stringtranslate.com

Relaciones exteriores del Reino Unido

Las relaciones diplomáticas exteriores del Reino Unido están a cargo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, de la Commonwealth y de Desarrollo , encabezado por el Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores . El Primer Ministro y otros numerosos organismos desempeñan un papel en la formulación de políticas, y muchas instituciones y empresas tienen voz y voto.

El Reino Unido fue la principal potencia mundial durante los siglos XIX y principios del XX, sobre todo durante la llamada « Pax Britannica », un período de supremacía sin igual y paz internacional sin precedentes durante mediados y fines del siglo XIX. El país siguió siendo ampliamente considerado una superpotencia hasta que la crisis de Suez de 1956 y el desmantelamiento del Imperio británico hicieron que el papel dominante del Reino Unido en los asuntos globales se redujera gradualmente. Sin embargo, el Reino Unido sigue siendo una gran potencia y un miembro permanente del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas , un miembro fundador de AUKUS , la Commonwealth , el Consejo de Europa , el G7 , el G20 , la OTAN , la OCDE , la OSCE y la OMC . El Reino Unido ha sido un estado miembro de la Unión Europea (y miembro de sus predecesores) desde 1973. Sin embargo, debido al resultado de un referéndum de membresía de 2016 , los procedimientos para retirarse de la UE comenzaron en 2017 y concluyeron cuando el Reino Unido abandonó formalmente la UE el 31 de enero de 2020, y el período de transición el 31 de diciembre de 2020 con un acuerdo comercial de la UE . Desde la votación y la conclusión de las conversaciones comerciales con la UE, los responsables políticos han comenzado a buscar nuevos acuerdos comerciales con otros socios globales.

Historia

La batalla de Nivelle : una batalla de la Guerra Peninsular entre los ejércitos francés y británico en Francia en 1813

Tras la formación del Reino de Gran Bretaña (que unió a Inglaterra y Escocia) en 1707, las relaciones exteriores británicas continuaron en gran medida con las del Reino de Inglaterra . La política exterior británica se centró inicialmente en lograr un equilibrio de poder dentro de Europa, sin que ningún país lograra dominar los asuntos del continente. Esta política siguió siendo una de las principales justificaciones de las guerras de Gran Bretaña contra Napoleón y de la participación británica en la Primera y la Segunda Guerra Mundial . En segundo lugar, Gran Bretaña continuó la expansión de su " Primer Imperio Británico " colonial mediante la migración y la inversión.

Francia fue el principal enemigo hasta la derrota de Napoleón en 1815. Tenía una población mucho mayor y un ejército más poderoso, pero una marina más débil. Los británicos tuvieron éxito en general en sus muchas guerras . La notable excepción, la Guerra de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos (1775-1783), vio a Gran Bretaña, sin ningún aliado importante, derrotada por los colonos estadounidenses que tenían el apoyo de Francia, los Países Bajos e (indirectamente) España. Una estrategia diplomática británica favorecida consistía en subsidiar a los ejércitos de los aliados continentales (como Prusia ), convirtiendo así el enorme poder financiero de Londres en una ventaja militar. Gran Bretaña dependía en gran medida de su Marina Real para la seguridad, tratando de mantener su flota más poderosa a flote, eventualmente con un complemento completo de bases en todo el mundo. El dominio británico de los mares fue vital para la formación y el mantenimiento del Imperio Británico, que se logró mediante el apoyo de una armada más grande que las dos siguientes armadas más grandes juntas, antes de 1920. Los británicos generalmente se mantuvieron solos hasta principios del siglo XX, cuando se hicieron amigos de los EE. UU. e hicieron alianzas con Japón, Francia y Rusia y Alemania, antiguo antagonista ahora aliado.

1814–1914

Mapa del Imperio Británico (en 1910). En su apogeo, fue el imperio más grande de la historia.

Los 100 años transcurrieron en general en paz, como una suerte de Pax Britannica impuesta por la Marina Real Británica. Hubo dos guerras importantes, ambas de alcance limitado. La Guerra de Crimea (1853-1856) vio la derrota de Rusia y su amenaza al Imperio Otomano. La Segunda Guerra Bóer (1899-1902) vio la derrota de las dos repúblicas bóer de Sudáfrica y la Rebelión de los Bóxers ocurrió el mismo año. Londres se convirtió en el centro financiero del mundo y la empresa comercial se expandió por todo el planeta. El " Segundo Imperio Británico " se construyó con una base en Asia (especialmente India) y África.

Primera Guerra Mundial

Década de 1920

Después de 1918, Gran Bretaña se convirtió en un "gigante en problemas" que no fue una fuerza diplomática dominante en la década de 1920 como antes. A menudo tuvo que ceder ante los Estados Unidos, que con frecuencia ejercieron su superioridad financiera. [1] Los principales temas de la política exterior británica incluyeron un papel destacado en la Conferencia de Paz de París de 1919-1920, donde Lloyd George trabajó arduamente para moderar las demandas francesas de venganza contra Alemania. [2] Tuvo un éxito parcial, pero Gran Bretaña pronto tuvo que moderar aún más la política francesa hacia Alemania, como en los Tratados de Locarno de 1925. [3] [4] Además, Gran Bretaña obtuvo "mandatos" que le permitieron a ella y a sus dominios gobernar la mayoría de las antiguas colonias alemanas y otomanas. [5]

Gran Bretaña se convirtió en un miembro activo de la nueva Liga de Naciones , pero su lista de logros principales fue breve. [6] [7]

El desarme ocupaba un lugar destacado en la agenda y Gran Bretaña desempeñó un papel importante, siguiendo a Estados Unidos en la Conferencia Naval de Washington de 1921, en la tarea de trabajar por el desarme naval de las principales potencias. En 1933, los acuerdos de desarme habían fracasado y la cuestión pasó a ser el rearme para una guerra contra Alemania. [8]

Gran Bretaña tuvo un éxito parcial en la negociación de mejores condiciones con Estados Unidos en relación con los grandes préstamos de guerra que Gran Bretaña estaba obligada a reembolsar. [9] Gran Bretaña apoyó la solución internacional a las reparaciones alemanas a través del Plan Dawes y el Plan Young . Después de que el Plan Dawes ayudara a estabilizar la moneda alemana y redujera sus pagos anuales, Alemania pudo pagar sus reparaciones anuales utilizando dinero prestado de los bancos de Nueva York, y Gran Bretaña utilizó el dinero recibido para pagar a Washington. [10] La Gran Depresión que comenzó en 1929 puso una enorme presión sobre la economía británica. Gran Bretaña revivió la Preferencia Imperial , lo que significó aranceles bajos dentro del Imperio Británico y mayores barreras al comercio con países externos. El flujo de dinero desde Nueva York se agotó y el sistema de reparaciones y pago de la deuda murió en 1931.

En la política interna británica, el Partido Laborista emergente tenía una política exterior distintiva y sospechosa basada en el pacifismo . Sus líderes creían que la paz era imposible debido al capitalismo , la diplomacia secreta y el comercio de armamentos . El Partido Laborista enfatizaba los factores materiales que ignoraban los recuerdos psicológicos de la Gran Guerra y las tensiones altamente emocionales relacionadas con el nacionalismo y las fronteras de los países. Sin embargo, el líder del partido, Ramsay MacDonald, dedicó gran parte de su atención a las políticas europeas. [11]

Década de 1930

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler y Mussolini fotografiados antes de firmar el Acuerdo de Munich de 1938 , que entregó los Sudetes a la Alemania nazi.

