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Pandemia de COVID-19 en Israel

La pandemia de COVID-19 en Israel ( en hebreo : מגפת הקורונה בישראל , lit.  'La pandemia de corona en Israel') es parte de la pandemia mundial de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 ( COVID-19 ) causada por el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). El primer caso en Israel se confirmó el 21 de febrero de 2020, cuando una ciudadana dio positivo por COVID-19 en el Centro Médico Sheba después de regresar de la cuarentena en el barco Diamond Princess en Japón. [3] Como resultado, se instituyó una regla de aislamiento domiciliario de 14 días para cualquiera que hubiera visitado Corea del Sur o Japón, y se impuso una prohibición a los no residentes y no ciudadanos que estuvieran en Corea del Sur durante 14 días antes de su llegada. [4]

A partir del 11 de marzo de 2020, Israel comenzó a aplicar el distanciamiento social y otras normas para limitar la propagación de la infección. Las reuniones se limitaron primero a no más de 100 personas [5] , y el 15 de marzo esta cifra se redujo a 10 personas, y se recomendó a los asistentes que mantuvieran una distancia de 2 m (6 pies 7 pulgadas) entre sí [6] . El 19 de marzo, el primer ministro Benjamin Netanyahu declaró un estado de emergencia nacional, diciendo que las restricciones existentes a partir de entonces serían legalmente ejecutables y los infractores serían multados. A los israelíes no se les permitió salir de sus hogares a menos que fuera absolutamente necesario. Los servicios esenciales, incluidos los supermercados, las farmacias y los bancos, permanecerían abiertos. Las restricciones a la circulación se endurecieron aún más el 25 de marzo y el 1 de abril, y se ordenó a todos que se cubrieran la nariz y la boca al aire libre. A medida que los diagnósticos de coronavirus se dispararon en la ciudad de Bnei Brak , llegando a casi 1.000 personas infectadas a principios de abril, [7] el gabinete votó para declarar la ciudad una "zona restringida", limitando la entrada y la salida por un período de una semana. Coincidiendo con el Séder de Pésaj en la noche del 8 de abril, los legisladores ordenaron una prohibición de viajes de tres días y ordenaron que los israelíes permanecieran a menos de 100 m (330 pies) de su hogar en la noche del Séder. El 12 de abril, los barrios haredíes de Jerusalén fueron cerrados.

El 20 de marzo de 2020, se anunció que un sobreviviente del Holocausto de 88 años en Jerusalén que había padecido enfermedades previas fue la primera víctima del país. [8] [9] La pandemia ocurrió durante la crisis política israelí de 2019-2022 y tuvo un impacto político significativo. [10] [11] [12] Todas las restricciones en Israel se eliminaron durante la primavera de 2021, y luego se reintrodujeron los requisitos de uso de mascarillas. [13] Las restricciones a la entrada al país de no ciudadanos se mantuvieron hasta enero de 2022.

Escudo de Israel , el programa nacional del país para combatir la pandemia, se estableció en julio de 2020. [14] A junio de 2021, está dirigido por Salman Zarka , un cargo conocido como el "zar del COVID". [15] [16]

Cronología

Primera ola: febrero a mayo de 2020

Primeros casos

El 21 de febrero, Israel confirmó el primer caso de COVID-19 . Una ciudadana israelí que había regresado a casa desde Japón después de haber estado en cuarentena en el Diamond Princess dio positivo en el Centro Médico Sheba . [3] El 23 de febrero, un segundo ex pasajero del Diamond Princess dio positivo y fue ingresado en un hospital para aislamiento. [17]

El 27 de febrero, un hombre que había regresado de Italia el 23 de febrero dio positivo y fue ingresado en el Centro Médico Sheba. [18] El 28 de febrero, su esposa también dio positivo. [19] El 1 de marzo, una mujer soldado dio positivo al virus. Había estado trabajando en la tienda de juguetes dirigida por el mismo hombre diagnosticado el 27 de febrero. [20] El 3 de marzo, se confirmaron tres casos más. Dos contrajeron el virus en la misma tienda de juguetes: un estudiante de secundaria que trabajaba en la tienda y un subdirector de la escuela que compraba allí. Después de esto, 1.150 estudiantes entraron en cuarentena de dos semanas. Otra persona, que había regresado de un viaje a Italia el 29 de febrero, también dio positivo al virus. [20]

Campaña de información

El gobierno ha creado un sitio web multilingüe con información e instrucciones sobre la pandemia. Entre los idiomas disponibles se encuentran: inglés, hebreo, árabe, ruso, amárico, francés, español, ucraniano, rumano, tailandés, chino, tigriña, hindi y filipino. [21] El gobierno también ha creado un panel en el que se pueden consultar las estadísticas diarias. [22]

Restricciones para viajar

El 26 de enero de 2020, Israel desaconsejó los viajes no esenciales a China. [23] El 30 de enero, Israel suspendió todos los vuelos desde China. [24] El 17 de febrero, Israel amplió la prohibición para incluir las llegadas desde Tailandia, Hong Kong, Macao y Singapur. [25] El 22 de febrero, un vuelo procedente de Seúl, Corea del Sur, aterrizó en el aeropuerto Ben Gurion . Se tomó una decisión ad hoc para permitir que solo los ciudadanos israelíes desembarcaran del avión, y todos los ciudadanos no israelíes a bordo regresaron a Corea del Sur. [26] Más tarde, Israel prohibió la entrada de no residentes o no ciudadanos de Israel que estuvieran en Corea del Sur durante los 14 días anteriores a su llegada a Israel. [27] La ​​misma directiva se aplicó a los que llegaron desde Japón a partir del 23 de febrero. [17] El 26 de febrero, Israel emitió una advertencia de viaje a Italia e instó a cancelar todos los viajes al extranjero. [28] En la tercera semana de marzo, El Al , la aerolínea nacional de Israel, respondió a una solicitud del gobierno para enviar vuelos de rescate a Perú, India, Australia, Brasil y Costa Rica para traer de regreso a casa a cientos de israelíes que estaban varados en todo el mundo debido a la pandemia mundial. El 22 de marzo, 550 israelíes regresaron de la India; unos días antes, unos 1.100 viajeros israelíes fueron repatriados desde Perú. [29]

El 21 de febrero, Israel instituyó una regla de aislamiento domiciliario de 14 días para cualquiera que hubiera estado en Corea del Sur o Japón. [17] Varios turistas dieron positivo después de visitar Israel, incluidos miembros de un grupo de Corea del Sur, [30] dos personas de Rumania, [31] un grupo de peregrinos griegos, [32] y una mujer del estado de Nueva York, EE. UU . [33] 200 estudiantes israelíes fueron puestos en cuarentena después de haber estado expuestos a un grupo de turistas religiosos de Corea del Sur. [17] Otros 1.400 israelíes fueron puestos en cuarentena después de haber viajado al extranjero. [34] El 9 de marzo, el Primer Ministro Benjamin Netanyahu declaró una cuarentena obligatoria para todas las personas que ingresaran a Israel, exigiendo que todos los entrantes se pusieran en cuarentena durante 14 días al ingresar al país. [35] [36] La orden entró en vigencia de inmediato para todos los israelíes que regresaran y se aplicaría a partir del 13 de marzo para todos los ciudadanos extranjeros, quienes deben demostrar que han organizado alojamiento durante su período de cuarentena. [36]

