La población de Estados Unidos casi se cuadriplicó durante el siglo XX (a una tasa de crecimiento de alrededor del 1,3% anual), de unos 76 millones en 1900 a 281 millones en 2000. [18] Se estima que alcanzó la marca de 200 millones en 1967 y la marca de 300 millones el 17 de octubre de 2006. [18] [19] La inmigración nacida en el extranjero hizo que la población de Estados Unidos continuara su rápido aumento, y la población nacida en el extranjero se duplicó de casi 20 millones en 1990 a más de 45 millones en 2015, [20] lo que representa un tercio del aumento de la población. [21] La población de Estados Unidos creció en 1,6 millones de 2018 a 2019, y el 38% del crecimiento se debió a la inmigración. [22] El crecimiento demográfico es más rápido entre las minorías en su conjunto y, según la estimación de 2020 de la Oficina del Censo, el 50% de los niños estadounidenses menores de 18 años son miembros de grupos étnicos minoritarios . [23]
En 2020, las personas blancas sumaban 235.411.507 o el 71% de la población, incluidas las personas que se identificaban como blancas en combinación con otra raza. Las personas que se identificaban solo como blancas (incluidos los blancos hispanos) sumaban 204.277.273 o el 61,6% de la población y los blancos no latinos constituían el 57,8% de la población del país. [24]
Los latinoamericanos representaron el 51,1% del crecimiento poblacional nacional total entre 2010 y 2020. [25] La población hispana o latina aumentó de 50,5 millones en 2010 a 62,1 millones en 2020: un aumento del 23% y un aumento numérico de más de 11,6 millones. [25] Se espera que los inmigrantes y sus descendientes nacidos en Estados Unidos proporcionen la mayor parte de las ganancias de población de Estados Unidos en las próximas décadas. [26]
Los estadounidenses de origen asiático son el grupo racial de más rápido crecimiento en Estados Unidos, con una tasa de crecimiento del 35 %. Sin embargo, los estadounidenses de origen asiático multirracial son el grupo de más rápido crecimiento en el país, con una tasa de crecimiento del 55 %, lo que refleja el aumento de los matrimonios interraciales en los Estados Unidos. [27] [28]
A partir de 2022 [update], los nacimientos de madres estadounidenses blancas siguen representando alrededor del 50% del total de EE. UU., lo que refleja una disminución del 3% en comparación con 2021. [29] En el mismo período de tiempo, los nacimientos de mujeres estadounidenses de origen asiático e hispanas aumentaron un 2% y un 6%, respectivamente. [30]
La tasa general de fertilidad al cierre de 12 meses aumentó de 56,6 a 57,0 en el primer trimestre de 2022 en comparación con el cuarto trimestre de 2021. [31]
Distribución por edad según grupos de edad seleccionados. [35]
0 – 14 años: 18,2%
15 – 24 años: 13,0%
25 – 54 años: 39,0%
55 – 64 años: 12,9%
65 años y más: 16,8%
Edad media por condado en 2022
46 o más
43 a 45,9
39 a 42,9
35 a 39,9
34,9 o menos
La edad media de la población total en 2021 es de 38,8 años; la edad media de los hombres es de 37,7 años; la edad media de las mujeres es de 39,8 años. [35]
Tasa de natalidad
12.023 nacimientos/1.000 habitantes (2023) [3] Comparación del país con el mundo: 151.º [36]
Tasa de mortalidad
10,45 muertes/1000 habitantes (estimación de 2021) [37] Comparación del país con el mundo: 78.º [36]
8,81 muertes/1000 habitantes (estimación de 2021)* [38] *tasa de mortalidad ajustada por edad
Tasa global de fecundidad (TGF)
Tasa de mortalidad total de Estados Unidos por horas extras desde 1820 hasta 2016
En 1800, la mujer estadounidense promedio tenía 7,04 hijos; [39] en la primera década del siglo XX, este número ya había disminuido a 3,56. [40] Desde principios de la década de 1970, la tasa de natalidad ha estado por debajo de la tasa de reemplazo de 2,1, con 1,72 hijos por mujer en 2018. [41]
La caída de la tasa de fertilidad en Estados Unidos de 2,08 por mujer en 2007 a 1,76 en 2017 se debió principalmente a la disminución de la tasa de natalidad de las hispanas, las adolescentes y las mujeres jóvenes, aunque la tasa de natalidad de las mujeres mayores aumentó. [42]
1.664 niños nacidos por mujer (2021). [43]
Edad media de la madre en el primer parto
Porcentaje de mujeres sin hijos por cohorte de edad en los EE. UU. a lo largo del tiempo
27,1 años (estimación de 2020) [43]
Tasa de dependencia
Mapa coroplético bivariado que compara el porcentaje estimado de la población de 65 años o más y de 17 años o menos en los Estados Unidos contiguos por condado, 2020
La tasa de dependencia es la relación entre la población en edad de trabajar y la población de edad avanzada, es decir, la población dependiente (que incluye a las personas de 0 a 14 años y de 65 años o más) y la población que sí lo hace (la parte productiva, de 15 a 64 años). Se utiliza para medir la presión sobre la población productiva. La tasa de apoyo es la relación entre la población en edad de trabajar y la población de edad avanzada, es decir, el recíproco de la tasa de dependencia de las personas mayores.
