134] [135] Aparecieron amplias fisuras en las carreteras. [136] Durante las labores de recuperación, a menudo se encontraron partes de cuerpos entre los escombros. [137]
Un edificio de cinco plantas se derrumbó en el centro de GaziantepCuerpos en el Hospital de Formación e Investigación de Adıyaman
En Adana , 12 edificios se derrumbaron en el centro de la ciudad, 23 resultaron gravemente dañados y 120 sufrieron daños moderados. [138] Entre los edificios que se derrumbaron en la ciudad había tres apartamentos. [139] En toda la provincia de Adana , las evaluaciones de daños revelaron que 59 edificios, 1.274 apartamentos y 2.952 casas fueron destruidos, gravemente dañados o requirieron demolición. [134] [127]
Al menos 300 edificios fueron arrasados en Malatya . El sesenta por ciento de los edificios de la ciudad sufrieron daños. Casi todos los barrios de la ciudad se vieron afectados por edificios derrumbados. De las 968 mezquitas de la ciudad, 25 fueron destruidas y otras 420 resultaron dañadas. [140] Dos hoteles se derrumbaron en Malatya, causando muchas víctimas. [141] El techo del aeropuerto de Malatya Erhaç sufrió un colapso parcial, [142] al igual que la histórica mezquita Yeni Camii . [143] También se reportaron daños en el montículo Arslantepe . [144] En Akçadağ , murieron 11 personas, incluidas cuatro atribuidas al segundo terremoto. [145] Se reportaron al menos 263 muertes en Doğanşehir . [146]
En Gaziantep , muchos de los sitios históricos fueron severamente dañados, como el Castillo de Gaziantep , [147] [148] la Mezquita Şirvani [149] y la Mezquita de la Liberación . [150] La ciudad registró 16.211 derrumbes y edificios que fueron severamente dañados o requirieron demolición. [151] En el centro de la ciudad, al menos 154 personas murieron después de que un edificio de cuatro pisos se derrumbara; otros cuatro edificios derrumbados dejaron otras 102 personas muertas. [152] En Nizip , al menos 51 personas murieron cuando un edificio de apartamentos de seis pisos se derrumbó. [153]
En Nurdağı , murieron casi 2.500 personas y alrededor del 50 por ciento de las casas resultaron gravemente dañadas o destruidas. Un 30 por ciento adicional de su parque de edificios recibió daños moderados. [154] Se crearon fosas comunes para enterrar a la abrumadora cantidad de muertos. [137] El aeropuerto de Gaziantep Oğuzeli se vio obligado a restringir su servicio a vuelos de rescate. [155] El noventa por ciento de las casas resultaron gravemente dañadas o destruidas en Sakçagözü , y murieron 256 personas. [156] En İslahiye , hubo 1.368 muertos, más de 1.500 heridos y más de 200 apartamentos destruidos. [157] Hubo más de 130 muertos en Sulumağara ; 200 en Altınüzüm ; y 300-400 en Keküklü. [158]
Restos del derrumbado centro comercial Galeria, DiyarbakırVista satelital de la destrucción en Antakya
En la provincia de Hatay , 13.517 edificios se derrumbaron, 8.162 requirieron demolición y 67.346 resultaron gravemente dañados, [159] junto con 215.255 casas. [127] Los distritos de Antakya , Kırıkhan e İskenderun fueron los más afectados. [160] En Antakya, el 70 por ciento de las casas [161] y 6.369 edificios se derrumbaron, 3.734 tuvieron que ser demolidos y 21.830 resultaron gravemente dañados. La pista del aeropuerto de Hatay se partió y se levantó, lo que provocó cancelaciones de vuelos. [162] La Municipalidad Metropolitana de Ankara completó las reparaciones en el aeropuerto el 12 de febrero, [163] permitiendo su reapertura. [164] Dos hospitales provinciales y una comisaría de policía fueron destruidos, [165] y explotó un gasoducto . [166] El edificio que albergaba la asamblea del estado de Hatay fue destruido, [167] al igual que la iglesia de San Pablo [168] y la mezquita Habib'i Neccar , mientras que se produjeron daños en la sinagoga de Antakya [169] y el Museo de Arqueología de Hatay . [168] Varias docenas de edificios en el distrito de Güzelburç [170] y casi todas las casas en los distritos central y Cebrail se derrumbaron. [160] La mayoría del equipo y el cuerpo técnico del club de fútbol local Hatayspor quedaron atrapados inicialmente en el derrumbe de su sede en Antakya antes de ser rescatados, y el jugador Christian Atsu y el director deportivo Taner Savut murieron. [171] [172] En el distrito de Kırıkhan , 1.886 edificios se derrumbaron y otros 7.190 resultaron gravemente dañados o requirieron demolición. [159] Al menos 982 edificios fueron destruidos, otros 8.894 fueron gravemente dañados y 943 tuvieron que ser demolidos en Defne . [159] En Reyhanlı , 318 edificios se derrumbaron y otros 1.661 fueron severamente dañados o requirieron demolición. [159] Al menos 187 edificios se derrumbaron, otros 2.176 fueron gravemente dañados y otros 194 tuvieron que ser demolidos en Arsuz . [159] En Kumlu , 131 edificios fueron destruidos, otros 738 fueron severamente dañados y otros 84 requirieron demolición. [159]Al menos 58 edificios se derrumbaron y otros 669 resultaron gravemente dañados o tuvieron que ser demolidos en Payas . [159]
El derrumbe del lujoso apartamento Rönesans Rezidans dejó atrapadas a unas 800 personas, [173] matando al menos a 269 y dejando a 46 desaparecidos que se presume que están muertos. [174] En mayo de 2023, una investigación de The New York Times descubrió que un diseño inadecuado y fallos de seguridad pueden haber contribuido a su derrumbe. Un ingeniero reveló al periódico que "el edificio violaba los principios básicos de la ingeniería", después de inspeccionar sus planos. Los contratistas del edificio dijeron que se adhirieron a las normas de construcción, pero que estas no fueron suficientes contra el terremoto. [175]
El bloque de apartamentos de 13 pisos consta de tres edificios muy espaciados que están conectados externamente, pero no estructuralmente; cuando se produjo el derrumbe, los tres edificios se separaron. El sótano, un espacio de estacionamiento de dos pisos, se consideró la "parte más fuerte" del complejo, ya que tenía más paredes de hormigón que otras partes de la estructura. Las paredes exteriores del edificio y las que separaban las unidades y las habitaciones estaban formadas por mampostería pesada que puede haber impedido que la estructura se balanceara y posiblemente mantuvo el edificio casi intacto a pesar del derrumbe. El edificio se consideró una estructura de pisos blandos , ya que la planta baja tenía menos paredes de mampostería, lo que significaba que corría un mayor riesgo de sufrir daños por el movimiento sísmico del suelo . Entre otros factores, se encontraban el hecho de que las columnas de hormigón centrales que albergaban los sistemas de ascensores estaban situadas a lo largo del lado norte, lo que dejaba el lado sur vulnerable sin el apoyo adecuado. Otra razón fue que las vigas que salían de ambos lados del edificio estaban desalineadas y no se conectaban entre sí. Estas características pueden haber contribuido a que el edificio se volcara sobre su lado sur. [175]
En İskenderun , una ciudad industrial en la provincia de Hatay, se informó de un gran incendio en el puerto el 6 de febrero a las 17:00 [176] , que se cree que se originó en un contenedor que transportaba aceite industrial inflamable, [177] lo que obligó al cierre del puerto y al desvío de muchos barcos. Se extinguió el 6 [178] y el 8 [179] de febrero, solo para volver a encenderse al día siguiente en cada ocasión. [180] [181] Finalmente se extinguió el 10 de febrero. [182] Un total de 3.670 contenedores fueron destruidos por el incendio y la autoridad gestora del puerto dijo que las operaciones tardarían tres meses en reanudarse. [183] La ciudad vio derrumbarse 534 edificios, 337 requiriendo demolición y 4.622 sufriendo graves daños. [159] Se produjeron inundaciones a lo largo de la costa de la ciudad, inundando calles hasta 200 m (660 pies) tierra adentro. [184] La Catedral de la Anunciación , sede del Vicariato Apostólico Católico Romano de Anatolia , fue destruida casi por completo. [185] Al menos 3.109 personas murieron en la ciudad y más de 12.000 resultaron heridas. [186] En el distrito de Erzin , 31 edificios se derrumbaron y 897 resultaron gravemente dañados o tuvieron que ser demolidos. [159] Sin embargo, no hubo derrumbes ni daños importantes en Erzin , la ciudad más grande del distrito. Múltiples factores, incluidos los estrictos códigos de construcción, evitaron la destrucción. Se estima que 20.000 personas huyeron a Erzin, lo que aumentó su población en aproximadamente un 50 por ciento. [187] En Samandağ , 670 edificios se derrumbaron, 9.212 resultaron gravemente dañados o requirieron demolición [159] y 7.850 personas murieron. [188] Al menos 1.046 edificios se derrumbaron y otros 3.452 resultaron gravemente dañados o tuvieron que ser demolidos en el distrito de Hassa . [159] En Altınözü , 838 edificios fueron destruidos, otros 3.892 resultaron gravemente dañados y otros 650 requirieron demolición. [159] Hubo 213 edificios derrumbados y otros 1.453 habían sido gravemente dañados o tuvieron que ser demolidos en Yayladağı . [159] Al menos 139 edificios se derrumbaron, otros 755 resultaron gravemente dañados y otros 87 tuvieron que ser demolidos en Belen . [159] En Dörtyol , 115 edificios fueron destruidos y otros 2.030 tuvieron que ser demolidos o resultaron gravemente dañados. [159]
Trabajadores de rescate en Osmaniye