Distanciamiento social y cierres

Baldosas en el suelo de los pasillos de un supermercado. Cada siete baldosas hay una pegatina que dice "Por el bien de tu salud, quédate aquí" en hebreo.
Las pegatinas en los pasillos de los supermercados animan a las personas a mantener la distancia entre sí

El 2 de marzo se celebraron las elecciones legislativas israelíes de 2020. Se establecieron múltiples cabinas de votación aisladas para 5.630 ciudadanos israelíes en cuarentena que tenían derecho a votar. [37] 4.073 ciudadanos votaron en las cabinas de votación especiales para el coronavirus. Después de las elecciones, numerosos israelíes estuvieron en cuarentena. [38] El 10 de marzo, Israel comenzó a limitar las reuniones a 2.000 personas. [39] Un día después, el 11 de marzo, Israel limitó aún más las reuniones a 100 personas. [5] El 14 de marzo, el Primer Ministro Netanyahu anunció nuevas regulaciones y declaró la necesidad de "adoptar una nueva forma de vida". El Ministerio de Salud publicó nuevas regulaciones, que entraron en vigor el 15 de marzo. Estas incluían la prohibición de reuniones de más de 10 personas y el cierre de todas las instituciones educativas, entre ellas guarderías, educación especial, movimientos juveniles y programas extraescolares. La lista de lugares que debían cerrar incluía: centros comerciales, restaurantes, comedores de hoteles, pubs, clubes de baile, gimnasios, piscinas, playas, parques acuáticos y de atracciones, zoológicos y zoológicos de mascotas, baños y baños rituales para hombres, salones de belleza y masajes, lugares para eventos y conferencias, barcos públicos y teleféricos y sitios patrimoniales. Los restaurantes de comida para llevar, los supermercados y las farmacias debían permanecer abiertos. La pandemia obligó a cancelar muchos eventos. A pesar del cierre de los salones de bodas, las bodas se llevaron a cabo en casas particulares con la limitación de no más de 10 participantes en cada habitación; el baile podía tener lugar tanto en interiores como en patios al aire libre. Las bodas también se celebraron en azoteas y patios de yeshivá . En un caso, una pareja sefardí optó por celebrar su ceremonia nupcial en un supermercado Osher Ad, que estaba exento de la regla de las 10 personas. [40] La mezquita Al-Aqsa y la Cúpula de la Roca cerraron para evitar la contaminación de los lugares sagrados. [41] Como resultado de la directiva del gobierno para que los ciudadanos permanecieran en casa, hubo un aumento en las llamadas a las líneas directas de violencia doméstica y los refugios para mujeres estaban cerca de su capacidad máxima, tanto debido a los recién llegados como a los residentes actuales que permanecieron debido a la pandemia. [42]

El 9 de marzo, tras descubrirse que un empleado de la embajada de Israel en Grecia había contraído el coronavirus y lo había contagiado a dos miembros de su familia, se anunció que la embajada cerraría temporalmente. [43] El 12 de marzo, Israel anunció que todas las universidades y escuelas cerrarían hasta después de las vacaciones de Pascua (primavera). [44] Después de las vacaciones, las escuelas permanecieron cerradas [45] y los estudiantes aprendieron en línea. El 3 de mayo, se permitió que los grados primero a tercero reanudaran las clases, con restricciones, y no en todas las ciudades. Además, se permitió que los grados undécimo y duodécimo tuvieran revisiones para los próximos exámenes de Bagrut . [46] El 15 de marzo, el Ministro de Justicia, Amir Ohana, amplió sus poderes y anunció que se congelaría la actividad judicial no urgente. Como resultado, el juicio por corrupción del Primer Ministro Netanyahu se pospuso del 17 de marzo al 24 de mayo. El Movimiento por un Gobierno de Calidad en Israel instó al Fiscal General a suspender las nuevas regulaciones. [47] El 16 de marzo, el Banco de Israel ordenó el cierre de los bancos minoristas, pero permitió que los servicios especiales permanecieran abiertos para las personas mayores. [48] El 22 de marzo, la policía cerró tanto el mercado al aire libre de Carmel en Tel Aviv como el mercado al aire libre de Mahane Yehuda en Jerusalén. [49] [50] Muchos supermercados experimentaron una escasez de huevos causada por las compras de pánico y el temor al cierre. [51]

Respuesta médica

Incluso el 15 de marzo, los médicos se quejaron de que las pautas para las pruebas eran demasiado restrictivas. [52] El 16 de marzo, el Ministerio de Salud aprobó una serie de tratamientos experimentales para pacientes con COVID-19. [53] El 18 de marzo, el Ministerio de Defensa se hizo cargo de la compra de equipos relacionados con el coronavirus. [54] El mismo día, el Instituto Israelí de Investigación Biológica anunció que están trabajando en una vacuna contra el COVID-19 . [55] El 18 de marzo a las 6 p.m., los israelíes de todo el país aplaudieron desde sus balcones durante dos minutos en agradecimiento a los trabajadores médicos y los socorristas que luchan contra el coronavirus. [56] [57] El 29 de marzo, Magen David Adom anunció que recolectará plasma sanguíneo de pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 para tratar a los más gravemente afectados por la infección. [ 58] En diciembre de 2021, el Ministerio de Salud israelí aprobó el uso de Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir de Pfizer para tratar el COVID-19. [59]

Política

El virus comenzó a propagarse rápidamente después de las elecciones de marzo de 2020, y la política pandémica afectó la trayectoria posterior de Israel. El primer ministro en ejercicio, Benjamin Netanyahu, no ganó suficientes escaños para formar una coalición, y el mandato presidencial para formar una coalición fue otorgado a su contendiente, Benny Gantz. Ante los cargos penales y sin poder formar una coalición, el primer ministro Netanyahu instó al establecimiento de un Gobierno de Emergencia Nacional (GNE). Abulof y Le Penne sostienen que Netanyahu tuvo éxito en parte a través del alarmismo. Sugiriendo que “si caigo, cae Israel”, Netanyahu comparó la crisis de COVID-19 con el Holocausto, calificando “a diferencia del holocausto, esta vez, esta vez, identificamos el peligro a tiempo”, diciendo que el GNE encabezado por él es necesario “como antes de la Guerra de los Seis Días”, para “salvar al país”. [60]

La política pandémica de Netanyahu llevó a su partido, el Likud, a alcanzar un máximo de apoyo público (41-43 escaños durante la primera ola de abril-mayo de 2020), lo que llevó a Gantz a pedir al presidente de Israel que transfiriera el mandato a Netanyahu para que este pudiera formar y dirigir un nuevo gobierno. En general, sostienen Abulof y Le Penne, Israel cuenta con factores clave que podrían haberlo ayudado a capear bien la crisis de COVID-19: una población joven, fronteras cercanas o muy vigiladas, clima cálido, un sistema de salud pública eficiente, resiliencia pública ganada con esfuerzo, voluntad de movilización masiva, capacidades de alta tecnología (para ayudar a recopilar y difundir información) y escasa dependencia del turismo. [60]

