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Se adoptan artículos de juicio político contra Andrew Johnson

El 2 y 3 de marzo de 1868, la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos adoptó once artículos de acusación contra el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Andrew Johnson, como parte del proceso de destitución de Johnson . La Cámara ya había adoptado una resolución de destitución el 24 de febrero de 1868. Cada uno de los artículos era un cargo independiente por el que Johnson sería juzgado en su posterior juicio político ante el Senado de los Estados Unidos .

El asunto principal abordado por los artículos de acusación fue el intento del presidente Johnson de, haciendo caso omiso de la Ley de Duración del Cargo , destituir al Secretario de Guerra Edwin Stanton y nombrar a Lorenzo Thomas como Secretario de Guerra interino . Este esfuerzo había sido el evento directo que desencadenó la acusación de Johnson. Sin embargo, varias otras acusaciones también fueron incluidas en los once artículos de acusación, incluyendo una supuesta violación por parte de Johnson de la Ley de Mando del Ejército y una acusación de que Johnson intentó "traer a la desgracia, ridiculizar, odiar, desprecie y reproche al Congreso de los Estados Unidos".

En el juicio político, los senadores votaron el 16 de mayo de 1868 sobre su veredicto para el artículo once. Treinta y cinco senadores declararon culpable a Johnson y diecinueve lo declararon inocente. Esto significó que el Senado absolvió a Johnson, al no alcanzar por un solo voto la mayoría de dos tercios necesaria para condenarlo. El 26 de mayo de 1868, el Senado votó con resultados idénticos sobre los artículos dos y tres. Luego, el Senado votó a favor de aplazar sine die , terminando el juicio sin votar sobre los ocho artículos restantes. [1] [2] [3]

Fondo

Andrew Johnson ascendió a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos después del asesinato en 1865 del presidente republicano Abraham Lincoln . Johnson, un demócrata sureño , había sido elegido vicepresidente en 1864 en una candidatura unitaria con Lincoln. [4] Como presidente, Johnson mantuvo desacuerdos abiertos con la mayoría republicana de la Cámara de Representantes y el Senado de los Estados Unidos (las dos cámaras del Congreso de los Estados Unidos ).

En 1861 y 1862 se aprobaron las Leyes de Conspiraciones de 1861 y 1862. [5] La primera de estas leyes, aprobada en 1861, sería citada más tarde en algunos de los artículos de acusación contra Johnson. [6]

A finales del verano de 1866, el presidente Johnson emprendió su gira nacional de conferencias " Swing Around the Circle ", en parte para hacer campaña a favor de los demócratas antes de las elecciones de Estados Unidos de 1866. La gira fracasó para Johnson, y dio lugar a informes perjudiciales en los periódicos de todo el país sobre sus discursos indisciplinados y vitriólicos, así como a enfrentamientos desacertados con los alborotadores. Contrariamente a las esperanzas de Johnson, las elecciones de 1866 produjeron mayorías del Partido Republicano a prueba de veto en ambas cámaras del Congreso de los Estados Unidos . [7] [8] [9] Como resultado, los radicales pudieron tomar el control de la Reconstrucción, aprobando una serie de Leyes de Reconstrucción , cada una por encima del veto del presidente, que abordaban los requisitos para que los estados del Sur fueran completamente restaurados a la Unión. La primera de estas leyes dividió esos estados, excluyendo el estado natal de Johnson, Tennessee, en cinco distritos militares, y el gobierno de cada estado quedó bajo el control del ejército estadounidense. Además, se exigió a estos estados que promulgaran nuevas constituciones, ratificaran la Decimocuarta Enmienda y garantizaran el derecho al voto de los varones negros . [7] [10] [11]

En marzo de 1867, a pesar de cuestionar formalmente la Ley de Mando del Ejército , argumentando que era inconstitucional, el presidente Johnson firmó el proyecto de ley de asignaciones que contenía la ley. [12] [13] [14] Una supuesta violación de la ley sería más tarde el tema del noveno artículo de juicio político que se adoptó contra Johnson. [15]

