El diseño del Falcon cuenta con propulsores de primera etapa reutilizables , que aterrizan en una plataforma terrestre cerca del sitio de lanzamiento o en un barco no tripulado en el mar. [2] En diciembre de 2015, Falcon 9 se convirtió en el primer cohete en aterrizar de manera propulsiva después de entregar una carga útil en órbita. [3] Esta reutilización da como resultado costos de lanzamiento significativamente reducidos , ya que el costo de la primera etapa constituye la mayor parte del costo de un nuevo cohete. [4] [5] Los propulsores de la familia Falcon han aterrizado con éxito 355 veces en 367 intentos. Un total de 43 propulsores han volado múltiples misiones, con un récord de 23 misiones por propulsor. SpaceX también ha refluido mitades de carenado más de 300 veces, y algunas se han refluido al menos veinte veces. [6]
En 2022, el Falcon 9 estableció un nuevo récord con 60 lanzamientos exitosos del mismo tipo de vehículo de lanzamiento en un año calendario. Esto superó el récord anterior en poder de Soyuz-U , que tuvo 47 lanzamientos (45 exitosos) en 1979. [8] En 2023, la familia de cohetes Falcon (incluido el Falcon Heavy) tuvo 96 lanzamientos exitosos, superando los 63 lanzamientos (61 exitosos) de la familia de cohetes R-7 en 1980. [b] [9]
El Falcon 9 ha evolucionado a través de varias versiones: la v1.0 se lanzó cinco veces entre 2010 y 2013, la v1.1 se lanzó 15 veces entre 2013 y 2016, y la versión Full Thrust se lanzó 36 veces entre 2015 y 2015. La versión más reciente, Block 5, se presentó en mayo de 2018. [10] Con cada iteración, el Falcon 9 se ha vuelto más potente y capaz de realizar aterrizajes verticales. A medida que los aterrizajes verticales se volvieron más comunes, SpaceX se centró en agilizar el proceso de reacondicionamiento de los propulsores, haciéndolo más rápido y más rentable. [11]
El derivado Falcon Heavy es un vehículo de lanzamiento de carga pesada compuesto por tres propulsores de primera etapa del Falcon 9. El núcleo central está reforzado, mientras que los propulsores laterales cuentan con un morro aerodinámico en lugar del habitual entre etapas . [12]
Los cohetes de la primera etapa del Falcon 9 aterrizaron con éxito en 355 de 367 intentos ( 96,7 %), y 330 de 335 ( 98,5 %) fueron de la versión del Bloque 5 del Falcon 9. En total, 331 re-vuelos de los cohetes de la primera etapa lanzaron con éxito sus cargas útiles.
Desde junio de 2010 hasta finales de 2019, el Falcon 9 se lanzó 77 veces, con 75 misiones completas exitosas, un fracaso parcial y una pérdida total de la nave espacial. Además, un cohete y su carga útil fueron destruidos en la plataforma de lanzamiento durante el proceso de abastecimiento de combustible antes de que se realizara una prueba de fuego estático. El Falcon Heavy se lanzó tres veces, todas con éxito.
La primera versión del Falcon 9, Falcon 9 v1.0 , se lanzó cinco veces desde junio de 2010 hasta marzo de 2013, su sucesor Falcon 9 v1.1 15 veces desde septiembre de 2013 hasta enero de 2016, y el Falcon 9 Full Thrust (hasta Block 4) 36 veces desde diciembre de 2015 hasta junio de 2018. La última variante Full Thrust, Block 5 , se introdujo en mayo de 2018, [13] y se lanzó 21 veces antes de finales de 2019.
2020 a 2022
Desde enero de 2020 hasta finales de 2022, el Falcon 9 se lanzó 117 veces, todas con éxito, y logró aterrizar los propulsores con éxito en 111 de 114 intentos. El Falcon Heavy se lanzó una vez y tuvo éxito, incluido el aterrizaje de los dos propulsores laterales de la misión.