Los vívidos recuerdos de los horrores y las muertes de la Primera Guerra Mundial inclinaron a muchos británicos —y a sus líderes de todos los partidos— al pacifismo en el período de entreguerras. Esto condujo directamente al apaciguamiento de los dictadores (en particular de Mussolini y de Hitler ) para evitar sus amenazas de guerra. [12]

El desafío vino de esos dictadores, primero de Benito Mussolini , Duce de Italia , luego de Adolf Hitler , Führer de una Alemania nazi mucho más poderosa . La Sociedad de Naciones resultó decepcionante para sus partidarios; no logró resolver ninguna de las amenazas planteadas por los dictadores. La política británica consistió en "apaciguarlos" con la esperanza de que se saciaran. En 1938 estaba claro que la guerra se avecinaba y que Alemania tenía el ejército más poderoso del mundo. El acto final de apaciguamiento llegó cuando Gran Bretaña y Francia sacrificaron Checoslovaquia a las demandas de Hitler en el Acuerdo de Múnich de septiembre de 1938. [13] En lugar de saciar, Hitler amenazó a Polonia, y finalmente el primer ministro Neville Chamberlain abandonó el apaciguamiento y se mantuvo firme en su promesa de defender a Polonia (31 de marzo de 1939). Sin embargo, Hitler llegó a un acuerdo con Joseph Stalin para dividir Europa del Este (23 de agosto de 1939); Cuando Alemania invadió Polonia en septiembre de 1939, Gran Bretaña y Francia declararon la guerra, y la Commonwealth británica siguió el ejemplo de Londres. [14]

Segunda Guerra Mundial

Tras firmar la alianza militar anglo-polaca en agosto de 1939, Gran Bretaña y Francia declararon la guerra a Alemania en septiembre de 1939 en respuesta a la invasión alemana de Polonia. Esta declaración incluía las colonias de la Corona y la India , que Gran Bretaña controlaba directamente. Los dominios eran independientes en política exterior, aunque todos entraron rápidamente en la guerra contra Alemania. Después de la derrota francesa en junio de 1940, Gran Bretaña y su imperio se mantuvieron solos en el combate contra Alemania, hasta junio de 1941. Estados Unidos brindó apoyo diplomático, financiero y material, a partir de 1940, especialmente a través del Préstamo y Arriendo , que comenzó en 1941 y alcanzó su máxima fuerza durante 1943. En agosto de 1941, Churchill y Roosevelt se reunieron y acordaron la Carta del Atlántico , que proclamaba que debían respetarse "los derechos de todos los pueblos a elegir la forma de gobierno bajo la que viven". Esta redacción era ambigua y sería interpretada de manera diferente por los británicos, los estadounidenses y los movimientos nacionalistas. [15]

A partir de diciembre de 1941, Japón invadió las posesiones británicas en Asia, incluidas Hong Kong , Malasia y, especialmente, la base clave de Singapur . Luego, Japón marchó sobre Birmania , en dirección a la India. La reacción de Churchill ante la entrada de Estados Unidos en la guerra fue que Gran Bretaña ahora tenía asegurada la victoria y el futuro del imperio estaba a salvo, pero las rápidas derrotas dañaron irreversiblemente la posición y el prestigio de Gran Bretaña como potencia imperial . La comprensión de que Gran Bretaña no podía defenderlos empujó a Australia y Nueva Zelanda a estrechar vínculos permanentes con Estados Unidos. [16]

De la posguerra

Bases militares en el extranjero en 2016 (azul) e intervenciones militares desde 2000 (rojo).

En 1945, Gran Bretaña se encontraba en una situación económica desesperada (cargada de deudas y lidiando con una destrucción generalizada de su infraestructura ), por lo que redujo sistemáticamente sus compromisos en el exterior. Desempeñó un papel alternativo como participante activo en la Guerra Fría contra el comunismo , especialmente como miembro fundador de la OTAN en 1949. [17]

Los británicos habían construido un imperio mundial muy grande, que alcanzó su máximo tamaño en 1922, después de más de medio siglo de supremacía global indiscutida. Sin embargo, los costos acumulativos de luchar en dos guerras mundiales colocaron una pesada carga sobre la economía nacional, y después de 1945 el Imperio Británico comenzó a desintegrarse rápidamente, y todas las colonias principales obtuvieron la independencia. A mediados y fines de la década de 1950, el estatus del Reino Unido como superpotencia había desaparecido ante los Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética. La mayoría de las antiguas colonias se unieron a la "Comunidad de Naciones", una organización de naciones completamente independientes que ahora tienen el mismo estatus que el Reino Unido. Sin embargo, no intentó ninguna política colectiva importante. [18] [19] La última colonia importante, Hong Kong, fue entregada a China en 1997. [20] Catorce Territorios Británicos de Ultramar mantienen un vínculo constitucional con el Reino Unido, pero no son parte del país per se. [21]

Gran Bretaña redujo su participación en Oriente Medio después de la humillante Crisis de Suez de 1956. Sin embargo, Gran Bretaña forjó estrechos lazos militares con Estados Unidos, Francia y Alemania, a través de la alianza militar de la OTAN. Después de años de debate (y rechazos), Gran Bretaña se unió al Mercado Común en 1973; que se convirtió en la Unión Europea en 1993. [22] Sin embargo , no se fusionó financieramente y mantuvo la libra separada del euro , lo que lo aisló en parte de la crisis financiera de la UE de 2011. [23] En junio de 2016, el Reino Unido votó a favor de abandonar la UE . [24] [25]

Siglo XXI

El primer ministro del Reino Unido, Keir Starmer, con el presidente de Estados Unidos, Joe Biden , en la Casa Blanca , julio de 2024

Las iniciativas de política exterior de los gobiernos del Reino Unido desde la década de 1990 han incluido la intervención militar en conflictos y para el mantenimiento de la paz, programas de asistencia humanitaria y aumento del gasto en ayuda, apoyo para el establecimiento de la Corte Penal Internacional , alivio de la deuda para los países en desarrollo, priorización de iniciativas para abordar el cambio climático y promoción del libre comercio . [26] El enfoque británico ha sido descrito como "difundir las normas correctas y sostener a la OTAN". [27]

Lunn et al. (2008) argumentan: [28]

Tres de los motivos principales de los diez años de mandato de Tony Blair fueron una filosofía activista del "intervencionismo", el mantenimiento de una fuerte alianza con los EE.UU. y el compromiso de situar a Gran Bretaña en el corazón de Europa. Si bien la "relación especial" y la cuestión del papel de Gran Bretaña en Europa han sido centrales para la política exterior británica desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial... el intervencionismo fue un elemento genuinamente nuevo.

La campaña GREAT de 2012 fue uno de los esfuerzos de promoción nacional más ambiciosos jamás emprendidos por una nación importante. Se programó para aprovechar al máximo la atención mundial hacia los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano en Londres . Los objetivos eran hacer más visible la cultura británica para estimular el comercio, la inversión y el turismo. El gobierno se asoció con líderes clave en cultura, negocios, diplomacia y educación. La campaña unificó muchos temas y objetivos, incluyendo reuniones de negocios; convenciones académicas; concesionarios de vehículos recreativos; parques y campamentos; oficinas de convenciones y visitantes; hoteles; posadas con desayuno incluido; casinos; y hoteles. [29] [30]

En 2013, el gobierno de David Cameron describió su enfoque de la política exterior diciendo: [31]

En cualquier asunto de política exterior, el Reino Unido tiene potencialmente una gama de opciones para producir un impacto en nuestro interés nacional... [T]enemos una red compleja de alianzas y asociaciones a través de las cuales podemos trabajar... Estas incluyen –además de la UE– a la ONU y a los grupos dentro de ella, como los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad (el “P5”); la OTAN; la Commonwealth; la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos; los grupos G8 y G20 de las principales naciones industrializadas; y así sucesivamente.

