Los primeros tipos de documentación histórica incluyen monedas de metal con una indicación del gobernante, o al menos la dinastía , en ese momento. Estas monedas marcadas con punzón se emitieron alrededor del siglo VII a. C. y se encuentran en abundancia del Imperio Maurya en el siglo III a. C. También hay inscripciones en piedra y registros documentales de culturas extranjeras de esta época. Los principales gobernantes imperiales o cuasi imperiales del norte de la India están bastante claros a partir de este punto, pero muchos gobernantes locales, y la situación en el Decán y el sur de la India tiene inscripciones en piedra menos claras de los primeros siglos. Las principales fuentes de la historia del sur de la India son la literatura Sangam que data del siglo III a. C. El período de tiempo de los antiguos gobernantes indios es especulativo, o al menos incierto.
Mahahaya, Renuhaya y Haihaya (el fundador del Reino Haihaya). (Contemporáneo del rey suryavanshi Mandhatri)
Dharma era el hijo de Haihaya.
Netra
Kunti
Sohanji
Mahishman fue el fundador de Mahishmati en las orillas del río Narmada.
Bhadrasenaka (Bhadrasena) (Contemporáneo del rey Suryavanshi Trishanku )
Durmada (contemporáneo del rey suryavanshi Harischandra)
Durdama
Bhima
Samhata
Canaca
Dhanaka
Krtavirya, Krtagni, Krtavarma y Krtauja. (Contemporáneo del rey suryavanshi Rohitashva )
Sahasrabahu Kartavirya Arjuna era el hijo de Krtavirya que gobernó durante 88 años y finalmente fue asesinado por el Señor Parashurama .
Jayadhwaja, Vrshabha, Madhu y Urujit fueron abandonados por Parshurama y otras 995 personas fueron asesinadas por Lord Parashurama. Pajanya fue adoptada por el rey Kroshta Devamidha.
Talajangha (contemporáneo del rey suryavanshi Asita)
Vithihotra (contemporáneo del rey suryavanshi Sagara)
Nepavirya, (en honor al nombre de este rey el país recibió el nombre de Nepaldesh)
Samara
Sadashva
Ruchiraswa
Pruthusena
Prapti
Prthaswa
Sukrthi
Vibhiraja
Anuha
Bramhadatta II
Vishwaksena
Dandasena
Durmukha
Durbuddhi
Dharbhya
Divodasa
Sivana yo
Mitrayu
Maitrayana
Soma
Sivana II
postura sadasana
Sahadeva
Somaka, (el hijo mayor de Somaka fue Sugandakrthu y el menor fue Prishata. Pero en una guerra todos los hijos murieron y Prishata sobrevivió y se convirtió en el rey de Panchala)
Durante el siglo XV, los Pandyans perdieron su capital tradicional, Madurai , debido a la invasión islámica y nayaks , y se vieron obligados a trasladar su capital a Tirunelveli, en el sur de Tamilakam, y existieron allí como vasallos.
Según Gangavansucharitam escrito en el siglo XVI o XVII, Bhanu Deva IV, también conocido como Kajjala Bhanu, fundó un nuevo pequeño principado en el sur de Odisha en Gudari, en el moderno distrito de Rayagada , después de que su general Kapilendra Deva lo derrocara del poder. [6]
Chahamanas de Sambhar Ajmer y Delhi (c. 551 - 1194 d. C.)
A continuación se muestra una lista de gobernantes Chahamana de Shakambhari , Ajmer y Delhi con un período de reinado aproximado, según la estimación del historiador RB Singh: [11]
Chahamanas de Naddula (c. 950 - 1197 d. C.)
A continuación se muestra una lista de gobernantes Chahmana de Naddula, con un período de reinado aproximado, según lo estimado por RB Singh:
Chahamanas de Jalor (c. 1160-1311 d.C.)
Los gobernantes Chahamana de la rama Jalor, con sus períodos de reinado estimados, son los siguientes: [12]
Virama-deva (1311 d. C.) fue el último gobernante de la dinastía, coronado durante el asedio de Jalore , pero murió 2 días y medio después. [13] [14]
Chahamanas de Ranastambhapura (c. 1192-1301 d. C.)