2023
SpaceX rompió récords anteriores en 2023, lanzando 96 vehículos de la familia Falcon: 91 Falcon 9 y cinco cohetes Falcon Heavy. Superando tanto el récord de la propia compañía como el récord anual mundial de 64 lanzamientos, SpaceX se acercó a su ambicioso objetivo de 100 lanzamientos de Falcon. [14] [15]
La capacidad de entrega de carga útil de la compañía también aumentó, con aproximadamente 1.200 toneladas (2.600.000 lb) enviadas a la órbita, equivalente a 2,19 veces la masa de un cohete Falcon 9 completamente cargado. [16]
2024
Hasta el 15 de octubre, SpaceX ha realizado 98 lanzamientos (96 Falcon 9 y dos Falcon Heavy) en 2024, incluida la fallida misión Starlink Group 9-3. Esto rompió los récords anteriores establecidos en 2023, superando tanto el récord de la propia compañía como el récord anual mundial de 98 lanzamientos (incluidos los lanzamientos de Starship ).
La compañía ha delineado ambiciosos objetivos de lanzamiento para el año, con proyecciones iniciales de aproximadamente 144 lanzamientos, o un promedio de 12 por mes, teniendo en cuenta los posibles retrasos debido al clima, problemas técnicos y mantenimiento programado. [222] [223] Sin embargo, declaraciones posteriores de la dirección de SpaceX indicaron un posible aumento a 148 lanzamientos, un promedio de 13 lanzamientos por mes. [224] [225]
SpaceX ha demostrado tasas de lanzamiento impresionantes en 2024, con una masa de carga útil total en órbita que supera las 1276 toneladas (2813 000 lb), equivalente a 2,324 veces la masa de un cohete Falcon 9 completamente cargado. [226]
Lanzamientos futuros
Los lanzamientos futuros se enumeran cronológicamente cuando existen planes firmes. El orden de los lanzamientos posteriores es mucho menos seguro. Las fechas tentativas de lanzamiento y los detalles de la misión se obtienen de múltiples ubicaciones. [398] [399] [400] [401] Se espera que los lanzamientos se realicen "no antes de" (NET) la fecha indicada. El número de satélites Starlink por lanzamiento indicado con un "~" es una expectativa basada en lanzamientos anteriores a la misma órbita, ya que el número exacto rara vez se publica con más de tres días de anticipación.
El 4 de junio de 2010, el primer lanzamiento del Falcon 9 colocó con éxito una carga útil de prueba en la órbita prevista. [515] El segundo lanzamiento del Falcon 9 fue el vuelo de demostración COTS 1 , que colocó una cápsula Dragon operativa en órbita el 8 de diciembre de 2010. [516] La cápsula reingresó a la atmósfera después de dos órbitas, lo que permitió probar los procedimientos de reingreso. La cápsula fue recuperada frente a la costa de México [517] y luego se colocó en exhibición en la sede de SpaceX. [518] Los objetivos restantes del programa de calificación COTS de la NASA se combinaron en una sola misión Dragon C2+ , con la condición de que todos los hitos se validaran en el espacio antes de atracar la Dragon en la ISS. [519] La cápsula Dragon fue impulsada a la órbita en mayo de 2012 y, después de pruebas exitosas en los días siguientes, fue capturada con el brazo robótico de la estación (Canadarm2) y acoplada al puerto de acoplamiento de la ISS por primera vez el 25 de mayo. Después de completar con éxito todos los procedimientos de retorno, la cápsula Dragon C2+ recuperada fue puesta en exhibición en el Centro Espacial Kennedy . [520] De esta manera, Falcon 9 y Dragon se convirtieron en el primer lanzador completamente desarrollado comercialmente en entregar una carga útil a la Estación Espacial Internacional, allanando el camino para que SpaceX y la NASA firmaran el primer acuerdo de Servicios de Reabastecimiento Comercial para entregas de carga. [521]
La primera misión operativa de reabastecimiento de carga a la ISS, el cuarto vuelo del Falcon 9, se lanzó en octubre de 2012. Un motor sufrió una pérdida de presión a los 76 segundos después del despegue, lo que provocó un apagado automático de ese motor, pero los ocho motores restantes de la primera etapa continuaron ardiendo y la cápsula Dragon alcanzó la órbita con éxito y, por lo tanto, demostró la capacidad de "motor fuera" del cohete en vuelo. [522] Debido a las reglas de seguridad del vehículo de visita a la ISS, a pedido de la NASA, la carga útil secundaria Orbcomm-2 fue liberada en una órbita más baja de lo previsto. [523] A pesar de este incidente, Orbcomm dijo que recopilaron datos de prueba útiles de la misión y, más tarde en 2014, lanzaron más satélites a través de SpaceX. [524] La misión continuó con el encuentro y atraque de la cápsula Dragon con la ISS, donde la tripulación de la ISS descargó su carga útil y recargó la nave espacial con carga para regresar a la Tierra. [525]
Tras intentos fallidos de recuperar la primera etapa con paracaídas, SpaceX actualizó su cohete a un propulsor de primera etapa mucho más grande y con mayor empuje, denominado Falcon 9 v1.1 , y realizó un vuelo de demostración de esta versión en septiembre de 2013. [526] Después de la separación de la segunda etapa y la entrega de CASSIOPE , una carga útil muy pequeña en relación con la capacidad del cohete, SpaceX realizó una novedosa prueba de vuelo a gran altitud y alta velocidad en la que el propulsor intentó reingresar a la atmósfera inferior de manera controlada y desacelerar hasta un aterrizaje simulado sobre el agua. [527]
Pérdida de la misión CRS-7
El SpaceX CRS-7 se desintegra dos minutos después del despegue, como se ve desde una cámara de seguimiento de la NASA.
