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Kuomintang

El Kuomintang ( KMT ), [I] también conocido como Guomindang ( GMD ), [12] el Partido Nacionalista de China ( NPC ) [1] o el Partido Nacionalista Chino ( CNP ), [2] es un partido político en Taiwán , inicialmente con sede en China continental y luego en Taipei desde 1949. El KMT es un partido de centroderecha a derecha y el más grande de la Coalición Pan-Azul , uno de los dos principales grupos políticos de Taiwán. Su principal rival es el Partido Progresista Democrático (DPP), el partido más grande de la Coalición Pan-Verde . A partir de 2024, el KMT es el partido individual más grande en el Yuan Legislativo . El presidente actual es Eric Chu .

El partido se originó como la Sociedad para la Resurrección de China fundada por Sun Yat-sen en 1894 en Honolulu . El partido experimentó una reorganización antes y después de la Revolución Xinhai de 1911 , que resultó en el colapso de la dinastía Qing y el establecimiento de la República de China (ROC), con Sun como el primer presidente. En 1919, Sun restableció el partido bajo el nombre de "Kuomintang" en la Concesión Francesa de Shanghai . De 1926 a 1928, el KMT bajo Chiang Kai-shek lideró con éxito la Expedición del Norte contra los caudillos regionales y unificó la nación fragmentada , lo que llevó a la caída del gobierno de Beiyang . El KMT fue el único partido gobernante de la ROC en China de 1928 a 1949, sin embargo, el partido no tuvo control real sobre una gran cantidad de territorio durante este período debido a la guerra civil con el Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) y la guerra contra la agresión japonesa . El partido se retiró a Taiwán en diciembre de 1949, tras su derrota a manos de los comunistas en la guerra civil.

De 1949 a 1987, el KMT gobernó Taiwán como un estado autoritario de partido único después del incidente del 28 de febrero . Durante este período, la ley marcial estaba en vigor y las libertades civiles fueron restringidas como parte de sus esfuerzos anticomunistas , con el período conocido como el Terror Blanco . El partido supervisó el desarrollo económico de Taiwán , pero experimentó reveses diplomáticos , incluida la pérdida de la República de China de su asiento en las Naciones Unidas y la mayoría de los países, incluido su aliado, los EE. UU., Cambiaron el reconocimiento diplomático a la República Popular China (RPC) liderada por el PCCh en la década de 1970. A fines de la década de 1980, Chiang Ching-kuo , hijo de Chiang Kai-shek, levantó la ley marcial y la prohibición de los partidos de oposición. Su sucesor, Lee Teng-hui , continuó con las reformas democráticas y fue reelegido en 1996 a través de una elección presidencial directa , la primera vez en la historia de la República de China. Las elecciones presidenciales de 2000 pusieron fin a 72 años de dominio del KMT en la República de China. El KMT recuperó el poder entre 2008 y 2016, con la aplastante victoria de Ma Ying-jeou en las elecciones presidenciales de 2008 , cuya presidencia flexibilizó significativamente las restricciones a los intercambios económicos y culturales con la República Popular China. El KMT perdió la presidencia y su mayoría legislativa en las elecciones de 2016 .

El KMT es miembro de la Unión Democrática Internacional . La ideología rectora del partido son los Tres Principios del Pueblo , defendidos por Sun Yat-sen y organizados sobre la base del centralismo democrático . Como el KMT apoya firmemente a la República de China como el único representante de China, se opone firmemente tanto a la unificación china bajo la República Popular de China como a la independencia formal de Taiwán . Como el KMT se opone a los medios no pacíficos para resolver las disputas entre ambos lados del estrecho , aunque sigue adhiriéndose firmemente a la constitución de la República de China , el partido favorece una relación más estrecha con la República Popular de China y acepta el Consenso de 1992 , que define a ambos lados del estrecho de Taiwán como " una China ", pero mantiene su ambigüedad ante diferentes interpretaciones, el partido busca mantener el statu quo de Taiwán en lugar de la independencia formal o la unificación.

Historia

La fundación y la era de Sun Yat-sen

El KMT venera a su fundador, Sun Yat-sen , como el "Padre de la Nación".

El KMT remonta sus raíces ideológicas y organizativas al trabajo de Sun Yat-sen , un defensor del nacionalismo y la democracia china que fundó la Sociedad para la Resurrección de China en la capital de la República de Hawái , Honolulu , el 24 de noviembre de 1894. [13] El 20 de agosto de 1905, Sun unió fuerzas con otras sociedades antimonárquicas en Tokio, Imperio del Japón , para formar el Tongmenghui , un grupo comprometido con el derrocamiento de la dinastía Qing y el establecimiento de una república en China.

El Ejército Revolucionario atacando Nanjing en 1911

El grupo apoyó la Revolución Xinhai de 1911 y la fundación de la República de China el 1 de enero de 1912. Aunque Sun y los Tongmenghui a menudo son representados como los principales organizadores de la Revolución Xinhai, esta opinión es cuestionada por los académicos que argumentan que la Revolución estalló de manera descentralizada y sin líder y que Sun solo fue elegido presidente provisional de la nueva república china más tarde. [14] [15] Sin embargo, Sun no tenía poder militar y cedió la presidencia provisional de la república a Yuan Shikai , quien organizó la abdicación de Puyi , el último emperador, el 12 de febrero.

El 25 de agosto de 1912, el Partido Nacionalista se estableció en el Salón del Gremio Huguang en Beijing , donde el Tongmenghui y cinco partidos pro-revolución más pequeños se fusionaron para participar en las primeras elecciones nacionales. [16] Sun fue elegido presidente del partido con Huang Xing como su adjunto.

El miembro más influyente del partido fue el tercer líder Song Jiaoren , que movilizó el apoyo masivo de la nobleza y los comerciantes para que los nacionalistas defendieran una democracia parlamentaria constitucional. El partido se oponía a los monárquicos constitucionales y buscaba frenar el poder de Yuan. Los nacionalistas ganaron una mayoría abrumadora en las primeras elecciones a la Asamblea Nacional en diciembre de 1912.

Sin embargo, Yuan pronto comenzó a ignorar al parlamento a la hora de tomar decisiones presidenciales. Song Jiaoren fue asesinado en Shanghái en 1913. Los miembros de los nacionalistas, encabezados por Sun Yat-sen, sospecharon que Yuan estaba detrás del complot y, por lo tanto, organizaron la Segunda Revolución en julio de 1913, un levantamiento armado mal planificado y mal apoyado para derrocar a Yuan, que fracasó. Yuan, alegando subversión y traición, expulsó a los partidarios del KMT del parlamento . [17] [18] Yuan disolvió a los nacionalistas, cuyos miembros habían huido en gran parte al exilio en Japón, en noviembre y disolvió el parlamento a principios de 1914.

