With America's entry to World War II, the USATC needed a developed design from which a large number of locomotives could be constructed to run on the wrecked railways of Europe, deploying military hardware and civilian goods. Hence, the development of the S160 Class, designed by Maj. J. W. Marsh from the Railway Branch of the Corps of Engineers, which drew on previous locomotives, using austerity principles, and was built using methods which allowed for efficient and fast construction, and a long life,[1] including axlebox grease lubricators, and rolled plates in preference to castings.
With cast frames (a few had frames which were flame-cut from rolled steel slabs)[2] and cast wheels, the front two driving axles were sprung independently from the rear two driving axles, to cater for running on poor-quality track. The larger tender layout was derived from the similar design of the British WD Austerity 2-8-0, with an inset coal bunker above the water tank to improve visibility when running backwards.
Construction
British deployment
800 locomotives were constructed in 1942/3 in thirteen batches, split between ALCO, Baldwin and Lima Locomotive Works. Shipped to South Wales and dispatched from the Great Western Railway locomotive depot at Ebbw Junction, Newport, the first 43 locomotives were transferred to the London & North Eastern Railway's Doncaster Works for completion, and later running in over the East Coast Main Line. This started a pattern whereby each of the four British railway companies eventually deployed a total of 400 S160's under the guise of "running in," but factually replacing damaged stock and increasing the capacity of the British railway system to allow for shipping of military pre-invasion equipment and troops. The eventual deployment of S160's were:
The second batch of 400 S160's were prepared for storage by USATC personnel at the Great Western's Ebbw Junction locomotive depot in the immediate run-up to D-Day. After the D-Day invasion of Normandy, the locomotives deployed across Britain again began to be collected and be refurbished at Ebbw Junction in preparation for shipment to Europe.
Operational failures
The S160's were designed for quick and efficient building, not long-term operations, thus compromises in design led to some difficulties in operation. The axle-box grease-lubricators were not very efficient, particularly when maintenance procedures lapsed or were delayed for operational war reasons, and so axle-boxes often ran hot.[3][4] Braking was poor by modern standards, with a Westinghouse steam brake used for the locomotive,[1] which was woefully insufficient, due to the long distance from the driver's valve to the brake cylinder.
A major fault of the S160 was use of a single water gauge of a Klinger design, unfamiliar to U.K. crews; it was necessary to open the top and bottom cocks slowly or the check valves would close, trapping water in the gauge and giving a false reading.[5] If the valves were not fully open, the crews could be misled into thinking that the water level was adequate, even though it was becoming dangerously low. When a low water condition allowed the crown sheet to overheat, the stay bolts holding the crown sheet would fail with little warning, resulting in a boiler explosion.[6] In a space of ten months, three UK S160s suffered a collapse of the firebox crown, with the first leading to the death of a GWR fireman on No. 2403 in November 1943. Although there are claims that the stay bolts or firebox design were less than for domestic locomotive boilers, the locomotives were equipped with a "boiler built to comply in all aspects with the A.S.M.E. Boiler Code, except that the shell shall have a factor safety of 4."[7]
Deployment
Judging accurately the actual deployment of 2120 locomotives is difficult, but the following numbers are referenced:[6]
Europe
The British locomotives, together with those shipped direct from America were also similarly deployed first with troops reclaiming Europe, and then subsumed throughout European national railways as replacements for their destroyed stock after the war:
Austria, ÖBB Class 956 – 30 examples, all scrapped[8]
Czechoslovakia, ČSD Class 456.1 – 80 examples, last of them (456.173) withdrawn in 1972 and scrapped the following year
France, SNCF Class 140U – 121 examples, all passed on to other countries by 1947;
Germany – 40 examples briefly used in 1947 in American and British zones, based in Bremen. All sold to Hungary in August 1947;
Greece, Class Θγ (THg) – 27 examples received in 1947 (Θγ 521 to 537 and Θγ 551 to 560), plus 25 examples bought from Italian FS railways in 1959 (Θγ 571 to 595);
Hungary, MÁV Class 411 – 510 examples, bought at $10 000 for coal-fired ones, and $10 000, $16 000 or $20 000 for oil-fired ones, depending on condition. 484 were put into service with road numbers from 411,001 through 411,484. A further 26 were cannibalized for spares;[9]
