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118th United States Congress

A small pin held onto an article of clothing with a Congressional seal on it
118th Congress House member pin

The 118th United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2023, and will end on January 3, 2025, during the third and fourth years of President Joe Biden's term in office.

In the 2022 midterm elections, the Republican Party won control of the House 222–213, taking the majority for the first time since the 115th Congress, while the Democratic Party gained one seat in the Senate, where they already had effective control, and giving them a 51–49 seat majority (with a caucus of 48 Democrats and three independents).[b] With Republicans winning the House, the 118th Congress ended the federal government trifecta Democrats held in the 117th.[1]

This congress also features the first female Senate president pro tempore (Patty Murray), the first Black party leader (Hakeem Jeffries) in congressional history, and the longest-serving Senate party leaders (Mitch McConnell and Dick Durbin).[c] The Senate has the highest number of Independent members in a single Congress since the ratification of the 17th Amendment after Joe Manchin left the Democratic Party to become an Independent.[2]

The 118th Congress has been characterized as a uniquely ineffectual Congress, with its most notable events pointing towards political dysfunction.[3] The intense gridlock, particularly in the Republican-controlled House, where the Republican Conference's majority was often undercut by internal disputes amongst its members,[4] resulted in it passing the lowest number of laws for the first year of session since the Richard Nixon administration, and possibly ever.[5] The unproductive session demotivated many seasoned legislators, with five committee chairs amongst the dozens declaring resignations before the end of the session, three of whom were eligible to reprise their positions if the Republican Party retained their majority for 2025.[6]

The Congress began with a multi-ballot election for Speaker of the House, which had not happened since the 68th Congress in 1923. Kevin McCarthy was eventually elected speaker on the 15th ballot. After relying on bipartisan votes to get out of a debt ceiling crisis and government shutdown threats, McCarthy became the first speaker to ever be removed from the role during a legislative session on October 3, 2023.[7] Following three failed attempts by various representatives to fill the post, on October 25, Mike Johnson was elected as speaker. Johnson would advance four more bipartisan continuing resolutions from November into March to avoid shutdowns.[8][9] Congress finalized the 2024 United States federal budget on March 23, 2024, through two separate minibus packages.[10] Following a contentious foreign aid vote, a motion to remove Johnson from the speakership was defeated in a bipartisan vote.[11]

Partisan disciplinary actions have also increased. With the expulsion of New York Representative George Santos from the House in December 2023 over the opposition of the Speaker, this was the first congress since the 107th in which a member was expelled, and the first ever in which a Republican was. There was also an increase of censures passed in the House,[12] being the first congress with multiple censures since the 1983 congressional page sex scandal and the most in one year since 1870. In December 2023, House Republicans authorized an impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden,[13] followed by the impeachment of Alejandro Mayorkas in February 2024, the first time a cabinet secretary has been the target of impeachment proceedings since William W. Belknap in 1876, and only the second such cabinet impeachment in history.[14][15] The charges were dismissed by the Senate, the first time the Senate dismissed impeachment articles without trial after the reading.[16]

Major events

President Biden during his 2023 State of the Union Address with Vice President Kamala Harris and then House Speaker Kevin McCarthy
President Biden during his 2024 State of the Union Address with Vice President Harris and House Speaker Mike Johnson
Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida addressing a joint session of Congress with Vice President Harris and House Speaker Mike Johnson
Wikinews has related news:
  • 118th United States Congress convenes; House of Representatives adjourns without electing Speaker for first time in 100 years
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addresses a joint session of Congress with House Speaker Mike Johnson and Senator Ben Cardin

Major legislation

Enacted

Proposed (but not enacted)

House bills
Senate bills

Major resolutions

Adopted

Proposed

Vetoed

Party summary

Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section:
Number of members of Congress by age,
118th Congress

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Note: Democrats refer to themselves as a "caucus"; Republicans refer to themselves as a "conference".

Senate

Senate President
Kamala Harris (D)
Senate President pro tempore
Patty Murray (D)

Presiding

Majority (Democratic)

Minority (Republican)

House of Representatives

House Speaker

Presiding

Majority (Republican)

Minority (Democratic)

Members

Senate

The numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 3 seats were contested in the November 2022 elections. In this Congress, class 3 means their term commenced in 2023, requiring re-election in 2028; class 1 means their term ends with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2024; and class 2 means their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2026.