El rendimiento fue nominal hasta los T+140 segundos del lanzamiento, cuando apareció una nube de vapor blanco, seguida de una rápida pérdida de presión del tanque LOX de la segunda etapa . El propulsor continuó su trayectoria hasta la ruptura completa del vehículo a los T+150 segundos. La cápsula Dragon fue expulsada del cohete que se desintegraba y continuó transmitiendo datos hasta el impacto con el océano. Los funcionarios de SpaceX afirmaron que la cápsula podría haberse recuperado si se hubieran desplegado los paracaídas; sin embargo, el software de Dragon no incluía ninguna disposición para el despliegue del paracaídas en esta situación. [530] Investigaciones posteriores rastrearon la causa del accidente hasta la falla de un puntal que aseguraba una botella de helio dentro del tanque LOX de la segunda etapa. Con la integridad del sistema de presurización de helio violada, el exceso de helio inundó rápidamente el tanque, lo que finalmente provocó que estallara por sobrepresión. [531] [532] La investigación independiente del accidente de la NASA sobre la pérdida del SpaceX CRS-7 encontró que la falla del puntal que llevó a la ruptura del Falcon-9 representó un error de diseño. En concreto, se había utilizado acero inoxidable de grado industrial en una trayectoria de carga crítica en condiciones criogénicas y condiciones de vuelo, sin selección adicional de piezas y sin tener en cuenta las recomendaciones del fabricante. [533]
Versión de empuje completo y primeros aterrizajes de propulsores
Después de pausar los lanzamientos durante meses, SpaceX lanzó el 22 de diciembre de 2015 la muy esperada misión de regreso al vuelo después de la pérdida del CRS-7 . Este lanzamiento inauguró una nueva versión Falcon 9 Full Thrust de su cohete insignia que presenta un rendimiento mejorado, en particular gracias al subenfriamiento de los propulsores. Después de lanzar una constelación de 11 satélites Orbcomm-OG2 de segunda generación, [534] la primera etapa realizó una prueba de descenso y aterrizaje controlados por octava vez, SpaceX intentó aterrizar el propulsor en tierra por primera vez. Logró regresar la primera etapa con éxito a la Zona de Aterrizaje 1 en Cabo Cañaveral , lo que marcó la primera recuperación exitosa de una primera etapa de cohete que lanzó una carga útil a la órbita. [535] Después de la recuperación, el propulsor de la primera etapa realizó más pruebas en tierra y luego se exhibió de forma permanente fuera de la sede de SpaceX en Hawthorne, California . [536]
El 8 de abril de 2016, SpaceX entregó su misión de reabastecimiento comercial a la Estación Espacial Internacional, marcando el regreso al vuelo de la cápsula Dragon, después de la pérdida de CRS-7. Después de la separación, el propulsor de la primera etapa se desaceleró con una maniobra de retroceso, volvió a entrar en la atmósfera, ejecutó un descenso controlado automatizado y aterrizó verticalmente en la nave no tripulada Of Course I Still Love You , marcando el primer aterrizaje exitoso de un cohete en un barco en el mar. [537] Este fue el cuarto intento de aterrizar en una nave no tripulada, como parte de las pruebas experimentales de descenso y aterrizaje controlados de la compañía . [538]
Pérdida del AMOS-6 en la plataforma de lanzamiento
El 1 de septiembre de 2016, el 29.º cohete Falcon 9 explotó en la plataforma de lanzamiento mientras se cargaba el propulsor para una prueba de fuego estática de rutina previa al lanzamiento. La carga útil, el satélite israelí AMOS-6 , encargado en parte por Facebook , fue destruida con el lanzador. [539] El 2 de enero de 2017, SpaceX publicó una declaración oficial indicando que la causa de la falla fue un revestimiento abollado en varios de los tanques del COPV , lo que provocó perforaciones que permitieron que el oxígeno líquido y/o sólido se acumulara debajo de las hebras de carbono del COPV, que posteriormente se encendieron posiblemente debido a la fricción de las hebras rotas. [540]
Lanzamiento de Zuma