Yuan Shikai se autoproclamó emperador en diciembre de 1915. Mientras estaba exiliado en Japón en 1914, Sun fundó el Partido Revolucionario Chino el 8 de julio de 1914, pero muchos de sus antiguos camaradas revolucionarios, entre ellos Huang Xing, Wang Jingwei , Hu Hanmin y Chen Jiongming , se negaron a unirse a él o a apoyar sus esfuerzos por incitar al levantamiento armado contra Yuan. Para unirse al Partido Revolucionario, los miembros tenían que hacer un juramento de lealtad personal a Sun, que muchos antiguos revolucionarios consideraban antidemocrático y contrario al espíritu de la revolución. Como resultado, Sun quedó en gran medida marginado dentro del movimiento republicano durante este período.

Sun regresó a China en 1917 para establecer una junta militar en Cantón para oponerse al gobierno de Beiyang , pero pronto fue obligado a dejar el cargo y exiliado a Shanghai . Allí, con un apoyo renovado, resucitó el KMT el 10 de octubre de 1919, bajo el nombre de Kuomintang de China (中國國民黨) y estableció su sede en Cantón en 1920.

En 1923, el KMT y su gobierno de Cantón aceptaron la ayuda de la Unión Soviética después de que las potencias occidentales les negaran el reconocimiento. Los asesores soviéticos, el más destacado de los cuales fue Mijail Borodin , un agente del Comintern , llegaron a China en 1923 para ayudar en la reorganización y consolidación del KMT siguiendo las líneas del Partido Comunista Ruso (bolchevique) , estableciendo una estructura partidaria leninista que perduró hasta la década de 1990. [19] El Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) estaba bajo instrucciones del Comintern de cooperar con el KMT, y se alentó a sus miembros a unirse manteniendo sus identidades partidarias separadas, formando el Primer Frente Unido entre los dos partidos. Mao Zedong y los primeros miembros del PCCh también se unieron al KMT en 1923.

Sede del I Congreso Nacional del Kuomintang en 1924

Los asesores soviéticos también ayudaron al KMT a crear un instituto político para entrenar a los propagandistas en técnicas de movilización de masas, y en 1923 Chiang Kai-shek, uno de los lugartenientes de Sun de la época de Tongmenghui , fue enviado a Moscú para realizar varios meses de estudios militares y políticos. En el primer congreso del partido, celebrado en 1924 en Guangzhou (Guangdong), en el que participaron delegados no pertenecientes al KMT, como miembros del PCCh, se adoptó la teoría política de Sun, que incluía los Tres Principios del Pueblo : nacionalismo, democracia y medios de vida del pueblo.

Bajo el gobierno de Chiang Kai-shek en China continental

Chiang Kai-shek , líder del Kuomintang tras la muerte de Sun en 1925

Cuando Sun Yat-sen murió en 1925, el liderazgo político del KMT recayó en Wang Jingwei (" Grupo de Reorganización ") y Hu Hanmin (" Grupo de las Colinas Occidentales "), los líderes de izquierda y derecha del partido respectivamente. Sin embargo, el poder real estaba en manos de Chiang Kai-shek, quien tenía un control casi completo del ejército como superintendente de la Academia Militar de Whampoa . Con su superioridad militar, el KMT confirmó su dominio en Cantón, la capital provincial de Guangdong . Los caudillos de Guangxi juraron lealtad al KMT. El KMT ahora se convirtió en un gobierno rival en oposición al gobierno de los caudillos de Beiyang con sede en Beijing . [20]

Chiang asumió el liderazgo del KMT el 6 de julio de 1926. A diferencia de Sun Yat-sen, a quien admiraba mucho y que forjó todas sus ideas políticas, económicas y revolucionarias principalmente a partir de lo que había aprendido en Hawai e indirectamente a través de Hong Kong y Japón bajo la Restauración Meiji , Chiang sabía relativamente poco sobre Occidente. También estudió en Japón, pero estaba firmemente arraigado en su antigua identidad china han y estaba empapado de cultura china . A medida que avanzaba su vida, se apegó cada vez más a la cultura y las tradiciones chinas antiguas. Sus pocos viajes a Occidente confirmaron su perspectiva pro-china antigua y estudió los clásicos chinos antiguos y la historia china antigua asiduamente. [20] En 1923, después de la formación del Primer Frente Unido , Sun Yat-sen envió a Chiang a pasar tres meses en Moscú estudiando el sistema político y militar de la Unión Soviética. Aunque Chiang no siguió la doctrina comunista soviética, él, al igual que el Partido Comunista, buscó destruir el caudillismo y el imperialismo extranjero en China , y a su regreso estableció la Academia Militar Whampoa cerca de Guangzhou, siguiendo el modelo soviético. [21]

Chiang también estaba particularmente comprometido con la idea de Sun de la "tutela política". Sun creía que la única esperanza para una China unificada y mejor residía en una conquista militar, seguida de un período de tutela política que culminaría en la transición a la democracia. Utilizando esta ideología, Chiang se convirtió en el dictador de la República de China, tanto en China continental como después de que el gobierno nacional se trasladara a Taiwán . [20]

Tras la muerte de Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emergió como líder del KMT y lanzó la Expedición al Norte para derrotar a los caudillos del norte y unificar a China bajo el partido. Con su poder confirmado en el sudeste, el Gobierno Nacionalista nombró a Chiang Kai-shek comandante en jefe del Ejército Nacional Revolucionario (NRA), y comenzó la Expedición al Norte para reprimir a los caudillos. Chiang tuvo que derrotar a tres caudillos distintos y a dos ejércitos independientes. Chiang, con suministros soviéticos, conquistó la mitad sur de China en nueve meses.

Se produjo una división entre el Partido Comunista Chino y el KMT, que amenazó la Expedición al Norte. Wang Jing Wei, que lideraba a los aliados izquierdistas del KMT, tomó la ciudad de Wuhan en enero de 1927. Con el apoyo del agente soviético Mikhail Borodin , Wang declaró que el Gobierno Nacional se había trasladado a Wuhan. Tras tomar Nanjing en marzo, Chiang detuvo su campaña y preparó una ruptura violenta con Wang y sus aliados comunistas. La expulsión por parte de Chiang del PCCh y sus asesores soviéticos, marcada por la masacre de Shanghái el 12 de abril, condujo al comienzo de la Guerra Civil China . Wang finalmente entregó su poder a Chiang. Una vez curada esta división, Chiang reanudó su Expedición al Norte y logró tomar Shanghái. [20]

Los soldados del Ejército Nacional Revolucionario marcharon hacia las concesiones británicas en Hankou durante la Expedición al Norte.