Tasa de dependencia total: 54,03 % (2021) [35] Comparación del país con el mundo*: 110.º [44]
Tasa de dependencia infantil: 28,11 % (2021) Comparación del país con el mundo*: 138.º
Tasa de dependencia de personas mayores: 25,92 % (2021) Comparación del país con el mundo*: 42.º
Tasa de apoyo potencial: 3,86 (2021) Comparación del país con el mundo*: 160.º
*Las proporciones están clasificadas de mayor a menor por país.
Esperanza de vida en Estados Unidos desde 1880Esperanza de vida en Estados Unidos desde 1960 por género
Esperanza de vida
Población total: 80,8 años (2023), [45] [46] 76,1 años (2021), 77,0 años (2020) [47]
Masculino: 78,5 años (2023), [45] [46] 73,2 años (2021), 74,2 años (2020)
Femenino: 82,9 años (2023), [45] [46] 79,9 años (2021), 79,9 años (2020)
La esperanza de vida media en los Estados Unidos ha estado disminuyendo desde 2014. Los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades citan tres razones principales: un aumento del 72% en las sobredosis en la última década (incluido un aumento del 30% en las sobredosis de opioides de julio de 2016 a septiembre de 2017, pero no diferenciaron entre sobredosis accidentales con una prescripción legal y sobredosis con opioides obtenidos ilegalmente y/o combinados con drogas ilegales, es decir, heroína, cocaína, metanfetamina, etc.), un aumento de diez años en la enfermedad hepática (la tasa para los hombres de 25 a 34 años aumentó un 8% por año; para las mujeres, un 11% por año), y un aumento del 33% en las tasas de suicidio desde 1999. [48]
De 2019 a 2020, la pandemia de COVID-19 contribuyó aproximadamente al 61% de la disminución de la esperanza de vida en los Estados Unidos. [49] Mientras que los aumentos en la mortalidad por lesiones no intencionales , enfermedades cardíacas , homicidios y diabetes contribuyeron al 11,7%, 5,8%, 2,9% y 2,8% de la disminución de la esperanza de vida de 2019 a 2020, respectivamente. [49] La esperanza de vida también ha variado según el grupo racial y étnico, siendo los asiáticos no hispanos los que tienen la esperanza de vida más alta y los indios americanos no hispanos los que tienen la más baja. [49] En 2021, la esperanza de vida al nacer en los Estados Unidos cayó por segundo año consecutivo, la primera caída de dos años desde 1961-1963. [50]
NOTA : Los datos de esperanza de vida al nacer para 2021 son provisionales.*
NH = No hispano.
LEB = Esperanza de vida al nacer
Las flechas de crecimiento ( / ) indican un aumento o disminución en la esperanza de vida total en comparación con años anteriores.
Tablas de vida
Densidad
El estado más densamente poblado es Nueva Jersey (1.263/mi 2 o 488/km 2 ).
La población está altamente urbanizada, con un 82,3% de la población residiendo en ciudades y suburbios. [5] Grandes conglomerados urbanos se extienden por la mitad oriental de los Estados Unidos (en particular el área de los Grandes Lagos, noreste, este y sureste) y los estados del nivel occidental; las áreas montañosas, principalmente las Montañas Rocosas y la cadena de los Apalaches, los desiertos en el suroeste, los densos bosques boreales en el extremo norte y los estados de las praderas centrales están menos densamente poblados; la población de Alaska se concentra a lo largo de su costa sur, con especial énfasis en la ciudad de Anchorage , y la de Hawái se centra en la isla de Oahu. [5] California y Texas son los estados más poblados, ya que el centro medio de la población estadounidense se ha desplazado constantemente hacia el oeste y el sur. [52] [53] La ciudad de Nueva York es la ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos [54] y lo ha sido desde al menos 1790 .
Tasa de crecimiento demográfico: 0,12 %. [35] Comparación del país con el mundo: 130.º
Nacimientos y fecundidad por raza
En 2021 nacieron un total de 3.659.289 bebés, un aumento del 1% con respecto a 2020. Además, los investigadores también analizaron los nacimientos por raza y descubrieron que las mujeres blancas e hispanas vieron aumentar el número de nacimientos aproximadamente un 2% entre 2020 y 2021. Mientras tanto, las mujeres negras y asiáticas vieron disminuir el número de nacimientos en un 2,4% y un 2,5%, respectivamente, durante el mismo período, mientras que las mujeres indígenas estadounidenses o nativas de Alaska vieron caer su número en un 3,2%. [58] También marca el primer aumento de nacimientos desde 2014. Antes de este informe, el número total de nacimientos había estado disminuyendo en un promedio del 2% por año. [58] Sin embargo, la tasa de fertilidad total (el número de nacimientos que las mujeres promedio tienen a lo largo de su vida) fue de 1.663,5 nacimientos por cada mujer. Esto todavía está por debajo del nivel de reemplazo, el nivel que una población necesita para reemplazarse a sí misma, que es, al menos, 2.100 nacimientos por mujer. [58]
Personas nacidas en Estados Unidos
Nota: Los hispanos se cuentan tanto por su origen étnico como por su raza, lo que da un número general más alto. Observe también que las flechas de crecimiento indican un aumento o una disminución en el número de nacimientos, no en la tasa de fertilidad. [64] [65] [66] [67]
NOTA :
NH = No hispano.
