Entre 1975 y 2010, la población se duplicó a 1.200 millones, alcanzando la marca de los mil millones en 2000. Según el tablero de población mundial de la ONU, la población de la India ahora se sitúa en poco más de 1.428 millones, superando la población de China de 1.425 millones de personas, según informó la agencia de noticias Bloomberg. [9] En 2015, se predijo que la población de la India alcanzaría los 1.700 millones en 2050. [10] [11] En 2017, su tasa de crecimiento demográfico fue del 0,98%, ocupando el puesto 112 en el mundo; en contraste, de 1972 a 1983, la población de la India creció a una tasa anual del 2,3%. [12]
En 2023, la edad media de un indio era de 29,5 años, [13] en comparación con los 39,8 de China y los 49,5 de Japón; y, para 2030, la tasa de dependencia de la India será de poco más de 0,4. [14] Sin embargo, el número de niños en la India alcanzó su punto máximo hace más de una década y ahora está disminuyendo. El número de niños menores de cinco años alcanzó su punto máximo en 2007, y desde entonces el número ha estado disminuyendo. El número de indios menores de 15 años alcanzó su punto máximo un poco más tarde (en 2011) y ahora también está disminuyendo. [15]
La proporción de sexos fue de 944 mujeres por cada 1000 hombres en 2016, y de 940 por cada 1000 en 2011. [20] Esta proporción ha mostrado una tendencia ascendente durante las últimas dos décadas después de un descenso continuo en el siglo XX. [21]
Historia
Población histórica de India y China desde 1100 con proyección hasta 2100
Prehistoria hasta principios del siglo XIX
La siguiente tabla muestra estimaciones de la población de la India (incluyendo lo que hoy son Pakistán y Bangladesh ) desde la prehistoria hasta 1820. Incluye estimaciones y tasas de crecimiento según cinco historiadores económicos, junto con estimaciones interpoladas y promedios agregados generales derivados de sus estimaciones. [22] [23]
La población creció desde la Edad de Piedra del Sur de Asia en el año 10.000 a. C. hasta el Imperio Maurya en el año 200 a. C. a una tasa de crecimiento en constante aumento, [32] antes de que el crecimiento de la población se desacelerara en la era clásica hasta el año 500 d. C., y luego se estancara en gran medida durante la era medieval temprana hasta el año 1000 d. C. [24] [26] La tasa de crecimiento de la población luego aumentó en la era medieval tardía (durante el Sultanato de Delhi ) del año 1000 al 1500. [24] [26]
Bajo el Imperio mogol , la India experimentó un gran auge económico y demográfico, [32] debido a las reformas agrarias mogoles que intensificaron la producción agrícola. [33] El 15% de la población vivía en centros urbanos, porcentaje superior al de la población de la India británica del siglo XIX [34] y de la Europa contemporánea [34] hasta el siglo XIX. [35] Estas estimaciones de Abraham Eraly [34] y Paolo Malanima [35] han sido criticadas por Tim Dyson , que las considera exageraciones y estima que la urbanización del Imperio mogol es inferior al 9% de la población. [36]
Bajo el reinado de Akbar (que reinó entre 1556 y 1605) en 1600, la población urbana del Imperio mogol era de hasta 17 millones de personas, mayor que la población urbana de Europa. [37] En 1700, la India mogol tenía una población urbana de 23 millones de personas, mayor que la población urbana de la India británica de 22,3 millones en 1871. [38] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551-1621) informó que, bajo el reinado de Akbar, la India mogol tenía 120 grandes ciudades y 3200 municipios. [34] Varias ciudades de la India tenían una población de entre un cuarto de millón y medio millón de personas, [34] con ciudades más grandes como Agra (en Agra Subah ) con hasta 800 000 personas [39] y Dacca (en Bengal Subah ) con más de 1 millón de personas. [40] La India mogol también tenía una gran cantidad de aldeas, con 455.698 aldeas en la época de Aurangzeb (que reinó entre 1658 y 1707). [37]