House of Representatives

All 435 seats were filled by election in November 2022. Additionally, six non-voting members were elected from the American territories and Washington, D.C.[z]

The numbers refer to the congressional district of the given state in this Congress. Eight new congressional districts were created or re-created, while eight others were eliminated, as a result of the 2020 United States census.[aa][ab]

Changes in membership

Senate changes

House of Representatives changes

Committees

Section contents: Senate, House, Joint

Senate committees

Standing committees

Select, permanent select and special committees

House of Representatives committees

Joint committees

Officers and officials

Congressional officers

Senate officers

House of Representatives officers

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Removed by a vote of the House.
  2. ^ On May 31, 2024, Joe Manchin, a senator from West Virginia, left the Democratic Party and became an Independent, but he has caucused with the Senate Democratic Caucus like the three other Independent members of the Senate. Thus, the number of Independent senators increased to four, and the number of Democratic Party members decreased to forty-seven.
  3. ^ McConnell has served as Senate Republican Leader since January 3, 2007, and Durbin has served as Senate Democratic Whip since January 3, 2005.
  4. ^ All four self-identified independents caucus with the Democrats.
  5. ^ a b In Arizona: Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on December 9, 2022. Effective January 3, 2023, Sinema does not participate in either political party caucus but keeps her seniority and continues to receive committee assignments through the Democrats.[43][44]
  6. ^ a b c d In Nebraska: Ben Sasse (R) resigned on January 8, 2023, to become President of the University of Florida.[45] Pete Ricketts (R) was appointed to fill the vacancy on January 12, 2023, and took office on January 23.
  7. ^ a b c d In California: Dianne Feinstein (D) died on September 29, 2023.[46] Laphonza Butler (D) was appointed to fill the vacancy on October 1, 2023, and took office on October 3.[47]
  8. ^ a b In West Virginia: Joe Manchin left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on May 31, 2024. He continues to caucus with the Democrats.[37]
  9. ^ a b Bob Menendez resigned on August 20, 2024, due to criminal conviction.[49] George Helmy was sworn in as a replacement on September 9, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c In Virginia's 4th district: Donald McEachin (D) died during the previous Congress, and Jennifer McClellan (D) was elected February 21, 2023. She was sworn in on March 7.[50][51]
  11. ^ a b c d In Rhode Island's 1st district: David Cicilline (D) resigned on May 31, 2023, and Gabe Amo (D) was elected November 7, 2023. He was sworn in on November 13, 2023.[52]
  12. ^ a b c d In Utah's 2nd district: Chris Stewart (R) resigned on September 15, 2023, due to his wife's health issues,[53][54] and Celeste Maloy (R) was elected November 21, 2023. She was sworn in on November 28, 2023.[55]
  13. ^ a b c d In New York's 3rd district: George Santos (R) was expelled on December 1, 2023. Tom Suozzi (D) was elected February 13, 2024. He was sworn in on February 28, 2024.[56]
  14. ^ a b c d In California's 20th district: Kevin McCarthy (R) resigned on December 31, 2023. Vince Fong (R) was elected May 21, 2024. He was sworn in on June 3, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d In Ohio's 6th district: Bill Johnson (R) resigned on January 21, 2024. Michael Rulli was elected June 11, 2024. He was sworn in on June 25, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d In New York's 26th district: Brian Higgins (D) resigned on February 2, 2024. Tim Kennedy (D) was elected April 30, 2024. He was sworn in on May 6, 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d In Colorado's 4th district: Ken Buck (R) resigned on March 22, 2024. Greg Lopez (R) was elected June 25, 2024. He was sworn in on July 8, 2024.
  18. ^ a b In Wisconsin's 8th district: Mike Gallagher (R) resigned on April 20, 2024. A special election will be held on November 5, 2024.
  19. ^ a b In New Jersey's 10th district: Donald Payne Jr. (D) died on April 24, 2024. A special election will be held on September 18, 2024.
  20. ^ a b In Texas's 18th district: Sheila Jackson Lee (D) died on July 19, 2024.
  21. ^ a b In New Jersey's 9th district: Bill Pascrell (D) died on August 21, 2024.
  22. ^ Includes a New Progressive Party member who is also affiliated as a Republican.
  23. ^ Since 1920, the Senate Democratic leader has also concurrently served as the Democratic Caucus chairperson; this is an unwritten tradition.
  24. ^ In California, There are two elections, a special election to fill the seat for the final two months of this congress, and a general election for a full term starting with the 119th Congress. Butler is not running to finish the final two months of the current term.
  25. ^ a b c d e f The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is the Minnesota affiliate of the U.S. Democratic Party and its members are counted as Democrats.
  26. ^ a b Puerto Rico's non-voting member, the Resident Commissioner, is elected every four years. Jenniffer González was last elected in 2020.
  27. ^ The new districts created were: Colorado's 8th; Florida's 28th; North Carolina's 14th; Oregon's 6th; Texas's 37th; Texas's 38th. The districts re-created were: Montana's 1st; Montana's 2nd.
  28. ^ The eliminated districts were: California's 53rd; Illinois's 18th; Michigan's 14th; Montana's at-large; New York's 27th; Ohio's 16th; Pennsylvania's 18th; West Virginia's 3rd.
  29. ^ a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.
  30. ^ Ricketts serves as senator on an interim basis, until a special election, which will be held on November 5, 2024, concurrently with the presidential election and the general election for Nebraska's class 1 senator. The winner of the special election will complete the remainder of Sasse's term, which expires on January 3, 2027, when the winner of the 2026 regular election will commence a full term.[63]
  31. ^ The Joint Taxation Committee leadership rotate the chair and vice chair and the ranking members between the House and Senate at the start of each session in the middle of the congressional term. The first session leadership is shown here.

References

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