Reino de Mewar (c. 566 – 1947 d. C.)
Se sabe que en el siglo VI, tres dinastías Guhila diferentes gobernaron en el actual Rajastán :
Guhilas de Nagda - Ahar : rama más importante y futura dinastía gobernante de Mewar.
Durante el reinado de Rawal Ran Singh (1158-1168), la dinastía Guhil se dividió en dos ramas.
Primera (rama Rawal)
Rawal Khshem Singh (1168-1172), hijo de Ran Singh, gobernó Mewar construyendo la sucursal de Rawal.
Segunda (rama de Rana)
Rahapa, el segundo hijo de Ran Singh, inició la rama Rana estableciendo bases Sisoda. Más tarde, Hammir Singh , de la base Sisoda, inició la dinastía principal Sisodia o Mewar en 1326 d. C.
Gobernantes de la rama Rana (c. 1168 – 1326 d. C.)
"Rahapa", hijo de Ranasimha, alias Karna, fundó la rama Rana. Según la inscripción Eklingji de 1652, los sucesores de Rahapa fueron:
Dinastía Sisodia (c. 1326 – 1947 d. C.)
Reino de Gauda (c. 590 - 626 d. C.)
Shashanka (590-625 d. C.), primer rey independiente registrado de Bengala , creó la primera entidad política unificada en Bengala.
Tyagasimha (890–900), último gobernante de la dinastía
Reino de Garhwal (c. 688-1949 d. C.)
Mola Ram , pintor, poeta, historiador y diplomático del siglo XVIII de Garhwal, escribió la obra histórica Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas (Historia de la dinastía real de Garhwal), que es la única fuente de información sobre varios gobernantes de Garhwal. [17] [18]
Reino de Mallabhum (Bishnupur) (c. 694-1947 d. C.)
El reino de Mallabhum o reino de Bishnupur fue el reino gobernado por los reyes Malla de Bishnupur , principalmente en el actual distrito de Bankura en el estado indio de Bengala Occidental . [19] (también conocido como Mallabhoom ), [20]
Reino Chand de Kumaon (700-1790 d. C.)
Badri Datt Pandey , en su libro Kumaun Ka Itihaas enumera a los reyes Chand de la siguiente manera:
Reino de Karttikeyapur (Katyur) (700-1065 d.C.)
El período de ciertos gobernantes Katyuri, generalmente se determina como se indica a continuación, aunque existe cierta ambigüedad con respecto al número exacto de años que gobernó cada rey [23].
Lista-
Vasu Dev (700–849 d. C.)
Basantana Dev (850-870 d. C.)
Kharpar Dev (870-880 d. C.)
Abhiraj Dev (880-890 d. C.)
Tribhuvanraj Dev (890–900 d.C.)
Dev Nimbarta (900-915 d. C.)
Istanga (915–930 d. C.)
Lalitasura Dev (930–955 d. C.)
Bhu Dev (955–970 d. C.)
Salonaditya (970–985 d. C.)
Ichchhata Dev (985–1000 d. C.)
Deshat Dev (1000–1015 d. C.)
Padmata Dev (1015–1045 d. C.)
Subhiksharaja Dev (1045-1060 d. C.)
Dham Dev (1060-1064 d. C.)
Bir Dev (Período muy corto hasta 1065 d. C.)
Dinastía Varman de Kannauj (c. 725-770 d. C.)
Yashovarman (c. 725–752 d. C.), fundador de la dinastía
Indra IV (973–982 d. C.) fue el único que reclamó el trono perdido.
Dinastía Tomar de Delhi (c. 736–1151 d. C.)
Varios textos históricos proporcionan diferentes listas de los reyes de Tomara: [26]
La historia de Gwalior de Khadag Rai ( Gopācala ākhyāna ) nombra a 18 reyes Tomara, además de Prithvi Pala (que probablemente sea el rey Chahamana Prithviraja III ). Según Khadag Rai, Delhi fue gobernada originalmente por el legendario rey Vikramaditya . Estuvo desierta durante 792 años después de su muerte, hasta que Bilan Dev [Veer Mahadev o Birmaha] de la dinastía Tomara restableció la ciudad (en 736 d. C.).