En Kahramanmaraş [189] [190] se realizaron entierros masivos de más de 5.000 cuerpos. [191] Un funcionario de la ciudad dijo que la fosa común eventualmente sería el lugar de entierro de 10.000 cuerpos. [191] Alrededor del 75 por ciento de los edificios de la ciudad fueron dañados o destruidos. [88] En Elbistan , 924 personas murieron y 1.825 resultaron heridas. [192] Se estima que 2.000 edificios fueron destruidos. [193] En Ordekdede, una aldea en el distrito de Pazarcik, casi todos los edificios de una sola planta fueron diezmados. Ninguna de las 140 casas de la aldea era estructuralmente estable. Treinta y cuatro personas murieron en la aldea. [194] Al menos 11 personas murieron, 107 casas fueron destruidas y el 70 por ciento del parque de edificios fue dañado en Ekinözü . [195] En Afşin , al menos 180 personas murieron. Al menos 335 edificios, incluidos 90 en el centro de la ciudad, fueron destruidos. La planta de energía térmica de Afşin-Elbistan también resultó dañada. [196] En Ericek [ce; tr; vi] , un pueblo en Göksun , el 95 por ciento de las casas se vieron afectadas y 152 murieron. [197] En Nurhak , hubo alrededor de 200 muertes y todas las casas resultaron gravemente dañadas. [198] En Türkoğlu , 1.171 edificios se derrumbaron y otros 4.500 requirieron demolición. [199]
Destrucción en Kahramanmaraş
En la provincia de Adıyaman , más de 20.000 edificios y 56.256 casas fueron destruidos. [130] [127] En la ciudad de Adıyaman , cuatro barrios fueron arrasados. [200] Muchos edificios a lo largo del bulevar Atatürk se derrumbaron. [201] El ayuntamiento, una mezquita del siglo VI y el hospital estatal del distrito de Gölbaşı también fueron destruidos. [202] [203] [204] El Hotel Isias , el hotel más grande de la ciudad, también se derrumbó, matando a 65 personas. [205] [206] Hasta el 10 por ciento de la población de Adıyaman pereció. [207] El alcalde de Kömür dijo que los barrios de Karapınar y Bahçelievler fueron casi destruidos. También se observó destrucción en los distritos de Barbaros, Çelikhan , Sümerevler y Karapınar . En Harmanlı, una aldea en el distrito de Gölbaşı , el 80-90 por ciento de la misma fue destruida. [141] El segundo terremoto destruyó tres edificios en la provincia. [203] En Gölbaşı , el 71 por ciento de la infraestructura de la ciudad fue dañada o destruida y 695 personas murieron y más de 400 resultaron heridas, incluidas 286 muertes en el centro de la ciudad. [208] También hubo 410 muertes en el distrito de Besni , aproximadamente el 90 por ciento de ellas en la propia ciudad. [209] En Kâhta , al menos 55 personas murieron. [210]
En la provincia de Diyarbakir , 8.602 casas resultaron gravemente dañadas o destruidas, y otras 124.432 resultaron parcialmente dañadas. [127] Además, 8.086 edificios resultaron dañados, requirieron demolición o se derrumbaron. [134] La fortaleza de Diyarbakir , declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO , también quedó parcialmente destruida. [185] El adyacente Patrimonio de la Humanidad de los Jardines de Hevsel también resultó dañado. [155] Parte del complejo Galeria en Yenişehir , que incluía un centro comercial y docenas de apartamentos, se derrumbó, matando a 89 personas e hiriendo a 22. [211]
Esfuerzos de remoción de escombros en Islahiye, Gaziantep
Al menos 466 edificios resultaron gravemente dañados en la provincia de Sanliurfa ; 201 fueron destruidos. [212] Las estructuras alrededor de la Piscina de Abraham resultaron dañadas. El minarete del santuario religioso se derrumbó parcialmente, enviando escombros a las piscinas de abajo y decolorando el agua, que también se contaminó con aguas residuales que se filtraban. [169] En el distrito de Eyyübiye , el minarete de la mezquita del profeta Eyüp resultó dañado y fue retirado. [212] Treinta y tres personas murieron en el derrumbe del apartamento Osman Ağan. [213]
En la provincia de Osmaniye , de los 22.841 edificios examinados, 1.739 sufrieron graves daños, quedaron destruidos o requirieron demolición urgente. Además, 16.111 casas se derrumbaron o sufrieron graves daños, y 73.588 unidades de vivienda sufrieron daños parciales. [127] Al menos 1.088 de los 13.667 edificios examinados en el distrito de Merkez quedaron destruidos, sufrieron graves daños o requirieron demolición urgente. [214]
En la provincia de Kilis , 119 edificios fueron destruidos y otros 138 resultaron gravemente dañados, [215] junto con 2.514 casas. [127] En la provincia de Batman , 218 edificios resultaron dañados y otros 15 fueron completamente destruidos. [216] En la provincia de Mardin, 59 edificios resultaron gravemente dañados y otros 190 resultaron levemente dañados [217] y se produjo una muerte relacionada con un ataque cardíaco en el distrito de Kızıltepe . [115] En la provincia de Bingöl , varias casas se agrietaron y algunos animales murieron por el derrumbe de graneros. [218] En Samsun , se produjeron daños en el estadio de Samsun . [219] En la provincia de Kayseri , ocho edificios se derrumbaron, mientras que otros 5.252 resultaron dañados en algún grado. [220] Varias casas resultaron dañadas y un granero se derrumbó en la provincia de Muş . [221] En la provincia de Sivas , el segundo terremoto destruyó algunas casas. [222] En la provincia de Giresun , un edificio de cinco pisos resultó dañado y tuvo que ser evacuado. [223] Un apartamento desocupado en Elazığ resultó dañado y luego se derrumbó durante el segundo terremoto. [224]
Entre los muertos se encontraban el miembro de la Gran Asamblea Nacional de Turquía por Adıyaman Yakup Taş , [225] el portero del Yeni Malatyaspor Ahmet Eyüp Türkaslan , [226] el ex jugador de la selección nacional turca de balonmano Cemal Kütahya y su hijo de cinco años, [227] [228] y Saul Cenudioğlu, líder de la comunidad judía en Antakya, que murió junto con su esposa. [169] El ex diputado de Kahramanmaraş Sıtkı Güvenç murió a causa de las heridas del terremoto el 9 de febrero. [229] Tres soldados turcos murieron durante las operaciones de rescate. [230] Veintiséis periodistas locales, [231] cuatro médicos, [232] 120 agentes de policía y 32 gendarmerías estaban entre los muertos. [233]
En Siria
Destrucción en Jindires, Gobernación de Alepo, Siria
Según funcionarios respaldados por Turquía, el 2 de febrero de 2024, 4.537 personas murieron en zonas controladas por los rebeldes, mientras que 1.414 murieron en zonas controladas por el gobierno. La Media Luna Azul Internacional situó el número de muertos en Siria en 8.476. [234] El Ministerio de Salud sirio dijo que murieron más de 2.248 personas, [235] la mayoría en Alepo y Latakia . [236] En las zonas controladas por los rebeldes, murieron al menos 4.547 personas. [235] [237] [238] En un informe del Cuerpo Médico Internacional de fecha 8 de marzo de 2023, se confirmó la muerte de 7.259 personas. [239]
Más de 14.500 personas resultaron heridas en Siria. [240] Entre los muertos había 2.153 niños y 1.524 mujeres. [241] La Red Siria de Derechos Humanos afirmó que entre los muertos había 73 médicos, cinco miembros de los medios de comunicación, 62 trabajadores de agencias humanitarias y cuatro miembros de la defensa civil. [242] El Observatorio Sirio de Derechos Humanos dijo que más muertos fueron enterrados antes de ser registrados y que algunas víctimas murieron en hospitales. [235] El Centro Nacional de Terremotos de Siria dijo que el terremoto es "el mayor terremoto registrado" en su historia operativa. [243]
Se estima que 5,37 millones de personas en Siria se han quedado sin hogar, [244] mientras que 10,9 millones de personas, casi la mitad de la población del país, se vieron afectadas. [245] Más de 123 zonas residenciales, aldeas, pueblos y ciudades resultaron gravemente dañadas. Muchas centrales eléctricas, instalaciones de agua, hospitales e infraestructuras públicas también sufrieron daños. [235] Al menos 453 escuelas resultaron dañadas. [246] En todo el país, 22.452 unidades de vivienda fueron destruidas y otras 62.878 resultaron dañadas. [247]
Cientos de personas murieron en la ciudad de Atarib . [237] En Jindires , más de 1.100 personas murieron [248] y al menos 250 edificios fueron arrasados; [249] entre las muertes había una familia de 7 personas; el único sobreviviente fue un recién nacido. [250] En Jableh , al menos 283 personas murieron, 173 resultaron heridas y 19 edificios se derrumbaron. [251] Se recuperaron cuatro cuerpos y 15 cuerpos estaban en proceso de recuperación durante la limpieza de escombros el 10 de febrero. [252] El 11 de febrero, se recuperaron seis cuerpos de los escombros de una casa derrumbada a lo largo de la calle al-Maliyeh. [253] Los civiles quedaron atrapados bajo los escombros durante horas debido a la falta de equipos de rescate en varias aldeas como Atarib, Besnia , Jindires, Maland , Salqin y Sarmada . [254] [255] [256] En la Gobernación de Latakia , 142.000 personas se vieron afectadas; al menos 805 personas murieron y otras 1.131 resultaron heridas. El gobernador de la región dijo que 105 edificios fueron destruidos, 247 estaban en riesgo de derrumbarse y otros 900 resultaron gravemente dañados. [257] [258] [259] En la Universidad de Tishreen , murieron 10 estudiantes, 3 empleados y un profesor. [260] Al menos 48 personas murieron en Hama , de las cuales 43 fueron por el derrumbe de un edificio de ocho pisos. [261]