Seguimiento de teléfonos móviles

El 15 de marzo, el gobierno israelí propuso permitir que la Agencia de Seguridad de Israel (ISA) rastreara los movimientos previos de las personas diagnosticadas con coronavirus a través de sus teléfonos móviles. [61] El servicio de seguridad no requeriría una orden judicial para su vigilancia. El objetivo declarado de la medida era identificar a las personas con las que los individuos infectados habían entrado en contacto en las dos semanas anteriores a su diagnóstico y enviar mensajes de texto informando a esas personas que debían entrar en la cuarentena voluntaria de 14 días. La medida de seguridad debía estar en vigor solo durante 30 días después de la aprobación por un subcomité de la Knesset , y todos los registros debían eliminarse después de ese momento. Los críticos calificaron la propuesta de invasión de la privacidad y las libertades civiles . [62] [63]

El 17 de marzo, a la 1:30 AM, un comité de la Knesset aprobó el programa de rastreo de contactos, [64] convirtiendo a Israel en el único país del mundo en utilizar su agencia de seguridad interna (Shin Bet) para rastrear las geolocalizaciones de los ciudadanos. [65] [61] En los primeros dos días, el Ministerio de Salud envió mensajes de texto a 400 personas que habían estado cerca de una persona infectada y les dijo que entraran en una autocuarentena de 14 días. El 19 de marzo, la Corte Suprema de Israel escuchó peticiones para detener el programa de rastreo de contactos, presentadas por la Asociación para los Derechos Civiles en Israel y Adalah - El Centro Legal para los Derechos de las Minorías Árabes , y emitió una orden provisional. [66] [67] El mismo día, varios cientos de manifestantes convergieron en la Knesset para protestar contra la vigilancia telefónica y otras restricciones a los movimientos de los ciudadanos, así como por el cierre de los poderes judicial y legislativo del gobierno. La policía arrestó a tres manifestantes por violar la prohibición de reuniones de más de 10 personas, y también bloqueó la entrada de docenas de automóviles a Jerusalén y su aproximación al edificio de la Knesset. [68] El 26 de marzo, la ISA dijo que el rastreo de contactos había llevado a que se notificara a más de 500 israelíes que luego fueron diagnosticados con coronavirus. [69] El 26 de abril de 2020, la Corte Suprema emitió su sentencia sobre las peticiones de rastreo de contactos. Al conceder las peticiones, la Corte sostuvo que la decisión del Gobierno pasó la revisión constitucional en las circunstancias exigentes en el momento en que se tomó, pero que un recurso adicional a la Agencia de Seguridad de Israel con el propósito de rastrear los contactos requeriría una legislación primaria en forma de una orden temporal que cumpliría con los requisitos de la Cláusula de Limitaciones de la Ley Básica: Dignidad Humana y Libertad. El Tribunal sostuvo además que debido a la importancia fundamental de la libertad de prensa, el rastreo de contactos de la ISA de los periodistas que dieron positivo en la prueba del virus requeriría consentimiento y, en ausencia de consentimiento, un periodista se sometería a una investigación epidemiológica individual y se le pediría que informara a cualquier fuente con la que estuvo en contacto durante los 14 días anteriores a su diagnóstico. [70] El rastreo de ubicación basado en teléfonos celulares resultó ser insuficientemente preciso, ya que decenas de ciudadanos israelíes fueron identificados falsamente como portadores de COVID-19 y posteriormente se les ordenó que se pusieran en cuarentena. [71] En un intento por contener la propagación de la variante ómicron , Israel restableció el uso de las medidas de vigilancia antiterrorista del Shin Bet por un período de tiempo limitado. [72]

Transporte público

El patio de maniobras de los Ferrocarriles de Israel en Beersheba está lleno debido al cierre por el coronavirus

Al 19 de marzo, el número de pasajeros del transporte público se redujo en un 38,5 por ciento en comparación con antes del brote del virus. Las operaciones de autobuses públicos fueron estrictamente restringidas por el gobierno, que impuso un toque de queda a las 8 pm en las operaciones de autobuses todas las noches, y detuvo todo el transporte público entre las 8 pm del jueves por la noche y el domingo por la mañana, yendo más allá de la pausa habitual en el transporte público en Israel durante Shabat (desde el viernes por la noche hasta el sábado por la noche). [73] A partir del 22 de marzo, el Ministerio de Transporte y Seguridad Vial de Israel y su Autoridad Nacional de Transporte Público instituyeron un sistema de notificación que permite a los pasajeros que utilizan el transporte público preguntar si habían compartido un viaje con una persona enferma de COVID-19. Los historiales de viajes se almacenarán mediante el uso de los pases de tarjeta de autobús electrónicos del país, conocidos como Rav-Kav . [74] En el pico de la primera ola, el 20 de abril de 2020, el número de pasajeros del transporte público se redujo en un 80% en comparación con antes del brote. [75]

Estado de emergencia

Parque de la ciudad marcado y cerrado debido al brote de COVID-19

El 19 de marzo, el Primer Ministro Netanyahu declaró el estado de emergencia nacional . Dijo que las restricciones existentes serían legalmente exigibles a partir de entonces y que los infractores serían multados. Los israelíes no podían salir de sus casas a menos que fuera absolutamente necesario. Los servicios esenciales permanecerían abiertos. [76] Los informes de prensa mostraron que cientos de israelíes ignoraron la nueva prohibición del Shabat, el 21 de marzo, y visitaron playas, parques y espacios naturales en gran número, lo que llevó al Ministerio de Salud a amenazar con imponer restricciones más estrictas al público. [77] [78]

El jefe del Estado Mayor , Aviv Kochavi (centro), examina el laboratorio militar para el diagnóstico de pacientes con coronavirus en la base de Tzrifin

El 25 de marzo, el gobierno impuso restricciones más estrictas a los movimientos de los ciudadanos. [79] Estas incluyen:

A partir del 1 de abril, el gobierno propuso intensificar las restricciones preventivas para sus ciudadanos, exigiéndoles que se abstuvieran de todas las reuniones públicas, incluidos los quórums de oración de 10 hombres; limitar las salidas a dos personas del mismo hogar; y pedirles que siempre usaran mascarillas en público. [80] A partir del 12 de abril, el gobierno exigió a todos los israelíes que se cubrieran la nariz y la boca al salir de sus casas. Las excepciones incluyen "niños menores de 6 años; personas con afecciones emocionales, mentales o médicas que les impidan usar una mascarilla; conductores en sus automóviles; personas solas en un edificio; y dos trabajadores que trabajan juntos regularmente, siempre que mantengan el distanciamiento social". La nueva ley se aprobó el mismo día en que la Organización Mundial de la Salud cuestionó la eficacia de las mascarillas para proteger a las personas sanas de contraer el virus. [81]

Restricciones a las reuniones religiosas

Según las estadísticas del Ministerio de Salud de Israel, hasta el 24 de marzo, el 24% de todas las infecciones por coronavirus en Israel con puntos de infección conocidos (35% de todos los casos conocidos) se contrajeron en sinagogas, el 15% en hoteles y el 12% en restaurantes. [82] Las reglas del Ministerio de Salud sobre las reuniones en interiores, que se redujeron de 100 a 10, todavía tenían en cuenta el número mínimo de miembros necesarios para un minyan (quórum de oración pública). Con restricciones más estrictas impuestas a los ciudadanos el 25 de marzo (ver más abajo), los dos Rabinos Principales de Israel pidieron que se cerraran todas las sinagogas y que los servicios de oración se celebraran al aire libre en grupos de 10, con 2 m (6 pies 7 pulgadas) entre cada adorador. [83] Muchas sinagogas en Jerusalén fueron cerradas y los servicios de oración se celebraron al aire libre. [84] Debido al aumento de diagnósticos de coronavirus en Bnei Brak y después de ordenar inicialmente a sus seguidores que ignoraran las restricciones del Ministerio de Salud, [85] el principal posek haredí Chaim Kanievsky finalmente emitió una declaración sin precedentes el 29 de marzo instruyendo a los residentes de Bnei Brak a no rezar con un minyan en absoluto, sino individualmente en casa. [86] A pesar de esto, Kanievsky fue acusado de organizar secretamente oraciones públicas en su casa. [87] El 1 de abril, los rabinos principales de Israel publicaron pautas para la observancia de las leyes de Pascua durante el brote. [88] Las pautas incluían rezar en casa y no en un minyan, vender jametz en línea y deshacerse del jametz en casa de otras formas que no fueran quemándolo, para no salir a las calles para la quema tradicional del jametz. [89]