El manuscrito Kumaon-Garhwal nombra sólo a 15 gobernantes de la dinastía "Toar" y fecha el comienzo de su gobierno en el año 789 d.C. (846 Vikram Samvat ).
El Ain-i-Akbari de Abul Fazl (manuscrito de Bikaner, editado por Syed Ahmad Khan ) nombra a 19 reyes Tomara. Ubica al primer rey Tomara en el año 372 d. C. (429 Vikram Samvat). Podría ser posible que la era mencionada en la fuente original utilizada por Abul Fazl fuera la era Gupta , que comienza entre el 318 y el 319 d. C.; Abul Fazl podría haber confundido esta era con Vikrama Samvat. Si esto es cierto, entonces el primer rey Tomara puede fecharse en el año 747 d. C. (429+318), lo que coincide mejor con las otras fuentes.
Como se dijo anteriormente, los historiadores dudan de la afirmación de que los Tomaras establecieron Delhi en el año 736 d. C. [27]
Otro recurso cuenta que el hijo del rey Mukundpal Tomar, el rey Prithvipal Tomar tuvo un hijo llamado el rey Govind Raj Tomar que gobernó entre 1189 y 1192.
Los historiadores anteriores creían que Vigrahapala I y Shurapala I eran los dos nombres de la misma persona. Ahora se sabe que estos dos eran primos; o bien gobernaron simultáneamente (quizás sobre territorios diferentes) o en rápida sucesión.
AM Chowdhury rechaza a Govindapala y a su sucesor Palapala como miembros de la dinastía imperial Pala.
Según BP Sinha, la inscripción de Gaya puede leerse como el "año 14 del reinado de Govindapala" o como "el año 14 después del reinado de Govindapala". Por lo tanto, son posibles dos conjuntos de fechas.
La segunda rama gobernó Konkan del Sur (entre 765 y 1029 d. C.)
La tercera rama gobernó en los distritos modernos de Kolhapur , Satara y Belgaum (entre 940 y 1215 d. C.), después de lo cual fueron abrumados por los Yadavas . [36]
Rama Konkan del Sur (c. 765–1020 d. C.)
Lista de gobernantes–
Sanaphulla (765–795 d. C.)
Dhammayira (795–820 d. C.)
Aiyaparaja (820–845 d. C.)
Avasara I (845–870 d. C.)
Adityavarma (870–895 d. C.)
Avasara II (895-920 d. C.)
Indraraja (920–945 d. C.)
Bhima (945–970 d. C.)
Avasara III (970–995 d. C.)
Rattaraja (995–1020 d. C.)
Rama del norte de Konkan (Thane) (c. 800-1265 d. C.)
Dinastía Chandela de Jejakabhukti (c. 831-1315 d. C.)
Los Chandelas de Jejakabhukti fueron una dinastía de la India central que gobernó gran parte de la región de Bundelkhand (entonces llamada Jejakabhukti ) entre los siglos IX y XIII.
Basándose en registros epigráficos, los historiadores han elaborado la siguiente lista de gobernantes Chandela de Jejākabhukti ( nombres IAST entre paréntesis): [39] [40]
Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 9th century to 1305 CE)
According to historical 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."[42]The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:
After death of Mahalakadeva in 1305 CE, Paramara dynasty rule was ended in Malwa region, but not in other Parmar states.
Paramara dynasty of Chandravati (Abu) (c. 910 – 1220 CE)
The following is a list of Paramara rulers of Chandravati, with approximate regnal years, as estimated by epigraphist H. V. Trivedi.[44][45] The rulers are sons of their predecessors unless noted otherwise:
The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir from the Khasa tribe,[60][61] in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The dynasty was founded by the Samgramaraja, the grandson of Khasha chief Simharaja and the nephew of the Utpala dynasty Queen Didda.