La Associated Press, citando a residentes locales, dijo que la presa de Afrín se había agrietado. [262] El 9 de febrero a las 04:00, la presa se rompió e inundó la aldea de Al-Tloul , lo que se vio agravado por las fuertes lluvias a lo largo de la cuenca del río Afrín . Casi todos sus residentes huyeron; unas 500 familias fueron desplazadas. Según Reuters, citando a residentes locales, entre 35 y 40 personas murieron y la mayoría de los edificios de Al-Tloul resultaron dañados o destruidos por el terremoto. [263] En Atarib , 148 cadáveres llegaron a un hospital subterráneo. Un médico del hospital dijo que a algunos cuerpos les faltaban la cabeza o las extremidades. [264] Varios sitios arqueológicos en la Gobernación de Tartus resultaron dañados, incluido el Castillo Khawabi y el Castillo Aleika , que se derrumbaron parcialmente. También se informó de daños a torres históricas e infraestructura en Tartous y Safita . [265]
El presidente de la Sociedad Médica Sirio Americana , Amjad Rass, dijo que las salas de emergencia estaban repletas de heridos. [266] En la Gobernación de Idlib , un hospital recibió 30 cadáveres. [267] [268] En la aldea de Azmarin , Gobernación de Idlib, al menos 260 personas murieron, incluidos 51 miembros de una familia; al menos 300 resultaron heridas y 100 fueron rescatadas. Quince edificios en la aldea fueron arrasados y aproximadamente el 50 por ciento de su parque de viviendas tenía grietas. [269] El futbolista Nader Joukhadar , que jugaba para la selección nacional , murió junto con su hijo cuando su casa se derrumbó en Jableh. [270] [271]
Restos de un edificio en Alepo, Siria
Según el Comité Internacional de Rescate , el terremoto se produjo cuando las zonas controladas por los rebeldes se preparaban para una tormenta de nieve y estaban experimentando un brote de cólera . [272] En Alepo, decenas de edificios se derrumbaron [273] y al menos 444 personas murieron, incluidos 163 niños. [274] Para el 8 de febrero, los cuerpos de 210 víctimas fueron devueltos a sus familias. [275] La Dirección General de Antigüedades y Museos dijo que varios sitios arqueológicos en toda la ciudad estaban extensamente agrietados o derrumbados. [276] También se informó de grietas en la fachada exterior del Museo Nacional de Alepo . [277] En Atarib, Alepo, el hospital de la Sociedad Médica Sirio Americana dijo que se recuperaron 120 cuerpos. [278] Cerca de 20.000 viviendas se vieron afectadas en Alepo, dejando a 70.000 personas sin hogar. [279] Los daños totales en la ciudad superaron los 403 millones de dólares. [247] En Rajo , las puertas y las paredes de una prisión se agrietaron y veinte prisioneros, que se cree que son miembros del Estado Islámico (ISIS), escaparon de la prisión. [280]
En Damasco , muchas personas huyeron de sus hogares a las calles. [281] [282] En las partes del norte de la ciudad, muchos edificios estaban agrietados. [283] Muchos edificios en Siria ya habían sido dañados por una guerra civil de casi 12 años de duración . [284] El castillo Margat construido por los cruzados sufrió daños, con parte de una torre y partes de algunas paredes derrumbándose. [281] También se abrieron grietas en los muros del castillo Krak des Chevaliers . [169] La Ciudadela de Alepo también se vio afectada. [285] Además, una de las torres del Castillo Sahyun cerca de Latakia fue destruida. [286] El minarete de la Gran Mezquita de Kobanî también fue dañado. [287]
Destrucción en Alepo, Siria
Víctimas extranjeras
Al menos 6.600 sirios residentes en Turquía fueron asesinados. [121] Según la Presidencia de Gestión de Migración de Turquía , 1,75 millones de sirios viven en el sur de Turquía; 460.150 en Gaziantep; 354.000 en Antakya; 368.000 en Şanlıurfa; 250.000 en Adana. El Ministerio de Salud de Turquía devolvió los cuerpos de 1.793 víctimas sirias a sus familiares en Siria, [341] mientras que miles de sirios fueron enterrados en Turquía debido a las dificultades para transportarlos a Siria. [342] Al menos 11 refugiados de guerra iraquíes murieron en Turquía. [343]
Al menos 100 afganos murieron por el terremoto en Turquía, en su mayoría refugiados que huyeron del país después de la toma de poder de los talibanes en agosto de 2021. [344] Entre las muertes de libaneses había una familia entera de tres en Malatya. [298] Diez azerbaiyanos murieron en Turquía, incluidos cuatro estudiantes en Malatya. [345] Una familia italiana de seis personas y un empresario también perecieron. [302] [303] Diecinueve estudiantes, dos profesores y un padre del norte de Chipre murieron cuando se derrumbó el Hotel Isias en Adıyaman. [293] Otros siete turcochipriotas murieron en Hatay y Kahramanmaraş. [294]
Efectos en otros países
En Líbano , los residentes se despertaron de su sueño. Los edificios del país temblaron durante hasta 40 segundos. En Beirut , los residentes huyeron de sus hogares y se quedaron en las calles o condujeron sus vehículos para huir de los edificios. El terremoto dañó 16.200 edificios en todo el país, incluidos 10.460 en Beirut y 4.000 en Trípoli . [281] [346]
En Ashdod , Israel, un edificio fue evacuado después de que se observaran grietas en un pilar, [347] y la Torre Champion Motors en Bnei Brak fue ligeramente dañada por el segundo terremoto. [348] En Nicosia , Chipre, algunas ventanas se agrietaron y la pared de una casa se derrumbó, dañando dos vehículos cercanos. [349] [ ¿ Fuente poco confiable? ] [350] Seis ballenas picudas de Cuvier fueron encontradas muertas a lo largo de la costa norte de la isla el 10 de febrero. El Departamento de Pesca e Investigación Marina dijo que había un posible vínculo entre el varamiento y el terremoto, ya que el sistema de ecolocalización de estas ballenas se ve afectado por las perturbaciones del mar. [351]
El 20 de febrero, un temblor de magnitud 6,3 sacudió las cercanías de Antakya , [52] provocando el derrumbe de más edificios en Samandağ y más daños en Antakya . [357] Seis personas murieron en Antakya, Defne y Samandağ . [358] [359] Al menos 562 personas resultaron heridas, incluidas 18 en estado grave que recibieron atención médica inmediata antes de ser trasladadas a Adana y Dörtyol . [360] [361] La AFAD advirtió a los residentes que se mantuvieran alejados de la costa, ya que existía la posibilidad de un tsunami de hasta 50 cm (20 pulgadas). [362] El alcalde de Hatay dijo que varias personas quedaron atrapadas bajo los escombros. Un puente resultó dañado y un edificio vacío de tres pisos en İskenderun se derrumbó. [363] [364] En Siria, cinco personas murieron durante estampidas y pánico en varias gobernaciones y al menos 500 personas resultaron heridas. [365] [366] Los Cascos Blancos dijeron que en Alepo e Idlib hubo heridos por el derrumbe de edificios. [357] Algunos residentes de Jinderis resultaron heridos tras saltar de edificios. En el noroeste de Siria, se derrumbaron edificios dañados y abandonados sin que se produjeran víctimas. [367] Se sintieron temblores en Líbano, Egipto y Jordania. [368]
El 27 de febrero se produjo un temblor de magnitud 5,2 cerca de Yeşilyurt . [ 369 ] Derrumbó unos 30 edificios de la ciudad. [370] Dos personas murieron y otras 140 resultaron heridas; 12 de ellas en estado grave. [371] Una víctima mortal y cuatro heridos se atribuyeron al derrumbe de una fábrica en la provincia de Kahramanmaraş. [372]
El 25 de julio, un temblor de magnitud 5,5 sacudió Kozan, provincia de Adana. [373] El temblor dejó 63 personas heridas en las provincias de Adana y Osmaniye . [374] [375] Una casa en Sumbas también resultó dañada por desprendimientos de rocas. [376] Otra réplica sacudió la provincia de Malatya el 10 de agosto, con una magnitud de 5,3 . [377] Veintitrés personas resultaron heridas: 22 en Malatya y una en Adıyaman. [378] Un edificio se derrumbó y dos resultaron dañados en Malatya. [379]
Estimaciones de pérdidas
Automóviles bajo un edificio gravemente dañado en la provincia de Adıyaman
El servicio de Evaluación Rápida de Terremotos Globales para Respuesta (PAGER) del USGS estimó una probabilidad del 35 por ciento de pérdidas económicas entre US$10 mil millones y US$100 mil millones. Había una probabilidad del 34 por ciento de pérdidas económicas superiores a US$100 mil millones. El servicio estimó una probabilidad del 36 por ciento de muertes entre 10.000 y 100.000; una probabilidad del 26 por ciento de muertes superiores a 100.000. [380] Para el segundo gran terremoto, había una probabilidad del 46 por ciento de muertes entre 1.000 y 10.000; una probabilidad del 30 por ciento de muertes entre 100 y 1.000. El servicio también estimó una probabilidad del 35 por ciento de pérdidas económicas entre US$1 mil millones y US$10 mil millones; una probabilidad del 27 por ciento de pérdidas económicas entre US$10 mil millones y US$100 mil millones. [381]
Risklayer estimó que el número de muertos se situó entre 23.284 y 105.671. [382] Según el profesor de geofísica Övgün Ahmet Ercan, "180.000 personas o más podrían estar atrapadas bajo los escombros, casi todas muertas". [383] El 11 de febrero, cuando se informó de que el número de muertos era de unas 28.000, el coordinador de ayuda de emergencia de las Naciones Unidas, Martin Griffiths, dijo que se esperaba que el número de muertos fuera "más del doble". [384] [385] [386] La Organización Mundial de la Salud dijo que hasta 26 millones de personas podrían haber sido afectadas; 15 millones en Turquía y 11 millones en Siria. [387]