Durante el incidente de Nanjing en marzo de 1927, la NRA irrumpió en los consulados de los Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido y el Japón imperial , saqueó propiedades extranjeras y casi asesinó al cónsul japonés. Un estadounidense, dos británicos, un francés, un italiano y un japonés fueron asesinados. [22] Estos saqueadores también irrumpieron y se apoderaron de concesiones británicas por valor de millones de dólares en Hankou , negándose a devolverlas al gobierno del Reino Unido. [23] Tanto los soldados nacionalistas como los comunistas dentro del ejército participaron en los disturbios y saqueos de residentes extranjeros en Nanjing. [24]

En 1928, el NRA tomó Pekín. La ciudad era la capital reconocida internacionalmente, incluso cuando antes estaba controlada por los señores de la guerra. Este acontecimiento permitió que el KMT recibiera un amplio reconocimiento diplomático ese mismo año. La capital se trasladó de Pekín a Nanjing, la capital original de la dinastía Ming , y por tanto una purga simbólica de los últimos elementos Qing. Este período de gobierno del KMT en China entre 1927 y 1937 fue relativamente estable y próspero y todavía se conoce como la década de Nanjing .

Después de la Expedición al Norte en 1928, el gobierno nacionalista del KMT declaró que China había sido explotada durante décadas en virtud de los tratados desiguales firmados entre las potencias extranjeras y la dinastía Qing. El gobierno del KMT exigió que las potencias extranjeras renegociaran los tratados en igualdad de condiciones. [25]

Antes de la Expedición al Norte, el KMT comenzó como un grupo heterogéneo que abogaba por el federalismo de inspiración estadounidense y la autonomía provincial. Sin embargo, el KMT bajo el liderazgo de Chiang tenía como objetivo establecer un estado unipartidista centralizado con una ideología. Esto fue aún más evidente después de la elevación de Sun a una figura de culto después de su muerte. El control por un solo partido inició el período de "tutela política", por el cual el partido debía dirigir el gobierno mientras instruía al pueblo sobre cómo participar en un sistema democrático. El tema de la reorganización del ejército, planteado en una conferencia militar en 1929, desencadenó la Guerra de las Llanuras Centrales . Las camarillas, algunas de ellas antiguos señores de la guerra, exigieron retener su ejército y poder político dentro de sus propios territorios. Aunque Chiang finalmente ganó la guerra, los conflictos entre las camarillas tendrían un efecto devastador en la supervivencia del KMT. Los generales musulmanes en Gansu libraron una guerra contra el Guominjun a favor del KMT durante el conflicto en Gansu en 1927-1930 . [26]

Soldados nacionalistas durante la segunda guerra chino-japonesa

En 1931, la agresión japonesa se reanudó con el Incidente de Mukden y la ocupación de Manchuria, y el PCCh fundó la República Soviética de China (RSC) en Jiangxi mientras reclutaba en secreto dentro del gobierno y el ejército del KMT. Chiang estaba alarmado por la expansión de la influencia comunista; quería suprimir los conflictos internos antes de enfrentarse a la agresión extranjera. El KMT recibió la ayuda de asesores militares alemanes. La RSC fue destruida en 1934 después de una serie de ofensivas del KMT. Los comunistas abandonaron sus bases en el sudeste de China para ir a Shaanxi en una retirada militar llamada la Larga Marcha ; menos del 10% del ejército comunista sobrevivió. Se creó una nueva base, la Región Fronteriza de Shaan-Gan-Ning , con ayuda soviética.

La policía secreta del KMT perseguía con terror a los presuntos comunistas y a los opositores políticos . En El nacimiento de la China comunista , CP Fitzgerald describe a China bajo el gobierno del KMT de esta manera: "el pueblo chino gemía bajo un régimen fascista en todos los aspectos, excepto en la eficiencia". [27]

En 1936, Chiang fue secuestrado por Zhang Xueliang en el Incidente de Xi'an y obligado a unirse al Segundo Frente Unido , una alianza antijaponesa con el PCCh; la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa comenzó al año siguiente. La alianza trajo consigo poca coordinación y fue tratada como un alto el fuego temporal en la guerra civil. El Incidente del Nuevo Cuarto Ejército en 1941 puso fin a la alianza.

La recesión de Taiwán en Taipei el 25 de octubre de 1945

Japón se rindió en 1945 y Taiwán fue devuelta a la República de China el 25 de octubre de ese año. El breve período de celebración pronto se vio ensombrecido por la posibilidad de una guerra civil entre el KMT y el PCCh. La Unión Soviética declaró la guerra a Japón justo antes de que este se rindiera y ocupara Manchuria , la parte nororiental de China. La Unión Soviética negó al ejército del KMT el derecho a entrar en la región, pero permitió al PCCh tomar el control de las fábricas japonesas y sus suministros.

Bandera del KMT exhibida en Lhasa, Tíbet, en 1938
El KMT en Dihua , Xinjiang, en 1942

En 1946 estalló una guerra civil a gran escala entre comunistas y nacionalistas . Los ejércitos comunistas chinos, el Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL), que antes era una facción menor, crecieron rápidamente en influencia y poder debido a varios errores por parte del KMT. En primer lugar, el KMT redujo precipitadamente los niveles de tropas después de la rendición japonesa, dejando un gran número de hombres de combate entrenados y aptos para el combate que se quedaron sin empleo y descontentos con el KMT como principales reclutas para el EPL. En segundo lugar, el gobierno del KMT demostró ser totalmente incapaz de gestionar la economía, lo que permitió que se produjera una hiperinflación. Entre los esfuerzos más despreciados e ineficaces que emprendió para contener la inflación estuvo la conversión al patrón oro para el tesoro nacional y el yuan oro chino en agosto de 1948, prohibiendo la propiedad privada de oro, plata y divisas, cobrando todos esos metales preciosos y divisas al pueblo y emitiendo a cambio el Gold Standard Scrip. Como la mayor parte de las tierras agrícolas del norte estaban bajo el control del PCCh, las ciudades gobernadas por el KMT carecían de suministro de alimentos y esto contribuyó a la hiperinflación. El nuevo bono perdió su valor en sólo diez meses y reforzó en gran medida la percepción nacional del KMT como una entidad corrupta o, en el mejor de los casos, inepta. En tercer lugar, Chiang Kai-shek ordenó a sus fuerzas que defendieran las ciudades urbanizadas. Esta decisión dio al PCCh la oportunidad de moverse libremente por el campo. Al principio, el KMT tenía la ventaja con la ayuda de armas y municiones de los Estados Unidos (EE. UU.). Sin embargo, como el país sufría hiperinflación , corrupción generalizada y otros males económicos, el KMT siguió perdiendo apoyo popular. Algunos funcionarios destacados y líderes militares del KMT acapararon material, armamento y fondos de ayuda militar proporcionados por los EE. UU. Esto se convirtió en un problema que resultó ser un obstáculo para su relación con el gobierno de EE . UU. El presidente estadounidense Harry S. Truman escribió que " los Chiang , los Kung y los Soong (eran) todos ladrones", habiendo recibido 750 millones de dólares en ayuda estadounidense. [28]