El Reino Unido comenzó a establecer instalaciones aéreas y navales en el Golfo Pérsico , ubicadas en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Bahréin y Omán en 2014-15. [32] [33] [34] [35] La Revisión Estratégica de Defensa y Seguridad de 2015 destacó una serie de iniciativas de política exterior del gobierno del Reino Unido. [36] [37] Edward Longinotti señala cómo la política de defensa británica actual está lidiando con la forma de acomodar dos compromisos importantes, con Europa y con una estrategia militar global " al este de Suez ", dentro de un modesto presupuesto de defensa que solo puede financiar uno. Señala que el acuerdo de Gran Bretaña de diciembre de 2014 para abrir una base naval permanente en Bahréin subraya su compromiso gradual de nuevo al este de Suez. [38] Según algunas medidas, Gran Bretaña sigue siendo el segundo país más poderoso del mundo en virtud de su poder blando y su "capacidad logística para desplegar, apoyar y sostener fuerzas [militares] en el extranjero en grandes cantidades". [39] Aunque los comentaristas han cuestionado la necesidad de una proyección de poder global, [40] el concepto de “Gran Bretaña global” propuesto por el gobierno conservador en 2019 indicó una mayor actividad militar en Medio Oriente y el Pacífico, fuera de la esfera de influencia tradicional de la OTAN. [41] [42]

A fines de enero de 2020, el Reino Unido abandonó la Unión Europea , con un acuerdo comercial posterior con la UE en vigor desde el 1 de enero de 2021, que establece los términos de la relación económica entre el Reino Unido y la UE y las capacidades que el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, de la Commonwealth y de Desarrollo puede utilizar en las relaciones exteriores relacionadas con el comercio.

Poder militar

Gran Bretaña ha invadido (aunque no necesariamente controlado) el territorio dentro de los límites modernos de 172 de los 194 países del mundo en un momento u otro, [43] [44] y ella misma ha sido invadida 73 veces (según un recuento) desde 1066. [45]

Principales disputas internacionales desde 1945

Patrulla callejera británica en Adén en 1967
Un helicóptero Lynx del Cuerpo Aéreo del Ejército Británico listo para aterrizar en una carretera desértica al sur del aeropuerto de Basora , noviembre de 2003

Disputas de soberanía

Celebraciones del Día Nacional de Gibraltar en 2013

Mancomunidad de Naciones

Miembros de la Mancomunidad de Naciones .

El Reino Unido tiene relaciones variadas con los países que conforman la Mancomunidad de Naciones, que se originó a partir del Imperio Británico . Carlos III del Reino Unido es el Jefe de la Mancomunidad y es Rey de 15 de sus 56 estados miembros. Aquellos que conservan al Rey como jefe de estado se denominan reinos de la Mancomunidad . Con el tiempo, varios países han sido suspendidos de la Mancomunidad por diversas razones. Zimbabue fue suspendido debido al gobierno autoritario de su Presidente . [59]

Relaciones diplomáticas

Las relaciones diplomáticas británicas se remontan al siglo XIII. [60] El Reino Unido ha establecido relaciones diplomáticas con todos los miembros de las Naciones Unidas , además de Bután , además de tres estados no miembros de la ONU: las Islas Cook , la Santa Sede y Kosovo . Además, el Reino Unido estableció relaciones oficiales con la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta el 9 de octubre de 2024. [61] La siguiente tabla enumera la fecha a partir de la cual se establecieron relaciones diplomáticas con países extranjeros:

Relaciones bilaterales

África

Asia

Europa

North America

Oceania

South America

International organisations

The United Kingdom is a member of the following international organisations:[549]