Después de varias discusiones con representantes de la chevra kadisha (sociedad judía de entierro religioso), el Ministerio de Salud permitió a los miembros de la sociedad de entierro proceder con muchos aspectos tradicionales del entierro de las víctimas del coronavirus. Los trabajadores del entierro estarán vestidos con equipo de protección completo para realizar la taharah (purificación ritual) del cuerpo, que luego será envuelto en los tradicionales tachrichim (mortajas de lino) seguidos de una capa de plástico. El servicio funerario debe realizarse completamente al aire libre. Los asistentes al funeral no necesitan usar equipo de protección. [90]

El 26 de marzo, la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro fue cerrada. [91] Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb es un festival druso llamado Ziyara que se celebra entre el 25 y el 28 de abril y que está oficialmente reconocido en Israel como un día festivo. [92] [93] Mowafaq Tarif, el actual líder espiritual de la comunidad drusa en Israel , anunció que las festividades tradicionales de Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb fueron canceladas por primera vez en la historia de la comunidad drusa. [94]

Cierres de ciudades y barrios

El 2 de abril, el gabinete votó por conferencia telefónica para declarar Bnei Brak una "zona restringida", limitando la entrada y salida a "residentes, policía, servicios de rescate, aquellos que traen suministros esenciales y periodistas", por un período inicial de una semana. Con una población de 200.000, Bnei Brak tuvo el segundo número más alto de casos de coronavirus de todas las ciudades israelíes en números totales, y la tasa más alta per cápita. [95] El 10 de abril, el cierre se relajó para permitir que los residentes salieran de la ciudad para ir a trabajar, asistir a un funeral de un familiar directo o para necesidades médicas esenciales. [96] El 12 de abril, el gobierno impuso un cierre en los barrios haredíes de Jerusalén, citando estadísticas del Ministerio de Salud que indicaban que casi el 75% de las infecciones por coronavirus de esa ciudad podían rastrearse hasta estos barrios. El cierre afectó a Mea Shearim , Geula , el barrio de Bukharim , Romema , Mekor Baruch , Sanhedria , Neve Yaakov , Ramat Shlomo y Har Nof . A los residentes de estos barrios se les permitió salir a otras áreas solo para ir a trabajar, asistir a los funerales de familiares directos y para necesidades médicas esenciales. El alcalde de Jerusalén , Moshe Lion , se opuso al cierre, quien, según se informa, dijo a los miembros del gabinete del gobierno: "Tomen como ejemplo el barrio de Ramot : 60.000 residentes y 140 de ellos enfermos. ¿Por qué necesitamos cerrar todo el barrio?" [97]

Los legisladores impusieron un confinamiento nacional de tres días en conjunción con el Séder de Pésaj , que tuvo lugar en Israel la noche del miércoles 8 de abril. Todos los viajes entre ciudades estaban prohibidos desde el martes por la noche hasta el viernes por la noche. Desde el miércoles a las 3 p. m. hasta el jueves a las 7 a. m., a todos los israelíes se les prohibió aventurarse a más de 100 m (330 pies) de su casa. El objetivo de estas medidas era evitar las reuniones familiares tradicionales asociadas con el Séder de Pésaj. El confinamiento no se aplicó a las ciudades árabes, donde no se celebra la Pascua. [98] A pesar del confinamiento, varios políticos destacados, incluido el primer ministro Netanyahu, el presidente de Israel Reuven Rivlin , el líder del partido Yisrael Beiteinu Avigdor Lieberman , el ministro de Inmigración y Absorción Yoav Gallant y el diputado del Likud Nir Barkat , fueron señalados por la prensa israelí por haber celebrado el Séder u otras partes de la festividad con familiares que no vivían con ellos. [99] [100] [101] Se impuso nuevamente un confinamiento parcial a nivel nacional del 14 al 16 de abril, impidiendo a los israelíes visitar a sus familiares en otras ciudades y a los residentes de Jerusalén salir de sus propios barrios, en conjunción con el séptimo día de Pésaj y la festividad de Mimuna la noche siguiente al final de Pésaj. [102]

Durante todo el mes de Ramadán , que comenzó el 25 de abril, las tiendas en las ciudades con población mayoritariamente musulmana (incluida Jerusalén Oriental ) debían cerrar desde las 6 de la tarde hasta las 3 de la madrugada. Se prohibió la oración en espacios interiores para todas las religiones, mientras que se permitió la oración al aire libre para grupos de hasta 19 personas, distanciadas al menos 2 m (6 pies 7 pulgadas) entre sí. [103]

Estrategia de salida

El 24 de abril de 2020, el gobierno aprobó la reapertura de las tiendas callejeras y las peluquerías, a partir del 26 de abril de 2020. Los centros comerciales, gimnasios y restaurantes sin servicio de entrega a domicilio permanecieron cerrados. [104] El 7 de mayo de 2020, los centros comerciales y los mercados al aire libre reabrieron, con restricciones en el número de personas permitidas. [105] El 27 de mayo de 2020, los restaurantes reabrieron, con una distancia de 1,6 metros entre los comensales y el personal con mascarillas. [106]

El 3 de mayo de 2020, las escuelas reabrieron para los grados primero a tercero y 11.º a 12.º. [107] Las clases tenían un tamaño limitado y los escolares debían usar mascarillas. Para el 17 de mayo de 2020, se levantaron las limitaciones al tamaño de las clases. [108] El 10 de mayo de 2020, los preescolares y jardines de infancia reabrieron, con límites en el número de niños por clase y en un horario rotativo de media semana. Las guarderías reabrieron con un horario de semana completa, pero permitiendo que solo el 70% de los niños asistieran. Se dio prioridad a los hijos de madres solteras o trabajadoras. [109] Del 17 al 19 de mayo de 2020, las escuelas reabrieron por completo, con ciertas reglas de distanciamiento social en vigor, incluidos recreos escalonados y el mantenimiento de 2 metros de distancia entre los alumnos durante los descansos. Los niños que llegaban a la escuela debían presentar una declaración de salud firmada por sus padres. [110] Varias escuelas cerraron después de reabrir debido a casos entre miembros del personal o estudiantes. [111]

El 4 de mayo de 2020, el primer ministro Netanyahu describió una flexibilización gradual de las restricciones del confinamiento, aprobada por el gobierno. [112] Los cambios inmediatos incluyeron permitir reuniones al aire libre de grupos que no excedan de 20 personas, eliminar el límite de 100 metros para salir de las casas y permitir reuniones con miembros de la familia, incluidos los ancianos. También se permitieron las bodas con hasta 50 asistentes. La flexibilización de las restricciones se detendría si ocurriera una de las siguientes situaciones: [112]