TFR = Tasa total de fecundidad (número de hijos nacidos por mujer).
Las flechas de crecimiento ( / ) indican un aumento o disminución en el número de nacimientos, no en la tasa de fertilidad, en comparación con el año anterior.
Porcentaje de nacimientos de mujeres blancas no hispanas que fueron su octavo hijo o más, por estado de EE. UU., en 2021
En las últimas décadas, Estados Unidos ha pasado de tener un 9% (1990) a un 15% (2020) de la población nacida en el extranjero. [70] Las pendientes de las partes superiores de las columnas de diferentes colores muestran la tasa de aumento porcentual de las personas nacidas en el extranjero que viven en los respectivos países.Porcentaje de población nacida en el extranjero en los EE. UU. a lo largo del tiempo desde 1850 hasta 2020
En 2017, de la población estadounidense nacida en el extranjero, alrededor del 45 % (20,7 millones) eran ciudadanos naturalizados, el 27 % (12,3 millones) eran residentes permanentes legales (incluidos muchos elegibles para convertirse en ciudadanos), el 6 % (2,2 millones) eran residentes legales temporales y el 23 % (10,5 millones) eran inmigrantes no autorizados. [71] Entre los inmigrantes vivos actuales en los EE. UU., los cinco principales países de nacimiento son México (25 % de los inmigrantes), China (6 %), India (6 %), Filipinas (5 %) y El Salvador (3 %). Alrededor del 13 % de los inmigrantes vivos actuales provienen de Europa y Canadá, y el 10 % del Caribe. [71] Entre los recién llegados, los inmigrantes asiáticos han sido más numerosos que los inmigrantes hispanos desde 2010; en 2017, el 37,4 % de los inmigrantes que llegaron fueron asiáticos y el 26,6 % hispanos. [71] Hasta 2017 y 2018, Estados Unidos lideró el mundo en reasentamiento de refugiados durante décadas, admitiendo más refugiados que el resto del mundo en conjunto. [72] Desde el año fiscal 1980 hasta 2017, el 55% de los refugiados provenían de Asia, el 27% de Europa, el 13% de África y el 4% de América Latina, huyendo de la guerra y la persecución. [72]
Tasa neta de migración (2022): 3,02 migrantes/1.000 habitantes. [36] Comparación de países con el mundo: puesto 35.º [36]
Tasa neta de migración* (2020-2021): 0,73 migrantes/1.000 habitantes. [73]
*(estimaciones a mitad de año)
A partir de 2017, el 13,6% (44,4 millones) de la población nació en el extranjero, un aumento del 4,7% en 1970, pero menos que el récord de 1890 del 14,8%. El 45% de la población nacida en el extranjero eran ciudadanos estadounidenses naturalizados. El 23% (10,3 millones) de la comunidad nacida en el extranjero es indocumentada , lo que representa el 3,2% de la población total. [71] Según el censo de 2010, América Latina y el Caribe es el grupo de región de nacimiento más grande, lo que representa el 53% de la población nacida en el extranjero. A partir de 2018, esta región sigue siendo la mayor fuente de inmigrantes a los Estados Unidos [74] [75] [76] En 2018, había casi 90 millones de inmigrantes e hijos de inmigrantes nacidos en Estados Unidos ( estadounidenses de segunda generación ) en los Estados Unidos, lo que representa el 28% de la población total de Estados Unidos. [77] En 2018, a 1.096.611 inmigrantes se les concedió la residencia legal permanente o temporal en los Estados Unidos [78]
Estadísticas vitales
Nacimientos, muertes y aumento natural en Estados Unidos 1935-2021
Matrimonios, familias y relaciones íntimas en Estados Unidos, 1970-2000Edad media en el primer matrimonio en EE.UU.
Según la Oficina del Censo de Estados Unidos , en 2021, la población de los Estados Unidos creció a un ritmo más lento que en cualquier otro año desde la fundación del país. [82] La población estadounidense creció solo un 0,1% con respecto al año anterior. [82] La población de los Estados Unidos ha crecido en menos de un millón de personas por primera vez desde 1937, con el crecimiento numérico más bajo desde al menos 1900, cuando la Oficina del Censo comenzó a realizar estimaciones anuales de población. [82] Aparte de los años anteriores, cuando el crecimiento de la población se desplomó a niveles históricamente bajos, el ritmo más lento de aumento en el siglo XX se produjo entre 1918 y 1919, cuando la epidemia de gripe y la Primera Guerra Mundial estaban en pleno apogeo. [82] Un crecimiento demográfico más lento ha sido la norma en los Estados Unidos durante algunos años, debido a la menor fertilidad y la migración internacional neta , así como al aumento de la mortalidad por el envejecimiento de la población. [82]
Dicho de otro modo, desde mediados de la década de 2010, los nacimientos y la migración internacional neta han ido disminuyendo, mientras que las muertes han aumentado. Estas tendencias tienen un efecto acumulativo de reducción del crecimiento demográfico. [82]
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha acelerado esta tendencia, dando como resultado un aumento de población históricamente lento en 2021.
