Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. was born on March 21, 1867,[3]: 8 in Chicago, Illinois. His mother, Rosalie (née de Hez), who was born in Belgium, was the grandniece of General Count Étienne Maurice Gérard.[4][5] His father, Florenz Edward Ziegfeld, was a German immigrant whose father was the mayor of Jever in Friesland. Ziegfeld was baptized in his mother's Roman Catholic church. His father was Lutheran.[3]: 7–8 As a child Ziegfeld witnessed the Chicago fire of 1871.
Career
His father ran the Chicago Musical College and later opened a nightclub, the Trocadero, to profit from the 1893 World's Fair.[6] To help his father's nightclub succeed, Ziegfeld hired and managed the strongman Eugen Sandow.[6][7]
In London, during a trip to Europe, Ziegfeld met Anna Held, a Polish-French singer of Jewish descent.[8] His promotion of Held in America brought about her meteoric rise to national fame.[9][10] It was Held who first suggested an American imitation of the Parisian Folies Bergère to Ziegfeld.[6][11] Her success in a series of his Broadway shows, especially A Parisian Model (1906), was a major reason for his starting a series of lavish revues in 1907.[12] Much of Held's popularity was due to Ziegfeld's creation of publicity stunts and rumors fed to the American press.
Ziegfeld's stage spectaculars, known as the Ziegfeld Follies, began with Follies of 1907, which opened on July 7, 1907,[13] and were produced annually until 1931.[14] These extravaganzas, with elaborate costumes and sets, featured beauties chosen personally by Ziegfeld in production numbers choreographed to the works of prominent composers such as Irving Berlin, George Gershwin and Jerome Kern.[1] The Follies featured the famous Ziegfeld girls, female chorus dancers who wore elaborate costumes and performed in synchronization.
At a cost of $2.5 million, Ziegfeld built the 1600-seat Ziegfeld Theatre on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets. Designed by Joseph Urban and Thomas W. Lamb, the auditorium was egg-shaped, with the stage at the narrow end. A huge medieval-style mural, The Joy of Life, covered the walls and ceiling.[15] To finance the construction, Ziegfeld borrowed from William Randolph Hearst,[16] who took control of the theater after Ziegfeld's death.
The Ziegfeld Theatre opened in February 1927 with Ziegfeld's production of Rio Rita, which ran for nearly 500 performances. This was followed by Show Boat,[12] a great hit with a run of 572 performances.[6][17] This musical, which concerned racial discrimination in the South during the late nineteenth century, was a collaboration between Ziegfeld, Urban, and composer Jerome Kern. The musical has been revived four times on Broadway, winning multiple Tony Awards. The score features several classics such as "Ol' Man River" and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man".[18]
Ziegfeld lost much of his money in the stock market crash. In May 1932 he staged a revival of Show Boat that ran for six months—a hit, by Depression standards.[19] That same year, he brought his Follies stars to CBS Radio with The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air.[20]
Personal life
In 1896, Ziegfeld met Anna Held, an actress, in London.[21] Ziegfeld and Held began a common-law marriage in 1897, and she divorced him in 1913, according to her obituary in The New York Times dated August 13, 1918.[10][3]: 45 Held served Ziegfeld with divorce papers on April 14, 1912, and their divorce became final on January 9, 1913.[3]: 124–125 Held had submitted testimony about Ziegfeld's relationship with another woman.[22] The unnamed party in this romantic triangle was showgirl Lillian Lorraine, an entertainer of limited talent but charismatic stage presence and beauty whom Ziegfeld discovered in 1907 when she was a 15-year-old performer in a Shubert production. Ziegfeld spent years promoting her career, transforming her into one of the most popular attractions in his Follies[23]: 18–19 and establishing her in an apartment two floors above the residence he shared with Held. He remained in love with Lorraine for the rest of his life.[23]: 63
Not long after his divorce from Held, Ziegfeld married actress Billie Burke on April 11, 1914. They had met at a New Year's Eve party.[1][24] They had one child, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson (1916–2008). The family lived on his estate in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and in Palm Beach, Florida.[25]Ziegfeld died in Hollywood, California on July 22, 1932, from pleurisy, related to a previous lung infection.[1] He had been in Los Angeles only a few days after moving from a New Mexico sanitarium.[1] His death left Burke with substantial debts, driving her toward film acting to settle them.[16] She died on May 14, 1970. He and Burke are interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.