See also

References

  1. ^ F.S. Northedge, The troubled giant: Britain among the great powers, 1916-1939 (1966).
  2. ^ Erik Goldstein, Winning the peace: British diplomatic strategy, peace planning, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1916-1920 (1991).
  3. ^ Frank Magee, "‘Limited Liability’? Britain and the Treaty of Locarno." Twentieth Century British History 6.1 (1995): 1-22.
  4. ^ Andrew Barros, "Disarmament as a weapon: Anglo-French relations and the problems of enforcing German disarmament, 1919–28." Journal of Strategic Studies 29#2 (2006): 301-321.
  5. ^ Wm Roger Louis, "The United Kingdom and the beginning of the mandates system, 1919–1922." International Organization 23.1 (1969): 73-96.
  6. ^ Peter J. Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914-1925 (2009).
  7. ^ Susan Pedersen, "Back to the League of Nations." American Historical Review 112.4 (2007): 1091-1117. in JSTOR Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Raymond G. O'Connor, "The 'Yardstick' and Naval Disarmament in the 1920s." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 45.3 (1958): 441-463. in JSTOR Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Frank C. Costigliola, "Anglo-American financial rivalry in the 1920s." Journal of Economic History 37.4 (1977): 911-934.
  10. ^ Patrick O. Cohrs, The unfinished peace after World War I: America, Britain and the stabilization of Europe, 1919-1932 (Cambridge, 2006).
  11. ^ Henry R. Winkler. "The Emergence of a Labor Foreign Policy in Great Britain, 1918-1929." Journal of Modern History 28.3 (1956): 247-258. in JSTOR Archived 7 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Patrick Finney, "The romance of decline: The historiography of appeasement and British national identity." Electronic Journal of International History 1 (2000). online Archived 5 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ David Faber, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2010)
  14. ^ Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–39 (1990)
  15. ^ Keith Sainsbury, Churchill and Roosevelt at War: the war they fought and the peace they hoped to make (New York University Press, 1994).
  16. ^ Alan Warren (2006). Britain's Greatest Defeat: Singapore 1942. Continuum. p. 295. ISBN 9781852855970. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  17. ^ F.S. Northedge, Descent From Power British Foreign Policy 1945-1973 (1974) online[dead link]
  18. ^ Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (2001)
  19. ^ Stephen Wall, A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair (2008)
  20. ^ "Hong Kong's handover explained". BBC News. 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  21. ^ "What's left of the British Empire (and how to see it)". The Telegraph. 4 February 2016. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  22. ^ Andrew Marr, A History of Modern Britain (2009)
  23. ^ Stephen Wall, A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair (Oxford University Press, 2008)
  24. ^ Andrew Gamble, "Better Off Out? Britain and Europe." The Political Quarterly (2012) 83#3: 468-477.
  25. ^ Nathaniel Copsey and Tim Haughton, "Farewell Britannia? 'Issue Capture' and the Politics of David Cameron's 2013 EU Referendum Pledge." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies (2014) 52-S1: 74-89.
  26. ^ Gaskarth, Jamie (2013). British Foreign Policy Crises, Conflicts and Future Challenges. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 15. ISBN 9780745670003. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  27. ^ Wagnsson, Charlotte (2012). Security in a Greater Europe: The Possibility of a Pan-European Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780719086717. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2016. The British solution: spread the right norms and sustain NATO ... The new rules placed humanitarian intervention above the principle of sovereignty. Blair stated that this 'would become the basis of an approach to future conflict'.
  28. ^ Lunn, Jon; Miller, Vaughne; Smith, Ben (23 June 2008). "British foreign policy since 1997" (PDF). Research Paper 08/56. House Commons Library.[permanent dead link]
  29. ^ James Pamment, "'Putting the GREAT Back into Britain': National Identity, Public-Private Collaboration & Transfers of Brand Equity in 2012's Global Promotional Campaign," British Journal of Politics & International Relations (2015) 17#2 pp 260-283.
  30. ^ Pawel Surowiec, and Philip Long, “Hybridity and Soft Power Statecraft: The ‘GREAT’ Campaign.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 31:1 (2020): 1-28. online review Archived 28 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2020.1721092 Archived 28 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Review of the Balance of Competences between the United Kingdom and the European Union: Foreign Policy" (PDF). HM Government. July 2013. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  32. ^ "A Return to East of Suez? UK Military Deployment to the Gulf". Royal United Services Institute. April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  33. ^ "The New East of Suez Question: Damage Limitation after Failure Over Syria". Royal United Services Institute. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  34. ^ "East of Suez, West from Helmand: British Expeditionary Force and the next SDSR" (PDF). Oxford Research Group. December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  35. ^ "Defence Secretary visits Oman". Ministry of Defence. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  36. ^ "National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015" (PDF). HM Government. November 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  37. ^ Lord Robertson, former UK Defence Secretary and Secretary General of NATO (27 October 2015). "The 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review and its Implications". Gresham College. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015. Defence Review would be foreign policy led
  38. ^ Longinotti, Edward (9 September 2015). "'For God's sake, act like Britain' Lessons from the 1960s for British defence policy". History & Policy. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  39. ^ Allison, George (20 November 2017). "Study finds UK is second most powerful country in the world". Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  40. ^ Jenkins, Simon (28 June 2018). "It's delusional to think Britain should be a global military power". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020. A modern state needs domestic policing and homeland protection. It needs air and sea coastguards and a reserve for emergencies in cooperation with its neighbours, EU or no EU.
  41. ^ White, Kenton (29 November 2019). "How important is NATO to British defence policy?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  42. ^ "Defence in Global Britain". GOV.UK. 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  43. ^ British have invaded nine out of ten countries - so look out Luxembourg
  44. ^ Stuart Laycock (2014). All the Countries We've Ever Invaded: And the Few We Never Got Round To. The History Press. ISBN 978-0750952125.
  45. ^ Enemies at the gates: the 73 'invasions' of Britain since 1066
  46. ^ "The Berlin blockade: Moscow draws the iron curtain". BBC News. 1 April 1998. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  47. ^ "1973: Super tug to defend fishing fleet". BBC News. 19 January 1973. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  48. ^ John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher: Volume 2: The Iron Lady (2003) pp 273-9
  49. ^ "1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie". BBC News. 21 December 1988. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  50. ^ "1991: 'Mother of all Battles' begins". BBC News. 17 January 1991. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  51. ^ John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher: Volume 2: The Iron Lady (2003) p 315–317
  52. ^ Taylor, Ros (20 March 2008). "Anglo-Russian relations". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  53. ^ "Libya: Coalition bombing may be in breach of UN resolution's legal limits". The Guardian. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  54. ^ "Iran nuclear deal: Key details". BBC. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  55. ^ "Chagos Islands dispute: UK obliged to end control – UN". BBC News. 25 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  56. ^ "Iran tanker seizure: UK 'didn't take eye off ball', Hammond says". BBC News. 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  57. ^ "Gibraltar profile". BBC News. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  58. ^ Bowcott, Owen (19 October 2007). "Argentina ready to challenge Britain's Antarctic claims". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  59. ^ "The Commonwealth of Nations - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.
  60. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives - Homepage". The National Archives. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  61. ^ "The Order of Malta and the United Kingdom establish official relations and strengthen bilateral cooperation with the signing of a Strategic Memorandum of Understaning". Order of Malta. Rome. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  62. ^ a b "United Kingdom". Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  63. ^ a b The Gentleman's Magazine (London, England), 168. F. Jefferies. 1840. p. 483.
  64. ^ a b Joseph Planta, Sir Robert Cotton (1802). A Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Cottonian Library Deposited in the British Museum. London: Luke Hansard. p. 212.
  65. ^ a b Hillgarth, Jocelyn Nigel (2000). The Mirror of Spain, 1500-1700: The Formation of a Myth. University of Michigan Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780472110926.
  66. ^ a b c d e Bell, Gary M. (1995). A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives: 1509-1688. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194, 221, 275 and 283. ISBN 0521283221.
  67. ^ a b Horn, D. B. (1932). British Diplomatic Representatives: 1689-1789. p. 144.
  68. ^ a b c "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The United Kingdom". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  69. ^ a b Kazemzadeh, F. (15 December 1985). "Anglo-Iranian Relations ii. Qajar period". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  70. ^ "The London Gazette". 30 August 1814. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  71. ^ a b "Nepal-UK Relations". Embassy of Nepal, London. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  72. ^ a b "200 Years of Diplomatic Relations between Chile & the UK". Diplomat Magazine. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  73. ^ a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru (10 October 2023). "Perú y Reino Unido celebran 200 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas". gob.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  74. ^ a b c "Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte". GOV.CO (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  75. ^ "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  76. ^ a b Presidency of the Republic EPN (3 November 2014). "Relación bilateral México - Reino Unido". Gobierno de México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  77. ^ a b Manual de referencia de tratados comerciales latinoamericanos (in Spanish). United States Tariff Commission. 1941. p. 69.
  78. ^ a b Francis W H Cavendish and Edward Hertslet (July 1863). The Foreign Office List forming a complete British Diplomatic and Consular Handbook 1863 July. 23rd Publication. 1863-07. p. 44. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  79. ^ a b Francis W H Cavendish; Edward Hertslet. The Foreign Office List 1857 9th Publication [Great Britain]. 1857. p. 34. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  80. ^ a b Espinal, V. Coleccion general de los tratados públicos celebrados por Colombia y Venezuela con varias naciones de Europa y America: desde el Tratado de armisticio con el ejercito español hasta el ultimamente concluido con S.M.B. sobre abolicion del trafico de esclavos (in Spanish). p. 86.
  81. ^ a b Karlicic, Miljkan (2021). "An Overview of The History of Serbian-British Relations" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  82. ^ a b "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  83. ^ Manual de referencia de tratados comerciales latinoamericanos (in Spanish). United States Tariff Commission. 1941. p. 39.
  84. ^ a b "Addis Ababa". Room for Diplomacy. 18 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  85. ^ "Política Bilateral" (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  86. ^ a b The foreign officer list and diplomatic and consular hand book january 1877. 1877. 23 February 1877. p. 44.
  87. ^ a b "Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Great Britain and Liberia". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  88. ^ a b Mario J. Gallego, Cosme (2014). "CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO E INTERNACIONAL DE LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA CON ESPAÑA DURANTE LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIX1" (PDF). Revista Electrónica Iberoamericana (in Spanish): 5–6.
  89. ^ a b Manual de referencia de tratados comerciales latinoamericanos (in Spanish). United States Tariff Commission. 1941. p. 169.