La población de la India bajo el Raj británico (incluyendo lo que hoy son Pakistán y Bangladesh) según los censos:
Los estudios sobre la población de la India desde 1881 se han centrado en temas como la población total, las tasas de natalidad y mortalidad, la distribución geográfica, la alfabetización, la división rural y urbana, las ciudades de un millón de habitantes y las tres ciudades con poblaciones de más de ocho millones: Delhi, Gran Mumbai (Bombay) y Kolkata (Calcuta). [46]
Las tasas de mortalidad disminuyeron en el período 1920-1945, principalmente debido a la inmunización biológica. Las sugerencias de que esto se debió a los beneficios del colonialismo son refutadas por el pensamiento académico: "No puede haber ninguna creencia seria e informada... de que... la mortalidad de la era colonial tardía disminuyó y la población creció rápidamente debido a mejoras en los ingresos, los niveles de vida, la nutrición, los estándares ambientales, el saneamiento o las políticas de salud, ni hubo una transformación cultural..." [47]
Características destacadas
Tendencias de la tasa bruta de natalidad en la India (por cada 1000 personas, promedio nacional) [48] [49] [50]Tendencias de la tasa de mortalidad infantil en la India (por cada 1000 nacimientos, menores de 1 año, promedio nacional)
La India ocupa el 2,41% de la superficie terrestre del planeta, pero alberga a más del 18% de la población mundial. En el censo de 2001, el 72,2% de la población [51] vivía en unas 638.000 aldeas [52] y el 27,8% restante [51] vivía en más de 5.100 ciudades y más de 380 aglomeraciones urbanas . [53]
En 2010, la población de la India superó a la de todo el continente africano en 200 millones de personas. [54] Sin embargo, debido a que el crecimiento demográfico de África es extremadamente alto en comparación con el resto del mundo, [55] [56] se espera que supere tanto a China como a la India a principios de la década de 2030. [57]
Demografía comparativa
Lista de estados y territorios de la Unión por demografía
Demografía religiosa
La siguiente tabla resume la demografía de la India (excluidas las subdivisiones de Mao-Maram, Paomata y Purul del distrito de Senapati del estado de Manipur debido a la cancelación de los resultados del censo) según la religión en el censo de 2011 en porcentajes. Los datos no están "ajustados" (sin excluir Assam y Jammu y Cachemira ); el censo de 1981 no se realizó en Assam y el censo de 1991 no se realizó en Jammu y Cachemira. Falta cita/referencia para la tabla "Cambios en la demografía religiosa a lo largo del tiempo" a continuación.
Porcentaje de la población total de las divisiones administrativas de la India compuesta por musulmanes (2011) [73]
Demografía neonatal e infantil
Relación sexual entre hombres y mujeres en la India, según los datos oficiales del censo, desde 1941 hasta 2011. [74] Los datos sugieren la existencia de una alta relación sexual antes y después de la llegada de la atención prenatal basada en ecografía y las tecnologías de detección del sexo en la India.
En el cuadro siguiente se muestran las tendencias de la tasa de mortalidad infantil en la India, según el sexo, durante los últimos 15 años. En las zonas urbanas de la India, las tasas medias de mortalidad infantil masculina son ligeramente superiores a las medias de mortalidad infantil femenina. [75]
El censo de la India de 2011 muestra un serio descenso en el número de niñas menores de siete años: los activistas postulan que ocho millones de fetos femeninos pueden haber sido abortados entre 2001 y 2011. [81]
Población dentro del grupo de edad de 0 a 6 años
Población mayor de siete años
Tasa de alfabetización
Mapa de la tasa de alfabetización de la India, 2011. [83]
La siguiente tabla excluye las subdivisiones Mao-Maram, Paomata y Purul del distrito de Senapati del estado de Manipur debido a la cancelación de los resultados del censo.