Inmediatamente después de los terremotos, el valor de la lira turca alcanzó un mínimo histórico de 18,85 frente al dólar estadounidense, pero se recuperó a su posición inicial al final del día. [388] Los mercados bursátiles turcos cayeron; los principales índices de referencia de acciones cayeron hasta un 5 por ciento y los bancos cayeron un 5,5 por ciento, pero se recuperaron de las pérdidas. El principal mercado bursátil del país cayó un 1,35 por ciento el 6 de febrero. [389] La Borsa Istanbul cayó un 8,6 por ciento el 7 de febrero y disminuyó más del 7 por ciento en la mañana del 8 de febrero antes de que se suspendiera la negociación; [390] la bolsa anunció entonces que cerraría durante cinco días. [391] Cuando la bolsa volvió a abrir, las acciones de Turquía se dispararon casi un 10 por ciento, mientras que la lira cayó a un mínimo histórico de 18,9010 frente al dólar. [392] El coste total de los daños causados por el terremoto en Turquía fue estimado por TÜRKONFED en 84.100 millones de dólares estadounidenses ; 70.750 millones de dólares en reconstrucción, 10.400 millones de dólares de pérdida en ingresos nacionales y 2.910 millones de dólares adicionales de pérdida en fuerza laboral. [393] El presidente turco Recep Tayyip Erdogan dijo que la reconstrucción costaría 105.000 millones de dólares. [394] El Banco Europeo de Reconstrucción y Desarrollo dijo que las pérdidas potenciales pueden ser de hasta el 1 por ciento del PIB de Turquía en 2023. [395] El gobierno turco publicó un informe preliminar que estima el costo total de los daños en 103.600 millones de dólares; correspondiente al 9 por ciento de su PIB en 2023. [396] Se cree que aproximadamente la mitad de las propiedades residenciales en el área afectada están cubiertas por el Seguro Obligatorio contra Terremotos . [397]
Parcelas de tierra vacías en Antakya después de la limpieza de escombros
El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo estimó que en Turquía se deben retirar entre 116 y 210 millones de toneladas de escombros. [398] El volumen de escombros de construcción se estimó en 100 millones de m3 ( 3.500 millones de pies cúbicos), mayor que cualquier desastre natural reciente. La cantidad es diez veces mayor que la producida durante el terremoto de Haití de 2010. [399]
En Siria, el Banco Mundial estimó que los daños ascendieron a 5.100 millones de dólares, sin contar el impacto económico ni las pérdidas. Casi la mitad del costo fue daño directo a edificios residenciales y el 18 por ciento a infraestructura. [400] La gobernación de Alepo, la más afectada, representó el 45 por ciento del costo de los daños (equivalente a unos 2.300 millones de dólares), [401] seguida por las gobernaciones de Idlib y Latakia. La cantidad de capital destruido o dañado fue de alrededor del 10 por ciento del PIB de Siria. [400] El Banco Mundial estimó el costo de la reconstrucción en 7.900 millones de dólares; además, la economía podría contraerse hasta un 5,5 por ciento en 2023. [402]
Secuelas
Pavo
Trabajos de rescate en el destruido centro comercial Galeria de Diyarbakir . Uno de los edificios que se ve al fondo se derrumbó después de una réplica.
Inmediatamente después, miles de personas quedaron atrapadas bajo los escombros cuando los edificios se derrumbaron. [125] Muchas personas estaban desaparecidas en los edificios derrumbados. [403] Los sobrevivientes atrapados bajo los escombros transmitieron en vivo sus súplicas de ayuda en las redes sociales. [404] Algunos sobrevivientes atrapados compartieron su ubicación en las redes sociales, lo que permitió a los rescatistas llegar a ellos. [405] Las personas que perdieron el contacto con sus familiares también enviaron súplicas en las redes sociales. [406] Varias decenas de miles de personas en toda la región se quedaron sin hogar y pasaron la noche en un clima frío. Las autoridades tenían planes de abrir hoteles en Antalya , Alanya y Mersin para alojar temporalmente a la población afectada. [407] Las autoridades fueron criticadas por los residentes de la provincia de Hatay, que criticaron los insuficientes esfuerzos de búsqueda y rescate. La pista del aeropuerto de Hatay resultó gravemente dañada, lo que dificultó los esfuerzos de rescate. El 7 de febrero, las autoridades dijeron que 1.846 personas en la provincia habían sido rescatadas. [408]
Equipo de búsqueda y rescate ucraniano en Hatay
En Turquía, las mezquitas se utilizaron como refugio para las personas que no pudieron regresar a sus hogares debido a las gélidas temperaturas. [409] En Gaziantep, la gente buscó refugio en centros comerciales, estadios, centros comunitarios y mezquitas. [410] Casi 250.000 personas desplazadas residían en escuelas de toda la provincia de Malatya. Al menos 24 cocinas móviles de escuelas vocacionales de la provincia se distribuyeron en las zonas afectadas. [411] [ ¿ Fuente poco fiable? ]
Varias instituciones humanitarias turcas, como Ahbap de Haluk Levent , [412] [413] los Fondos de Filantropía Turcos (con sede en Estados Unidos), [414] y la Media Luna Roja Turca (además de otros miembros de la FICR en todo el mundo) [415] también lanzaron llamamientos de emergencia para ayudar a las víctimas.
Turkish Airlines said it would provide free flights from the provinces of Adana, Adıyaman, Gaziantep, Kayseri, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Malatya, Elazığ and Kahramanmaraş. The Disaster and Emergency Management Authority opened an invitation for citizen volunteers to help with rescue efforts in the affected area. Thousands of volunteers arrived at Istanbul Airport. Bilal Ekşi, CEO of Turkish Airlines, said it has flown 11,780 volunteers on 80 flights to Adana, Gaziantep, Adiyaman and Şanlıurfa.[416][unreliable source?]Pegasus Airlines said it evacuated 30,771 people from the affected area on 169 flights between 6 and 9 February.[417] Between 6 and 11 February, Turkish Airlines said it evacuated 139,438 people from the affected area on 790 flights. It carried 7,833 members of search and rescue and aid groups to the affected area on 1,595 flights.[418]
President's national mourning decision
Search and rescue
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on Twitter, "search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched" to the affected area. Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings.[419] On 7 February, President Erdoğan declared a 3-month state of emergency in the 10 affected provinces: Adana, Hatay, Osmaniye, Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Malatya and Diyarbakır.[407]
The national government declared a level four alert to appeal for international aid.[420] According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, 25,000 search and rescue personnel were dispatched to the 10 affected provinces.[421][422] At least 70 countries offered to help in search and rescue operations.[407]
Emergency Service of Ukraine in Hatay Province
Emergency services in Turkey were activated and looked for survivors trapped under many collapsed buildings. By 8 February, more than 8,000 people were rescued from rubble across 10 provinces.[410][423] About 380,000 individuals took refuge at relief shelters or hotels.[408]
An "air aid corridor" was established by the Turkish Armed Forces to mobilize search and rescue teams. Many military aircraft including an Airbus A400M and C-130 Hercules planes transported search and rescue teams and vehicles to the area. Food, blankets and psychological teams were also sent.[424] Turkey sent an official request to NATO and allies for assistance.[425]
Over 53,000 Turkish emergency workers were deployed to the regions affected from the earthquakes.[426] A team of 90 miners from Soma arrived at Osmaniye to provide assistance. The İzmir Metropolitan Municipality also sent dozens of vehicles and equipment.[427]
Poor weather conditions including snow, rain and freezing temperatures disrupted search and rescue efforts undertaken by rescue workers and civilians. Rescuers and volunteers wore winter clothing while searching for survivors.[428] Damaged roads also slowed down aid delivery.[429]
On 8 February, Erdoğan visited the town of Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş Province and Hatay Province.[391] He acknowledged "shortcomings" in the response to the earthquake, but denied that there was an insufficient number of personnel involved in rescue operations.[391] He also described people saying they hadn't seen security forces at all in some areas as "provocateurs".[430]
AFAD announced on 19 February that search and rescue efforts in most of the affected provinces had ceased.[431] The chairperson of AFAD, Yunus Sezer, said efforts would largely be discontinued by the night of 19 February.[432] Operations were still ongoing for 40 buildings in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay provinces by 19 February.[433][434]
Charity and volunteer campaigns
Aid collection in Istanbul
President of the Turkish Red Crescent, Kerem Kınık, said the national blood stock may not be sufficient and made an appeal on social media urging people to donate blood across the country.[435] On 7 February, many search and rescue teams from various cities, many from Istanbul, and AFAD volunteers reached the affected areas.[436] At Istanbul, 12,752 volunteers were flown on 73 flights to the region by 06:00.[437] By 11 February, there were over 159,000 volunteer and professional search and rescue personnel in the affected area.[438]