Primeros esfuerzos para destituir a Johnson

El conflicto de Johnson con el Congreso controlado por los republicanos llevó a que desde 1866 se hicieran varios esfuerzos, en particular por parte de los republicanos radicales , para destituir a Johnson. El 7 de enero de 1867, la Cámara de Representantes votó a favor de iniciar una investigación de destitución dirigida por el Comité Judicial de la Cámara , lo que resultó en una votación de 5 a 4 del comité el 25 de noviembre de 1867 para recomendar la destitución. Sin embargo, en la votación del 7 de diciembre de 1867, la Cámara en pleno rechazó la destitución por una votación de 108 a 57. [16] [17] [18] [19] El 22 de enero de 1868, la Cámara aprobó por una votación de 103 a 37 una resolución que iniciaba una segunda investigación de destitución dirigida por el Comité Selecto de la Cámara sobre Reconstrucción . [20]

La Ley de Duración del Cargo y el esfuerzo de Johnson para destituir a Edwin Stanton

En 1867, el Congreso había aprobado la Ley de Duración del Cargo y la había promulgado anulando con éxito el veto de Johnson . La ley fue escrita con la intención de frenar el poder de Johnson y proteger al Secretario de Guerra de los Estados Unidos, Edwin Stanton, de ser destituido de su cargo unilateralmente por Johnson. [21] [22] Stanton estaba fuertemente alineado con los republicanos radicales y actuó como un aliado del poder ejecutivo en las políticas de Reconstrucción de los republicanos radicales del Congreso. [23] [24] La Ley de Duración del Cargo restringió el poder del presidente de los Estados Unidos para suspender a los funcionarios de la rama federal confirmados por el Senado mientras el Senado no estuviera en sesión. [25] La Ley de Duración del Cargo se puso en marcha para evitar que el presidente despidiera a un funcionario que había sido nombrado previamente con el asesoramiento y consentimiento del Senado sin la aprobación del Senado para destituirlo. [26] Según la ley, si el presidente destituía a un funcionario cuando el Senado estaba en receso y el Senado votaba al volver a reunirse en contra de ratificar la destitución, el presidente estaría obligado a restituir al individuo. [25] Johnson, durante un receso del Senado en agosto de 1867, suspendió a Stanton en espera de la siguiente sesión del Senado y nombró a Ulysses S. Grant como secretario de guerra interino. [27] Cuando el Senado se reunió el 13 de enero de 1868, se negó a ratificar la destitución por una votación de 35 a 6. [28] Sin embargo, haciendo caso omiso de esta votación, el 21 de febrero de 1868, el presidente Johnson intentó reemplazar a Stanton por Lorenzo Thomas en una aparente violación de la Ley de Duración del Cargo. [29] [21]

La Ley de Duración del Cargo se titulaba oficialmente "una ley que regula la duración del cargo de ciertos cargos civiles", y se hacía referencia a ella con ese nombre en los artículos de juicio político que se adoptaron en el juicio político a Johnson. [6]

Aprobación por parte de la Cámara de Representantes de la resolución de juicio político

El mismo día que Johnson intentó reemplazar a Stanton por Thomas, una resolución de una sola oración para acusar a Johnson, escrita por John Covode , fue remitida al Comité Selecto de Reconstrucción de la Cámara (que estaba llevando a cabo la segunda investigación de juicio político contra Johnson). [30] [31] [32] El 22 de febrero, el Comité Selecto de Reconstrucción de la Cámara publicó un informe que recomendaba que Johnson fuera acusado por delitos graves y faltas , y también informó una versión enmendada de la resolución de juicio político. [33] [34] El 24 de febrero, la Cámara de Representantes votó 126-47 para acusar a Johnson por " delitos graves y faltas ". [15] [35] [36] El impeachment de Johnson fue el primero de un presidente de los Estados Unidos. [6] [37] También fue solo el sexto impeachment federal en la historia estadounidense. [38] [37]

Redacción de los artículos

Ilustración de la reunión del comité de siete miembros para redactar los artículos del juicio político. De izquierda a derecha: Thaddeus Stevens, James F. Wilson , Hamilton Ward (parte posterior de la cabeza), John A. Logan , George S. Boutwell , George Washington Julian y John Bingham

Tras la aprobación de la resolución de destitución, la atención de la Cámara se centró en la adopción de los artículos de destitución por los que el Senado juzgaría a Johnson. El enfoque de que la votación para destituirlo fuera una votación completamente separada de la adopción de los artículos de destitución difiere del enfoque que se ha practicado en los juicios federales más recientes de los Estados Unidos, en los que el juicio político se ha producido directamente a través de la adopción de los artículos de destitución. Sin embargo, la forma en que se destituyó a Johnson parece haber sido el orden estándar de procedimiento para los juicios federales del siglo XIX en los Estados Unidos, ya que cada uno de los cinco juicios políticos anteriores de funcionarios federales que habían conducido a un juicio en el Senado se habían llevado a cabo de la misma manera, con votaciones para destituirlo antes de las votaciones sobre los artículos de destitución. [15]