Territorios bajo el control del Kuomintang/señores de la guerra (naranja/gris) y comunistas (amarillo) en 1948

Al mismo tiempo, la suspensión de la ayuda estadounidense y el reclutamiento de decenas de miles de soldados desertores o dados de baja para la causa del EPL inclinaron rápidamente la balanza del poder hacia el lado del PCCh, y el abrumador apoyo popular al PCCh en la mayor parte del país hizo casi imposible que las fuerzas del KMT llevaran a cabo ataques exitosos contra los comunistas.

A fines de 1949, el PCCh controlaba casi toda China continental , mientras el KMT se retiraba a Taiwán con una cantidad significativa de los tesoros nacionales de China y 2 millones de personas, incluidas fuerzas militares y refugiados. Algunos miembros del partido se quedaron en el continente y se separaron del KMT principal para fundar el Comité Revolucionario del Kuomintang (también conocido como Kuomintang de Izquierda), que todavía existe actualmente como uno de los ocho partidos menores registrados de la República Popular China.

En Taiwán: 1945-presente

La antigua sede del KMT en la ciudad de Taipei (1949-2006), cuya imponente estructura, justo frente al edificio de la Oficina Presidencial , era considerada un símbolo de la riqueza y el dominio del partido.

En 1895, Formosa (ahora llamada Taiwán), incluidas las islas Penghu , se convirtió en una colonia japonesa a través del Tratado de Shimonoseki después de la Primera Guerra Sino-Japonesa .

Tras la derrota de Japón al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945, la Orden General Nº 1 instruyó a Japón a entregar sus tropas en Taiwán a Chiang Kai-shek. El 25 de octubre de 1945, el general del KMT Chen Yi actuó en nombre de las potencias aliadas para aceptar la rendición de Japón y proclamó ese día como el Día de la Retrocesión de Taiwán .

Las tensiones entre los taiwaneses locales y los habitantes de China continental aumentaron en los años intermedios, y culminaron en un punto crítico el 27 de febrero de 1947 en Taipei, cuando una disputa entre una vendedora de cigarrillos y un oficial anticontrabando frente a la casa de té Tianma desencadenó disturbios civiles y protestas que durarían días. El levantamiento se volvió sangriento y fue rápidamente reprimido por el ejército de la República de China en el Incidente del 28 de febrero . Como resultado del Incidente del 28 de febrero de 1947, el pueblo taiwanés sufrió lo que se llama el " Terror Blanco ", una represión política dirigida por el KMT que resultó en la muerte o desaparición de más de 30.000 intelectuales, activistas y personas taiwanesas sospechosas de oponerse al KMT. [29]

Tras el establecimiento de la República Popular China (RPC) el 1 de octubre de 1949, los comandantes del Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL) creyeron que Kinmen y Matsu debían ser tomadas antes de un asalto final a Taiwán. El KMT libró la Batalla de Guningtou del 25 al 27 de octubre de 1949 y detuvo la invasión del EPL. La sede del KMT se estableció el 10 de diciembre de 1949 en el No. 11 de Zhongshan South Road. [30] En 1950, Chiang asumió el cargo en Taipei bajo las Disposiciones Temporales Vigentes Durante el Período de Rebelión Comunista . La disposición declaró la ley marcial en Taiwán y detuvo algunos procesos democráticos, incluidas las elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias, hasta que el continente pudiera ser recuperado del PCCh. El KMT estimó que tomaría 3 años derrotar a los comunistas. El lema era "prepararse en el primer año, comenzar a luchar en el segundo y conquistar en el tercer año". Chiang también inició el Proyecto Gloria Nacional para recuperar el continente en 1965, pero finalmente fue abandonado en julio de 1972 después de muchos intentos fallidos.

Sin embargo, se cree que varios factores, incluida la presión internacional, han impedido que el KMT se enfrente militarmente al PCCh a gran escala. El KMT respaldó a los insurgentes musulmanes que anteriormente pertenecían al Ejército Nacional Revolucionario durante la insurgencia islámica del KMT en 1950-1958 en China continental. Una guerra fría con un par de conflictos militares menores se produjo en los primeros años. Los diversos organismos gubernamentales que anteriormente estaban en Nanjing , que se restablecieron en Taipei como el gobierno controlado por el KMT, reclamaron activamente la soberanía sobre toda China. La República de China en Taiwán conservó el asiento de China en las Naciones Unidas hasta 1971, así como el reconocimiento de los Estados Unidos hasta 1979.

Hasta la década de 1970, el KMT impulsó con éxito las reformas agrarias, desarrolló la economía, implementó un sistema democrático en un nivel inferior del gobierno, mejoró las relaciones entre Taiwán y el continente y creó el milagro económico de Taiwán . Sin embargo, el KMT controló el gobierno bajo un estado autoritario de partido único hasta las reformas de finales de la década de 1970 y durante la década de 1990. La República de China en Taiwán alguna vez fue referida como sinónimo del KMT y conocida simplemente como China Nacionalista por su partido gobernante. En la década de 1970, el KMT comenzó a permitir "elecciones suplementarias" en Taiwán para llenar los escaños de los representantes envejecidos en la Asamblea Nacional .

Aunque no se permitían los partidos de oposición, el movimiento pro democracia Tangwai ("fuera del KMT") creó el Partido Democrático Progresista (DPP) el 28 de septiembre de 1986. Los observadores externos de la política taiwanesa esperaban que el KMT reprimiera y aplastara al partido de oposición ilegal, pero esto no ocurrió y, en cambio, la formación del partido marcó el comienzo de la democratización de Taiwán . [31]

La ley marcial cesó en 1987 y el presidente Lee Teng-hui puso fin a las Disposiciones Temporales Vigentes durante el Período de Rebelión Comunista en 1991. Todos los partidos comenzaron a tener permitido competir en todos los niveles de las elecciones, incluidas las presidenciales. Lee Teng-hui , el primer presidente democráticamente elegido de la República de China y líder del KMT durante la década de 1990, anunció su defensa de "relaciones especiales de estado a estado" con la República Popular de China. La República Popular de China asoció esta idea con la independencia de Taiwán .