First Lohara dynasty
Second Lohara dynasty
Radda (Shankharaja)
Salhana
Sussala
Bhikshachara
Sussala (2nd reign)
Jayasimha (Sinha-deva)
Khasa Malla Kingdom (c. 10th to 14th century CE)
The list of Khas Malla kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla:[63]
List–
Nāgarāja, (first known ruler of dynasty)
Chaap/Cāpa
Chapilla/Cāpilla
Krashichalla
Kradhichalla
Krachalla Deva (1207–1223 CE)
Ashoka Challa (1223–1287)
Jitari Malla
Ananda Malla
Ripu Malla (1312–1313)
Sangrama Malla
Aditya Malla
Kalyana Malla
Pratapa Malla
Punya Malla
Prithvi Malla
Abhaya Malla (14th century), (last ruler of dynasty)
The Nayakas were originally military governors under the Vijayanagara Empire. It is unknown, in fact, if these founded dynasties were related, being branches of a major family, or if they were completely different families. Historians tend to group them by location.
Nayaka dynasty
Vellore Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1540–1601 CE)
The list of nayaks are unclear. Some of the Nayaks are:
Veerabhadra Reddy (1423–1448), last ruler of dynasty
Oiniwar (Sugauna) dynasty of Mithila (c. 1325–1526 CE)
List of rulers–
According to historian Makhan Jha, the rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty are as follows:[107]
Nath Thakur, founder of dynasty in 1325 CE
Atirupa Thakur
Vishwarupa Thakur
Govinda Thakur
Lakshman Thakur
Kameshwar Thakur
Bhogishwar Thakur, ruled for over 33 years
Ganeshwar Singh, reigned from 1355; killed by his cousins in 1371 after a long-running internecine dispute
Kirti Singh
Bhava Singh Deva
Deva Simha Singh
Shiva Simha Singh (or Shivasimha Rūpanārāyana), took power in 1402, missing in battle in 1406[108][109]
Lakshima Devi, chief wife of Shiva Simha Singh, ruled as regent for 12 years. She committed sati after many years of waiting for her husband's return.[108]
Padma Simha Singh, took power in 1418 and died in 1431[108]
Viswavasa Devi, wife of Padma Singh, died in 1443
Hara Singh Deva, younger brother of Deva Singh
Nara Singh Deva, died in 1460
Dhir Singh Deva
Bhairva Singh Deva, died in 1515, brother of Dhir Singh Deva
^A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to poverty and demands for independence.[118]
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^Gogoi records that Sukhrangphaa died without leaving a son and the two ministers administered the kingdom without a king for five years (Gogoi 1968, p. 273). Gait and others do not record this (Gait 1906, p. 358), though Baruah does (Baruah 1993, p. 282)
^Sutuphaa was the younger brother of Sukhrangphaa, who was settled in a village called Lahanjing. He was invited by the Burhagohain and Borgohain to become the king and he set up his seat at Chapagurinagar (Gogoi 1968, p. 273)
^Sukhramphaa was assassinated by the king of the Chutiya kingdom on a barge ride on Suffry river (Gogoi 1968:273).
^Sukhangphaa and his chief queen were deposed and executed by the ministers for their autocratic rule (Gogoi 1968:274).
^Sudangphaa Bamuni Konwar was born to the second queen of Tyao Khamti in a Brahmin household of Habung (Gogoi 1968:274–275).
^Suhenphaa was speared to death in his palace by a Tai-Turung chief in revenge for being accused of theft (Gogoi 1968:282).
^Suhungmung was assassinated by a palace staff in a plot engineered by his son, Suklenmung (Gogoi 1968:309).
^Suramphaa was deposed by the ministers when he insisted on burying alive a son of each minister in the tomb of his dead step-son (Gogoi 1968:386). He was later murdered on the instructions of his nephew, the son of his brother and succeeding Swargadeo.
^Sutingphaa was a sickly king (Noriaya Raja), who participated in an intrigue by his chief queen to install a prince unpopular with the ministers. He was deposed and later murdered on the instructions of his son and successor king Sutamla (Gogoi 1968:391–392).