Zuma era un satélite clasificado del gobierno de los Estados Unidos y fue desarrollado y construido por Northrop Grumman a un costo estimado de US$3.500 millones. [541] Su lanzamiento, originalmente planeado para mediados de noviembre de 2017, se pospuso al 8 de enero de 2018 mientras se evaluaban las pruebas de carenado para otro cliente de SpaceX. Después de un lanzamiento exitoso del Falcon 9, el propulsor de la primera etapa aterrizó en LZ-1 . [542] Informes no confirmados sugirieron que la nave espacial Zuma se perdió, [543] con afirmaciones de que la carga útil falló después de la liberación orbital o que el adaptador provisto por el cliente no logró liberar el satélite de la etapa superior, mientras que otras afirmaciones argumentaron que Zuma estaba en órbita y operando de forma encubierta. [543] La directora de operaciones de SpaceX, Gwynne Shotwell, declaró que su Falcon 9 "hizo todo correctamente" y que "la información publicada que es contraria a esta declaración es categóricamente falsa". [543] Un informe preliminar indicó que el adaptador de carga útil, modificado por Northrop Grumman después de comprarlo a un subcontratista, no logró separar el satélite de la segunda etapa en condiciones de gravedad cero. [544] [541] Debido a la naturaleza clasificada de la misión, no se espera más información oficial. [543]
Vuelo de prueba del Falcon Heavy
Despegue del Falcon Heavy en su vuelo inaugural (izquierda) y sus dos propulsores laterales aterrizando en LZ-1 y LZ-2 unos minutos más tarde (derecha)
El 2 de marzo de 2019, SpaceX lanzó su primer vuelo orbital de Dragon 2 (Crew Dragon). Fue una misión sin tripulación a la Estación Espacial Internacional . El Dragon contenía un maniquí llamado Ripley, que estaba equipado con múltiples sensores para recopilar datos sobre cómo se sentiría un humano durante el vuelo. Junto con el maniquí había 300 libras de carga de alimentos y otros suministros. [549] También a bordo estaba un juguete de peluche de la Tierra conocido como un "indicador de gravedad cero de súper alta tecnología". [550] El juguete se convirtió en un éxito entre la astronauta Anne McClain , quien mostró el peluche en la ISS todos los días [551] y también decidió mantenerlo a bordo para experimentar el SpX-DM2 tripulado .
El Dragon pasó seis días en el espacio, incluidos cinco días acoplado a la Estación Espacial Internacional. Durante ese tiempo, se probaron varios sistemas para asegurarse de que el vehículo estuviera listo para que los astronautas estadounidenses Doug Hurley y Bob Behnken volaran en él en 2020. El Dragon se desacopló y realizó una combustión de reingreso antes de amerizar el 8 de marzo de 2019, a las 08:45 EST, a 320 km (200 mi) de la costa de Florida. [552]
El 30 de mayo de 2020, SpaceX realizó un exitoso lanzamiento del primer vuelo espacial orbital humano comercial, tripulado por los astronautas de la NASA Doug Hurley y Bob Behnken . Ambos astronautas se concentraron en realizar pruebas en la cápsula Crew Dragon. La Crew Dragon regresó con éxito a la Tierra, amerizando en el Golfo de México el 2 de agosto de 2020. [553]
Anomalía de la etapa superior de Starlink 9-3
El 12 de julio de 2024, SpaceX lanzó un grupo de satélites Starlink desde la Base de la Fuerza Espacial Vandenberg en California. Si bien el propulsor funcionó nominalmente, incluido un aterrizaje exitoso de un dron, la etapa superior no pudo volver a encenderse para un segundo encendido, y el hielo pareció acumularse alrededor del motor durante el primer encendido debido a una fuga de oxígeno líquido que se desarrolló a partir de la fatiga vibratoria que provocó una grieta en una línea del sensor de presión. [554] Los satélites se desplegaron desde la etapa superior en la órbita de estacionamiento inicial inferior con un perigeo de 135 km, menos de la mitad del perigeo objetivo. [467] Después de la separación, se ordenó a los satélites que quemaran sus propulsores de iones. SpaceX modificó el software del satélite para que los propulsores produjeran el mayor empuje posible. [555] Lo más probable es que los satélites [ inconsistente ] vuelvan a entrar en la atmósfera debido a la resistencia que reduce el apogeo en más de 5 km en cada órbita. [554] Este lanzamiento fue el primer fallo de un Falcon 9 Block 5 o Falcon 9 Full Thrust , poniendo fin así al récord mundial Guinness de 325 lanzamientos exitosos del Falcon 9 desde la anomalía previa al vuelo de AMOS-6 . [556] [557]
Reutilización de la primera etapa
SpaceX ha desarrollado un programa para reutilizar el propulsor de primera etapa, estableciendo múltiples récords de re-vuelo del propulsor:
B1046 , el primer cohete del Bloque 5, se convirtió en el primero en lanzarse tres veces, llevando el vuelo espacial SSO-A el 3 de diciembre de 2018.