Eight of Turkey's most-watched television channels organized a joint broadcast of an aid campaign. The channels; ATV, FOX, Kanal D, Kanal 7, Show TV, Star TV, TRT 1 and TV8 ortak organized the Türkiye Beats with One Heart Campaign on 15 February.[439] The broadcast was featured on 213 television channels and 562 radio stations.[440] The campaign received $6.1 billion in donations; the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey was the largest donor, pledging $1.6 billion. Ziraat Bank and VakıfBank each pledged $1 billion.[441] The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Turkish Football Federation, Super League Clubs Association Foundation and beIN Media Group organized the Omuz Omuza campaign which raised $44.8 million on the first day.[442]
Government assistance
Relief center at Hatay Stadium
The government said it would pay compensation to those who have lost their homes.[443] President Erdoğan said ₺15,000 in relocation assistance per household would be given to those whose homes were moderate, heavy or total destruction. Rent assistance of up to ₺5,000 would be given to homeowners and ₺2,000 to tenants.[444]
On 9 February, after touring the city of Gaziantep, Erdoğan promised to rebuild destroyed homes of survivors within one year.[262] He also said the government is working on temporary accommodation for those made homeless.[262] That same day, force majeure was imposed in the affected region and tax obligations between 6 February and 31 July 2023, were postponed until 31 July 2023.[445]
On 10 February, while touring Adıyaman Province, Erdoğan reiterated the promise to rebuild all homes within one year, and added that the government will subsidize rents for those unwilling to stay in tents.[446] He later added that more than 141,000 rescue personnel, including foreign teams, were working in the 10 affected provinces, that 100 billion lira (US$5.3 billion) were allocated to the disaster response.[443] On 22 February, the Turkish government announced plans to construct 200,000 homes in the 11 affected provinces and a further 70,000 in villages.[447]
Over 1.9 million people were rehoused in dormitories, guest houses, tents, hotels and containers.[448] AFAD issued a statement on 16 February, detailing that 387,000 tents had been established in the affected area by local and international organizations. Erdoğan said 890,000 survivors were placed in dormitories and 50,000 in hotels. He added that 1.6 million people had access to shelter.[449] Across the affected region, 162 container cities were established.[448] The Governor of Şırnak, Osman Bilgin, said the district would be demolished and reconstructed.[450]
On 22 April, at an opening ceremony for new homes in Gaziantep, Erdoğan said construction had begun for 105,000—more than half had been completed. He added that the government was constructing 507,000 houses and 143,000 village homes; 319,000 homes were planned for completion by the end of 2023. New facilities including schools, hospitals, bazaars, markets, green areas, and parks were also being built.[451] About 689,000 people continue to live in container homes one year after the earthquake. These containers, generally 21 m2 (230 sq ft), are equipped with amenities such as running water, a shower and toilet.[452]
Incidents
On the morning of 7 February, Turkey accused the People's Defense Units of having overseen an MRL attack on its border checkpoint, and that the Turkish army responded with further attacks.[453][454]
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) declared a ceasefire in its conflict with Turkey.[446] Co-founder of the PKK, Cemîl Bayik, said "thousands of our people are under the rubble" and pushed for the focus on recovery efforts. He requested for all groups engaged to stop military actions and added that the PKK would not be engaged "as long as the Turkish state does not attack".[455]
On 17 February, a Syrian family of seven, including five children, were killed during a fire that struck a home in Nurdağı, Turkey, in which they moved to after surviving the earthquake. Seven other people were injured during the fire.[456] A natural gas explosion at a building in Şanlıurfa on 20 February killed two, left five injured and damaged businesses. Şanlıurfa's governor, Salih Ayhan, said due to the earthquakes, gas supply to the city was cut and an investigation was ongoing.[457] A bus ferrying earthquake survivors from Hatay to Konya collided with a truck on the Tarsus-Adana-Gaziantep Motorway on 23 February, killing two and injuring six.[458]
On 20 April, an IF1 tornado struck a camp housing people affected by the earthquake in Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş; three people died and 50 others were injured.[459][460][461][462]
Crime and conflict
After the earthquakes, looting was observed in the affected provinces. In Hatay, some desperate survivors trespassed into supermarkets for food when aid took too long to arrive. However, ATMs were also broken-in and emptied; looters also began ravaging through clothing and electronic stores.[463] President Erdogan said on 11 February that serious actions would be taken to address the issue. A rescuer in the affected area said many looters carried knives with them.[464] Looting occurred at damaged shops and buildings. Videos also circulated online allegedly showing goods stolen from aid vehicles, looting at buildings and alleged looters being beaten by officials or crowds. On 11 February, Anadolu Agency, citing unnamed sources, said Turkish officials arrested 98 people and seized stolen goods.[465] In Hatay Province, 42 people were held for stealing cash, smartphones, computers, weaponries, jewellery and bank cards. Authorities also arrested six people for cheating a survivor in Gaziantep.[463]
Turkey's Human Rights Association recorded several instances of violence and torture against alleged looters in Hatay Province. In one instance, a person died while in custody of officials after he was arrested in Hatay's Altinözü District alongside his brother. The surviving brother said he had been tortured. The siblings' father who identified the body said the victim died from a blood clot and had broken ribs and a broken nose. There were many reports of people mistaken as looters and violently beaten, including the beating of volunteer rescuers. A video which showed the lynching of three alleged refugees was posted on Twitter.[466]
German and Austrian rescuers deployed to Hatay suspended operations, citing a worsening security situation due to the slow arrival of aid or sporadic clashes between armed groups.[467][468] The teams later resumed operations when the Turkish Land Forces provided protection.[469] On 12 February, rescuers from the Israeli search-and-rescue group United Hatzalah left Turkey, citing "intelligence of a concrete and immediate threat on the Israeli delegation".[470][471]
On 9 February, three inmates were killed and 12 more injured after soldiers opened fire during a prison riot in Hatay. The prisoners were demanding to see their families affected by the earthquake.[472]
Floods
Flooding in Şanlıurfa
Floods which struck the provinces of Adıyaman and Şanlıurfa in March killed at least 21 people.[473] The floods swept away cars, affected homes and campsites housing earthquake survivors. Twelve people, including five Syrians, died in Şanlıurfa. An intensive care unit in a hospital in the province was evacuated. In Adıyaman, two drowning deaths occurred when floodwaters swept away a container home with a family. Over a dozen professional divers participated in search and rescue efforts in each province.[474]
2023 elections
Before the earthquake, the government had planned the elections to be held on 14 May 2023, a month earlier than its latest possible date as a snap election.[475] After the earthquake, doubts arose if elections could be held on schedule. On 13 February, Bülent Arınç of the AKP demanded the elections be postponed despite the constitution disallowing such a possibility in the absence of war. Arınç's declaration has been criticized by media outlets and politicians.[475] However, the possibility of this passing through amending the constitution was uncertain, as the governing coalition, with its 333 seats in parliament, could not surpass the 400-number hurdle needed for the motion to succeed.[476] On 18 February, AKP authorities stated that the elections would not be delayed.[477]
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu of the CHP opposed its postponement on constitutional grounds. Mustafa Tolga Öztürk, YSK member of the İYİ party stated that YSK does not have any power to postpone an election and only parliament has the right to do so, adding that Turkey had no more time to lose with the AKP. Selahattin Demirtaş of the Peoples Democratic Party (HDP) has described the postponement as a political coup. The declaration of state of emergency in the affected regions was also interpreted as a possible measure to postpone elections.[475] Nevertheless, the earthquake led to the opposition Nation Alliance postponing its 13 February meeting for the selection of its consensus presidential candidate to 6 March,[476] which was eventually assumed by Kılıçdaroğlu.