El KMT se enfrentó a una división en 1993 que llevó a la formación del Nuevo Partido en agosto de 1993, supuestamente como resultado del "estilo de gobierno corrupto" de Lee. El Nuevo Partido, desde la purga de Lee, se ha reintegrado en gran medida al KMT. Una división mucho más grave en el partido ocurrió como resultado de la elección presidencial de 2000. Molesto por la elección de Lien Chan como candidato presidencial del partido, el ex secretario general del partido James Soong lanzó una candidatura independiente, que resultó en la expulsión de Soong y sus partidarios y la formación del Partido Primero el Pueblo (PFP) el 31 de marzo de 2000. El candidato del KMT quedó tercero detrás de Soong en las elecciones. Después de la elección, la fuerte relación de Lee con el oponente se hizo evidente. Para evitar deserciones al PFP, Lien alejó al partido de las políticas pro-independentistas de Lee y se volvió más favorable a la unificación china . Este cambio llevó a la expulsión de Lee del partido y a la formación de la Unión de Solidaridad de Taiwán (TSU) por partidarios de Lee el 24 de julio de 2001.

Partidarios del partido Pan-Blue en una manifestación durante las elecciones presidenciales de 2004

Antes de esto, los votantes del partido habían desertado tanto al PFP como al TSU, y el KMT obtuvo malos resultados en las elecciones legislativas de diciembre de 2001 y perdió su posición como el partido más grande en el Yuan Legislativo . Sin embargo, el partido obtuvo buenos resultados en las elecciones de alcalde y consejo del gobierno local de 2002: Ma Ying-jeou , su candidato a alcalde de Taipei, ganó la reelección por una abrumadora mayoría y su candidato a alcalde de Kaohsiung perdió por un estrecho margen pero obtuvo un resultado sorprendentemente bueno. Desde 2002, el KMT y el PFP han coordinado estrategias electorales. En 2004, el KMT y el PFP presentaron una candidatura presidencial conjunta, con Lien como candidato a presidente y Soong como candidato a vicepresidente.

La derrota de las elecciones presidenciales de 2004 frente al presidente del PPD, Chen Shui-bian, por apenas 30.000 votos fue una amarga decepción para los miembros del partido, que llevaron a manifestaciones en gran escala durante varias semanas para protestar por el supuesto fraude electoral y las "extrañas circunstancias" del asesinato del presidente Chen . Sin embargo, la suerte del partido mejoró mucho cuando el KMT obtuvo buenos resultados en las elecciones legislativas celebradas en diciembre de 2004, al mantener su apoyo en el sur de Taiwán y lograr una mayoría para la Coalición Pan-Azul .

Poco después de las elecciones, pareció que se había producido un desencuentro con el socio menor del KMT, el Partido Primero el Pueblo, y las conversaciones sobre una fusión parecían haber terminado. Esta división pareció ampliarse a principios de 2005, cuando el líder del PFP, James Soong, pareció reconciliarse con el presidente Chen Shui-Bian y el Partido Progresista Democrático . Muchos miembros del PFP, incluidos legisladores y líderes municipales, se han pasado desde entonces al KMT, y el PFP es visto como un partido en decadencia.

En 2005, Ma Ying-jeou se convirtió en presidente del KMT al derrotar al presidente Wang Jin-pyng en la primera elección pública para la presidencia del KMT . El KMT obtuvo una victoria decisiva en las elecciones locales 3 en 1 de diciembre de 2005, reemplazando al DPP como el partido más grande a nivel local. Esto fue visto como una gran victoria para el partido antes de las elecciones legislativas de 2007. Hubo elecciones para los dos municipios de la República de China, Taipei y Kaohsiung en diciembre de 2006. El KMT obtuvo una clara victoria en Taipei, pero perdió ante el DPP en la ciudad sureña de Kaohsiung por el estrecho margen de 1.100 votos.

El 13 de febrero de 2007, la Fiscalía Superior de Taiwán acusó a Ma de haber malversado aproximadamente NT$11 millones (US$339.000) en relación con la cuestión de los "gastos especiales" mientras era alcalde de Taipei. Poco después de la acusación, presentó su dimisión como presidente del KMT en la misma conferencia de prensa en la que anunció formalmente su candidatura a la presidencia de la República de China. Ma argumentó que era habitual que los funcionarios utilizaran el fondo de gastos especiales para los gastos personales realizados en el curso de sus funciones oficiales. En diciembre de 2007, Ma fue absuelto de todos los cargos e inmediatamente presentó una demanda contra los fiscales. En 2008, el KMT obtuvo una victoria aplastante en las elecciones presidenciales de la República de China el 22 de marzo de 2008. El KMT presentó al ex alcalde de Taipei y ex presidente del KMT Ma Ying-jeou para competir contra Frank Hsieh del PPD. Ma ganó por un margen del 17% contra Hsieh. Ma asumió el cargo el 20 de mayo de 2008, con el candidato a vicepresidente Vincent Siew, y puso fin a ocho años de presidencia del PPD. El KMT también obtuvo una victoria aplastante en las elecciones legislativas de 2008 , al obtener 81 de los 113 escaños, o el 71,7% de los escaños en el Yuan Legislativo . Estas dos elecciones dieron al KMT un firme control tanto del yuan ejecutivo como del legislativo.

El 25 de junio de 2009, el presidente Ma lanzó su intento de recuperar el liderazgo del KMT y se registró como candidato único para la elección de la presidencia . El 26 de julio, Ma ganó el 93,9% de los votos, convirtiéndose en el nuevo presidente del KMT, [32] asumiendo el cargo el 17 de octubre de 2009. Esto le permitió oficialmente reunirse con Xi Jinping , el secretario general del Partido Comunista Chino , y otros delegados de la República Popular China, ya que pudo representar al KMT como líder de un partido político chino en lugar de como jefe de estado de una entidad política no reconocida por la República Popular China. [33]

