Leyes mundiales sobre relaciones sexuales, uniones y expresión entre personas del mismo sexo
Los anillos indican aplicación local o caso por caso. 1 Sin prisión en los últimos tres años ni moratoria de la ley. 2 Matrimonio no disponible localmente. Algunas jurisdicciones pueden realizar otros tipos de asociaciones.
Leyes relativas a la expresión de identidad de género por país o territorio
Cambio de identidad legal, no se requiere cirugía.
Cambio de identidad legal, se requiere cirugía.
Sin cambio de identidad legal
Desconocido/ambiguo
Cabe destacar que, en mayo de 2024 [update], 37 países reconocen el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo . [1] [2] Por el contrario, sin contar los actores no estatales y las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, se cree que sólo dos países imponen la pena de muerte a actos sexuales consensuales entre personas del mismo sexo: Irán y Afganistán . [3] [4] [5] [6] La pena de muerte es oficialmente ley , pero generalmente no se practica , en Mauritania , Arabia Saudita , Somalia (en el estado autónomo de Jubaland ) y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos . [7] [8] Las personas LGBT también enfrentan ejecuciones extrajudiciales en la región rusa de Chechenia . [9] Sudán anuló su pena de muerte no aplicada por sexo anal (hetero u homosexual) en 2020. Quince países tienen la lapidación como pena por adulterio , lo que (a la luz de la ilegalidad del matrimonio homosexual en esos países) por defecto incluyen el sexo gay, pero esto lo hacen cumplir las autoridades legales de Irán y Nigeria (en el tercio norte del país). [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
Leyes de sodomía que penalizan la actividad sexual consensual entre personas del mismo sexo. Estos pueden o no estar dirigidos a homosexuales, hombres o hombres y mujeres, o dejar que algunos actos homosexuales sean legales.
Ayoni o sexo no vaginal de todo tipo está penado en el Arthashastra . Sin embargo, los actos homosexuales se tratan como un delito menor punible con una multa, mientras que las relaciones sexuales heterosexuales ilegales conllevan un castigo mucho más severo. Los Dharmsastras , especialmente los últimos, prescriben contra el sexo no vaginal como el Vashistha Dharmasutra . El Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribe multas por tales actos, incluidos los cometidos con otros hombres. Manusmriti prescribe castigos leves para tales actos. [20] [21] Vanita afirma que los versos sobre el castigo por el sexo entre una mujer y una doncella se deben a su fuerte énfasis en la pureza sexual de una doncella. [22]
Israel antiguo
La antigua Ley de Moisés (la Torá ) prohíbe a los hombres acostarse con hombres (es decir, tener relaciones sexuales ) en Levítico 18 y da una historia de intento de violación homosexual en Génesis 19 , en la historia de Sodoma y Gomorra , después de lo cual las ciudades fueron pronto destruido con "azufre y fuego, de parte del Señor" [23] [24] y se prescribió la pena de muerte a sus habitantes – y a la esposa de Lot , que se convirtió en una estatua de sal porque se volvió para vigilar las ciudades. destrucción. [25] [26] En Deuteronomio 22:5, el travestismo se condena como "abominable". [27] [28]
Asiria
En la sociedad asiria , los delitos sexuales se castigaban de forma idéntica, ya fueran homosexuales o heterosexuales. [29] Un individuo no enfrentaba ningún castigo por penetrar a alguien de igual clase social , una prostituta de culto o alguien cuyos roles de género no se consideraban sólidamente masculinos. [29] Tales relaciones sexuales eran incluso vistas como buena suerte , con una tablilla acadia , el Šumma ālu , que decía: "Si un hombre copula con su igual desde atrás, se convierte en el líder entre sus pares y hermanos". [30] [31] Sin embargo, las relaciones homosexuales con compañeros soldados, esclavos, asistentes reales o aquellos en los que un superior social era sumiso o penetrado , eran tratados como malos augurios . [32] [33]
Los códigos legales asirios medios que datan de 1075 a. C. tienen una ley particularmente dura para la homosexualidad en el ejército , que dice: "Si un hombre tiene relaciones sexuales con su hermano de armas, lo convertirán en eunuco " . [34] [35] Un código legal similar dice: "Si un señor se acuesta con su prójimo, cuando lo hayan procesado (y) condenado, se acostarán con él (y) lo convertirán en eunuco". Este código de ley condena una situación que involucra violación homosexual . Cualquier varón asirio podía visitar a una prostituta o acostarse con otro varón, siempre y cuando no estuvieran involucrados rumores falsos o sexo forzado con otro varón. [36]
Antigua Roma
En la antigua Roma, los cuerpos de los jóvenes ciudadanos estaban estrictamente prohibidos, y la Lex Scantinia imponía penas a quienes cometieran un delito sexual ( stuprum ) contra un menor varón nacido libre . [37] Las parejas del mismo sexo aceptables eran hombres excluidos de las protecciones legales como ciudadanos: esclavos , prostitutos y los infames , artistas u otros que podrían ser técnicamente libres pero cuyos estilos de vida los situaban fuera de la ley.