  90. ^ Manual de referencia de tratados comerciales latinoamericanos (in Spanish). United States Tariff Commission. 1941. p. 250.
  91. ^ a b "Political Relations". Royal Thai Embassy, London. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  92. ^ a b "Japan-UK 150". Embassy of Japan in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  93. ^ a b "Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation between Her Majesty and the Republic of Nicaragua". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  94. ^ a b Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 55. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  95. ^ a b Francis W H Cavendish and Edward Hertslet (July 1863). The Foreign Office List forming a complete British Diplomatic and Consular Handbook 1863 July. 23rd Publication. 1863-07. p. 46. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  96. ^ a b c "Bilateral relations". Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria, London. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  97. ^ a b The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book. Harrison. 1912. pp. 452–453.
  98. ^ a b "Brief history of Romanian – British diplomatic relations (1880-2022)". Embassy of Romania to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  99. ^ a b "REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  100. ^ a b "Cuba and UK mark 120 years of diplomatic relations". Cuba News Agency. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  101. ^ a b "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  102. ^ a b "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Panama (in Spanish). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  103. ^ "Countries E". Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  104. ^ a b "United Kingdom of Great Britain". Ministry for Foreign Affairs for Finland. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  105. ^ a b c "The United Kingdom". gov.pl. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  106. ^ Scott-Keltie, John; Epstein, Mortimer (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book. Springer. p. 774.
  107. ^ a b "Facebook-videóval tisztelegnek a brit–magyar kapcsolatok előtt". Magyar Nemzet (in Hungarian). 13 September 2021. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  108. ^ a b "Relations between Albania and United Kingdom". Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  109. ^ a b Afghanistan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs [@mfa_afghanistan] (22 November 2017). "Today marks 96th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and United Kingdom" (Tweet). Retrieved 30 January 2024 – via Twitter.
  110. ^ a b c Muldowney, Mary (12 October 2019). "Tim Healy first Governor General of Ireland". Dublin City Council. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  111. ^ a b c "Embassy". Republic of Türkiye | Turkish Embassy in London. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  112. ^ a b Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  113. ^ a b "Hejaz-Nejd Treaty signed with Great Britain". Argus. trove.nla.gov.au: The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) Mon 26 Sep 1927. 26 September 1927. p. 15. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  114. ^ "No. 33699". The London Gazette. 17 March 1931. p. 1802.
  115. ^ a b Epstein, M. (2016). Epstein, Mortimer (ed.). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1932. Springer. p. 1020. doi:10.1057/9780230270619. ISBN 978-0-230-27061-9.
  116. ^ a b c d Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations (1964). The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book. Vol. 13. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 16.
  117. ^ a b "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  118. ^ a b "THE LONDON GAZETTE, 16 JUNE, 1942" (PDF). p. 2652. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
  120. ^ a b c "Philippine-British Bilateral Relations". Embassy of the Philippines, London. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  121. ^ a b "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  122. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations between Myanmar and Britain". Ministry of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  123. ^ a b "공관약사주 영국 대한민국 대사관". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Korean). Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  124. ^ a b "This year, we are celebrating the 70th anniversary of UK-Indonesia diplomatic relations on 27 December 2019". British Embassy Jakarta in Facebook. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  125. ^ a b "Großbritannien / Vereinigtes Königreich: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  126. ^ a b Great Britain. Foreign Office (1953). The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book for ... Vol. 126. Harrison and Sons. p. 666.
  127. ^ a b "LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA". Kingdom of Cambodia | Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  128. ^ a b c "Overview on China-UK Relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 10 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  129. ^ a b c "Competition to mark 60 years of UK-Laos diplomatic relations". GOV.UK. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  130. ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 27.
  131. ^ a b "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  132. ^ a b Foreign Office, Great Britain. (1964). The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book for ... Vol. 137. Harrison and Sons. p. 485.
  133. ^ "An Anglo-Malagasy chronology". The Anglo-Malagasy Society. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  134. ^ a b East Africa and Rhodesia - Volume 36. Africana. 1960. p. 1070.
  135. ^ a b "Our Diplomatic Relations". Government of Somalia. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  136. ^ a b Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations (1964). The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book Volume 13. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 507.
  137. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "THE LONDON GAZETTE, 5th MAY 1961" (PDF). The London Gazette. London. 5 May 1961. p. 3340. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  138. ^ a b Djeezou, Casimir (5 September 2021). "Coopération Côte d'Ivoire- Royaume-Uni : L'ambassadeur Amani Sara a présenté ses Lettres de Créances à Sa Majesté la Reine Elizabeth II". FratMat (in French). Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  139. ^ a b Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office (1970). The Diplomatic Service List Volume 5. Pennsylvania State University. p. 142.
  140. ^ a b The Diplomatic Service List Volume 5. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1970. p. 137. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  141. ^ a b Hartman Reckord, Elaine (28 October 2022). "Jamaica and UK Celebrate 60 Years of Diplomatic Relations". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  142. ^ a b Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office (1966). The Diplomatic Service List Volume 1. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 131.
  143. ^ "Algeria: 60th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations". UK Parliament. 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  144. ^ "UK-Mongolia celebrating fifty years of diplomatic relations". GOV.UK. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  145. ^ a b Africa Digest - Volume 11. Africa Publications Trust. 1963. p. 45.
  146. ^ a b @StrategicFirst (22 April 2024). "60th Anniversary of diplomatic relations between UK and Tanzania" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 May 2024 – via Twitter.
  147. ^ a b "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  148. ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  149. ^ a b c "Diplomatic Relations". Guyana High Commission UK. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  150. ^ a b "List of Countries With Which Barbados Has Diplomatic Relations by Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  151. ^ a b "Page 10482 | Issue 44957, 14 October 1969 | London Gazette | The Gazette". The London Gazette. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  152. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1985). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 83–99. ISBN 9780115916571.
  153. ^ "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Samoa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  154. ^ a b "Formal Diplomatic Relations List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Fiji. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  155. ^ a b "Bilateral relations". Kingdom of Bahrain | Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  156. ^ a b "50 Years - The Formation of the United Arab Emirates". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  157. ^ a b "Joint Communiquè between the State of Qatar and the United Kingdom". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Qatar. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  158. ^ a b "Europe". Lamdong Foreign Affairs Department. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  159. ^ a b Kalley, Jacqueline A. (1999). Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 216. ISBN 0313302472.
  160. ^ Guidelines of the Foreign Policy of Papua New Guinea: Universalism. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Papua New Guinea. 1976. p. 55.
  161. ^ a b "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  162. ^ The Commonwealth Yearbook. H.M. Stationery Office. 1991. p. 20.
  163. ^ Muzart-Fonseca dos Santos, Idelette; Manuel Da Costa Esteves, José; Rolland, Denis (2007). Les îles du Cap-Vert: langues, mémoires, histoire (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 239–240.
  164. ^ Revue française d'études politiques africaines Issues 138-144 (in French). Société africaine d'édition. 1977. p. 10.
  165. ^ a b "Diplomatic relations between Angola and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as of 14 Oct. 1977". United Nations Digital Library. 14 October 1977. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  166. ^ a b Web Admin (17 April 2023). "UK Foreign Secretary to visit Solomon Islands this week". Solomon Islands Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  167. ^ a b Paxton, John (2016) [1985]. Paxton, John (ed.). The Stateman's Yearbook 1985–1986. Palgrave Macmillan London. p. 419. doi:10.1057/9780230271142. ISBN 978-0-230-27114-2.
  168. ^ a b "Welcome". Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Consulate General | Belfast, Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  169. ^ a b Government of Belize. "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  170. ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". The Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  171. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  172. ^ Paxton (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1990-91. Springer. p. 242.
  173. ^ a b "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  174. ^ a b c "Bilateral relations". Embassy of Estonia London. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  175. ^ a b "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia. 1 July 2021. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  176. ^ a b c "Political issues between Ukraine and Great Britain". Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 26 August 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  177. ^ a b "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  178. ^ a b "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  179. ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  180. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  181. ^ a b "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  182. ^ a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan (25 January 2017). "States With Which Turkmenistan Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  183. ^ a b "Political Dialogue". Embassy of Belarus in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  184. ^ "LISTING OF ALL COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (As of 13 February 2019)". Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  185. ^ a b "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  186. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Embassy of The Republic of Azerbaijan to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  187. ^ a b "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  188. ^ a b "Relations between Georgia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  189. ^ The Diplomatic Service List. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1997. p. 127.
  190. ^ a b "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  191. ^ a b "Working with Kyrgyzstan". UK in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  192. ^ "FSM Diplomatic Relations List". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  193. ^ a b c "Spojené kráľovstvo". Ministerstvo zahraničných vecí a európskych záležitostí (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  194. ^ Eritrea Update, August 1993-2. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada.