Ziegfeld appears in a sound prologue to the 1929 film, Show Boat—a part-talkie based on Edna Ferber's 1926 novel, not the popular stage adaptation that was still playing on Broadway when the film was released. Universal Pictures originally made Show Boat as a silent, and obtained the rights to the popular Broadway score after the film was shot. The 18-minute prologue is introduced by Ziegfeld and producer Carl Laemmle, and features excerpts from the stage production performed by cast members Jules Bledsoe, Tess Gardella, Helen Morgan and the Broadway chorus.[103][104]: 61 Two subsequent adaptations of Show Boat, in 1936 and 1951, were based on the stage musical.[105][106]
Technicolor screen versions of three of Ziegfeld's stage musicals were produced in the early sound film era. RKO Pictures had its first hit with its lavish presentation of Rio Rita (1929), starring Bebe Daniels and John Boles.[107]: 22 [108]
In 1936 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a semi-biographical film extravaganza, The Great Ziegfeld, starring William Powell. He was personally chosen for the role by Billie Burke, who felt that while Powell did not physically resemble her late husband, he possessed the right manner. "What I tried to do primarily was to get across the essential spirit of the man", Powell later said, "his love for show business, his exquisite taste, his admiration for the beauty of women. He was financially impractical but aesthetically impeccable—a genius in his chosen field."[111]: 184 Nominated for seven Academy Awards, The Great Ziegfeld received Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actress (Luise Rainer as Anna Held), and Best Dance Direction (Seymour Felix), for the astonishingly opulent production number, "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody"—one of the most famous musical sequences ever filmed.[112][113] It was MGM's most expensive production since Ben-Hur (1925), and it made back twice its cost.[114]: 120–121
In the Broadway musical Crazy For You (1992), the character Bela Zangler is a fictionalised version of Ziegeld, having his own "Zangler's Follies" and his character being driven by a love for the young folly Tess despite being married, much like Ziegfeld's own affair with Lillian Lorraine. In The Drowsy Chaperone, a similar fictionalised parody of Ziegfeld is Victor Feldzieg, producer of Feldzieg's Follies.
Archive
The Academy Film Archive houses the Florenz Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Collection. The collection consists primarily of home movies.[125]
Further reading
Carter, Randolph, Ziegfeld, the Time of His Life, New and rev. ed., London, Bernard Press, 1988; ISBN 0-9513557-0-8
Redniss, Lauren, Century Girl: 100 Years in the Life of Doris Eaton Travis, Last Living Star of the Ziegfeld Follies, New York, Harper Collins, 2006; ISBN 978-0-06-085333-4.
References
^ a b c d e"Florenz Ziegfeld Dies in Hollywood After Long Illness". The New York Times. July 23, 1932. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
^"The Theater Hall of Fame Founders Awards". Theater Hall of Fame. November 14, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
^ a b c dMordden, Ethan (2008). Ziegfeld: The Man Who Invented Show Business. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781429951524.
^"Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr". timenote.info. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
^Hester, Heather. "Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 4, edited by Jeffrey Fear. German Historical Institute. Last modified November 13, 2014.
^ a b c dKenrick, John. "Florenz Ziegfeld: A Biography", Musicals 101; accessed January 13, 2011
^Grant Hayter-Menzies (2016). Mrs. Ziegfeld: The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke. McFarland. p. 65. ISBN 9780786453085. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
^Eve Golden (reviewed by Margaret Van Dagens). "Book review, Anna Held And The Birth Of Ziegfeld's Broadway, New York Times, May 14, 2000.
^ a b c"Anna Held Dies After Brave Fight". The New York Times. August 13, 1918. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
^Cambridge Guide to the American Theatre, (New York: Cambridge UP, 1995) p. 511 [ISBN missing]
^ a b"Florenz Ziegfeld biography" Archived May 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, pbs.org, accessed January 13, 2011.
^Vlastnik, Frank; Bloom, Ken. "Ziegfeld Follies of 1919" Broadway Musicals: The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time, Black Dog Publishing, 2010; ISBN 1-57912-849-1, p. 332
^ a bGreen, Stanley. "Florenz Ziegfeld" Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, Da Capo Press, 1980; ISBN 0-306-80113-2, pp. 463–464
^Innes, C.D. "Chapter: Stage and Screen", Designing modern America: Broadway to Main Street, Yale University Press, 2005; ISBN 0-300-10804-4, pp. 60–62.
^ a bHayter-Menzies, Grant. "Chapter 18. The Great Ziegfeld" Mrs. Ziegfeld: The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke, McFarland, 2009; ISBN 0-7864-3800-2, pp. 114, 159
^Green, Stanley. "Chapter: Jerome Kern" The World of Musical Comedy (4th ed.), Da Capo Press, 1984; ISBN 0-306-80207-4, p. 62
^Maslon, Laurence (2010). Broadway : the American musical. Kantor, Michael (Updated and rev. ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 9781423491033. OCLC 460051829.
^Jones, John Bush. "The Depression Hits Broadway", Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of the American Musical Theater, UPNE, 2003, ISBN 0-87451-904-7, p. 82
^Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
^"Today in History – March 21". Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
^Golden, Eve "Chapter: The Unchastened Woman". Anna Held and the Birth of Ziegfeld's Broadway, University Press of Kentucky, 2000; ISBN 0-8131-2153-1, pp. 160–61
^ a bHanson, Nils (2011). Lillian Lorraine, The Life and Times of a Ziegfeld Diva. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company Publishers. ISBN 9780786464074.
^"Billie Burke Weds; Now Mrs. F. Ziegfeld – Married in Hoboken After Matinee". The New York Times. April 13, 1914. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
^"Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson, Daughter of Legendary Broadway Impresario". Jazz News. April 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^"The Great Ziegfeld". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
^ a bEames, John Douglas (1982) [1975]. The MGM Story. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 9780517523896.
^Erickson, Hal. "Ziegfeld: The Man and His Women". AllMovie. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
^Berard, Jeanette M.; Corwin, Norman; Englund, Klaudia. "Specials", Television Series and Specials Scripts, McFarland, 2009; ISBN 0-7864-3348-5, p. 425