At the elections on 14 May, Erdoğan's People's Alliance retained its majority in the Grand National Assembly,[478] while Erdoğan won in the first round of the presidential election, receiving 49.5%, and won 52.2% of the vote in the second round against Kılıçdaroğlu on 28 May.[479] This marked the first time a Turkish presidential election went into a run-off.[480] In both instances, Erdoğan retained the support of a majority of voters in most of the provinces devastated by the earthquake.[481][482]
Education
On 9 February, the Council of Higher Education said education and training at universities in the affected provinces would be suspended until further notice.[483] Student hostels managed by the General Directorate of Higher Education Credit and Hostels would be used to house affected individuals.[484] The minister of national education, Mahmut Özer, ordered a week-long closure of all schools in the country,[485] which was later extended to two weeks.[262] Schools in the affected provinces were suspended until 10 March.[486] Students studying in schools located in the affected provinces would be transferred to other provinces of their choice.[487]
On 6 February, it was announced the 2023 ISF World School Winter Games, which were due to be held in Erzurum, were canceled due to the 'force majeure' situation in the country.[491] On 10 February, it was announced the 2023 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup was canceled due to the impact of the earthquake. The tournament was intended to be held from 17 to 19 February in Alanya.[492][493] In an official statement, Minister of Youth and Sports Mehmet Kasapoğlu announced that every national championship would be suspended with immediate effect, until further communications.[494][495]
All 39 members of the Northern Cypriot Türk Maarif Koleji's high school volleyball team including players, teachers, parents and a trainer died in the collapse of a hotel in Adıyaman.[496]
In the first game of the Super Lig after the earthquake between Fenerbahce Istanbul and Konyaspor, fans protested against the Turkish government and shouted demands for its resignation, which was still heard even after the broadcaster of the game BeIN tried to censor the fans' voices.[502] In another football game in Istanbul between Besiktas and Antalyaspor the fans repeated their calls for the government's resignation and threw cuddly toys onto the field.[503]
Syria
Russian aid reaching affected residences of Aleppo, Syria
President Bashar al-Assad held an emergency meeting with his cabinet to organize a rescue plan for the affected regions.[504] He identified Aleppo, Hama and Latakia governates as the most affected.[505] Following orders from President al-Assad, all teams of the civil defense, firefighting, health, and public construction groups were mobilized to the affected governates.[506] He also added that medical services, food and shelter were urgently needed. The Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection was ordered by President al-Assad to supply food and organize teams to distribute them. Technical teams were also on site to evaluate building conditions and evacuate residents in at-risk structures. The Ministry of Water Resources was tasked with rapidly assessing damage to dams, reservoirs and water stations, and ensuring people have access to water.[505]
The Syrian government appealed to UN member states, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and other humanitarian organizations for international aid.[272] Syria also requested for aid from the European Union's European Civil Protection Mechanism, according to commissioner Janez Lenarčič.[391] The Syrian government, through its representative in the United Nations, said that it should be responsible for aid distribution in all areas of the country, including those held by the rebels. The UK government said it would deliver aid through its long-term partners, the White Helmets civilian defense force.[507] The US State Department said it would use its humanitarian partners on the ground.[508]
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said damaged roads and logistical issues prevented the mobilization of international aid across the border from Turkey. Border crossings into Turkey remained closed on 7 February. Critically injured patients were unable to enter Turkey for medical attention. There were exceptions as to which persons could cross, including individuals holding touristic residence permits who could only cross by foot.[509] The Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing was made accessible on 8 February, according to the UN.[510]
Some hotels including in Latakia and Damascus offered to accommodate to survivors free of charge and ensure basic necessities. Refugees and expatriates also opened their homes as shelters for people. Al-Sham Private University started an effort to receive people. Sports facilities, events venues, university dormitories and halls were also opened to take in people. The Syria Trust for Development announced the establishment of shelters across many governorates. Volunteer groups inspected buildings for damage and distributed food items, blankets, and first aid essentials.[511]
Debris removal in Aleppo, Syria
Due to the high number of casualties, including trauma cases, many hospitals became overcrowded. Hospitals were already experiencing a shortage of medical supplies prior to the earthquake. Hospitals in many cities were forced to operate far beyond capacity. Many patients at hospitals slept on floors due to the lack of beds. The Ministry of Health dispatched medical convoys from the Health Directorates of Damascus, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Quneitra, Homs, and Tartus, to Aleppo and Latakia to rebel-held areas. Twenty-eight ambulances, seven mobile clinics, and four trucks carrying medical, surgical and emergency aid were also dispatched.[512] Local charities across the country, which typically distribute food during the month of Ramadan, have been exhausted to their fullest capacity. One of these charities, Saed Initiative, planned to establish a charity kitchen to provide free meals for the rest of the year. Between 2,500 and 4,000 meals were distributed every day in Aleppo, and the charity plans to distribute up to 40,000 meals every day. Another charity in the city, the al-Bir and al-Ihsan charity, provided 1,500 meals every day.[513]
Over 2,000 Syria Civil Defense (White Helmets) volunteers were sent to all the affected areas to conduct search and rescue efforts. With a lack of equipment and tools, they appealed to other humanitarian organizations for support.[512] Officials on 7 February announced rescue and recovery efforts in Hama ended after 15 hours.[261] Over 298,000 people were left without homes and 180 shelters were opened in government-held areas.[514] About 30,000 people were housed in shelters in Aleppo.[279] As of 10 February, no international rescue workers had arrived in rebel-held Jinderis despite official calls for help.[515]
United States sanctions against Syria relating to the blocking of banks and payment processors led to the banning of international charities and families attempting to send money to people affected in Syria.[516][better source needed] On 7 February 2023, the Syrian Arab Red Crescent urged Western countries to lift sanctions against Syria, saying the measures hurt civilians and humanitarian efforts during the earthquake recovery effort.[517] The sanctions are a series of economic measures taken by the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, and the Arab League against the Assad regime from the start of the civil war in 2011. They include an oil embargo and the freezing of financial assets of the state and government officials.[518][519] There were requests to lift or suspend the sanctions to aid humanitarian efforts following the earthquake.[520][521]
On 10 February, the United States announced it would exempt sanctions against Syria for 180 days. The ease of sanctions was for "all transactions related to earthquake relief efforts", according to the United States Department of the Treasury.[522] The Syrian Foreign Ministry responded in a statement that the US' decision was "misleading and aims to give a false humanitarian impression" and that "the facts on the ground proved its falsehood."[523][524] Some commentators have argued that the sanctions do not pose a problem for the delivery of humanitarian aid to Syria.[525]
Building wreckage in Aleppo
International humanitarian assistance began entering northwestern Syria on 9 February via Turkey through the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing. The first convoy of six trucks carried tents and sanitary items. Turkey said it was working to open two additional border crossings.[526] On 10 February 14 trucks carrying aid crossed from Turkey into Syria, according to the United Nations.[527] The United States Central Command announced it would cooperate with Syrian Democratic Forces to assist the affected population in Syria.[528] On 11 February, World Health Organization director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus visited Aleppo, accompanying a shipment of emergency medical supplies.[529] On 12 February, all schools across Syria, except for those in the affected areas, were resumed since the earthquakes struck. Schools in Aleppo, Lattakia, Hama and Idleb remained closed.[530] On 14 February, the Syrian government agreed to open the border crossings at Bab al-Salameh and Al-Rai for three months.[531]
President al-Assad met UN relief chief Martin Griffiths on 21 March to discuss post-earthquake recovery and aid.[532]
A year later and the situation was still described as "devastating" by Julien Barnes-Dacey, director of the Middle East & North Africa programme at the European Council. The Human Rights Watch said Syria's humanitarian and economic had deteriorated further; many damaged infrastructure have not been cleared. Furthermore, the number of people who rely on aid had increased, while funding for UN organizations had diminished. The UN deputy regional humanitarian coordinator for the Syria crisis said the relief response following the earthquakes was the most underfunded plan in terms of percentage, with funding at 38 percent, since the crisis began in 2011.[533]
International humanitarian efforts
Iranian and Iraqi truck removing debris in Aleppo, Syria
Countries
Various countries and organizations have responded to the earthquake. At least 105 countries and 16 international organizations had pledged support for victims of the earthquake, including humanitarian aid.[534] More than eleven countries provided teams with search and rescue dogs to locate victims under the debris[535] and monetary support was offered as well.[536][537][538]
Arab League
Arab League secretary-general Ahmed Aboul Gheit called for international assistance to help those affected by "this humanitarian catastrophe".[539]
ASEAN
The Secretariat of ASEAN expressed its heartfelt sympathies and condolences to the Governments and peoples of the affected countries, especially the families of the victims of the earthquake. ASEAN affirms its solidarity with the Governments and peoples of Turkey and Syria in these trying times and stands ready to extend its assistance to the relief efforts.[540]
President of the European Council Charles Michel and President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen expressed their condolences to those who lost their lives due to the earthquakes in Turkey and Syria and wished a speedy recovery to the injured.[541][542] Michel and Leyen announced that the EU is ready for earthquake aid in Turkey and Syria.[543] The European Union's European Civil Protection Mechanism, in which Turkey participates despite not being a member of the EU, was activated at the request of Turkey.[544] The EU dispatched thirty-one rescue teams and five medical teams from 23 member states to Turkey, committed €3 million and €3.5 million to Turkey and Syria respectively, and announced a donor conference to raise money.[545] The Copernicus Programme was also activated to provide emergency mapping services and other help.[539]
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said that member countries were mobilizing support.[546][547] The Strategic Airlift Capability was used to transport search and rescue equipment.[548] NATO deployed "fully equipped semi-permanent shelter facilities" to house displaced persons in Turkey.[549] Flags at NATO headquarters were also lowered to half-mast.[550] A vessel carrying the first 600 of 1,000 containers for temporary housing left Taranto, Italy for Turkey to accommodate at least 4,000 people.[551]