El 29 de noviembre de 2014, el KMT sufrió una fuerte derrota en las elecciones locales ante el PPD, ganando solo 6 municipios y condados, frente a los 14 de las elecciones anteriores de 2009 y 2010. Posteriormente, Ma Ying-jeou renunció a la presidencia del partido el 3 de diciembre y fue reemplazado por el presidente en funciones Wu Den-yih . Las elecciones presidenciales se celebraron el 17 de enero de 2015 y Eric Chu fue elegido para convertirse en el nuevo presidente. Fue investido el 19 de febrero. [34] En septiembre de 2021, el Kuomintang eligió a su antiguo líder (en el cargo de 2015-2016), el veterano político Eric Chu , como su nuevo líder para reemplazar a Johnny Chiang (en el cargo de 2020-2021). [35] En enero de 2024, ningún partido obtuvo la mayoría en las elecciones legislativas de Taiwán por primera vez desde 2004, lo que significa 51 escaños para el Partido Progresista Democrático (DPP), 52 escaños para el Kuomintang (KMT) y ocho escaños para el Partido Popular de Taiwán (TPP). [36]

Problemas y desafíos actuales

Activos del partido

Al llegar a Taiwán, el KMT ocupó propiedades que antes eran propiedad de los japoneses y obligó a las empresas locales a realizar contribuciones directas al KMT. Parte de estos bienes inmuebles y otros activos se distribuyeron entre los leales al partido, pero la mayor parte permaneció en manos del partido, al igual que las ganancias generadas por las propiedades. [37] [38]

Como partido gobernante en Taiwán, el KMT amasó un vasto imperio comercial de bancos, compañías de inversión, empresas petroquímicas y estaciones de radio y televisión, que se cree lo convirtieron en el partido político más rico del mundo, con activos estimados en algún momento entre 2.000 y 10.000 millones de dólares. [39] Aunque este fondo de guerra pareció ayudar al KMT hasta mediados de la década de 1990, más tarde condujo a acusaciones de corrupción (a menudo denominadas " oro negro ").

Después de 2000, las posesiones financieras del KMT parecieron ser más una carga que un beneficio, y el KMT comenzó a desprenderse de sus activos. Sin embargo, las transacciones no fueron reveladas y se desconoce el paradero del dinero obtenido con la venta de activos (si es que ha ido a alguna parte). En las elecciones presidenciales de 2004 hubo acusaciones de que el KMT retenía activos adquiridos ilegalmente. Durante la presidencia del PPD de 2000-2008, el PPD propuso una ley en el Yuan Legislativo para recuperar los activos del partido adquiridos ilegalmente y devolverlos al gobierno. Sin embargo, debido a la falta de control del PPD sobre la cámara legislativa en ese momento, la ley nunca se materializó.

The KMT also acknowledged that part of its assets were acquired through extra-legal means and thus promised to "retro-endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should be classified as illegal are still under heated debate. DPP, in its capacity as ruling party from 2000 to 2008, claimed that there is much more that the KMT has yet to acknowledge. Also, the KMT actively sold assets under its title to quench its recent financial difficulties, which the DPP argues is illegal. Former KMT chairman Ma Ying-Jeou's position is that the KMT will sell some of its properties at below market rates rather than return them to the government and that the details of these transactions will not be publicly disclosed.

Kuomintang public service center in Shilin, Taipei

In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in Taipei to Evergreen Group for NT$2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.[40]

In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.[41]

In August 2016, the Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee was set up by the ruling DPP government to investigate KMT party assets acquired during the martial law period and recover those that were determined to be illegally acquired.[42]

Supporter base

Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020 only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.[43][needs update]

The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among mainlanders and their descendants, for ideological reasons, and among Taiwanese aboriginals. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority-Hakka and Mandarin-speaking counties of Taiwan, in contrast to the Hokkien-majority southwestern counties that tend to support the Democratic Progressive Party.

The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT.[44] Aboriginals have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as aboriginal opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for Ma Ying-jeou.[45] In 2005 the Kuomintang displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese Aboriginal leader Mona Rudao at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.[46]

On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on same-sex marriage, though most members of legislative committees, mayors of cities, and the 2020 presidential candidate Han Kuo-yu oppose it. The party does, however, have a small faction that supports same-sex marriage, consisting mainly of young people and people in the Taipei metropolitan area. The opposition to same-sex marriage comes mostly from Christian groups, who wield significant political influence within the KMT.[47]

Organization

KMT headquarters in Taipei City before the KMT Central Committee moved in June 2006 to a much more modest Bade building, having sold the original headquarters to private investors of the EVA Airways Corporation
KMT Kinmen headquarters office in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County
KMT Korea headquarters in Seoul
The KMT maintains offices in some of the Chinatowns of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in San Francisco Chinatown, on Stockton Street directly across the Chinese Six Companies
KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters is in New York Chinatown
KMT Building in Vancouver's Chinatown, British Columbia, Canada
KMT office of Australasia in Sydney, Australia

Leadership

The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun Yat-sen as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), positions which officially discharge the functions of the president.

Current Central Committee Leadership

Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)

Party organization and structure

The KMT is being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to a Leninist principle of democratic centralism:[48]

Standing committees and departments

Party charter

The Kuomintang Party Charter was adopted on January 28, 1924. The current charter has 51 articles and includes contents of General Principles, Party Membership, Organization, The National President, The Director-General, The National Congress, The Central Committee, District and Sub-District Party Headquarters, Cadres and Tenure, Discipline, Awards and Punishment, Funding, and Supplementary Provisions.[49] The most recent version was made at the Twentieth National Congress on July 28, 2019.

Factions

[50]

Ideology in mainland China

Chinese nationalism

The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism.[19]

The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words feudal and counterrevolutionary as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be revolutionaries.[51][52] Chiang called the warlords feudalists, and he also called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the KMT.[53][54][55][56] Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of the word's negative and feudal connotations.[57] Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".[58]

Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.[54][59] He and his New Life Movement called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a CC Clique member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".[56]

KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general Ma Bufang of Qinghai presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China who was fighting against Western imperialism to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.[60][61]

Fascism

The Blue Shirts Society, a fascist paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after Mussolini's blackshirts, was anti-foreign and anti-communist, and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.[62] In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man Dai Li were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.[63] Close Sino-German ties also promoted cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

The New Life Movement was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon Confucianism, mixed with Christianity, nationalism and authoritarianism that have some similarities to fascism.[64] It rejected individualism and liberalism, while also opposing socialism and communism. Some historians regard this movement as imitating Nazism and being a neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".[65]

Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique

The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the New Guangxi Clique of Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren, implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General Bai Chongxi led his troops in destroying most of the Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.[66]

The leaders clashed with Chiang Kai-shek, which led to the Central Plains War where Chiang defeated the clique.

Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation

The KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.[67]

One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Sun Yat-sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept may be understood as social welfare as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker Henry George, (see Georgism) the land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.[67]

The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The KMT's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.[68]

The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General".[69] Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year[when?], Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and other socialist leaders.[70]

The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of Whampoa Military Academy graduates to defeat the merchant's army. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons, while the merchants were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.[71][72]

The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and reactionary, and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent comprador trader.[71]

The merchants were supported by the Western powers, who led an international flotilla to support them against the KMT.[72] The KMT seized many of Western-supplied weapons from the merchants, using them to equip their troops. A KMT General executed several merchants, and the KMT formed a Soviet-inspired Revolutionary Committee.[73] The British Communist Party sent a letter to Sun, congratulating him on his military successes.[74]

In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son Chiang Ching-kuo to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the proletariat.[75]

As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster Du Yuesheng was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by H.H. Kung and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was Soong Ai-ling, the sister of Soong Mei-ling who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.[76]

The KMT also promotes government-owned corporations. KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public. Sun argued for Georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People.

"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."[77]

The KMT Muslim Governor of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui, promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.[78]

Corporations such as CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, CPC Corporation and Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation are owned by the state in the Republic of China.

Marxists also existed in the KMT. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the CCP, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and was in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These Marxists in the KMT opposed the CCP ideology.[79] The Left Kuomintang who disagreed with Chiang Kai-shek formed the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang when the KMT was on the edge of defeat in the civil war and later joined the government of the CCP.

Confucianism and religion in its ideology

From left to right, KMT members pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition: Generals Cheng Jin, Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan, Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, General Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida and General Bai Chongxi

The KMT used traditional Chinese religious ceremonies. According to the KMT, the souls of party martyrs were sent to heaven. Chiang Kai-shek believed that these martyrs still witnessed events on Earth.[80][81][82][83]

The KMT backed the New Life Movement, which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization. KMT leaders also opposed the May Fourth Movement. Chiang Kai-shek, as a nationalist, and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and Sun Yat-sen criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.[84]

The KMT also incorporated Confucianism in its jurisprudence. It pardoned Shi Jianqiao for murdering Sun Chuanfang, because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of filial piety to one's parents in Confucianism.[85] The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.[86]

In response to the Cultural Revolution, Chiang Kai-shek promoted a Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, promoting Confucian values.[87]

Education

The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of the state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's Three Principles of the People were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.[88]

Soviet-style military

Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Armed Forces, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT activities were propagated throughout the whole of the armed forces. Opposed to this was Sun Li-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute.[89] Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American CIA of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.[90][91]

Anti-communism

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was ruling China and strongly opposed the Chinese Communist Party as it was funded and militarily backed by the COMINTERN (Soviet Union) and pursuing a communist revolution to overthrow the Republic of China . On 12 April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek purged the communists in what was known as the Shanghai massacre which led to the Chinese Civil War.[92] The Chinese Nationalist government then led 5 military campaigns in order to wipe out Chinese Soviet Republic, a Soviet-puppet state established by the Chinese Communist Party. Initially, the Kuomintang was successful, eventually forcing the Chinese Communist Party to escape on a long march until a full-scale invasion of China by Japan forced both the Nationalists and the Communists into an alliance. After the war, the two parties were thrown back into a civil war. The Kuomintang were defeated in the mainland and escaped in exile to Taiwan while the rest of mainland China became Communist in 1949.

Policy on ethnic minorities

Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China as descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the semi-mythical initiator of the Chinese civilization. Chiang considered all ethnic minorities in China to belong to the Zhonghua minzu (Chinese nation) and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.[93][94][95] In Taiwan, the president performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.[96]

The KMT retained the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission for dealing with Mongolian and Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.[97]

The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like Al-Azhar University and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.[98] KMT Muslim Warlord Ma Bufang built a girls' school for Muslim girls in Linxia City which taught modern secular education.[99]

Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like Kazakhs to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang allowed them to participate.[100]

Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. Ma Chengxiang was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.[101][102]

The KMT incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among Hui people and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.[103]

Masud Sabri, a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of Xinjiang by the KMT, as was the Tatar Burhan Shahidi and the Uyghur Yulbars Khan.[104]

The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the Ma Bufang Mansion along with a portrait of party founder Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag.

General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the Kokonuur Lake Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.[105] This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.[106] Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the KMT flag and the flag of the Republic of China.

The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.[107]

In 1939, Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Turkey and Syria to gain support for the Chinese War against Japan, they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted Muhammad Amin Bughra, they asked him to come to Chongqing, the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British government in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications.[108] Ma Tianying (馬天英) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.[109]

Anti-separatism

The claimed sovereign borders of the Republic of China, as inherited from the Great Qing in 1912 and claimed by the Kuomintang.

The KMT, being anti-separatist, claims sovereignty over Outer Mongolia and Tuva as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.[110]

KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the Sino-Tibetan War with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai-shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the KMT, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of Golog seven times during the KMT Pacification of Qinghai, eliminating thousands of Tibetans.[100]

General Ma Fuxiang, the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing:

Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind [Ch. fei wo zulei zhe]. Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. [...] Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.[97]

Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.[105][111]

Ideology in Taiwan

Anti-communism

On 28 February 1947, the Kuomintang cracked down on an anti-government uprising in Taiwan known as the February 28 incident and the government began the White Terror in Taiwan in order to purge communist spies and prevent Chinese communist subversion.[112] While in Taiwan, the Republic of China government under the Kuomintang remained anti-communist and attempted to recover the mainland from the Communist forces. During the Cold War, Taiwan was referred to as Free China[113] while the China on the mainland was known as Red China[114] or Communist China in the West, to mark the ideological difference between the capitalist 'Free World' and the communist nations. The ROC government under the Kuomintang also actively supported anti-communist efforts in Southeast Asia and around the world.[115] This effort did not cease until the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975.[116] The Kuomintang continued to be anti-communist during the period of Chiang Chin-kuo. Contacts between Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party have started since 1990s to re-establish Cross-Strait relations. Even though anti-communism is written under Kuomintang's party charter,[117] the modern Kuomintang is now seen as PRC-friendly, with both sides having a common opposition to Taiwanese nationalism.[118]

Three Principles of the People

Sun Yat-sen was not just the founder of the Republic of China, but also the founder of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen's political ideology was based on building a free and democratic China founded on Three Principles of the People, namely Democracy (civil rights of people), people's economic livelihood and nationalism. Although the Kuomintang lost control over mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China under Kuomintang rule was able to achieve the political ideal of a democratic Republic of China on the island of Taiwan based on the Three Principles of the People after its retreat to Taiwan.[119] The Three Principles of the People is not just written in the ROC Constitution, but also in Article 1, 5, 7, 9, 37, 42, 43 of Kuomintang's party charter.[117]

Chinese democracy

The Kuomintang advocates a free and democratic China under the Republic of China founded on Three Principles of the People. In fact, during the 1980s, Chiang Ching-kuo advocated Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People. Since then, a democracy promotion banner for Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People continues to exist in Kinmen today as a display to mainland China that the Republic of China's unification principle should be based on Chinese democracy. Today, the Kuomintang continues to view the Republic of China as the free, democratic and legitimate China.