Después de la votación para enjuiciar a Johnson, Thaddeus Stevens presentó un par de resoluciones que creaban un comité de dos personas encargado de presentar al Senado la resolución de enjuiciamiento que se había aprobado e informar al Senado que la Cámara "a su debido tiempo" exhibiría artículos específicos de enjuiciamiento, y que también creaba un comité de siete personas para preparar e informar sobre los artículos de enjuiciamiento. Las resoluciones dieron a ese comité de siete personas el poder de citar a personas, documentos y registros, y de registrar testimonios jurados . Después de las votaciones de procedimiento, la Cámara aprobó ambas resoluciones de Stevens en una sola votación de 124 a 42. Ningún miembro del Partido Republicano votó en contra, mientras que ningún miembro del Partido Demócrata votó a favor. [39] [40] Antes de que la Cámara se suspendiera por la noche, el presidente Schuyler Colfax nombró a John Bingham y Thaddeus Stevens para el comité de dos personas encargado de informar al Senado sobre el juicio político a Johnson, y también nombró a John Bingham , George S. Boutwell y Thaddeus Stevens (todos ellos habían sido miembros del Comité Selecto de la Cámara sobre Reconstrucción) junto con George Washington Julian , el presidente del Comité Judicial de la Cámara James F. Wilson , John A. Logan y Hamilton Ward para el comité de siete personas encargado de escribir los artículos del juicio político. [15] El comité celebró su primera reunión más tarde ese día. [41]

El comité celebró sus reuniones en la sala del Capitolio de los Estados Unidos que habitualmente utilizaba el Comité Judicial de la Cámara de Representantes . Se fijaron un cronograma rápido en el que pretendían publicar los artículos de acusación en dos días y lograr que la Cámara los aprobara y los presentara al Senado en seis días. [41]

Ilustración del comité de siete miembros deliberando el 27 de febrero de 1868

En una entrevista, Thaddeus Stevens describió en su momento el enfoque del subcomité como un reflejo del egoísmo de sus miembros . Stevens describió el proceso como si cada miembro escribiera primero individualmente sus propios artículos de acusación, y luego el comité clasificara los artículos propuestos y los agrupara. A Stevens le preocupaba que este proceso pudiera llevar al comité a discrepar sobre qué artículos adoptar, y que los miembros tuvieran favoritos los que habían escrito ellos mismos. [41]

Parte del proceso que llevó a cabo el comité también consistió en recopilar pruebas y tomar testimonios. El 26 de febrero de 1868, el comité tomó testimonio de Lorenzo Thomas, William H. Emory (el jefe de la guarnición de Washington) y del propio segundo al mando de Emory. [41]

Los miembros del comité decidieron no incluir ninguno de los cargos que habían sido recomendados por el informe mayoritario del Comité Judicial de la Cámara en noviembre de 1867 al final de la primera investigación de juicio político contra Johnson. El New York Times informó que la inclusión de esas acusaciones sería vista como un daño fatal al "efecto moral y legal de la acusación". [41] Los artículos finalmente producidos por el comité tenían un enfoque limitado y eran legalistas y estaban modelados sobre la acusación penal . [15] [41] [42] Esto probablemente fue una reacción directa al fracaso del amplio alcance de las acusaciones citadas en el fallido esfuerzo de 1867 para enjuiciar a Johnson. [41]

El comité no estuvo de acuerdo sobre cuántos artículos de acusación adoptar. Algunos querían tan solo tres, mientras que otros querían hasta seis. Sin embargo, las presiones finalmente prevalecieron a favor de crear un mayor número de artículos, y finalmente se crearon ocho artículos. Esto fue un posible paso en falso, ya que los artículos, que se centraban todos en las acciones de Johnson con respecto al secretario Stanton, se superponían entre sí, lo que creaba una complejidad innecesaria, ya que un solo artículo de acusación podría haber sido suficiente. [41] Ocho se referían a la violación de la Ley de Duración del Cargo, mientras que el noveno lo acusaba de violar la Ley de Mando del Ejército al presionar al general William H. Emory para que ignorara al Secretario de Guerra en funciones Grant y, en su lugar, aceptara órdenes directamente de Johnson. [15]