United Nations (UN)
Several United Nations agencies announced coordinated responses to the disaster, including UNDAC, OCHA, UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM.[552] The World Health Organization's Regional Director for Europe, Hans Kluge, said the organization's regional offices were assisting international efforts to transport medicine and relief equipment.[539][553] The UN released $25 million from its emergency fund for humanitarian assistance in Turkey and Syria.[554] A second $25 million grant was released for relief efforts in Syria.[446] UN sent humanitarian aid to Syria through Turkey via the Bab al-Hawa border crossing.[555] Since then, 65 trucks have crossed, carrying health and nutrition items and other vital relief supplies for more than two million people.[556] On 14 February, the UN appealed for €396 million to help survivors in Syria.[557]
World Bank
The World Bank said it would provide US$1.78 billion in aid for Turkey to support the relief and recovery process.[558] "We are providing immediate assistance and preparing a rapid assessment of the urgent and massive needs on the ground," said World Bank President David Malpass.[559]
Reactions
Criticism of the Turkish government
Murat Kurum, Minister of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change at an AFAD press conferenceDestroyed buildings in Hatay
The Turkish Government was criticized on social media for allegedly trying to cover up the fact that there were not two, but three mainshocks above Mw 7. However, professor Hasan Sözbilir, Director of Dokuz Eylül University (DEU) Earthquake Research and Application Center, told Anadolu Agency that there were only 2 mainshocks reaching above Mw 7 between 6 and 17 February 2023, but of the smaller quakes, there was one that reached Mw 6.7.[560] Additional allegations were made when the death toll in Turkey was at 41,000, could in fact be up to five times higher. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) government was accused of manipulating the death toll of the earthquakes to mask the scale of the disaster amid growing criticism due to what many say was a delayed and ineffective response to the tragedy.[561]
The collapse of many newly constructed buildings caused public anger and doubts about the Turkish construction and contracting industry following seismic codes.[562] After the 1999 İzmit earthquake, new building codes were enacted to make buildings more resilient to earthquakes.[563] The quality of the concrete is often a factor in collapse, especially in older buildings, but the engineering and design of newer high rise buildings, and improper placement of support columns and beams, may contribute to collapse.[564] The building codes, last updated in 2018, required quality standards in engineering design, construction and material.[564] There were complaints that the building codes were poorly enforced.[563]
After the earthquake, Erdoğan had claimed "98 percent of the destroyed buildings were built in before 1999" and described it "as the indicator of an improvement in the quality of building codes and enforcement".[565] Erdoğan's claim was criticized by civil engineer and earthquake engineering academic Haluk Sucuoğlu, stating that field observations and more than half of the buildings in earthquake-affected areas being built after 2000 making Erdoğan's claims unlikely, though accepting that concrete data on the destroyed buildings do not exist yet.[566] The comparison of historical satellite images with those taken after the earthquake, especially of those showing the destruction in the newly built area of western Kahramanmaraş, were used to dispute Erdoğan's claim.[567]
In Adıyaman, the minister of transport and infrastructure, Adil Karaismailoğlu, and governor, Mahmut Çuhadar, were met with protests by locals. The state car of the governor was also kicked by protesters.[568] Turkish engineers previously warned that cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty.[569] Critics of President Erdoğan said contractors of housing projects were allowed to skip vital safety mandates which put residents at risk. Videos from several years ago showed Erdoğan applauding housing projects which eventually collapsed. During a campaign stop in anticipation of the March 2019 local elections, he listed, among his government's top attainment, new housing in Kahramanmaras. Erdoğan said "We solved the problem of 144,156 citizens of Maras with zoning amnesty," In another video, he said "We have solved the problems of 205,000 citizens of Hatay with zoning peace,"[570]
Before the 2018 general election, 3.1 million buildings were granted amnesty certificates, according to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Secretary General Assistant and city planner, Bugra Gokce. In the ten affected provinces, 294,165 certificates were granted; 59,247 in Adana; 10,629 in Adıyaman; 14,719 in Diyarbakır; 40,224 in Gaziantep; 56,464 in Hatay; 39,58 in Kahramanmaraş; 4,897 in Kilis; 22,299 in Malatya; 21,107 in Osmaniye; and 25,521 in Şanlıurfa.[571] After a destructive earthquake struck İzmir in 2020, Asia Times said the Turkish government generated US$2 billion in profit since the latest zoning amnesty law was approved in May 2018. During that earthquake, there were 811,000 certificates linked to illegal construction in İzmir.[572]
The leader of the opposition in Parliament, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu of the Republican People's Party (CHP), pinned responsibility for the scale of the disaster on President Erdoğan.[430] He demanded from the CHP mayors not to back down from providing bread and blankets to people in need and reject bureaucratic blocking as they did during the COVID-19 lockdown.[573] It has also been reported that some donations from relief organizations arriving at the Adana airport were relabeled as assistance by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) or also the governing AKP.[574] Questions also arose as to how an "earthquake tax" (officially "special communications tax") levied by the Turkish government in the wake of the 1999 earthquake, estimated to have reached 88bn lira ($4.6bn; £3.8bn) and meant to have been spent on disaster prevention and the development of emergency services, were spent, given how the government has never given a public explanation.[430]
Some Kurdish and Alevi residents alleged discrimination and neglect in the government's recovery efforts.[575][576] The pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) accused Turkish authorities of preventing equal distribution of aid[577] and favoring areas inhabited majorly by people loyal to the governing AKP.[578]
Disaster management
Kahramanmaraş after the earthquake
AFAD, the state organ for the disaster relief, was criticized on the grounds of slowness during the first days of the earthquake.[579] There were reports of unsuccessful attempts by people to contact AFAD.[579]Emergency management academic Kubilay Kaptan stated that the delayed reaction of AFAD was mainly caused by the increasing centralization of Turkish emergency response agencies under the current government. According to Kaptan, numerous relief agencies were merged into AFAD in the past years and since the implementation of the referendum, AFAD became part of the Ministry of Interior, losing its autonomy and self-governance. Kaptan added that the Ministry of Interior, responsible for making decisions, hindered the fast response since the organization required approval for its actions, contrasting more independent agencies like FEMA in the United States.[580] AFAD was also criticized on the claims of inappropriate board of management, since some members of the board had no disaster management background. İsmail Palakoğlu [tr], the general manager of disaster response subdivision of AFAD and a theologian who previously worked at the Directorate of Religious Affairs, was criticized by several politicians and media outlets.[581][582][583]
Another criticism was the late deployment of military resources.[579] They were not mobilized for two days after the earthquake, and even then in what many considered in very modest amounts.[584][need quotation to verify] There were many instances where aid was forced to go through local governors, who were not elected but appointed by the government. In some instances, aid was held by the ruling party with the explanation that it would be managed by AFAD.[585] There were reports of aid trucks stopped and not let through unless ruling party placards and signs were placed on them, including stickers of the president placed on individual aid packages.[586] On 16 February the district governor of Pazarcik accompanied by the gendarmerie seized aid stored in a distribution center established jointly by the HDP and the Hasankoca Neighborhood Assistance and Solidarity Association in presence of the head of the Diyarbakır Chamber of Industry arguing they could not distribute aid independently.[577]
On 9 February 2023, the governing alliance between the MHP and the AKP approved a state of emergency in 10 provinces affected by the earthquakes.[475][587] The opposition voted no to the measure, claiming that it was unnecessary since the provinces were already declared as "disaster areas".[475][587]
A week after the earthquakes in Samandağ, a coastal town in Hatay Province, residents dug through the rubble to look for victims because of the slow and limited government response. "We have nothing left and the government barely helped us," one resident said, adding that assistance only came 48 hours after the earthquake.[588]
Media
NetBlocks announced that ICTA limited access to Twitter from Turkey, with Turkish government officials claiming disinformation.[589][590] According to Reuters, citing an anonymous government official, the block was necessary "because in some accounts there were untrue claims, slander, insults and posts with fraudulent purposes," The block caused public anger as Twitter assisted in sharing information on arriving aid and the whereabouts of survivors still trapped in rubble. The Peoples' Democratic Party said Twitter helped in organizing aid to the affected and the block would "only cause more death." Ali Babacan, leader of the Turkey's opposition group, Democracy and Progress Party, also criticized the block.[591]
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) issued a statement critical of fines and penalties issued to Halk TV, Tele1 [diq; tr], and Fox over their coverage of the earthquake by the Radio and Television Supreme Council. In addition to the fines, both Halk TV and TELE1 were required to suspend airing of the shows that had criticized the government for five days. The CPJ's statement said that Turkey officials should revoke both the fine and penalties along with refraining from silencing the media for its earthquake coverage.[592][593]
Criminal investigation in Turkey
Ruins in Adıyaman
On 7 February, Turkish police said they detained four people over "provocative posts aiming to create fear and panic" on social media following the earthquake. It added that a wider investigation into social media accounts was ongoing, but offered no information on the content of the posts.[594] The number of detentions increased to a dozen on 8 February.[595] Following reports of property being ransacked by looters,[596][597] authorities arrested 98 people for robbery or defrauding victims.[598] Syrians have faced increased discrimination in the country, with some Turks blaming them for the looting.[599][600][601]Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch alleged that Turkish security forces tortured and ill-treated individuals arrested on suspicion of looting. In a report from both organizations, one person died while being held by authorities. The report said allegations of torture came from 10 provinces, with most of them coming from Antakya alone.[602]
On 9 February, minister of justice, Bekir Bozdağ, said a judicial investigation into the collapse of buildings was opened.[603] The probe attempts to hold accountable those who constructed the buildings or bore any responsibility for their collapse in the 10 hardest-hit provinces. Bozdağ said: "Those who have negligence, faults and those responsible for the destructions after the earthquake will be identified and held accountable before the judiciary".[603][604] Nearly 150 local prosecutors were authorized to establish units to investigate contractors, surveyors and other experts linked to the collapsed buildings.[605]