El 5 de mayo de 2020 se anunció una flexibilización adicional de las restricciones. [113] El 19 de mayo de 2020, se levantó el requisito de usar mascarillas al aire libre y en las escuelas durante el resto de la semana debido a una grave ola de calor. [114] El 20 de mayo de 2020, las playas y los museos reabrieron y se relajaron las restricciones sobre el número de pasajeros en los autobuses. Las casas de oración reabrieron para grupos de hasta 50 personas. Los asistentes debían usar mascarillas y mantener una distancia de dos metros. [115]

Impacto económico

El 16 de marzo, Israel impuso limitaciones a los sectores público y privado. Todos los trabajadores no esenciales del gobierno y de las autoridades locales fueron puestos en licencia paga hasta el final de la festividad de Pésaj. Las empresas del sector privado que superaban los 10 empleados debían reducir el personal presente en el lugar de trabajo en un 70%. [116] El 30 de marzo, el Primer Ministro Netanyahu anunció un paquete de rescate económico por un total de 80 mil millones de shekels (22 mil millones de dólares), diciendo que era el 6% del PIB del país. El dinero se asignará a la atención médica (10 mil millones de shekels); bienestar y desempleo (30 mil millones de shekels); ayuda para pequeñas y grandes empresas (32 mil millones de shekels) y estímulo financiero (8 mil millones). [117] Para el 1 de abril, la tasa nacional de desempleo había alcanzado el 24,4 por ciento. Solo en el mes de marzo, más de 844.000 personas solicitaron prestaciones por desempleo, el 90 por ciento de las cuales habían sido puestas en licencia sin goce de sueldo debido a la pandemia. [118] Durante abril de 2020, Bituah Leumi depositó pagos únicos a personas mayores, personas discapacitadas, personas que reciben apoyo económico o pagos de pensión alimenticia y familias con niños. [119] El 16 de junio de 2020, la Knesset aprobó un proyecto de ley de estímulo para alentar a las empresas a traer de regreso a los trabajadores del desempleo. [120]

Segunda ola: mayo a noviembre de 2020

Respuesta del gobierno

El 1 de julio, la Knesset volvió a autorizar el rastreo de teléfonos móviles de la ISA de personas infectadas al promulgar la Ley para autorizar a la ISA a ayudar en el esfuerzo nacional para contener la propagación del nuevo coronavirus (Disposiciones temporales) 2020-5780. [121] Cuando se reanudó el rastreo de ubicación de la ISA, el 5 de julio, más de 30.000 israelíes recibieron la orden de ponerse en cuarentena. [122] El 6 de julio de 2020, tras más de dos semanas de aumento continuo en el número de nuevos casos diarios, Netanyahu anunció nuevas pautas de distanciamiento social, aprobadas por el gobierno. [123] [124] Estas incluían:

El 17 de julio se anunciaron restricciones adicionales. [125] [126] Estas incluían:

Debido a la presión de los dueños de negocios, el gobierno dio marcha atrás en el cierre de restaurantes, piscinas y playas. [127] También se cancelaron los cierres de fin de semana de centros comerciales y mercados, tras afirmaciones de que los cierres no habían reducido las tasas de infección. [128]

El 31 de agosto de 2020, el gabinete de coronavirus aprobó el plan de "semáforo" presentado por el profesor Ronni Gamzu , en el que a cada ciudad se le asigna un color que indica su nivel actual de COVID-19. [129] El 6 de septiembre de 2020, el gobierno aprobó el cierre de escuelas y un toque de queda nocturno para cuarenta comunidades "rojas". [130] Este plan reemplazó la propuesta de Gamzu de cierre total en diez ciudades "rojas" y entró en vigencia el 8 de septiembre. Las comunidades afectadas por los toques de queda estaban entre las más pobres de Israel, con población principalmente árabe y ultraortodoxa. [131] Los residentes bajo toque de queda fueron restringidos a 500 metros de distancia de sus hogares, desde las 7 p.m. hasta las 5 a.m.

El 10 de septiembre de 2020, Israel se convirtió en el país con la tasa más alta de infecciones por COVID-19 per cápita. A medida que las infecciones confirmadas seguían aumentando a diario, los funcionarios israelíes advirtieron que los hospitales finalmente no podrían enfrentar la crisis. [132] El 13 de septiembre de 2020, el gobierno aprobó un confinamiento nacional de tres semanas, que comenzaría el viernes 18 de septiembre a las 2 p. m. y terminaría el 10 de octubre. Las restricciones incluyen: [133]

El confinamiento de tres semanas se produjo durante las grandes festividades , durante las cuales muchos judíos asisten a la sinagoga. Las reglas de confinamiento para la oración fueron las siguientes: [134]

para . para . En cualquier caso, el número total de personas 10 no debe exceder , donde es el área de la habitación en metros cuadrados.

El 23 de septiembre de 2020, el primer ministro Benjamin Netanyahu anunció reglas de confinamiento más estrictas después de que se informara un nuevo récord diario de 6.923 infecciones por coronavirus en Israel. [135] Estas incluyeron: [136]

On 13 October the lockdown was extended for an additional week, until midnight 18 October 2020.[137]

While restrictions were eased in most of the country, local lockdowns were imposed in the following towns due to high case numbers: Majdal Shams and Masade (starting on 6 November 2020), Buqata (starting on 7 November), Hazor Haglilit (starting on 8 November),[138] Qalansawe and Iksal (starting on 17 November 2020),[139] Nazareth and Isfiya (starting on 21 November).[140]

A number of steps were taken to provide financial assistance:

On 21 September 2020, the government unanimously approved a 10% pay cut for all Knesset members and government ministers.[145][146]

Protests

During July and August 2020, many protests were held, with protesters voicing frustration over the response of the Netanyahu-led government to the pandemic.[147][148] On 30 September, Israel's parliament passed a law limiting demonstrations which the opposition said was intended to curb protests against Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu over alleged corruption and his mismanagement of the coronavirus crisis. The law prohibited Israelis from holding large gatherings more than one kilometre (58 mile) from their residences. The government defended the measure as a way to curb COVID-19 infections.[149] On 3 October, numerous anti-Netanyahu protests were held throughout Israel after the passage of legislation limiting demonstrations during the lockdown.[150] The Black Flag movement estimated that 130,000 people took part in Saturday's protests against Netanyahu in cities and towns across Israel.[151]

2020–2021 school year

The Haredi school year started on 24 August 2020, before the 'traffic light' plan was approved.[152] All other schools in non-'red' cities opened on 1 September 2020.[153] Within a week, a number of schools and kindergartens reported outbreaks, leading to quarantine of exposed staff members and students.[154] Physical schools, kindergartens and nurseries closed at the beginning of the 3-week lockdown, on 13 September, with classes continuing online.[155] Kindergartens and nurseries reopened on 18 October, including in 'red' cities.[156] Grades 1 to 4 reopened on 1 November, in non-'red' cities. Class size was limited to 18 children. Students were required to wear masks throughout the day and eat their meals outdoors or spaced far apart from one another.[157] Grades 5 and 6 returned to school on 24 November.[158] High school grades 11 and 12 returned on 29 November.[159] Schools reopened for remaining grades 7–10 on 6 December.[160] After the Hanukkah break, over 220,000 students from grades 5–12 in 'orange' and 'red' cities went back to online studies.[161]