  195. ^ a b "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  196. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  197. ^ "Countries with which Palau has Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  198. ^ "Reference: FS50870253" (PDF). 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  199. ^ "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  200. ^ a b "North Korea". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 23 March 2006. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  201. ^ a b Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office (2006). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 134. ISBN 0115917845.
  202. ^ a b c "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Government of Montenegro. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  203. ^ a b Principaute de Monaco (2007). "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007". Département des Relations Extérieures (in French). p. 44. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  204. ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  205. ^ "Appointment of Her Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of South Sudan". gov.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  206. ^ "British Embassy Luanda". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  207. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Politi, James (19 September 2023). "US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  208. ^ a b c d e "High Level Prosperity Partnerships in Africa". GOV.UK. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  209. ^ "UK help and services in Benin". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  210. ^ @SciDiplomacyUSA (15 December 2023). "The Partnership for Atlantic Cooperation welcomes Benin as its newest member! The United States looks forward to working with Benin to create a strong, cooperative community around the Atlantic" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Twitter.
  211. ^ "Benin - United Kingdom BIT (1987)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  212. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". GOV.BW. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  213. ^ "British High Commission Gaborone". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  214. ^ a b c d e Bavier, Joe (11 September 2019). "Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  215. ^ "UK help and services in Burkina Faso". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  216. ^ "British Embassy Office Bujumbura". GOV.UK. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  217. ^ "UK help and services in Central African Republic". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  218. ^ a b "British Embassy Kinshasa". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  219. ^ "British Embassy N'Djamena". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  220. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (17 July 2023). "Country and regional development partnership summaries". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  221. ^ "British Embassy Djibouti". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  222. ^ "Equatorial Guinea to close embassy in London". Reuters. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  223. ^ "British High Commission Mbabane". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  224. ^ "Eswatini - United Kingdom BIT (1995)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  225. ^ "British Embassy Addis Ababa". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  226. ^ Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 309–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7457-2.
  227. ^ "Honorary Consul Libreville". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  228. ^ "British High Commission Accra". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  229. ^ Department for International Trade; Duddridge, James; Jayawarden, Jaya; Truss, Liz (2 March 2021). "UK signs Trade Partnership Agreement with Ghana". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  230. ^ "Ghana - United Kingdom BIT (1989)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  231. ^ "British Embassy Conakry". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  232. ^ "The Embassy of Côte d'Ivoire". Côte d'Ivoire in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  233. ^ "British Embassy Abidjan". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  234. ^ Jayawardena, Ranil (15 October 2020). "The United Kingdom and Côte d'Ivoire sign Economic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  235. ^ "British High Commission Nairobi". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  236. ^ Miriri, Duncan (3 November 2020). "Kenya agrees new trade deal with Britain to safeguard investments". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  237. ^ Kariuki, Patrick (30 June 2023). "Inside the Defence Agreement between Kenya and UK". Kenyan Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  238. ^ "Kenya - United Kingdom BIT (1999)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  239. ^ "British High Commission Maseru". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  240. ^ "Lesotho - United Kingdom BIT (1981)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  241. ^ "British Embassy Monrovia". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  242. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (27 March 2024). "UK–Liberia development partnership summary, March 2024". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  243. ^ "British High Commission Lilongwe". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  244. ^ "British Embassy Bamako". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  245. ^ "Welcome". Embassy of Mauritania. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  246. ^ "British Embassy Nouakchott". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  247. ^ "British Embassy Rabat". GOV.UK. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  248. ^ "800th anniversary of UK-Morocco ties". GOV.UK. 7 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  249. ^ Burns, Conor (26 October 2019). "UK and Morocco sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  250. ^ "British High Commission Maputo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  251. ^ "Mozambique - United Kingdom BIT (2004)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  252. ^ "British High Commission Windhoek". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  253. ^ "Consulate". The Consulate of the Republic of Niger in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  254. ^ "British Embassy Niamey". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  255. ^ "British High Commission Abuja". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  256. ^ Badenoch, Kemi (13 February 2024). "UK signs landmark economic partnership with Nigeria". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  257. ^ "Nigeria - United Kingdom BIT (1990)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  258. ^ "UK and Nigeria strengthen security and defence partnership to tackle terrorism and build regional security". GOV.UK. 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  259. ^ "The Embassy". Ambassade de la République du Congo United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  260. ^ "UK help and services in Congo". GOV.UK. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  261. ^ "British High Commission Kigali". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  262. ^ "UK help and services in São Tomé and Principe". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  263. ^ @SciDiplomacyUSA (23 February 2024). "The Partnership for Atlantic Cooperation welcomes São Tomé and Príncipe! The United States looks forward to working with São Tomé and Príncipe and the Atlantic community on sustainable development and scientific collaboration" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Twitter.
  264. ^ "Présentation". Embassy of Senegal London (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  265. ^ "British Embassy Dakar". GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  266. ^ @SciDiplomacyUSA (8 December 2023). "The Partnership for Atlantic Cooperation welcomes Sierra Leone as its newest member! The United States looks forward to working with Sierra Leone and the Atlantic community on promoting scientific cooperation and sustainable development" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Twitter.
  267. ^ "British Embassy Mogadishu". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  268. ^ "Gavin Williamson introduces Bill on Somaliland recognition". Politics.co.uk. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  269. ^ "British Embassy Khartoum". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  270. ^ "UK Ambassador to Sudan deployed to Addis Ababa". GOV.UK. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  271. ^ "Sudan profile - Timeline". BBC News. 10 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  272. ^ "British High Commission Dar es Salaam". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  273. ^ "UK help and services in Togo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  274. ^ "British Embassy Tunis". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  275. ^ Murrison, Andrew; Burns, Conor (4 October 2019). "UK and Tunisia sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  276. ^ "Tunisia - United Kingdom BIT (1989)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  277. ^ "British High Commission Kampala". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  278. ^ "Uganda - United Kingdom BIT (1998)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  279. ^ "British Embassy Lusaka". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  280. ^ "United Kingdom - Zambia BIT (2009)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  281. ^ "British Embassy Harare". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  282. ^ Bavier, Joe (11 September 2019). "Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  283. ^ "United Kingdom - Zimbabwe BIT (1995)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  284. ^ Bowden, George; Wright, Katie (29 August 2021). "Afghanistan: British ambassador home as last UK troops leave". BBC News. Retrieved 30 January 2024. Sir Laurie said "for the time being" the UK embassy to Afghanistan would operate from Qatar but it would reopen as soon as possible"
  285. ^ "British Embassy Yerevan". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  286. ^ "Armenia - United Kingdom BIT (1993)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  287. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  288. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". www.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  289. ^ "Home". Embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain | London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  290. ^ "British Embassy Manama". GOV.UK. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  291. ^ "British Deputy High Commission Kolkata". GOV.UK. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  292. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. British Intrusion, 1772–1907.
  293. ^ "Home". Royal Embassy of Cambodia. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  294. ^ "British Embassy Phnom Penh". GOV.UK. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  295. ^ "Cambodia Relations with United Kingdom". Royal Embassy of Cambodia. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  296. ^ "British Embassy Beijing". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  297. ^ "Honorary Consulates in the UK". High Commission of Cyprus in the UK. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  298. ^ "British High Commission Nicosia". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  299. ^ "Timor-Leste Embassies". Government of East Timor. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  300. ^ "British Embassy Timor Leste". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  301. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (29 February 2024). "UK to increase maritime security links in Southeast Asia, reopen diplomatic mission in Timor-Leste". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  302. ^ "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  303. ^ "British Embassy Tbilisi". GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  304. ^ Truss, Elizabeth (21 October 2019). "UK and Georgia sign trade continuity and strategic cooperation agreement". GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  305. ^ "British Consulate General Hong Kong". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  306. ^ "Hong Kong, China SAR - United Kingdom BIT (1998)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  307. ^ a b "India - UK Relations". High Commission of India, London. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  308. ^ "British High Commission New Delhi". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  309. ^ Singh, Jyoti (1 November 2023). "An India-UK investment treaty might soon be clinched". Mint. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  310. ^ "Home". Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Kingdom, Ireland, and IMO. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  311. ^ "British Embassy Jakarta". GOV.UK. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  312. ^ "British Embassy Tehran". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  313. ^ "British Embassy Baghdad". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  314. ^ Raab, Dominic (8 June 2021). "Foreign Secretary signs UK-Iraq Strategic Partnership on visit". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  315. ^ "British Embassy Tel Aviv - GOV.UK". ukinisrael.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  316. ^ The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 29 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  317. ^ The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  318. ^ a b c d e f g Department of Health and Social Care (27 March 2024). "UK reciprocal healthcare agreements with non-EU countries". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  319. ^ "British Embassy Tokyo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  320. ^ About the Embassy Archived 12 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  321. ^ Analysis: Why the world cares about Kazakhstan Archived 9 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Times