La tasa de crecimiento estimada para 2021 es del 0,1%. [82]
La tasa de natalidad es de 11,0 nacimientos por cada 1.000 habitantes, en 2020. [43] Esta fue la tasa de natalidad más baja desde que se tienen registros. En 2020 hubo 3.613.647 nacimientos, la cifra más baja desde 1980. [43]
11,0 nacimientos/1.000 habitantes por año (datos finales de 2020).
11,4 nacimientos por cada 1.000 habitantes al año (datos finales de 2019). [43]
En 2020, los CDC informaron que hubo 1.676.911 matrimonios en 2020, en comparación con 2019, cuando hubo 2.015.603 matrimonios. [83] Las tasas de matrimonio variaron significativamente según el estado, desde 3,2 matrimonios por cada 1.000 habitantes en California hasta 21,0 matrimonios por cada 1.000 habitantes en Nevada.* [84]
5,1 matrimonios por cada 1.000 habitantes al año (datos provisionales para 2020). [83]
6,1 matrimonios por cada 1.000 habitantes al año (datos provisionales para 2019). [83]
*Las tasas se basan en recuentos provisionales de matrimonios por estado de ocurrencia.
En 2009, la revista Time informó que el 40% de los nacimientos fueron de mujeres solteras. [85] El siguiente es un desglose por raza para los nacimientos fuera del matrimonio: 17% asiáticos, 29% blancos, 53% hispanos (de cualquier raza), 66% nativos americanos y 72% afroamericanos. [86]
Según los CDC, en 2020 hubo al menos 1.461.121 nacimientos de mujeres solteras. En 2020, el 40,5 % de los nacimientos fueron de mujeres solteras. A continuación, se muestra el desglose por raza de los nacimientos de mujeres solteras: 28,4 % de blancos no hispanos, 70,4 % de negros no hispanos y 52,8 % de hispanos (de cualquier raza). [87]
Se cree que la caída de la tasa de natalidad entre 2007 y 2009 está asociada a la Gran Recesión . [88]
Según datos del gobierno federal de Estados Unidos publicados en marzo de 2011, los nacimientos cayeron un 4% entre 2007 y 2009, la mayor caída en Estados Unidos en un período de dos años desde los años 1970. [90]
Los nacimientos han disminuido durante tres años consecutivos y ahora están un 7% por debajo del pico de 2007. [91] Esta caída ha continuado hasta 2010, según datos publicados por el Centro Nacional de Estadísticas de Salud de Estados Unidos en junio de 2011. [91] Numerosos expertos han sugerido que esta disminución es en gran medida un reflejo de condiciones económicas desfavorables. [92] Esta conexión entre las tasas de natalidad y las crisis económicas se debe en parte al hecho de que las tasas de natalidad estadounidenses han caído ahora a niveles comparables a la Gran Depresión de los años 1930. [93] Las tasas de natalidad entre adolescentes en Estados Unidos están en el nivel más bajo de la historia del país. [94] De hecho, las tasas de natalidad entre adolescentes en los EE. UU. han disminuido de manera constante desde 1991 hasta 2011, excepto por un breve aumento entre 2005 y 2007. [94] La otra aberración de esta disminución, por lo demás constante, de las tasas de natalidad entre adolescentes es la disminución del 6% de las tasas de natalidad entre las jóvenes de 15 a 19 años entre 2008 y 2009. [94] A pesar de estos años de disminución, las tasas de natalidad entre adolescentes en los EE. UU. siguen siendo más altas que en otras naciones desarrolladas. [94] También prevalecen las diferencias raciales en las tasas de natalidad y embarazo entre adolescentes. Las tasas de embarazo entre las adolescentes indias estadounidenses/nativas de Alaska, hispanas y negras no hispanas son más del doble de las tasas de natalidad entre las adolescentes blancas no hispanas. [95]
Tabla demográfica de Estados Unidos, 1935-2023
[96] [33] [34]
p = datos provisionales
Estadísticas vitales actuales
[112]
Todas las cifras actuales de esta sección son provisionales y pueden cambiar en futuras actualizaciones. Para obtener más información, consulte el enlace de referencia.
Tasas de fecundidad total por estado
Tabla de población proyectada de EE.UU.
Las proyecciones de 2017 de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos se elaboraron utilizando el método de componentes de cohorte. En este método, los componentes del cambio de población (fecundidad, mortalidad y migración neta) se proyectan por separado para cada cohorte de nacimiento (personas nacidas en un año determinado). La población base se avanza cada año utilizando las tasas de supervivencia proyectadas y la migración internacional neta. Cada año, se agrega una nueva cohorte de nacimiento a la población aplicando las tasas de fertilidad proyectadas a la población femenina.