^Supangmung was grandson of Suleng (Deo Raja), the second son of Suhungmung (Gogoi 1968:448).
^The Maju Gohain, the brother of Chakradhwaj Singha, became the king. (Gogoi 1968, p. 470)
^Udayaaditya Sinha's palace was stormed by his brother (and successor king) with a thousand-strong contingent of men led by Lasham Debera, and the king was executed the next day. Udayaaditya's religious fanaticism under the influence of a godman had made him unpopular, and the three great gohains implicitly supported this group (Gogoi 1968:479–482). This event started a very unstable nine-year period of weak kings, dominated by Debera Borbarua, Atan Burhagohain and Laluk-sola Borphukan in succession. This period ended with the accession of Gadadhar Singha.
^Ramadhwaj Sinha was poisoned on the instructions of Debera Borbarua when he tried to assert his authority (Gogoi 1968:484).
^Deyell, John S. Ahom Language Coins of Assam.
^The Samaguria raja was deposed by Debera Borbarua, the de facto ruler, and later executed, along with his queen and her brother (Gogoi 1968:486).
^Gobar Rojaa was the son of Saranga, the son of Suten, the son of Suhungmung Dihingiya Roja.
^Gobar Raja was deposed and executed by the Saraighatias (the commanders of Saraighat/Guwahati), led by Atan Burhagohain (Gogoi 1968:486–488). Their target was the de facto ruler, Debera Borbarua, who was also executed.
^After Ramdhwaj Singha, Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar alias Shujinpha ruled only 20 days from 10 April 1674 (e.i. Lakni Kat plao (or 26th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) and on 30 April he was killed. There after Tungkhongiya Gobar Raja rose only 12 ruled. Both were killed by the powerful minister Debera Baruah. After Gobar Raja two more Prince rose only for another 12 days who are not recorded in chronicles. The title of Suhung is suitable for Dihingia Arjun Konwar, who minted coins and ruled more than six months and the minted year 1675 is his rising year (e.i. Lakni khut ni (or 27th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) -- (Phukan, J.N. (1987). Reattribution of the Coins of Suhung)
^Dihingia Arjun Konwar tried to assert control by moving against the de facto ruler, Atan Burhagohain, but was routed in a skirmish. Sujinphaa was blinded and held captive when he committed suicide by striking his head against a stone (Gogoi 1968:489).
^Sudoiphaa was the grandson of Suhungmung's third son, Suteng (Gogoi 1968:490).
^Sudoiphaa was deposed by Laluk-sola Borphukan, who styled himself as the Burhaphukan, and later executed. Atan Burhagohain, the powerful minister, had been executed earlier (Gogoi 1968:492–493).
^Sulikphaa Lora Roja was deposed and then executed by Gadadhar Singha (Gogoi 1968:496–497).
^Kamaleswar Singha was installed as the king by Purnananda Burhagohain when he was still an infant. He was the son of Kadam Dighala, the son of Ayusut, the son of Lechai, the second son of Gadadhar Singha. Kadam Dighala, who could not become the king because of physical blemishes, was an important influence during the reign (Baruah 1993:148–150).
^ a bChandrakanta Singha was deposed by Ruchinath Burhagohain, mutilated and confined as a prisoner near Jorhat (Baruah 1993:221). The Burhagohain choose Brajanath, a descendant of Suremphaa Pramatta Singha, as the king and coins were struck in the new king's name, but it was discovered that he had mutilations on his person and his son, Purandar Singha, was instated instead (Gait 1906:223).
^Purandar Singha's forces under Jaganath Dhekial Phukan defeated the forces led by the Burmese general Kee-Woomingee (Kiamingi or Alumingi Borgohain) on 15 February 1819, but due to a strategic mistake Jorhat fell into Burmese hands. Kiamingi brought back Chandrakanta Singha and installed him the king (Baruah 1993:221–222).
^Chandrakanta Singha fled to Guwahati when the army of Bagyidaw king of Burma, led by Mingimaha Tilwa, approached Jorhat (Baruah 1993:223).