El B1048 fue el primer cohete que se recuperó cuatro veces el 11 de noviembre de 2019, y el primero en realizar un quinto vuelo el 18 de marzo de 2020, pero se perdió durante el reingreso.
La B1049 fue la primera vacuna de refuerzo que se recuperó cinco veces el 4 de junio de 2020, seis veces el 18 de agosto de 2020 y siete veces el 25 de noviembre de 2020.
B1051 se convirtió en el primer cohete en ser recuperado ocho veces el 20 de enero de 2021, nueve veces el 14 de marzo de 2021 y diez veces el 9 de mayo de 2021, logrando uno de los objetivos de reutilización de SpaceX. Luego se convirtió en el primer cohete en ser recuperado once veces el 18 de diciembre de 2021 y doce veces el 19 de marzo de 2022. [559] [560] [561] [562]
B1060 se convirtió en el primer refuerzo en ser recuperado 13 veces el 17 de junio de 2022.
B1058 became the first booster to be recovered 14 times on 11 September 2022, 15 times on 17 December 2022, 16 times on 10 July 2023, 17 times on 20 September 2023, 18 times on 4 November 2023, and 19 times on 23 December 2023. It landed safely after its 19th flight, but tipped over during the journey back to land and was destroyed.
B1062 became the first booster to be recovered twenty times on 13 April 2024, 21 times on 18 May 2024, and 22 times on 27 June 2024. It tipped over on landing after its 23rd flight on 28 August 2024.
Other reuse milestones
B1062 holds the record for fastest turnaround at 21 days. It launched on 8 April and again on 29 April 2022.[26]
B1069 launched and returned a hosted box containing two FIFA 2022 World CupAdidas Al Rihla soccer balls on 15 October 2022 for a sub-orbital flight, the first payload on a Falcon 9 booster.[563]
B1061 became the only booster on 30 December 2022 to launch from all SpaceX's different launch sites and on all of SpaceX's different landing zones and drone ships (except rarely used LZ-2 that is located nearby LZ-1).
B1080 became the first booster to land onshore after launching a crewed mission (Ax-2) on 21 May 2023.
^The AMOS-6 spacecraft was destroyed in a static fire test prior to its planned launch; the mission is counted as a failure but not as a launch.
^There was also an on-pad explosion; sometimes it is counted as a launch, resulting in 64 launches.
^Controlled descent; ocean touchdown control failed; no recovery
^Passive reentry failed before parachute deployment
^Controlled descent; soft vertical ocean touchdown; no recovery
^ a b c d eFalcon 9 first-stage boosters have a four-digit serial number. A decimal point followed by a number indicates the flight count. For example, B1021.1 and B1021.2 represent the first and second flights of booster B1021. Boosters without a decimal point were expended on their first flight. Additionally, missions where boosters are making their first flight are shown with a mint-colored background.
^ a b c d eDragon spacecraft have a three-digit serial number. A decimal point followed by a number indicates the flight count. For example, C106.1 and C106.2 represent the first and second flights of Dragon C106.
^ a b c d e fMany Transporter and Bandwagon payloads are not public, or don't have a publicly revealed mass. SpaceX has not published a payload mass estimate for this mission.
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