Desde 1790
En 1900, cuando la población estadounidense era de 76 millones, había 66,8 millones de estadounidenses blancos en Estados Unidos, lo que representaba el 88% de la población total, [119] 8,8 millones de estadounidenses negros, de los cuales aproximadamente el 90% todavía vivían en los estados del sur, [120] y un poco más de 500.000 hispanos. [121]
Según la ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad de 1965 , [122] el número de inmigrantes de primera generación que viven en los Estados Unidos ha aumentado, [123] de 9,6 millones en 1970 a alrededor de 38 millones en 2007. [124] Alrededor de un millón de personas inmigraron legalmente a los Estados Unidos por año en la década de 1990, frente a 250.000 por año en la década de 1950. [125]
En 1900, los blancos no hispanos comprendían casi el 97% de la población de las 10 ciudades más grandes de Estados Unidos . [126] La Oficina del Censo informó que las minorías (incluidos los blancos hispanos) constituían el 50,4% de los niños nacidos en Estados Unidos entre julio de 2010 y julio de 2011, [127] en comparación con el 37% en 1990. [128]
En 2014, el estado con la tasa de fertilidad más baja fue Rhode Island, con una tasa de 1,56, mientras que Utah tuvo la tasa más alta con una tasa de 2,33. [64] Esto se correlaciona con las edades de las poblaciones de los estados: Rhode Island tiene la novena edad media más alta en los EE. UU. - 39,2 - mientras que Utah tiene la más joven - 29,0. [129]
En 2017, la tasa de natalidad en Estados Unidos sigue estando muy por debajo del nivel de reemplazo necesario (al menos 2,1 hijos por mujer para no experimentar descensos demográficos), ya que los nacimientos entre las mujeres blancas estadounidenses cayeron en los 50 estados y en el Distrito de Columbia. Entre las mujeres blancas no hispanas, ningún estado tuvo una tasa de fertilidad por encima del nivel de reemplazo. Entre las mujeres negras no hispanas, 12 estados alcanzaron por encima del nivel de reemplazo necesario. Entre las mujeres hispanas, 29 estados lo hicieron. [130] Para las mujeres blancas no hispanas, la tasa de fertilidad total más alta se registró en Utah, con 2,099, y la más baja en el Distrito de Columbia, con 1,012. Entre las mujeres negras no hispanas, la tasa de fertilidad total más alta se registró en Maine, con 4,003, y la más baja en Wyoming, con 1,146. Para las mujeres hispanas, la tasa de fertilidad total más alta se registró en Alabama, con 3,085, y la más baja en Vermont, con 1,200, y Maine, con 1,281. [130] [131] Debido al envejecimiento y las bajas tasas de natalidad entre la gente blanca , las muertes ahora superan en número a los nacimientos entre la gente blanca (no hispana) en más de la mitad de los estados del país. [132]
En 2018, los nacimientos en Estados Unidos cayeron al nivel más bajo en 32 años. [133]
1,88 para los hispanos (de todos los grupos raciales) [43]
( Tenga en cuenta que aproximadamente el 95% de los hispanos están incluidos como "hispanos blancos" por los CDC, que no reconocen la categoría "Alguna otra raza" del Censo y cuentan a las personas en esa categoría como blancas).
As of 2011[update], about 250 million Americans live in or around urban areas. That means more than three-quarters of the U.S. population shares just about three percent of the U.S. land area.[145]
The following table shows the populations of the top twenty metropolitan areas.
Race and ethnicity
Hispanics and Non-Hispanics in the United States (2020 census)[7]
U.S. race by Hispanic origin demographics from 1940 to 2020Ethnic origins in the United StatesEthno-racial makeup of the United States by single year ages from 1990 to 2020Ethno-racial makeup of the United States by single year ages in 2020
Race
Population pyramid by race/ethnicity in 2020
The United States Census Bureau collects racial data in accordance with guidelines provided by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and these data are based on self-identification. Many other countries count multiple races based on origin while America compiles multiple dozens of ethnicity groups into skin color grouping them together.[153] The racial classifications and definitions used by the U.S. Census Bureau are:[154]
White: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.[155] It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as English, Iranian, Irish, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.
Black or African American: a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.[155] It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am." or report entries such as African American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.
American Indian or Alaska Native: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.[155] This category includes people who indicate their race as "American Indian or Alaska Native" or report entries such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup'ik, Central American Indian groups, or South American Indian groups.
Asian: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.[155]
Some other race: includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian or Alaska Native", "Asian", and "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander" racial categories described above includes Asians from West Asia or Russia (non-European Russia) and White Africans.
Two or more races: people may choose to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, providing multiple responses, or some combination of check boxes and other responses.
Data about race and ethnicity are self-reported to the Census Bureau. Since the 2000 census, Congress has authorized people to identify themselves according to more than one racial classification by selecting more than one category. Only one ethnicity may be selected, however, because the Census Bureau recognizes only two ethnicities – "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino" – which are mutually exclusive since you can be one or the other, but not both. The singular term Hispanic has been supplanted as a federally-recognized ethnicity by the combined "Hispanic or Latino," defined by the Census Bureau as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.[156]
According to the Census Bureau website, the racial composition of the United States in 2021 was:[157]
According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the racial composition of the United States in 2022 was:[158][159]
Distribution of Total Population by Race, 1900 to 2020 (in %)
Hispanic are shown like part of the races. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.[141][134]
*Data are shown for the White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Some other race alone populations.