Italy, FS Class 736 – 244 examples, plus four salvaged from a sunken ship, all but eight with oil firing. 25 sold to Greece in 1959, the rest were withdrawn in early 1960s
Poland, PKP Class Tr201 – PKP received 75 S160s from UNRRA and numbered them Tr201-1 through 75; a further 500 arrived from the USATC as class Tr203, numbered Tr203-1 through 500.[9] In PKP service, boiler pressure was reduced to 13 bar (1,300 kPa; 190 psi) and maximum speed was set at 65 km/h (40 mph). Modifications included fitting Trofimov piston valves, electric headlights and cab side doors. One engine was converted to a Tank locomotive in 1957, and designated class TKr55[6]
Soviet Union, Class ШA (ShA) – 200 machines ordered from Baldwin (ШA 1 to 90) and ALCO (ШA 91 to 200), designated S162s and S166s. ШA 52 to 55, 69 and 70 were lost en route to Vladivostok and ШA 13 remained in the USA.[10] In 1957, 50 of them were for 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) track and used by the southern Sakhalin Railway[10]
United Kingdom – none in use with any of the mainline railways after World War II, as almost all were exported post D-Day. However, one was kept back by the British Army, ALCO-built works number 71512, and used at the Longmoor Military Railway as WD 93257 "Carl R Gray Jr" until it was scrapped in 1957.[14][15] Some have now been re-imported for use by preserved railways.
At the same time as S160s were being deployed into Britain, when General Patton led American troops in Operation Torch into the North African Campaign, their Transport Corps brought the S160s with them. These locomotives moved across the north of the continent as Patton's troops waged war, and when the troops moved to Italy the majority of their S160s moved up with them. These locomotives, supplemented with those directly imported from America, were eventually to create a group of 243 locomotives, subsumed by the Italian State Railway's to become the FS Class 736 class.
Mexico, although it has been claimed that class GR-28 – 10 examples purchased by FCM directly from Baldwin in 1946 and allocated service numbers 211 to 220, were derived from the S-160, unlike an S-160 the spacing of the third and fourth driver is wider than between the other two, driver diameter is given as 60 inch vs 57 inch, and bore and stroke are 22X28 vs 19X26.[16][17]
Peru, class 80 – 2 examples, with different couplers, probably directly from ALCO in 1943
United States – an unknown number with USATC and then various military transportation units. Five surplus to requirements of the Alaska Railroad later shipped to Spain
China, KD6 Class – number unknown. Many were modernized with larger cabs, higher stacks, some fitted with large smoke lifters with horizontal riffles. They were later transferred to industrial operators, mainly coal mines. The last example was withdrawn in the late 1990s, with 2 surviving; 463 & 487.[19]
North Korea, 8000 series - number unknown. The DPRK's S160s came from the Soviet Union and China, starting almost immediately following the end of the Second World War,[20] and the Korean State Railway eventually numbered them in the 8000 series. Ironically, the S160's were used by both North and South Korean forces during this conflict.[21]
South Korea, 소리2 (Sori2) class, 소리2-1 — 소리2-100. 100 S160s were delivered to the Korean National Railroad in 1947.[22] In KNR service they were used primarily in yard duty and occasional short local trains, but they were not popular with Korean locomotive crews, as they were right-hand drive on a left-running railway.[22]
India, Class AWC – 60 locomotives were sent to India in kit form for local assembly as 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge engines. Originally allocated USATC numbers 3433–3492 (Baldwin 70390–70449, 1944) they had their running numbers increased by 3000 by the Indian authorities to avoid numbers in use by the local railway companies.[23] They were split between the East Indian Railway and the South Indian Railway; at the all-India renumbering scheme the former EIR locomotives became 22601–22614, and SIR locomotives became 22615–22660.[23] Forty-five were still in service as of June 1977.[23]
Class designation
Although "S160" has been popularly adopted as the class identification for this design of War Department Consolidation, it can not be verified as an official designation despite considerable research. The S160 designation is not found in 1942 and 1943 Baldwin drawing indexes,[24][25] the Lima drawing index for the class,[26] nor in meeting minutes[27] in which representatives of the War Department and the three builders made several design decisions prior to production. It is also not found in any of approximately 900 engineering drawings which are still in existence. The Baldwin designation for the design, 2-8-0-19S, is found in their drawing indexes, on some drawings, and is stamped onto major locomotive components on examples built by Baldwin.