On 11 February, the justice ministry announced the plan to establish the "Earthquake Crimes Investigation" bureaus. The bureaus aim to hold contractors and other responsible for construction, gathering evidence, recommendation experts; including architects geologists and engineers; and inspecting building permits and occupation permits.[606] Vice President Fuat Oktay said 131 individuals linked to the collapse of buildings were identified.[607]
By 25 February 612 people were investigated for their involvement in building collapses; 184 were arrested and awaiting trial. Those in jail included contractors and building owners and managers.[608] On 12 February, the Adana Chief Public Prosecutor's Office issued arrest warrants for 62 people;[609] Thirty one arrests were made on 14 February. In Malatya, city prosecutors issued arrest warrants for 31 people.[610]
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) published an article on 14 February covering journalists being detained and harassed for their reporting on the earthquake in Turkey. Some of those detained were being investigated for "spreading misinformation" or for ""provoking the people into animosity and hatred" in connection with their reporting.[611]
The owner of Rönesans Rezidans which collapsed in Hatay Province was arrested in Istanbul while attempting to leave Turkey for Montenegro.[603] In Gaziantep Province, two people were arrested after being suspected of cutting-down columns to make extra space in a building that collapsed.[606] Bekir Bozdağ said 163 people were being investigated for their alleged involvement. Eight people were arrested and awaiting trial while 48 were held in police detention; another seven were prohibited from leaving Turkey. Officials detained two people at Istanbul Airport attempting to flee to Georgia. Among those arrested were a man and his wife who constructed several buildings in Adiyaman which collapsed. A contractor involved in developing the Bahar Apartments in Gaziantep was detained in Istanbul after his inspections were deemed negligent. The owner of a construction company which built several buildings in Adana was apprehended in Northern Cyprus.[610]
The majority of buildings that collapsed in Turkey were constructed before 2000, but some were constructed after that year. Following the 1999 earthquake, building construction followed new regulations and had improved materials. Sukru Ersoy, a geology professor at Yıldız Technical University, said "corruption is high in the construction sector in Turkey. And therefore, there were abuses".[612] However, corruption was not always present in local authorities;[613] in Erzin, which has a strict policy against the construction of buildings that violated safety codes in addition to having endured other earthquakes with less damage, became a popular location for survivors elsewhere to take refuge as no collapsed buildings were reported.[614][615]
On 3 January 2024, the first trials opened in Turkey relating to the earthquake, with a court in Adiyaman trying 11 individuals accused of "conscious negligence" while overseeing the construction of the collapsed Isias Hotel.[616] The families of those killed in the Isias Hotel collapsed testified against its owner and 10 contractors.[617] Attorneys representing victims' families said contractors tried may be handled a less severe sentence as evidence and collapsed rubble were cleared in the aftermath.[618]
In mid-April 2024, trials began for eight defendants; four from the construction contractor and four from a private inspector involved with the Rönesans Rezidans. All the defendants pleaded not guilty. The luxury apartment collapsed, killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing, believed to have also died. Four of the accused were held in detention while another was reportedly on the run. At the Hatay Third High Criminal Court, they were charged with "causing the death and injury of more than one person with conscious negligence." The eight individuals face up to 22 years in jail if convicted.[619] The director for Human Rights Watch in Turkey voiced concerns that many public officials have not gone for trial, while only individuals from private sector have. Public servants also has a role in the construction of inadequate buildings such as issuing permits and consenting to building plans. No public servant has gone to trial as of 19 April 2024.[174]
National mourning
Flag lowered because of national mourning
President Erdoğan declared seven days of national mourning in Turkey on Twitter.[620][410] Seven days of national mourning was observed in Northern Cyprus, and one day in Bangladesh and Kosovo.[621][622] Albania's prime minister, Edi Rama, said 13 February would be a day of national mourning.[623] On 13 February, all overseas diplomatic missions of North Macedonia lowered the Macedonian flags to half-mast.[624]
Criticism by the Syrian government and opposition
Investigative reports revealed that Syrian government had deliberately obstructed aid to all of Syria's opposition-held areas, including the Idlib region, which was the worst-struck area in the earthquake.[625] Syrian government officials and state-run media blamed United States and European Union sanctions against the country for the lack of humanitarian aid and hampering rescue. On 10 February, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad[626] accused Western countries of having "no regard for the human condition."[627] The US Treasury said its sanctions "contain robust exemptions for humanitarian efforts" in the first place, and that after the earthquake it issued a blanket authorization for relief efforts.[262] The United Nations has also been criticized for its policy of focusing aid shipments solely to the regime, at the expense of Syrian lives in opposition-held territories.[628]
Idlib region, under the control of Syrian Salvation Government (SSG), was one of the hardest-hit territories.[629]Assad regime's policy of besieging North-West Syria; which blockades the supply of food, medicines and other humanitarian supplies, has further deteriorated the crisis in Idlib.[630]Abu Mohammad al-Julani, commander of the SSG-aligned Tahrir al-Sham rebel militia, criticized aid agencies of neglecting the situation in Idlib and called on the international community to be more proactive in reconstruction and relief efforts, adding that the "United Nations needs to understand that it's required to help in a crisis".[631] Upon traveling to the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing bordering the rebel-held territories, UNOCHA Under-Secretary Martin Griffith stated on 12 February that "We have so far failed the people in north-west Syria".[631] As of 13 February, Ankara and the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army were accused of blocking aid convoys sent by the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria from entering the north-west region.[632][633]
The United Nations criticized Russia's attempts to block delivery of aid through checkpoints to rebel-held territories. Secretary General António Guterres urged the Security Council to immediately permit aid flows into Northwestern Syria.[634] United States appealed for the immediate opening of all closed checkpoints to send in relief efforts to all parts of Syria; calling for an emergency UN Security Council meeting to increase humanitarian assistance through Bab al-Hawa and open up more border crossings for the entry of UN aid.[631][634]Stéphane Dujarric, a United Nations spokesperson, said on 14 February, "some aid is getting into the north-west, pointing to 58 trucks that arrived with aid through the Bab Al-Hawa crossing." However, the organization does not possess heavy equipment or search and rescue teams. He stressed that the "international community as a whole needs to step up to get that aid where it is needed."[531]
Raed al-Saleh, chief of Syrian Civil Defence, strongly rebuked the UN for its negligence and delay in responding to the rescue efforts:
"Let me be clear: The White Helmets received no support from the United Nations during the most critical moments of the rescue operations.. The UN's failure to respond quickly to this catastrophe is shameful. When I asked the UN why help had failed to arrive in time, the answer I received was bureaucracy. In the face of one of the deadliest catastrophes to strike the world in years, it seems the UN's hands were tied by red tape."[625]
Health concerns
Field hospital established by a Japanese health team in Gaziantep
Due to below-freezing temperatures in the affected areas in both Turkey and Syria, the mayor of Hatay, Lütfü Savaş, warned about the hypothermia risk.[635] In Adiyaman Province, some residents trapped under rubble died from hypothermia.[636]
Concerns arose regarding the possible spread of infection in areas where sanitation facilities were damaged or unfunctional.[128] Due to water shortage experienced in both countries, many survivors could not shower. International health organizations said the shortage of clean water would be a public health risk. The World Health Organization said water shortage "increases the risk of waterborne diseases and outbreaks of communicable diseases."[637]
On 18 February, Turkey's Health Minister Fahrettin Koca said there was an increase in intestinal and upper respiratory infection cases but "numbers did not pose a serious threat to public health."[128] At a stadium serving as shelter in Kahramanmaraş, a clinic managed by 15 to 30 medics attended up to 10,000 patients in the day. The clinic provided tetanus shots and sanitary items to residents. Many people at the stadium were unable to shower and the six toilets were unable to accommodate to the large number of people. In Antakya, residents said more portable toilets were needed.[637]
Health authorities in Turkey had to ensure earthquake survivors were free of disease. The World Health Organization collaborated with local authorities to monitor the rates of waterborne diseases, seasonal influenza and COVID-19 among the affected.[637]
Commemorations
On the first anniversary of the earthquake on 6 February 2024, the Turkish government organized a series of programs to mark the disaster, with schools closed in the affected regions. In Antakya, a moment of silence was held at 04:17, when the earthquake struck, and carnations were scattered into the Orontes River. A silent march was held in Adiyaman while President Erdoğan is expected to visit Kahramanmaraş. Protests were also held in Antakya criticizing health minister Fahrettin Koca and mayor Lütfü Savaş, with demonstrators chanting "Can anyone hear me?", a reminder of cries for rescue following the earthquake and "We won't forget, we won't forgive." In Malatya Province, the governor banned events that were not officially sanctioned until 9 February.[638]
^$148.8 billion in Turkey and $14.8 billion in Syria.
^Most Palestinian casualties in Syria were stateless refugees.[290][291]
^Northern Cyprus is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus. See also Cyprus problem.
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Further reading
Hussain, E.; Kalaycıoğlu, S.; Milliner, C. W. D.; Çakir, Z. (2023), "Preconditioning the 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquake disaster", Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4 (5): 287–289, Bibcode:2023NRvEE...4..287H, doi:10.1038/s43017-023-00411-2, ISSN 2662-138X, PMC 10123572, PMID 37168360
Meng, L.; Xu, L.; Mohanna, S.; Ji, C.; Ampuero, J.-P.; Yunjun, Z.; Hasnain, M.; Chu, R. (2023), The 2023 Mw7.8 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey Earthquake: A Multi-segment Rupture in A Millennium Supercycle, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2747911/v1
Zhe Jia et al., The complex dynamics of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, Mw 7.8-7.7 earthquake doublet.Science doi:10.1126/science.adi0685
External links
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes at Wikipedia's sister projects
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. – Mw 7.8 at 01:17 UTC
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. – Mw 7.7 at 10:24 UTC
Erdik, M., Tümsa, M. B. D., Pınar, A., Altunel, E., and Zülfikar, A. C. 2023, A preliminary report on 6 February 2023, Earthquake in Türkiye, doi:10.32858/temblor.297
"Kahramanmaraş Supersite science page". Group on Earth Observations.
Schmitt, R.; Herman, M.; Barnhart, W.; Furlong, K.; Benz, H. (22 February 2023). "The 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, Earthquake Sequence". United States Geological Survey.
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