Median age by each race alone & ethnicity, 2021
Source: United States Census Bureau.[160]
Median age by race alone or in combination & ethnicity, 2021
Source: United States Census Bureau.[160]
Hispanic or Latino origin
CensusViewer US 2010 Census Latino Population as a heatmap by census tract
The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines "Hispanic or Latino" as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. People who identify with the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the decennial census questionnaire and various Census Bureau survey questionnaires – "Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano" or "Puerto Rican" or "Cuban" – as well as those who indicate that they are "another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin."[170] People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[154]
Population distribution by Hispanic origin 1970–2020 (in %)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1970 (5-percent
sample), 1980 to 2020.[134]
Median age of each race alone, 2021 (Hispanic)
Source: United States Census Bureau.[160]
Median age of each race alone or in combination, 2021 (Hispanic)
Source: United States Census Bureau.[160]
Note: Hispanic origin is considered an ethnicity, not a race. Hispanics may be of any race.
Indigenous peoples
As of 2020, there are 9,666,058 people identifying as American Indian and Alaska Native people in the United States, including those identifying with more than one race,[171] representing around 3% of the U.S. population. This number includes not only groups indigenous to the United States, but any Indigenous people of the Americas,[172] including Mesoamerican peoples such as the Maya, as well as Canadian and South American natives. In 2022, 634,503 Indigenous people in the United States identified with Central American Indigenous groups, 875,183 identified with the Indigenous people of Mexico, and 47,518 identified with Canadian First Nations.[173] Of the 3.2 million Americans who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native alone in 2022, around 45% were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,[174][175] with this number growing as increasing numbers of Indigenous people from Latin American countries immigrate to the US and more Latinos self-identify with indigenous heritage. Of groups Indigenous to the contiguous United States, the largest self-reported tribes are Cherokee (1,449,888), Navajo (434,910), Choctaw (295,373), ( Blackfeet (288,255), and Sioux (220,739). Additionally, 205,954 identify with an Alaska Native tribe. There are 573 federally recognized tribal governments[176] in the United States.[177]
The US Census Bureau classifies Native Hawaiians separately from American Indians and Alaska Natives, grouping them with Pacific Islanders instead. According to 2022 estimates, 714,847 Americans identified with Native Hawaiian ancestry.[178]
Other groups
There were 16.1 million veterans in 2022,[179] with only 6.2% of Americans having served in the Armed Forces.[180]
In 2010, The Washington Post estimated that there were 11 million undocumented immigrants in the country.[181] As of 2017, Pew Research reported that there an estimated 10.5 million undocumented immigrants in the U.S.[182]
In 2022, an estimated 1,849,176 adults were imprisoned in the US.[183]
Projections
A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of non-Hispanic Whites between 2023 and 2060, a decline from 58.9% of the population to 44.9%. Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up a majority of the population by 2050, but will remain the largest single ethnic group. Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[185]
While non-Hispanic whites are projected to become a minority, the total White population (including Hispanics), will remain a majority from 2023 to 2060, falling from 75.5% to 72.3% of the population who are white alone according to the projections.[186] However, these projections are not directly comparable to other Census Bureau data, as they are based on a modified race dataset,[187] which does not include the "some other race" category used in census surveys.[188] Individuals identifying as “some other race” alone or in combination made up 16.2% of the population in 2022,[189] and they are reclassified into recognized race categories in the dataset used for the projections.[190] As a result, there is a significant discrepancy between the share of the white alone population in 2023 according to the projections (75.5%), and the estimated share of white alone (60.9%), as reported by the American Community Survey in 2022.[191]
The report foresees the Hispanic or Latino population rising from 19.1% today to 26.9% by 2060, the Black percentage barely rising from 13.6% to 14.8%, and Asian Americans upping their 6.3% share to 9.4%. The United States had a population of 333 million people in July 2023, and is projected to reach 355 million by 2040 and 364 million in 2060.[192][193][194][195][196] It is further projected that all of the increase in population from 2023 to 2060 will be due to immigrants.
Of the nation's children in 2060, 64% are expected to be of a minority ethnicity, up from 51% today. Approximately 32% are projected to be Hispanic or Latino (up from 26% in 2023), and 36% are projected to be single-race, non-Hispanic Whites (down from 49% in 2023). Racial and ethnic minorities surpassed non-Hispanic whites as the largest group of U.S. children under 5 years old in 2015.[197]
The fastest growing racial group in America is Asian Americans with a growth rate of 35%, however the multi-racial mixed Asian group is growing even faster, with a growth rate of 55%. Multi-racial Asians are therefore the fastest growing demographic group in America.[28][27]
In 2020, it was reported that 51.0% of births were to non-Hispanic white mothers.[136] In 2021, the percentage increased to 51.5%.[136][198] However, by 2022 the rate of births to white mothers had declined by 3%, dropping to 50% of all total births. In the same period, the rate of births to Asian and Hispanic women increased by 2% and 6%, respectively.[30][29]
Population pyramids of racial groups (of one race)
The United Nations projects a population of just over 400 million in 2060.[199]
The country's racial profile will be vastly different, and although whites will remain the single largest ethnic group in the U.S., they will no longer be a majority excluding White Hispanics by 2055 according to Pew Research Center. Growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations is predicted to almost triple over the next 40 years. By 2055, the breakdown is estimated to be 48% non-Hispanic white, 24% Hispanic, 16% Black, and 14% Asian.[199]
As of 2015[update], 14% of the United States' population is foreign born, compared to just 5% in 1965. Nearly 39 million immigrants have come to the U.S. since 1965, with most coming from Asia and Latin America. The 2015 Census Report predicts that the percentage of the U.S. population that is foreign-born will continue to increase, reaching 19% by 2060. This increase in the foreign-born population will account for a large share of the overall population growth.[199]
The average person in the U.S. of 2060 is likely to be older than the average person of 2018 today, and it is projected that almost one in four people will be 65 or older.[199]
U.S. Census Census Bureau projections
Percent minority 1970–2042 (2008 projections)
[134]
Note: "Minority" refers to people who reported their ethnicity and race as something other than non-Hispanic White alone in the decennial census.