Exit strategy

On 18 October 2020 Israel eased lockdown restrictions in non-'red' cities. The first stage of the exit strategy included:[162][163]

On 1 November 2020 Israel eased restrictions further:[157]

On 8 November 2020, street-front stores reopened.[164] Strip malls reopened on 17 November 2020.[165] 15 malls opened as part of a pilot plan on 27 November 2020.[166]

Third wave: November 2020 to April 2021

In December 2020, cases steadily increased, reaching over 3,000 new cases daily and over 5% test positivity rate.[167] Multiple countries announced the appearance of new and more infectious COVID-19 strains; towards the end of December, first cases of the Alpha variant were detected in Israel.[168] First cases of the Beta variant were detected in January 2021.[169]

Travel ban

On 20 December 2020, Israel announced an entry ban on all foreign travelers arriving from the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Denmark.[170] Israelis returning from these countries were required to enter state-run quarantine hotels. On 24 January 2021, the government announced a week-long ban on most incoming and outgoing flights, effective on Monday January 25 at midnight, to prevent entry of new variants into Israel.[171] The flight restrictions were extended multiple times: until 5 February 2021,[172] then until 21 February 2021,[173] and later until 6 March 2021. Daily flights, for new immigrants and for Israelis stranded outside Israel, were available as of 22 February 2021, for up to 2,000 passengers.[174] The number of daily entries was increased to 3,000 on 7 March 2021.[175]

Third nationwide lockdown

On 24 December 2020, the government declared a third nationwide lockdown, to begin on 27 December 2020.[176] Restrictions included:

Preschoolers through grade 4, grades 11–12, and special education, are to continue physical schooling as usual, even in "orange" and "red" cities. While the initial government decision called for remote learning for grades 5–10, this decision was revised by the Knesset Education Committee: in "green" and "yellow" cities, grades 5-10 are to continue in-person schooling, while schools in "orange" and "red" cities will switch to remote learning.[177] In April 2021, Israel lifted its outdoor and indoor mask mandates, as it was the country with the fastest vaccination campaign worldwide.[178][179][180] But it reimposed the indoor mask mandate due to an increase in infections.[181]

During the first week of January 2021, there were over 8,000 new cases daily.[182] On 5 January 2021, the government announced a two-week long, complete lockdown, effective midnight Thursday 7 January 2021.[183] The tightened restrictions include:

On 19 January 2021 the tight lockdown was extended until the end of January.[185] The tight lockdown was initially extended until 5 February 2021,[172] and then until 7 February 2021.[186] The government approved a curfew from 8:30 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. for the three nights of 25–27 February, in an attempt to limit spread of the virus during Purim holiday activities.[187]

Exit strategy

On 7 February 2021 Israel began easing lockdown restrictions:[188]

During the third lockdown many Israelis were vaccinated against COVID-19. On 21 February 2021, the government implemented green passes for those who were fully vaccinated or were infected and recovered.[189][190] Green passes are required for the following:

On 7 March 2021, restrictions were eased further. Rules include:[175]

Green passes can be generated for those who have recovered from the virus or who are fully vaccinated (1 week after the second dose) using the Ministry of Health's Traffic Light app.

Preschools, kindergartens, and grades 1-4 reopened on 11 February 2021 in "yellow" and "green" areas, and in "light orange" areas that had at least 70% of their community vaccinated.[191] Grades 5-6 and grades 11-12 returned to school in "yellow", "green", and "light orange" areas on 21 February 2021.[192] Grades 7-10 returned to school in "yellow", "green", and "light orange" areas on 7 March 2021.[175] Universities reopened with in-person classes for green pass holders on 7 March 2021.[175] On 18 April 2021, schools reopened fully, with in-person classes and no special limitations on class size. Students are still required to wear masks indoors but are allowed to take them off during gym class, when they eat, and in between classes.[193]

Period following vaccination campaign: April to June 2021

Following the national vaccination campaign during late December to April 2021, Israel reached a vaccination rate of over 50% of the population, and 9% recovered from COVID-19, with resulting drops in new cases and deaths.[194] In April 2021, first cases of the Delta variant were detected in Israel.[195] In May 2021, first cases of the Gamma variant were detected too.[196]

On 18 April 2021, the requirement for masks outdoors was cancelled. Masks were still required indoors in public places, and The Ministry of Health recommended that they be worn outdoors in large gatherings.[193] On 15 June 2021, the requirement for masks indoors, in schools, and on public transportation was cancelled.[197]

On 23 April 2021, Israel issued a travel warning for Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey, and Ukraine due to their high COVID-19 morbidity rates.[198] On 2 May 2021, the government banned the travel of Israelis to India, to Mexico, to South Africa, to Brazil, to Ukraine, to Ethiopia and to Turkey unless they receive special permission. Israelis returning from these countries must isolate for either 14 days with one PCR test taken upon arrival, or 10 days with two negative PCR tests.[199] The current list of 'red' countries for which isolation is required can be found on the Ministry of Health website.[200]

On 5 May 2021, the government extended the validity of green passes for those vaccinated or recovered until December 2021.[201] On 1 June 2021 Israel lifted many COVID-19 restrictions, including limitations on the number of people at both indoor and outdoor gatherings, and green pass requirements. Restrictions on international travel remain in place.[202] Testing protocols remain in place for containing new outbreaks, particularly in schools and among international travellers.[203]

Fourth wave: June to November 2021

Daily case numbers began rising at the end of June 2021, reaching over 1000 daily cases on 17 July 2021[204] and peaking at over 10,000 during September 2021.[205] The number of hospitalizations also rose.[206]

On 19 October 2021, the first case of Delta variant AY.4.2 was detected in Israel.[207] Subsequent tests revealed 5 earlier cases of the variant.[208]

Government response

On 25 June 2021, the requirement for mask indoors was reinstituted due to the rise in cases.[209] On 29 July 2021, the green pass requirement was reinstituted for indoor events with 100 or more participants.[210]

On 29 July 2021, a third vaccination was approved for persons aged 60 or older due to observed waning efficacy of the Pfizer vaccine to the prevalent Delta variant.[211] The vaccine booster was later approved for all those 12 and older.[212]

On 8 August 2021, restrictions renewed by the government came into effect to slow the spread of the Delta variant and included expanding proof of vaccine and mask-wearing requirements for some gatherings, and a shift back to more work from home, quarantines, and travel restrictions.[213]

2021–2022 school year

Prime Minister Naftali Bennett approved a testing plan for students during the 2021–2022 school year. Serological testing of all students in grades 1 through 6 is planned. Students with a positive serological result will receive a green pass and will be exempt from quarantine during the school year. Families of kindergarten and elementary school children will receive home-testing kits and will be required to test their children within 48 hours of the first day of school.[214]In a pilot of the serology test carried out in Haredi schools, which reopened on 9 August 2021, approximately 20% of children tested positive.[215]

Beginning 10 October 2021, Israel adopted the 'green classroom' outline for grades 1–12 in 'green' cities.[216] According to the outline, if a child tests positive, the child's classmates undergo PCR testing. Classmates who test negative are allowed to return to school, but must avoid social contact with non-classmates after school hours. Instead of quarantine, the classmates are required to take antigen tests for 7 days, followed by a second PCR test. The children resume regular studies and afterschool activities when the second PCR tests are negative for the whole class. This outline was extended to 'yellow' cities and to daycare on 24 October 2021.[217]