^Jogeshwar Singha was the brother of Hemo Aideu, one of the queens of Bagyidaw. He was installed as the king by Mingimaha Tilwa (Baruah 1993:223).
^Jogeshwar Singha was removed from all pretense of power and Mingimaha Tilwa was declared the "Raja of Assam" toward the end of June 1822 (Baruah 1993:225).
^Purandar Singha was set up by the East India Company as the tributary Raja of Upper Assam (Baruah 1993:244).
^"genealogy of the royal house of jaffna". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
^Suresh K. Sharma, Documents on North-East India: Tripura, pp. 93-95
^The list presented for the Gingee line follows Srinivasachari, which takes chronicles mentioned in copper plate grants into account and notes governorship of Gingee began in Saka era 1386 / CE 1464.
^Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2009). Sadashiva Nayaka reign. Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 9780871843081. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
^Somasekhara Sarma, Mallampalli (1946). History of the Reddi Kingdoms (Circa. 1325 A.D., to circa. 144B A.D.). Waltair: Andhra University. p. 81.: "How this discrepancy arose and why such a wrong account was given in the Kaluvaceru grant is a mystery which is yet to be unravelled."
^Rama Rao, M. (1947). "The Fall of Warangal and After". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 10: 295. JSTOR 44137150. It is thus impossible that Prolaya Vema could at any time have been a subordinate of the Musunuri chiefs.
^Howes, Jennifer (1 January 1998). The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. Psychology Press. p. 28. ISBN 07-0071-585-1.
^Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamil Nadu. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
^Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 155–157. ISBN 9788175330344.
^ a b cLove Songs of Vidyāpati. Translated by Bhattacharya, Deben. London: G. Allen & Unwin. 1963.
^Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish (1915). Vidyāpati: Bangīya Padābali; Songs of the Love of Rādhā and Krishna. London: The Old Bourne Press.
^Dhere, Ramchandra (2011). Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 243. ISBN 9780199777648.
^Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty (1984). Gwalior Fort: art, culture, and history. Arnold-Heinemann. pp. 98–116. ISBN 978-0-391-03223-1.
^B. D. Misra (1993). Forts and fortresses of Gwalior and its hinterland. Manohar. pp. 27–46. ISBN 978-81-7304-047-4.
^Kishori Saran Lal (1963). Twilight of the Sultanate. Asia Publishing House. p. 6. OCLC 500687579.
^Sant Lal Katare (1975). "Two Gangolatal, Gwalior, Inscriptions of the Tomara Kings of Gwalior". Journal of the Oriental Institute. XXIII. Oriental Institute, Maharajah Sayajirao University: 346.
^K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720
^Guida M. Jackson; Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 9781576070918.
^ a bGeorge VI retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1948.
^Vickers, Hugo (2006), Elizabeth: The Queen Mother, Arrow Books/Random House, p. 175, ISBN 978-0-09-947662-7
Books
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Gait, Edward A. (1906). A History of Assam. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.
Gnyawali, Surya Bikram (1 December 1971) [1962], "The Malla Kings of Western Nepal" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3 (12): 265–268
Gogoi, Padmeshwar (1968). The Tai and the Tai kingdoms. Gauhati University. OCLC 199460.
Handa, O. C. (Omacanda) (2002). History of Uttaranchal. New Delhi: Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788173871344.
Niyogi, Roma (1959). The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty. Oriental. OCLC 5386449.
Somani, Ram Vallabh (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari. OCLC 2929852.
Stein, Mark Aurel (1989a) [1900]. Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 (Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0369-5. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
Stein, Mark Aurel (1989b) [1900]. Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 (Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Thakur, Laxman S. (1990). "The Khaśas: An Early Indian Tribe". In K. K. Kusuman (ed.). A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. Mittal Publications. pp. 285–293. ISBN 978-81-7099-214-1.
Tucci, Giuseppe (1956). Preliminary Report on Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal. David Brown Book Company. ISBN 978-88-575-2684-3.
Este artículo incluye una lista de listas relacionadas con las monarcas .