  322. ^ "British Embassy Kuwait". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  323. ^ "Kuwait - United Kingdom BIT (2009)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  324. ^ "British Embassy Bishkek". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  325. ^ "British Embassy Vientiane". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  326. ^ "British Embassy Macao". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  327. ^ "British High Commission Kuala Lumpur". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  328. ^ "Malaysia - United Kingdom BIT (1981)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  329. ^ "About the High Commission". High Commission of the Republic of the Maldives | London. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  330. ^ "British High Commission Malé". GOV.UK. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  331. ^ "UK launches process to negotiate trade deal with the Republic of Maldives". GOV.UK. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  332. ^ "British Embassy Yangon". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  333. ^ "British Embassy Kathmandu". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  334. ^ "Nepal - United Kingdom BIT (1993)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  335. ^ "Inside North Korea's London embassy". The Guardian. 4 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  336. ^ "British Embassy Pyongyang". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  337. ^ "British Embassy Muscat". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  338. ^ "A History of Oman". The Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  339. ^ "Oman - United Kingdom BIT (1995)". UN Trade and Development. 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  340. ^ Times News Service. "Oman, UK sign mutual defence agreement". Times of Oman. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  341. ^ "Home". Pakistan High Commission - London. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  342. ^ "British High Commission Islamabad". GOV.UK. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  343. ^ a b c "Country Profile: The Occupied Palestinian Territories". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
  344. ^ "British Embassy Manila". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  345. ^ "The Embassy". Qatar Embassy in London - United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  346. ^ "British Embassy Doha". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  347. ^ Jones, Sam (2 November 2014). "UK and Qatar sign pact to combat jihadis and cyber warfare". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  348. ^ Johnson, Boris (24 May 2022). "Joint Communiqué: United Kingdom – The State of Qatar". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  349. ^ "Qatar - United Kingdom BIT (2009)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  350. ^ "Home". The Saudi Arabian Embassy in London. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  351. ^ "British Embassy Riyadh". GOV.UK. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  352. ^ "British Embassy Seoul". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  353. ^ Sunak, Rishi (22 November 2023). "The Downing Street Accord: A United Kingdom-Republic of Korea Global Strategic Partnership". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  354. ^ Jung-a, Song; Rovnick, Naomi; Giles, Chris (10 June 2019). "South Korea agrees deal with UK for post-Brexit trade". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  355. ^ "British High Commission Colombo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  356. ^ "Sri Lanka - United Kingdom BIT (1980)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  357. ^ a b "Taiwan-UK Relations". Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  358. ^ "British Office Taipei". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  359. ^ "Embassy of Tajikistan in the United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  360. ^ "Embassy of the United Kingdom in Tajikistan". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  361. ^ "Home". Royal Thai Embassy in London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  362. ^ "British Embassy Bangkok". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  363. ^ "British Embassy Ankara". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  364. ^ Pitel, Laura; Payne, Sebastian (27 December 2020). "UK and Turkey to sign free trade deal this week". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  365. ^ "Turkey - United Kingdom BIT (1991)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  366. ^ "British Embassy Ashgabat". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  367. ^ "Turkmenistan - United Kingdom BIT (1995)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  368. ^ "British Embassy Abu Dhabi". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  369. ^ "British Embassy Dubai". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  370. ^ "United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom BIT (1992)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  371. ^ "About the Embassy". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  372. ^ "British Embassy Tashkent". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  373. ^ Pincher, Christopher (31 October 2019). "UK and Uzbekistan sign partnership and co-operation agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  374. ^ "British Embassy Hanoi". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  375. ^ "Embassy of Viet Nam". Embassy of Vietnam London. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  376. ^ "UK-Vietnam strategic partnership makes remarkable progress". Vietnam Law and Legal Forum. 9 November 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  377. ^ "U.K., Vietnam Reach Free-Trade Deal as Brexit Deadline Looms". Bloomberg. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  378. ^ "British Embassy Sana'a". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  379. ^ "United Kingdom - Yemen BIT (1982)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  380. ^ "British Embassy Tirana". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  381. ^ "Albania - United Kingdom BIT (1994)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  382. ^ Morton, Wendy; Jayawardena, Ranil (5 February 2021). "UK and Albania sign Agreement to deepen economic relationship and political efforts to tackle serious organised crime". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  383. ^ "Permanent Mission of Andorra in Geneva". www.exteriors.ad. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  384. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". www.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  385. ^ Österreich, Außenministerium der Republik. "Suche nach österreichischen Vertretungen – BMEIA, Außenministerium Österreich". Oesterreich.gv.at. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  386. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  387. ^ "British Embassy Vienna - GOV.UK". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  388. ^ "History of the Embassy". Embassy of Belarus in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  389. ^ "British Embassy Minsk". GOV.UK. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  390. ^ "Embassy in London". Embassy of Belgium in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  391. ^ "British Embassy Brussels". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  392. ^ @SciDiplomacyUSA (20 November 2023). "The Partnership for Atlantic Cooperation welcomes Belgium as its newest member! The United States looks forward to working with Belgium on shared issues facing the Atlantic region" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Twitter.
  393. ^ "British Embassy Sarajevo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  394. ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina - United Kingdom BIT (2002)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  395. ^ "British Embassy Sofia". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  396. ^ "Bulgaria - United Kingdom BIT (1995)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  397. ^ "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The)". Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices of Croatia. MVEP. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  398. ^ "British Embassy Zagreb". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  399. ^ "How to find us". www.mzv.cz. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  400. ^ "Czech Honorary Consulates in the UK | Embassy of the Czech Republic in London". www.mzv.cz. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  401. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". www.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  402. ^ "Outward state visits made by the queen since 1952". Official web site of the British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  403. ^ "British Embassy Copenhagen". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  404. ^ "British Embassy Tallinn". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  405. ^ Landler, Mark; Castle, Stephen-US; Mueller, Benjamin (31 January 2020). "At the Stroke of Brexit, Britain Steps, Guardedly, Into a New Dawn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  406. ^ "Entering Finland and travelling abroad: United Kingdom of Great Britain". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  407. ^ "British Embassy Helsinki". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  408. ^ Adler, Katya (11 May 2022). "UK agrees mutual security deals with Finland and Sweden". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  409. ^ Mucklejohn, Piers (20 May 2024). "UK and Finland to sign new agreement vowing support for Ukraine against Russia". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  410. ^ French Embassy in London. "The Embassy". France in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  411. ^ "British Embassy Paris". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  412. ^ "German Embassy London". German Missions in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  413. ^ "British Embassy Berlin". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  414. ^ "United Kingdom". Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  415. ^ "British Embassy Athens". GOV.UK. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  416. ^ "British Embassy to the Holy See: "UK-Holy See relations"". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012.
  417. ^ "Holy See". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2008. Formal diplomatic links between the United Kingdom and the Holy See were first established in 1479 when John Shirwood was appointed as the first resident Ambassador. Shirwood was also the first English Ambassador to serve abroad, making the embassy to the Holy See the oldest embassy in the UK diplomatic service.