Cross-Strait relations

A Chinese nationalist party,[59][97] the Kuomintang strongly adheres to the defense of the Republic of China and upholding the Constitution of the Republic of China. It is strongly opposed to formal Taiwanese independence and the party also holds that the ROC is the sole legitimate representative of all of China. It favors a closer relationship with the PRC and the CCP,[118] though it also opposes Chinese unification under the "One country, two systems" framework of the PRC.[120][121][122] It opposes any non-peaceful means to resolve the cross-strait disputes.[123] The party also accepts the 1992 Consensus, which defines both sides of the Taiwan Strait as "one China" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations.[121] Although the KMT's long-term goal is to unify China under the ROC, the party advocates maintaining the status quo of Taiwan.

Chinese conservatism

In modern Taiwanese politics, the Kuomintang is seen as a centre-right[6] to right-wing[7] political party. The Kuomintang believes in the values associated with conservatism.[124][125] The Kuomintang has a strong tradition of defending the established institutions of the Republic of China, such as defending Constitution of the Republic of China, defending the five branches of government (modeled on Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy of Three Principles of the People), espousing the One-China policy as a vital component for the Republic of China (ROC)'s international security and economic development, as opposed to Taiwanization. The Kuomintang claims to have a strong tradition of fighting to defend, preserve and revive traditional Chinese culture and religious freedom as well as advocating for Confucian values, economic liberalism and anti-communism. The KMT still sees the Republic of China in Taiwan as presenting the true cultural China which has preserved Chinese culture, as compared to the People's Republic of China which had experienced Chinese cultural destruction during the Cultural Revolution.

Some Kuomintang conservatives see traditional social or family values as being threatened by liberal values and oppose same-sex marriage.[citation needed] KMT conservatives are also typically against the abolishment of capital punishment, arguing the need to maintain deterrence against harsh crimes.[citation needed] Conservative KMT policies may also be characterized by a focus on maintaining the traditions and doctrine of Confucian thought, namely reinforcing the morals of paternalism and patriarchy in Taiwan's society. In terms of education policy, KMT policies advocate increasing more Classical Chinese content in Chinese education and Chinese history content in order to reinforce Chinese cultural identity, as opposed to de-sinicization attempts by advocates of Taiwan independence who typically decrease Classical Chinese and Chinese history content in schools in order to achieve Taiwanization.

Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang

Malaysian Chinese Association

Malaysian Chinese Association

The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) was initially pro-ROC and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative and were also in opposition to the Malayan Communist Party, supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.[126]

Tibet Improvement Party

The Tibet Improvement Party was founded by Pandatsang Rapga, a pro-ROC and pro-KMT Khampa revolutionary, who worked against the 14th Dalai Lama's Tibetan Government in Lhasa. Rapga borrowed Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People doctrine and translated his political theories into the Tibetan language, hailing it as the best hope for Asian peoples against imperialism. Rapga stated that "the Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet," during an interview in 1975 by Heather Stoddard.[127] He wanted to destroy the feudal government in Lhasa, in addition to modernizing and secularizing Tibetan society. The ultimate goal of the party was the overthrow of the Dalai Lama's regime, and the creation of a Tibetan Republic which would be an autonomous Republic within the ROC.[128] Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT funded the party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government.[129] The KMT was extensively involved in the Kham region, recruiting the Khampa people to both oppose the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did not obey the central government.

Vietnamese Nationalist Party

Vietnamese Kuomintang
People's Action Party of Vietnam

The KMT assisted the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng party which translates literally into Chinese (越南國民黨; Yuènán Guómíndǎng) as the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.[130] When it was established, it was based on the Chinese KMT and was pro Chinese.[131][132] The Chinese KMT helped the party, known as the VNQDD, set up headquarters in Canton and Yunnan, to aid their anti-imperialist struggle against the French occupiers of Indochina and against the Vietnamese Communist Party. It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party. The KMT assisted VNQDD with funds and military training.

The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against Ho Chi Minh's Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.[133] When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches.[134][135] The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT.[136] The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. Lu Han, a KMT official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.[133]

The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General Zhang Fakui (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.[137] The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, created by KMT founder Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.[138][139] The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyễn Hải Thần. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.[140] The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.[141]

A KMT left-winger, General Chang Fa-kuei, worked with Nguyễn Hải Thần, a VNQDD member, against French Imperialists and Communists in Indo China.[142] General Chang Fa-kuei planned to lead a Chinese army invasion of Tonkin in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang Kai-shek's support.[143] The VNQDD opposed the government of Ngo Dinh Diem during the Vietnam War.[144]

The party dissolved after the Fall of Saigon in 1977 and was later re-founded in 1991 as the People's Action Party of Vietnam (Đảng Nhân dân Hành động Việt Nam).

Ryukyu Guomindang

The Ryukyu Guomindang was established on 30 November 1958. Tsugumasa Kiyuna headed its predecessor party, the Ryukyuan separatist Ryukyu Revolutionary Party which was backed by the Kuomintang in Taiwan.[145]

Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp

The pro-ROC camp is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It pledges allegiance to the Republic of China. One of these members, the 123 Democratic Alliance, dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwanese government after the 2000 presidential election.[146]

Sponsored organizations

Taipei Grand Mosque

Ma Fuxiang founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the KMT, including the China Islamic Association (中國回教公會).[97]

KMT Muslim General Bai Chongxi was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation.[147] The Muslim Chengda school and Yuehua publication were supported by the Nationalist Government, and they supported the KMT.[148]

The Chinese Muslim Association was also sponsored by the KMT, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the Taipei Grand Mosque which was built with funds from the KMT.[149]

The Yihewani (Ikhwan al Muslimun a.k.a. Muslim brotherhood) was the predominant Muslim sect backed by the KMT. Other Muslim sects, like the Xidaotang were also supported by the KMT. The Chinese Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported KMT rule. Brotherhood Imams like Hu Songshan ordered Muslims to pray for the Nationalist Government, salute KMT flags during prayer, and listen to nationalist sermons.

Election results

Presidential elections

  1. ^ a b Other KMT candidates running in this election are not listed.

Legislative elections

Local elections

National Assembly elections

See also

Notes

Words in native languages
  1. ^

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Sources

Further reading

External links