Fifth wave: December 2021 to May 2022

First cases of the Omicron variant were detected in Israel in the end of November 2021,[218] reaching 175 cases on 19 December 2021.[219] Daily cases increased to over 80,000 at the end of January 2022.[220] Despite having administered enough doses to fully vaccinate 98.6% of the country,[221] Israel health authorities expressed concern about breaking the record for serious infections in late January 2022.[222]

Travel restrictions

Israel banned the entry of foreigners on 28 November 2021.[223] Israel further listed 'red' countries to which travel of Israelis was banned.[224] Travel restrictions on Israelis were removed on January 6, 2022, and foreigners complying with 'Green Pass' rules were allowed to enter starting January 9, 2022.[225]

School guidelines

Israel scrapped the 'traffic light' plan for in-person school attendance, thereby easing schools' ability to hold in-person classes. Instead, beginning 9 January 2022, children testing positive were required to self-isolate for 10 days. Vaccinated children who were exposed were allowed to return to school after a negative rapid antigen test, while unvaccinated children were required to isolate for 10 days.[226] The isolation requirements for exposed schoolchildren were cancelled on 27 January 2022. Instead, children will undergo two home tests weekly, on Sunday and Wednesday. Children who test positive at home are required to take an official test and, if positive, isolate for 5 days. Those exposed are recommended to undergo daily tests for 5 days, but are not required to isolate.[227]

4th vaccine dose

Israel began offering a 4th dose of the Pfizer vaccine to those 60 or older on 2 January 2022.[228] The 4th dose was later recommended for all those aged 18 or older.[229]

Green Pass restrictions

On 7 February 2022, the requirement to hold a 'Green Pass' or a recent negative test when entering restaurants, movie theaters, gyms, and hotels was removed. 'Green Passes' are still required for entry into event halls and dance clubs.[230]

Sixth wave: since June 2022

The number of cases started rising again in June 2022, caused mainly by the spread of variant BA.5.

Infection prevalence and compliance

The prevalence of infection has varied between different sectors of the Israeli population. Haredi communities have experienced a disproportionately higher number of cases [231] and deaths.[232] Reasons for the increased case numbers include crowded living conditions, and prioritizing continuity of religious routines, such as synagogue services and Torah study at yeshivas.[233] Compliance, at least of some groups within the Haredi sector, has been low. During the 'third wave', when all schools were supposed to be closed, many Haredi schools reopened.[234] Hundreds attended weddings in some Haredi communities.[235] Thousands gathered for funerals of prominent rabbis, including Rabbi Meshulam Dovid Soloveitchik[236] and Rabbi Chaim Meir Wosner,[237] despite government restrictions. Vaccination rates in the Haredi community have been lower than in the general population, at least partially due to disinformation. A number of prominent rabbis have called on community members to get vaccinated.[238]

Arab communities have also experienced relatively high case numbers[239] and deaths.[240] This was mainly attributed to large weddings and social gatherings, held despite government restrictions.[241] Arab communities lagged in vaccinations, despite widespread vaccine availability. The lag was attributed to widespread distrust of the government, and to a lack of Arabic-language outreach and education about the vaccine's safety.[242]

Vaccination

Procurement

The Israeli government began to procure doses of COVID-19 vaccines from various sources as data regarding various COVID-19 vaccines became available:

The first batch of vaccines, from Pfizer, arrived on 9 December.[247] 700,000 more doses were delivered on 10 January 2021.[248] The first batch of vaccines from Moderna arrived on 7 January 2021.[249] Israel was prioritized for receiving the Pfizer vaccine. In exchange, Israel has committed to send Pfizer medical data pertaining to the vaccinations, including side effects, efficacy, and amount of time it takes to develop antibodies, for different age groups. In order to protect privacy, it was agreed that the identity of those vaccinated will not be disclosed to Pfizer.[250] A censored version of the agreement was made public by the Israeli government on 17 January 2021.[251] In April 2021, long-term agreements for the supply of 18 million total additional vaccines were signed with Moderna and Pfizer. The doses to be supplied will be adapted to the different variants of the virus, if needed.[252]

Distribution

Pfizer vaccine

The following vaccination priorities were established by the Ministry of Health:[253]

Netanyahu, Yuli Edelstein and others received their vaccination first. Vaccinations began on 19 December 2020.[254] The first large batch of vaccines, from Pfizer, was distributed rapidly, with about 1.5 million people (16% of the population) vaccinated within 3 weeks.[255] While Israel's rollout of COVID-19 vaccinations was not problem-free, its initial phase was clearly rapid and effective.[256] Vaccinations were expanded to teachers and to those 55 or older on 12 January 2021,[257] to those 45 or older on 17 January 2021,[258] to those 40 or older on 19 January 2021,[259] and to those 35 or older on 28 January 2021.[260] Pregnant women were advised to vaccinate and were added to the priority list on 19 January 2021.[261]Teenagers born in 2003 and 2004 began getting vaccinated on 23 January 2021.[262] Vaccinations became available to all people 16 or older who had not contracted COVID, beginning 4 February 2021.[263] Vaccinations became available to those 16 or older who had contracted COVID on 2 March 2021. These people will receive a single dose of the Pfizer vaccine.[264] Vaccinations were approved for 12-15 year olds on 2 June 2021.[265]

A third vaccination for people aged 60 and above was approved by the government of 29 July 2021.[266] President Herzog was the first to receive the third shot.[267] The third dose eligibility was expanded to health workers and those over 50 on 13 August 2021,[268] to those over 40 and teachers on 19 August 2021,[269] to those over 30 on 24 August 2021,[270] and to anyone 12 or older who received the second shot at least five months prior on 29 August 2021.[212]

Israel approved child-sized doses of the Pfizer vaccine on 10 November 2021.[271] The first batch of child-dose vaccines arrived on 20 November 2021[272] and vaccination of 5-11 year olds began on 22 November 2021.[273]

Astrazeneca vaccine

On 21 October 2021, Israel began offering the Astrazeneca vaccine to those unable to receive the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines.[274]

Development of an Israeli vaccine

President Reuven Rivlin standing next to the first person to participate in Phase B trial of BriLife vaccine. Barzilai Medical Center, 5 January 2021.

The Israel Institute for Biological Research developed a vaccine and produced 25,000 doses of the vaccine for a Phase I clinical trial, which began in Sheba and Hadassah medical centers in October 2020.[275][276] On 14 December 2020, it was announced that the Health Ministry had approved the launch of a Phase II clinical trial for the Israel Institute for Biological Research's vaccine candidate, BriLife.[277]

Vaccine diplomacy and swap

Prime Minister Netanyahu donated vaccines purchased by Israel to a small number of countries, including Honduras and the Czech Republic. Planned donations of vaccines to other countries were frozen after legal questions were raised.[278]

On 6 July 2021, Israel signed a vaccine swap agreement with South Korea. Israel delivered 700,000 doses of the Pfizer vaccine that were close to expiration in exchange for an equal amount of doses that South Korea had ordered for later in 2021.[279]

Relations with neighbouring countries and territories

Palestine

Palestinian Authority

On 11 March, Israel delivered 20 tons of disinfectant to the West Bank.[280]

On 17 March, the Defense Ministry tightened restrictions on Palestinian workers, limiting entry to those working in essential sectors, and requiring that they remain in Israel instead of commuting.[281] Also, Israel and the Palestinian Authority set up a joint operations room to coordinate their response to the virus.[282]