Total US population
Self-reported ancestry
Most common ancestry group in the United States by county
This table displays all self-reported ancestries with over 50,000 members, alone or in combination, according to estimates from the 2022 American Community Survey. The total population of the US according to the survey was 333,287,550, and 251,732,240 people reported an ancestry. Of these, 175,054,020 reported a single ancestry, and 76,678,224 reported two or more ancestries.[202] Hispanic groups are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry:
The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau. It only includes the voluntary self-reported membership of religious bodies with 750,000 or more. The definition of a member is determined by each religious body.[209] In 2004[update], the US census bureau reported that about 13% of the population did not identify themselves as a member of any religion.[210][clarification needed]
In a Pew Research Survey performed in 2012, Americans without a religion (atheists, agnostics, nothing in particular, etc.) approached the numbers of Evangelical Protestant Americans with almost 20% of Americans being nonreligious (compared to just over 26% being Evangelical Protestant). If this current growth rate continues, by 2050, around 51% of Americans will not have a religion.[211]
Surveys conducted in 2014 and 2019 by Pew indicated that the percentage of Americans unaffiliated with a religion increased from 16% in 2007 to 23% in 2014 and 26% of the population in 2019.[212][213]
According to statistical data made by the Pew Research Center in 2021 about 63% of the US population is Christian, 28% is Unaffiliated, 2% is Jewish, 1% follows Buddhism, 1% follows Hinduism, 1% follows Islam and 2% follow traditional religions and others. Currently, the United States has the largest Christian population in the world (approximately 230-250 million) and the largest Protestant Christian population (approximately 150-160 million). The country also has the second largest Jewish community in the world (after Israel) and the largest Buddhist and Hindu communities in the West, as well as the largest number of followers of Islam in North America. The country has about 64 million non-affiliates (only China and Japan have more).[citation needed][214]
Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average, 2001
Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than "no religion", 2014
Plurality religion by state, 2001. Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii.
According to Pew Research Center study released in 2018, by 2040, Islam will surpass Judaism to become the second largest religion in the US due to higher immigration and birth rates.[240]
Religions of U.S. adults
The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281.
Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?". Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one-third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.
Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008[241] Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.
States in the United States by Catholic population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with Catholic population greater than the United States as a whole are in full red.
States in the United States by Evangelical Protestant population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with Evangelical Protestant populations greater than the United States as a whole are in full orange.
States in the United States by Mainline or Black Protestant population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with Mainline or Black Protestant population greater than the United States as a whole are in full purple.
States in the United States by non-Christian (e.g. Non-religious, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist) population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with non-Christian populations greater than the United States as a whole are in full blue.
States in the United States by non-Protestant and non-Catholic Christian (e.g. Mormon, Jehovah's Witness, Eastern Orthodox) population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with non-Catholic/non-Protestant Christian population greater than the United States as a whole are in full green.
LGBT population
The 2000 U.S. Census counted same-sex couples in an oblique way; asking the sex and the relationship to the "main householder", whose sex was also asked. Community Marketing & Insights, an organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data, reported, based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey, that same-sex couples comprised between 1.0% and 1.1% of U.S. couples in 2000.[243] A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same-sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005, from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005.[244] A 2006 UCLA study reported that 4.1% of Americans aged 18–45 identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[245]
A 2011 report by the Williams Institute estimated that nine million adults identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, representing 3.5% of the population over 18.[246] A spokesperson said that, until recently, few studies have tried to distinguish people who had occasionally undertaken homosexual behavior or entertained homosexual thoughts, from people who identified as lesbian or gay.[247] (Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.)
Foreign-born population
As of 2017, an estimated 44,525,458 residents of the United States were foreign-born,[248] 13.5% of the country's total population. This demographic includes recent as well as longstanding immigrants; statistically Europeans have resided in the US longer than those from other regions with approximately 66% having arrived prior to 2000.[249]
Citizens living abroad
As of April 2015, the U.S. State Department estimated that 8.7 million American citizens live overseas. Americans living abroad are not counted in the U.S. Census unless they are federal government employees or dependents of a federal employee.[250] A 2010 paper estimated the number of civilian Americans living abroad to be around 4 million.[251] So-called "accidental Americans" are citizens of a country other than the United States who may also be considered U.S. citizens or be eligible for U.S. citizenship under specific laws but are not aware of having such status (or became aware of it only recently).[252]
As of 2022, 1.6 million U.S. Americans live in Mexico, according to the State Department.[253]
Economics
Income
In 2020, the median household income in the United States was around $67,521, 2.9 percent less than the 2019 median of $69,560.[254] Household and personal income depends on variables such as race, number of income earners, educational attainment and marital status.
Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[258] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.
States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[258] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.
Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
Economic class
Social classes in the United States lack distinct boundaries and may overlap. Even their existence (when distinguished from economic strata) is controversial. The following table provides a summary of some prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society:
Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted)
U.S. unemployment by state in December 2015 (official, or U3 rate)[260]
<3.0%
<3.5%
<4.0%
<4.5%
<5.0%
<5.5%
<6.0%
<6.5%
≥6.5%
As of July 2020[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 10.2 percent (U3 rate).
As of July 2019[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.7 percent (U3 rate).
As of July 2018[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.7 percent (U3 rate).
As of July 2017[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.3 percent (U3 rate).[261]
As of July 2016[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9 percent (U3 rate).[261]
As of July 2015[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.3 percent (U3 rate).[262]
As of July 2014[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 6.2 percent (U3 rate).[261]
The U6 unemployment rate as of April 2017[update] was 8.6 percent.[263] The U6 unemployment rate counts not only people without work seeking full-time employment (the more familiar U3 rate), but also counts "marginally attached workers and those working part-time for economic reasons." Some of these part-time workers counted as employed by U6 could be working as little as an hour a week. And the "marginally attached workers" include those who have become discouraged and stopped looking, but still want to work. The age considered for this calculation is 16 years and over.
Urban Americans have more job opportunities than those in more rural areas. From 2008 to 2018, 72% of the nation's employment growth occurred in cities with more than one million residents, which account for 56% of the overall population.[264]
Generational cohorts
A definitive recent study of US generational cohorts was done by Schuman and Scott (2012) in which a broad sample of adults of all ages was asked, "What world events are especially important to you?"[265] They found that 33 events were mentioned with great frequency. When the ages of the respondents were correlated with the expressed importance rankings, seven (some put 8 or 9) distinct cohorts became evident.
Today the following descriptors are frequently used for these cohorts:
Baby boomers (also known as Boomers) – born from 1946 to 1964.[267]
Generation X – born from approximately 1965 to 1980.[267][269] In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of the drop in birth rates following the baby boom.[270]
Millennials (also known as Generation Y) – born from approximately 1981 to 1996.[267]
Generation Z (also known as iGeneration, Digital Natives, or Zoomers) – born from approximately 1997 to 2012.[267]
Birth rate, death rate and natural increase rate in the United States 1935–2021
Subdivided groups are present when peak boom years or inverted peak bust years are present, and may be represented by a normal or inverted bell-shaped curve (rather than a straight curve). The boom subdivided cohorts may be considered as "pre-peak" (including peak year) and "post-peak". The year 1957 was the baby boom peak with 4.3 million births and 122.7 fertility rate. Although post-peak births (such as trailing edge boomers) are in decline, and sometimes referred to as a "bust", there are still a relatively large number of births. The dearth-in-birth bust cohorts include those up to the valley birth year, and those including and beyond, leading up to the subsequent normal birth rate. The baby boom began around 1943 to 1946.[271]
From the decline in U.S. birth rates starting in 1958 and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, the Baby Boomer normal distribution curve is negatively skewed. The trend in birth rates from 1958 to 1961 show a tendency to end late in the decade at approximately 1969, thus returning to pre-WWII levels, with 12 years of rising and 12 years of declining birth rates. Pre-war birth rates were defined as anywhere between 1939 and 1941 by demographers such as the Taeuber's, Philip M. Hauser and William Fielding Ogburn.[272]
Mobility
In 2021, 27.1 million Americans said they were living in a different place than a year before, compared to 29.8 million in 2020. This reflects an 8.4% mover rate, the lowest recorded in more than 70 years.[273]
^In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
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/ 
) indican un aumento o disminución en la esperanza de vida total en comparación con años anteriores.
![States in the United States by Catholic population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with Catholic population greater than the United States as a whole are in full red.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_states_by_Catholic_population.png/1280px-US_states_by_Catholic_population.png)
![States in the United States by Evangelical Protestant population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with Evangelical Protestant populations greater than the United States as a whole are in full orange.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_states_by_Evangelical_Protestant_population.png/1280px-US_states_by_Evangelical_Protestant_population.png)
![States in the United States by Mainline or Black Protestant population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with Mainline or Black Protestant population greater than the United States as a whole are in full purple.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/US_states_by_Mainline_or_Black_Protestant_population.png/1280px-US_states_by_Mainline_or_Black_Protestant_population.png)
![States in the United States by non-Christian (e.g. Non-religious, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist) population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with non-Christian populations greater than the United States as a whole are in full blue.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/US_states_by_non-Christian_population.png/1280px-US_states_by_non-Christian_population.png)
![States in the United States by non-Protestant and non-Catholic Christian (e.g. Mormon, Jehovah's Witness, Eastern Orthodox) population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[242] States with non-Catholic/non-Protestant Christian population greater than the United States as a whole are in full green.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/US_states_by_other_Christian_population.png/1280px-US_states_by_other_Christian_population.png)
![Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[258] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/1280px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png)
![States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[258] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/1280px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png)
![Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/1280px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png)
![States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/1280px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png)
![Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/1280px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png)
![States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/1280px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png)
![Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/1280px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png)
![States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[259] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/1280px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png)
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