Las ciudades más grandes de la India
Estadísticas vitales
Estimaciones de la ONU
Censo de la India: sistema de registro de muestra
Mapa de la tasa global de fecundidad: promedio de nacimientos por mujer por distritos, 2011
Esperanza de vida
Esperanza de vida al nacer en la India por distrito según el análisis de los datos de la NFHS-5 (2019-2021)
[94]
Esperanza de vida al nacer en la India desde 1960 con brecha de género calculada [95]
Fuente 1: Perspectivas de población mundial de las Naciones Unidas [96]
Fuente 2: Nuestro mundo en datos [97]
Estructura de la población
Estructura de la población (Censo 9.II.2011)
Estimaciones de población por sexo y grupo de edad (03.III.2016) (Los datos son proyecciones basadas en el Censo de Población de 2011.): [98]
Estimaciones de población por sexo y grupo de edad (01.III.2021) (Incluye datos de la parte de Jammu y Cachemira en manos de la India, cuyo estatus final aún no se ha determinado. Los datos son proyecciones basadas en el censo de población de 2011): [99]
Tasa de fertilidad
De la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud: [100]
Tasa de fecundidad total de la India hasta 2016
Estadísticas vitales regionales
Estadísticas demográficas del CIA World Factbook
Mapa que muestra la densidad de población en la India, según el censo de 2011. [103]
Las siguientes estadísticas demográficas proceden del CIA World Factbook , a menos que se indique lo contrario.
Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.
India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.
The following data are from the Mandal report:[citation needed]
Ethnic groups
Sources:
Census of India. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
1. **1951 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1951). *1951 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [1].
2. **1961 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1961). *1961 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].
3. **1971 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1971). *1971 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].
4. **1981 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1981). *1981 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].
5. **1991 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1991). *1991 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].
6. **2001 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2001). *2001 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].
7. **2011 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2011). *2011 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].
Singh, K. S. (1992). *People of India: An Introduction*. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 8126012215 [citation needed].
2. Ludden, David. (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 [citation needed].
3. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." Economic and Political Weekly[citation needed].
According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[125][126] 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India.[18] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.[127]
India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.
Major Ethnic Groups
Indo-Aryans and Aryanized People
Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in North India, including states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
General Phenotype: Indo-Aryans typically have light to medium skin tones, with a range of hair colors from black to brown. Facial features can include prominent noses and well-defined bone structures.
Sources:
C. Majumdar, R. Mukherjee, "The History and Culture of the Indian People," Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, 1951.[128]
S. B. Singh, "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia," Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 052141739X.[129]
Dravidian People
Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in South India, including states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala.
General Phenotype: Dravidians generally have darker skin tones, curly to wavy hair, and distinct facial features such as broader noses and fuller lips.
Sources:
K. R. Subramanian, "The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture," Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966.[130]
M. A. Rao, "History of South India," S. Chand & Company, 1976.[131]
Sino-Tibetan People
Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in Northeast India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Sikkim.
General Phenotype: Sino-Tibetan people often have lighter skin tones, straight black hair, and epicanthic folds in their eyelids, which are characteristic of East Asian phenotypes.
Sources:
H. Risley, "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal," Calcutta, 1891.[132]
R. B. Singh, "Ethnic Groups of North-East India," Concept Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 8170224974.[133]
Austroasiatic Peoples
Geographical Distribution: Scattered across central and eastern India, with significant populations in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.
General Phenotype: Austroasiatic people generally have medium to dark skin tones, wavy to curly hair, and facial features that are somewhat intermediate between Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan populations.
Sources:
D. Balakrishnan, "Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India," Calcutta University Press, 1961.[134]
N. Chakrabarti, "The Austroasiatic Peoples of India," Anthropological Survey of India, 2003.[135]
Negrito
Geographical Distribution: Primarily in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
General Phenotype: Negrito people typically have very dark skin, tightly curled hair, and small statures.
Sources:
L. A. Waddell, "The Tribes of the Andaman Islands," Cambridge University Press, 1901.[136]
V. Ball, "Jungle Life in India," Dehli, 1972.[137]
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^Majumdar, C., & Mukherjee, R. (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti.