On 25 March, the Palestinian National Authority urged all Palestinians working in Israel to return to the West Bank. All those returning were requested to self-isolate.[283]

On 19 May, an unmarked Etihad Airways plane marked the first direct flight between the United Arab Emirates and Israel. Its goal was to deliver supplies to the West Bank.[284] The aid was rejected by the West Bank, so it was delivered to Gaza instead.[285]

On 18 October, former chief negotiator Saeb Erekat was transferred to Hadassah Medical Center for treatment for COVID-19. Erekat had undergone a lung transplant in 2017.[286] Erekat died of COVID-19 on 10 November.[287]

On 4 January 2021, Minister of Health Yuli Edelstein secretly approved the transfer of 200 vaccine doses to the Palestinian Authority as a humanitarian gesture.[288]

On 29 January 2021, it was reported in several Israeli news sources that Israel is planning to give the Palestinian Authority a batch of vaccine doses for 1000 Palestinian medical workers. The Palestinian Authority also asked Israel to help coordinate the transfer of Palestinian ordered vaccine shipments to the West Bank.[289]

Israel transferred 2000 vaccine doses for Palestinian health workers on 1 February 2021. This is the first batch of a reported 5000 doses scheduled to be transferred.[290]

On 20 February 2021, Palestinian officials reported that Israel had agreed to vaccinate 100,000 Palestinians who regularly enter Israel.[291]On 28 February 2021, Israel confirmed that it would vaccinate 120,000 Palestinian workers.[292] Vaccinations of Palestinian workers began on 8 March 2021.[293]

On 18 June 2021, Israel announced that it would supply at least 1 million Pfizer vaccinations to the Palestinian Authority in exchange for an equal amount of vaccinations that were to be delivered to the Palestinian Authority later in the year.[294] The deal was scrapped by the Palestinian Authority due to the expiry date on the delivered vaccines, which was earlier than the date agreed upon.[295] After the Palestinian cancellation of the trade deal South Korea accepted these now available near-expiration vaccine doses in exchange for supplying the same number of future vaccine doses when they are available to Korea in the September timeframe.[296]

Gaza

Israel initially blocked and later permitted entry of 2,000 Sputnik V vaccine doses into the Gaza Strip.[297]

Egypt

On 8 March 2020, Israel closed the Taba Border Crossing with Egypt, fearing the spread of the coronavirus from Egypt. Non-Israelis were not permitted to enter Israel; Israelis returning from Egypt were required to enter an immediate 14-day quarantine.[298]

Jordan

Israel did not place restrictions on crossing the border with Jordan. The Jordanian Kingdom closed its border with all neighboring countries, including Israel, from March 11, 2020.[299]

On April 15, 2020, the Jerusalem Post reported that Israel was to provide 5,000 medical protection masks to Jordan.[300]

Syria

Israel agreed to pay Russia to send Russian-made Sputnik V vaccine doses to Syria as part of a Russia-mediated prisoner swap agreement.[301]

Criticism and opposition to COVID-19 restrictions

Since April 2020 a series of protests by various social and political groups took place across Israel, opposing lockdowns, mandatory vaccines, government restriction policies and vaccinations in general. The protests coincided with similar demonstrations and riots worldwide, though some of the earlier protests were linked to the specific 2019–2021 Israeli political crisis.

Notable people infected with COVID-19

Then Health Minister Yaakov Litzman and his wife tested positive for the coronavirus on 2 April 2020.[302] News reports later claimed that Litzman had violated the government's ban on participating in group prayer the day before he was diagnosed. His office denied the claims.[303]

Hebrew University of Jerusalem professor Mark Steiner died of the virus on 6 April 2020.[304]

Former Chief Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron died of the virus on 12 April 2020.[305]

Jerusalem Affairs Minister Rafi Peretz tested positive on 1 August 2020.[306]

Aliyah and Integration Minister Pnina Tamano-Shata tested positive on 24 August 2020.[307]

Knesset member Yinon Azulai tested positive on 9 September 2020.[308]

Rabbi Shmaryahu Yosef Chaim Kanievsky was diagnosed with COVID-19 on 2 October 2020.[309] On 28 October 2020, Kanievsky's physician said Kanievsky had recovered from the virus.[310]

Environmental Protection Minister Gila Gamliel tested positive on 3 October 2020.[311] It was later claimed that Gamliel violated lockdown rules by traveling further than 1 km to her in-laws' house for Yom Kippur and attending synagogue there. She did not reveal this information during her epidemiological investigation, instead claiming she had been infected by her driver.[312]

Knesset member Ayman Odeh tested positive on 4 October 2020.[313]

Knesset member Moshe Abutbul tested positive on 5 October 2020.[314]

Former Shin Bet Deputy Director Itzhak Ilan died of the virus on 16 October 2020.[315]

Actor Yehuda Barkan died of the virus on 23 October 2020.[316]

Minister of Regional Cooperation Ofir Akunis tested positive on 9 November 2020.[317]

Knesset member David Bitan tested positive on 7 December 2020, and was later hospitalized.[318]

Knesset member Ya'akov Asher tested positive on 20 December 2020.[319]

Former Chief Rabbi Yisrael Meir Lau tested positive on 17 January 2021, only a few days after receiving the second dose of the vaccine.[320]

Knesset member Vladimir Beliak tested positive on 14 July 2021.[321]

Natan Sharansky and his wife Avital Sharansky both tested positive on 3 August 2021, despite both being fully vaccinated.[322]

Knesset member Ofer Cassif tested positive on 9 August 2021.[323]

Knesset member Gilad Kariv tested positive on 10 August 2021 [324] and was later hospitalized.[325]

Knesset member Simcha Rothman tested positive on 12 August 2021.[326]

Knesset member Inbar Bezek tested positive on 16 August 2021.[327]

Knesset member Itamar Ben-Gvir tested positive on 16 August 2021[328] and was later hospitalized.[329]

During the fifth wave, many Israeli politicians tested positive, including Knessent members Michael Biton,[330] Moshe Tur-Paz, Alex Kushnir,[331] and Dudi Amsalem,[332] Foreign Minister Yair Lapid, and Finance Minister Avigdor Liberman.[333]

Remote work

Rachel Gould and M. Kate Gallagher have researched the ways in which COVID-19 has altered Israeli life, specifically when considering remote work. In an article in The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, they lay out the advantages and disadvantages of WFH. In Israeli society specifically, they state, Israeli work periods are much more focused on hours, rather than completing tasks.[334] In order to see if this hours-based approach carries to attitudes in remote work, Gould and Gallagher set up an experimental-research approach and found that two-thirds of Israelis felt that remote work was just as effective as working in an office. This WFH phenomena did not only "increase productivity and satisfaction", but it changed the rigidity of the Israeli work schedule and adapted the system to have more flexibility. This change has great implications when considering Israeli's innovation and increasing "global clout", which Gould and Gallagher predict will continue to grow as the work system changes. However, they caution that in order to keep increasing innovation and efficiency, Israel's work force must prioritize climate change and investment to clean energy.

Statistics

Graphs

According to Israel Ministry of Health.[1]


New cases per day

Data is updated by MOH at 09:00 and 21:00 (IST) every day.


Deaths per day

Data is according to MOH update at 08:00 (IST) every day.



Diagnostic tests per day

Data is according to the MOH dashboard.


Vaccines per day


Case fatality rate (percent)



See also

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