Thaddeus Stevens, un republicano radical, consideró que los republicanos radicales del comité estaban cediendo demasiado a los republicanos moderados para limitar el alcance de las violaciones de la ley de las que se acusaría a Johnson en los artículos de acusación. Escribió a Benjamin F. Butler proponiendo que, mientras Stevens trabajaba para agregar dos artículos adicionales a los siete ya escritos por el comité, Butler escribiría su propio artículo de acusación por separado desde fuera del comité. Butler aceptó esta propuesta. [15]

Adopción de los artículos

Firma del presidente de la Cámara de Representantes, Schuyler Colfax (arriba a la derecha) y una certificación de Edward McPherson , secretario de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos (abajo a la izquierda) en una copia oficial de los once artículos de juicio político.

2 de marzo de 1868

Ilustración de Thaddeus Stevens hablando durante el debate del 2 de marzo de 1868
Conjunto de ilustraciones. La ilustración de la izquierda muestra al congresista demócrata Albert G. Burr (izquierda) durmiendo mientras el congresista republicano John Winthrop Chanler pronuncia un discurso en voz alta durante el debate sobre la adopción de los artículos de juicio político. La imagen de la derecha muestra los informes que llegan a la oficina de telégrafos tan pronto como se publican los artículos de juicio político.

En nombre del comité de siete, Boutwell presentó diez artículos propuestos de acusación a la Cámara el 29 de febrero de 1868. [15] [41] Muchos republicanos radicales sintieron que los artículos, centrándose tan estrechamente en dos acciones específicas de Johnson (sus acciones con respecto a su esfuerzo por despedir a Stanton y su presunta violación de la Ley de Mando del Ejército), excluían las muchas otras fechorías de Johnson con las que estaban en desacuerdo. Cuando se presentaron los artículos, muchos republicanos de la Cámara se sintieron decepcionados por los artículos que se habían elaborado, considerándolos mal concebidos. Algunos miembros instaron a que la Cámara de Representantes no procediera a debatir los artículos el 1 y 2 de marzo, como estaba programado, sino que en su lugar ralentizara el proceso de adopción de artículos para remediar las deficiencias que, según ellos, poseían la serie de artículos propuestos. [41] El 2 de marzo, la Cámara votó para ratificar los nueve artículos de acusación que le remitió el comité de siete. [15]

Al cierre del debate del 2 de marzo, Thaddeus Stevens tomó la palabra para criticar al comité de siete por ser demasiado indulgente con Johnson, [41] [15] declarando:

Nunca se trató con tanta delicadeza a un malhechor tan grande como Andrew Johnson. El pueblo no ha querido manchar el historial de su país mezclando sus crímenes con su vergüenza, vergüenza por haber soportado durante tanto tiempo sus grandes crímenes y fechorías. [15]

Stevens alegó además que el comité tenía la determinación de "tratar con delicadeza al presidente" y había omitido de los artículos muchos delitos, incluyendo en su lugar sólo "los delitos y faltas más insignificantes". [41] Argumentó que los artículos presentados ante la Cámara no habían abordado hasta qué punto Johnson había puesto en peligro la estructura de gobierno de los Estados Unidos. [15] Sin embargo, declaró que cada uno de los artículos del comité seguía siendo una acusación justificada, y pronunció largos comentarios sobre cómo se debería aprobar cada uno de ellos para librar a la nación del "hombre desafortunado" que ocupaba su presidencia. [41]

Cuando Stevens terminó sus comentarios, Boutwell presentó versiones revisadas de los artículos de impeachment, y ahora solo quedan nueve artículos propuestos por el comité. [41] La Cámara rechazó varias mociones para considerar la posibilidad de añadir más artículos antes de que Benjamin Butler presentara su propio y extenso artículo de impeachment, inspirado por la petición de Stevens, que no establecía ninguna clara violación de la ley, sino que acusaba a Johnson de intentar "traer a la desgracia, el ridículo, el odio, el desprecio y el reproche al Congreso de los Estados Unidos". [41] [15] El artículo fue escrito en respuesta a los discursos que Johnson había hecho durante su "Swing Around the Circle". [43] Los comentarios de Butler sobre su resolución de impeachment fueron muy largos, y esto frustró a muchos, incluido Stevens. La Cámara rechazó rápidamente el artículo de Butler antes de aprobar los nueve artículos del comité uno por uno. [15]

3 de marzo de 1868

El 3 de marzo de 1868, los fiscales de la Cámara (ilustrados) solicitaron con éxito la aprobación de dos artículos adicionales de juicio político.