Variants
There were several major variants of the S160 class, excluding in-life design development:
S161 - designed for deployment in Jamaica on British military railways used by the United States. Later subsumed by the Jamaica Railway Corporation[6]
S162 and S166 - both designed for Russian five foot broad gauge track.
Sixty 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge examples were constructed for use in India in 1944 as part of an order for 180 locomotives which also include one locomotive configured to Alaska Railroad specifications.
There were several variations in equipment from the "standard" design for the War Department Consolidations, depending on the user. Typically, European-style buffers and couplers and kerosene lighting were fitted. Examples for India, the U.S.S.R., at least six purchased new for the Alaska Railroad, and possibly approximately 10 which remained on U.S. Army bases were fitted with turbo-generators and electric lighting. The six purchased new for the Alaska Railroad were also fitted by Baldwin with U.S. style automatic couplers, bells, power reverse, and U.S. style pilots.[28] Some later production had screw type reverse gear. The War Department also required that the locomotives could be configured to burn either coal or oil.
Preservation
Mainly due to their numbers, rather than the design or build quality, at least 26 examples of the S160 have survived into preservation, making them one of the most numerous survivors of all Mainline Steam Locomotives:
References
^ a b c d45171 to 45220 trainsofturkey.com
^American Locomotive Company Frame drawing 466S119000
^"The USATC S160 2-8-0s". The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia.
^Boddy et al. 1983, p. 99
^"Installation and service guide for Klinger reflex gauges for saturated steam". Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ a b c d"Tr201 and Tr203". locomotives.com.pl. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^Baldwin Locomotive Works Specification No. 43-F-19 for United States Government class 2-8-0 19S.
^"30937.co.uk".
^ a bUSATC S160 2-8-0 No. 5197 & 6046 The Churnet Valley Guide
^ a bRakov 1995, pp. 338–339
^Tourret 1977, pp. 63–64
^"USATC steam and diesel locomotives 1942-1947". www.gregoriou.itgo.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^http://www.ratrust.org/Photos/Spain/Locomotives/Narrow_Gauge__W_/N_G__West/n_g__west_23.html[permanent dead link]
^"Rail Album - USATC S-160 2-8-0s Part 1". www.railalbum.co.uk.
^"Longmoor Military Railway - MikeMorant".
^"NdeM steam locomotives".
^Ross, Donald (2021). "Nacionales de Mexico Steam Locomotives". Don's Depot.
^Vintage Shenyang Area Pictures Archived 2007-08-27 at the Wayback Machine January 1985
^Cotterill, Duncan (2002). "Chinese Steam Locomotive Profiles: KD6 Class 2-8-0s". Railography. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^Hayato, Kokubu, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), p. 110, ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6
^A Glimpse of North Korea's Railways Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine Florian Schmidt for Continental Railway Journal
^ a b"Korean National CS-2 2-8-0s". donsdepot.donrossgroup.net. 6 August 2023.
^ a b cHughes 1979, pp. 35–36
^The Baldwin Locomotive Works Drawing Record, Sales Order No. 42302, July 9, 1942
^Baldwin Locomotive Works Drawing Index for Sales Order Number 43306, August 7, 1943
^Lima Locomotive Works Direct Locomotive Card Index, United States War Department Type 2-8-0, with updates annotated through April 27, 1945.
^U.S. War Department Memoranda of Interview dated May 18 and June 2, 15, and 16, 1942.
^Baldwin Locomotive Works Specification No. 43-F-19 for Class 2-8-0 19S nos. 476 to 479 (Alaska Railroad 551 through 554), July 20, 1943
^ a b c"Ruddington S160 trip put up for sale". Steam Railway. No. 535. 19 August 2022. p. 21.
^"Steam Locomotive Information".
^"Delaney Park Locomotive 556 Improvement Project". Retrieved 10 February 2024.
^"Engine 557 Restoration Company". HeritageRail Alliance. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
^"ARR Locomotive #557 - History is where you find it!". www.alaskarails.org.
^"Third S160 for Chedderton in Restore and Run Arrangement". Steam Railway. No. 504. April 2020. p. 28.