Se menospreció a un ciudadano varón que voluntariamente practicaba sexo oral o recibía sexo anal , pero sólo hay pruebas limitadas de sanciones legales contra estos hombres. [38] En los tribunales y en la retórica política, las acusaciones de afeminamiento y conductas sexuales pasivas se dirigieron particularmente a políticos "democráticos" ( populares ) como Julio César y Marco Antonio . [39]
El derecho romano abordó la violación de un ciudadano varón ya en el siglo II a. C., cuando se dictaminó que incluso un hombre "de mala reputación y cuestionable" tenía el mismo derecho que otros ciudadanos a no someter su cuerpo a relaciones sexuales forzadas. [40] Una ley que probablemente data de la dictadura de Julio César definía la violación como sexo forzado contra "niño, mujer o cualquier persona"; el violador estaba sujeto a ejecución, una pena poco común en el derecho romano. [41] Un hombre clasificado como infamis , como una prostituta o un actor, no podía ser violado por ley, ni tampoco un esclavo, que estaba legalmente clasificado como propiedad; El dueño del esclavo, sin embargo, podría procesar al violador por daños a la propiedad. [42]
En el ejército romano de la República, el sexo entre compañeros soldados violaba el decoro contra las relaciones sexuales con ciudadanos y estaba sujeto a duras penas, incluida la muerte, [43] como una violación de la disciplina militar . [44] El historiador griego Polibio (siglo II a. C.) enumera a los desertores , ladrones, perjuros y "... a los jóvenes que han abusado de sus personas" como sujetos al fustuarium , a golpes de muerte. [45] Las fuentes antiguas están más preocupadas por los efectos del acoso sexual por parte de los oficiales, pero el joven soldado que presentó una acusación contra su superior necesitaba demostrar que no había asumido voluntariamente el papel pasivo ni se había prostituido. [46] Los soldados eran libres de tener relaciones con sus esclavos varones ; [47] estaba prohibido el uso del cuerpo de un conciudadano-soldado, no los comportamientos homosexuales per se. [48] A finales de la República y durante todo el período Imperial , hay cada vez más evidencia de que los hombres cuyo estilo de vida los marcaba como "homosexuales" en el sentido moderno servían abiertamente. [49]
Aunque el derecho romano no reconocía el matrimonio entre hombres y, en general, los romanos consideraban el matrimonio como una unión heterosexual con el objetivo principal de producir hijos, a principios del período imperial algunas parejas masculinas celebraban ritos matrimoniales tradicionales . Juvenal comenta con desaprobación que sus amigos asistían a menudo a tales ceremonias. [50] El emperador Nerón tuvo dos matrimonios con hombres, uno como novia (con un liberto Pitágoras ) y otro como novio. Su consorte Sporus apareció en público como la esposa de Nerón vistiendo las insignias habituales de la emperatriz romana. [51]
Aparte de las medidas para proteger las prerrogativas de los ciudadanos, el procesamiento de la homosexualidad como delito general comenzó en el siglo III de la era cristiana, cuando Felipe el Árabe prohibió la prostitución masculina . A finales del siglo IV, después de que el Imperio Romano quedó bajo dominio cristiano , la homosexualidad pasiva se castigaba con la quema . [52] La "muerte por espada" era el castigo para un "hombre copulando como una mujer" según el Código Teodosiano . [53] Bajo Justiniano , todos los actos entre personas del mismo sexo, pasivos o activos, sin importar quiénes sean las parejas, fueron declarados contrarios a la naturaleza y punibles con la muerte. [54]
Imperio Británico
El Reino Unido introdujo leyes contra la homosexualidad en todas sus colonias, particularmente en el siglo XIX, cuando el Imperio Británico estaba en su apogeo. [55] En 2018, más de la mitad de los 71 países que criminalizaban la homosexualidad eran antiguas colonias o protectorados británicos. [56]
Tenga en cuenta que, para simplificar, la siguiente tabla no distingue entre "legal" y "legal". Una acción sólo puede ser legal o ilegal cuando se ha aprobado una ley específica.
^A country in this list is to be presumed to have equalized the age of consent at the same time as it decriminalized homosexual acts, unless otherwise noted
^In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court[431] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.
^In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[502]
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^Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04, W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
^"Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04". Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
^"Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
^"Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
^"Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
^*Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40. Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT rights by country or territory.
International Lesbian and Gay Association
State-sponsored Homophobia report (2015 edition)
Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map (2015 edition)
United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016
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