  418. ^ "Home". Embassy of Hungary London. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  419. ^ "British Embassy Budapest". GOV.UK. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  420. ^ "Embassy of Iceland in London". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  421. ^ "British Embassy Reykjavik". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  422. ^ "Fact File : Britain Garrisons Iceland". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  423. ^ Jayawardena, Ranil (8 July 2021). "United Kingdom signs free trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  424. ^ "About the Embassy". Embassy of Ireland, Great Britain. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  425. ^ "British Embassy Dublin". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  426. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation - Italian MFAIC - Ambasciate - Embassies and Consulates". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  427. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  428. ^ "British Embassy Rome - GOV.UK". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  429. ^ "Consular Missions Of The Republic Of Kosovo - Diplomatic Missions - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  430. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". www.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  431. ^ "UK to recognise independent Kosovo - PM". United Kingdom Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  432. ^ Nicholas Kulish and C. J. Chivers (19 February 2008). "Kosovo Is Recognized but Rebuked by Others". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  433. ^ "British Embassy in Pristina, Kosovo". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  434. ^ "British Embassy Riga". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  435. ^ Kryptis, Dizaino. "Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija | Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  436. ^ "British Embassy Vilnius". GOV.UK. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  437. ^ "Embassy". Embassy of Luxembourg in London. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  438. ^ "British Embassy Luxembourg". GOV.UK. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  439. ^ "British High Commission Malta". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  440. ^ "British Embassy Chisinau". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  441. ^ Morton, Wendy; Jayawardena, Ranil (24 December 2020). "UK and Moldova sign Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  442. ^ "The Embassy". Ambassade de Monaco au Royaume Uni. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  443. ^ "UK help and services in Monaco". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  444. ^ "British Embassy Podgorica". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 May 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  445. ^ "British Embassy The Hague". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  446. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of North Macedonia in Great Britain". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  447. ^ "British Embassy Skopje". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  448. ^ Morton, Wendy (3 December 2020). "North Macedonia and UK sign Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  449. ^ "Norway in the United Kingdom". Norgesportalen. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  450. ^ "British Embassy Oslo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  451. ^ "British Embassy Warsaw". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  452. ^ "General information". Embassy of Portugal in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  453. ^ "British Embassy Lisbon". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  454. ^ "Romanian Missions | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  455. ^ "British Embassy Bucharest". GOV.UK. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  456. ^ "British Embassy Moscow". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  457. ^ "Russia issues list of 'unfriendly' countries amid Ukraine crisis". Al Jazeera. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  458. ^ "Embassy of San Marino in United Kingdom". san-marino.visahq.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  459. ^ "British Foreign Office website". Archived from the original on 8 September 2008.
  460. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in Great Britain". Serbian Embassy. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  461. ^ "Serbia and the UK - GOV.UK". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  462. ^ "British Embassy Bratislava". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  463. ^ "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mzz.gov.si. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  464. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". www.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  465. ^ "British Embassy Madrid". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  466. ^ "Storbritannien och Nordirland". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  467. ^ "Worldwide organisations - GOV.UK". www.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  468. ^ "British Embassy Stockholm - GOV.UK". ukinsweden.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  469. ^ "Embassy of Switzerland in the United Kingdom". Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  470. ^ "British Embassy Berne". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  471. ^ "UK signs biggest trade deal since Brexit vote with Switzerland". Financial Times. 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  472. ^ "British Embassy Kyiv". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  473. ^ Miller, Christopher; Fisher, Lucy (12 January 2024). "Rishi Sunak announces UK military aid to Ukraine will increase to £2.5bn". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  474. ^ Johnson, Boris; Truss, Elizabeth (8 October 2020). "UK and Ukraine sign Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  475. ^ "Home". Antigua and Barbuda High Commission London. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  476. ^ "British High Commission St John's". GOV.UK. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  477. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Partington, Richard (22 March 2019). "UK secures post-Brexit trade deal with group of Caribbean countries". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  478. ^ "British High Commission Bridgetown". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  479. ^ "Barbados - United Kingdom BIT (1993)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  480. ^ "British High Commission Belmopan". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  481. ^ @SciDiplomacyUSA (15 February 2024). "In 🇧🇿, Ambassador Lapenn welcomed the newest member of the Partnership for Atlantic Cooperation, meeting with govt officials & NGOs to discuss sustainable economic development, scientific collaboration, & environmental conservation opportunities among the Atlantic community" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Twitter.
  482. ^ Miller, Phil; Kennard, Matt (4 February 2020). "Exclusive: Britain uses vast swashes of one the world's most biodiverse countries for military training — and pays nothing". Declassified UK. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  483. ^ "Belize - United Kingdom BIT (1982)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  484. ^ "British High Commission Ottawa". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  485. ^ "British Embassy Havana". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  486. ^ "Cuba - United Kingdom BIT (1995)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  487. ^ Rutley, David (21 November 2023). "UK Minister visits Cuba to agree new cooperation agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  488. ^ "Welcome to the Dominica High Commission in the United Kingdom". The High Commission for the Commonwealth of Dominica. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  489. ^ "Honorary British Consul Dominica". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  490. ^ "British Embassy Santo Domingo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  491. ^ Steinberg, S.H, ed. (1953). "Dominican Republic". Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World. The Statesman's Year-Book. pp. 912–917. doi:10.1057/9780230270824. ISBN 9780230270824.
  492. ^ "British Embassy San Salvador". GOV.UK. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  493. ^ a b c d e Foreign & Commonwealth Office (18 July 2019). "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  494. ^ "British Embassy Guatemala City". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  495. ^ "British Embassy Port-au-Prince". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  496. ^ "Haiti - United Kingdom BIT (1985)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  497. ^ "British Embassy Guatemala City (for Honduras)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  498. ^ "British High Commission Kingston". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  499. ^ "Jamaica - United Kingdom BIT (1987)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  500. ^ "British Embassy Mexico City". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  501. ^ James, William (15 December 2020). "Britain and Mexico agree deal on post-Brexit trade". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  502. ^ "Mexico - United Kingdom BIT (2006)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  503. ^ "British Embassy San Jose (for Nicaragua)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  504. ^ "British Embassy Panama City". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  505. ^ "Panama - United Kingdom BIT (1983)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  506. ^ "UK help and services in St Kitts and Nevis". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  507. ^ "High Commission for Saint Lucia". Government of Saint Lucia. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  508. ^ "British High Commission Saint Lucia". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  509. ^ "General". High Commission for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, UK. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  510. ^ "British High Commission Kingstown". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  511. ^ "British High Embassy Washington". GOV.UK. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  512. ^ "British High Commission Canberra". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  513. ^ Fildes, Nic; Pfeifer, Sylvia (21 March 2024). "Australia and Britain sign defence pact in face of rising Chinese power". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  514. ^ Nelson, Eshe (15 June 2021). "Britain Signs Its First Major Post-Brexit Trade Deal With Australia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  515. ^ "British High Commission Suva". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  516. ^ Partington, Richard (14 March 2019). "UK signs post-Brexit trade deal with Fiji and Papua New Guinea". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  517. ^ "UK in Fiji" Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, British High Commission in Fiji
  518. ^ "British High Commission Wellington". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  519. ^ "British High Commission Honiara". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  520. ^ Solomon Islands Government (5 January 2021). "Solomon Islands Accession onto the UK-Pacific interim Economic Partnership Agreement". Solomon Islands Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  521. ^ "Tonga: History" Archived 9 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
  522. ^ "British High Commission Port Vila". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  523. ^ "United Kingdom - Vanuatu BIT (2003)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  524. ^ "Argentine Embassy - London". www.argentine-embassy-uk.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  525. ^ British embassy in Buenos Aires Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  526. ^ "The Embassy". GOV.BR (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  527. ^ "British Embassy Brasilia". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  528. ^ "British Embassy Santiago". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  529. ^ Mander, Benedict (1 February 2019). "Is Chile a Brexit seer?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  530. ^ "British Embassy Bogotá". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  531. ^ a b c Taj, Mitra (15 May 2019). "Peru, Ecuador and Colombia sign trade deal with UK ahead of Brexit". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  532. ^ "Colombia - United Kingdom BIT (2010)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  533. ^ Freeman, Daniel (21 January 2014). "Colombia and United Kingdom sign security agreement". Colombia Reports. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  534. ^ "Consulado del Ecuador en Londres". Consulado del Ecuador en Londres (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  535. ^ "British Embassy Quito". GOV.UK. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  536. ^ "British High Commission Georgetown". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  537. ^ "Guyana - United Kingdom BIT (1989)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  538. ^ Leslie Bethell (1996). The Paraguayan War (1864-1870). Institute of Latin American Studies. ISBN 9781900039086. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  539. ^ "Embassy of Paraguay. London, UK". www.paraguayembassy.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  540. ^ "British Embassy Lima". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  541. ^ "Peru - United Kingdom BIT (1993)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  542. ^ "UK help and services in Suriname". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  543. ^ Drepaul, Milton (13 June 2012). "Suriname plans to join the Commonwealth". AllVoices. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  544. ^ @SciDiplomacyUSA (2 February 2024). "The Partnership for Atlantic Cooperation welcomes Suriname! The United States looks forward to working with Suriname to tackle shared challenges facing the Atlantic region & the health of our ocean" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Twitter.
  545. ^ Jayawardena, Ranil (5 March 2021). "Suriname signs CARIFORUM-UK EPA". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  546. ^ "British Embassy Montevideo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  547. ^ "United Kingdom - Uruguay BIT (1991)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  548. ^ "British Embassy Caracas". GOV.UK. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  549. ^ "CIA World Factbook - United Kingdom". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2011.

Bibliography

Primary sources

External links