^Singh, S. B. (1995). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052141739X.
^Subramanian, K. R. (1966). The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
^Rao, M. A. (1976). History of South India. S. Chand & Company.
^Risley, H. (1891). The Tribes and Castes of Bengal. Calcutta.
^Singh, R. B. (1994). Ethnic Groups of North-East India. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 8170224974.
^Balakrishnan, D. (1961). Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India. Calcutta University Press.
^Chakrabarti, N. (2003). The Austroasiatic Peoples of India. Anthropological Survey of India.
^Waddell, L. A. (1901). The Tribes of the Andaman Islands. Cambridge University Press.
^Ball, V. (1972). Jungle Life in India. Dehli.
External links
Census of India
Anthropological Survey of India
Genetics
Y-chromosome DNA
[1]
Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroupsR-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[2]
Mitochondrial DNA
[3]
Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[4]
Autosomal DNA
Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.
Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.
In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[5]
In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.[6][7]
Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.[7]
In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.[8][9]
The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.[6]
^Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, et al. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
^Hammer et al.. 2005, S. Sahoo et al.. 2006, R. Trivedi et al.. 2007, Zhao et al.. 2008
^"1471-2148-5-26.fm" (PDF). Retrieved 16 June 2013.
^Semino et al.. 2000, Kivisild et al.. 2003, Metspalu et al.. 2004, Rajkumar et al.. 2005, Chandrasekar et al.. 2007, Gonzalez et al.. 2007
^Basu, A.; Mukherjee, N.; Roy, S.; Sengupta, S.; Banerjee, S.; Chakraborty, M.; Dey, B.; Roy, M.; Roy, B.; Bhattacharyya, N. P.; Roychoudhury, S.; Majumder, P. P. (2003). "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure". Genome Research. 13 (10). Genome.cshlp.org: 2277–2290. doi:10.1101/gr.1413403. PMC 403703. PMID 14525929. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
^ a bMajumder (23 February 2010). "The Human Genetic History of South Asia: A Review". Current Biology. 20 (4): R184-7. Bibcode:2010CBio...20.R184M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.053. PMID 20178765. S2CID 1490419.
^ a bWatkins; et al. (July 2003). "Genetic variation among world populations: inferences from 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms". Genome Res. 13 (7): 1607–18. doi:10.1101/gr.894603. PMC 403734. PMID 12805277.
^Sahoo; et al. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y-chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 103 (4): 843–848. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
^Artis Zelmenis (2014). "Immigration for Indians to Europe; history & law". Immigration World Guru. 1 (1): 10–24.
Bibliography
Arnold, David. Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19 (Oxford University Press, 2022). Venkatesh, Archana (January 2023). "Review of Arnold, David, Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19". H-Net Reviews.
Chakravorty, Swastika, Srinivas Goli, and Kuriath S. James. "Family demography in India: Emerging patterns and its challenges". Sage Open 11.2 (2021): doi:10.1177/2158244021100817.
Chamie, Joseph; Mirkin, Barry (August 2017), "Busting at the seams: India is unprepared for a near future when it will be the world's most populous country", Quartz. Joseph Chamie is former director of the United Nations Population Division and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
Chandrasekhar, S., and Ajay Sharma. "Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India". Spatial demography 3.2 (2015): 63–89.
Sekher, T. V. "Rural demography of India". in International handbook of rural demography (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) pp. 169–189.
Smith, Robert D., and Mohandas K. Mallath. "History of the growing burden of cancer in India: from antiquity to the 21st century". Journal of Global Oncology 5 (2019): 1–15.
Medieval India
Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Demographics of India.
Census of India; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
Population of India as per Census India 2011
Census of India map generator; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
Demographic data for India; provides sources of demographic data for India
2001 maps; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
Population of India 2011 map; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends
"World Population Prospects Archived 1 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine": Country Profile – India
Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources
Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics
India comparing with China population projection graph Based on data from database of UN Population Division.