Después de la adopción el 2 de marzo de los artículos de impeachment, la Cámara nombró a los fiscales que actuarían como fiscales en el juicio político ante el Senado. [41] [15] Al día siguiente, con la esperanza de fortalecer el caso que llevarían ante el Senado, los fiscales solicitaron que la Cámara considerara cargos adicionales. [15] Primero, los fiscales informaron el artículo propuesto previamente por Butler, que reintrodujeron como el décimo artículo. Fue aprobado. [15] [33] Después de esto, un undécimo artículo redactado por Thaddeus Stevens y James F. Wilson fue aprobado sin debate por un margen abrumador. [41] [15] El undécimo artículo acusó a Johnson de violar su juramento de cargo de "cuidar que las leyes se ejecuten fielmente" al declarar que el 39.º Congreso de los Estados Unidos era inconstitucional porque solo representaba a una parte de los Estados Unidos (excluyendo a los estados no reconstruidos) y, por lo tanto, carecía de poderes legislativos o del poder de proponer enmiendas a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos . [6]

Tabla que detalla los votos de los miembros individuales de la Cámara

Artículos

Artículo uno

Texto del artículo uno

Que dicho Andrew Johnson, Presidente de los Estados Unidos, el día 21 de febrero del año de Nuestro Señor de 1868, en Washington, en el Distrito de Columbia, haciendo caso omiso de los altos deberes de su juramento en el cargo y de los requisitos de la Constitución, de que debía cuidar de que las leyes se cumplieran fielmente, ilegalmente, en violación de la Constitución y las leyes de los Estados Unidos, emitió una orden por escrito para la destitución de Edwin M. Stanton del cargo de Secretario del Departamento de Guerra, habiendo sido, por tanto, debidamente designado y comisionado por y con el consejo y consentimiento del Senado de los Estados Unidos como tal Secretario; y dicho Andrew Johnson, Presidente de los Estados Unidos, el día 12 de agosto del año de Nuestro Señor 1867, y durante el receso de dicho Senado, habiendo suspendido por su orden a Edwin M. Stanton de dicho cargo, y dentro de los veinte días siguientes al primer día de la siguiente reunión de dicho Senado, el día 12 de diciembre del año antes mencionado, habiendo informado a dicho Senado de dicha suspensión, con la evidencia y razones de su acción en el caso, y el nombre de la persona designada para desempeñar los deberes de dicho cargo temporalmente, hasta la siguiente reunión del Senado, y dicho Senado posteriormente, el día 13 de enero del año de Nuestro Señor 1868, habiendo considerado debidamente la evidencia y las razones informadas por dicho Andrew Johnson para dicha suspensión, se negó a concurrir a dicha suspensión; por la cual y en virtud de las disposiciones de una ley titulada “ley que regula la permanencia en el cargo de funcionario civil”, aprobada el 2 de marzo de 1867, dicho Edwin M. Stanton reasumió inmediatamente las funciones de su cargo, de lo cual el susodicho Andrew Johnson tuvo conocimiento en ese momento, y dicho Edwin M. Stanton, en razón de las circunstancias, el día 21 de febrero, tenía derecho legal a ocupar dicho cargo de Secretario del Departamento de Guerra, cuya orden de destitución de dicho Edwin M. Stanton es, en esencia, la siguiente, es decir:

Mansión Ejecutiva, Washington, DC, 21 de febrero de 1868.

Señor: En virtud del poder y la autoridad que me confieren la Constitución y las leyes de los Estados Unidos como Presidente, por la presente se le destituye del cargo de Secretario del Departamento de Guerra y sus funciones como tal finalizarán al recibir su comunicación. Usted transferirá al general de división Brevet L. Thomas, ayudante general del ejército, quien hoy ha sido autorizado y facultado para actuar como Secretario de Guerra interino, todos los libros, papeles y demás bienes públicos que se encuentran ahora bajo su custodia y a su cargo. Respetuosamente, suyo,

Andrés Johnson.

Al Honorable EM Stanton, Secretario de Guerra

[6] Orden que fue emitida ilegalmente, y con la intención entonces de violar la ley titulada “Ley que regula la tenencia de ciertos cargos civiles”, aprobada el 2 de marzo de 1867, y contraria a las disposiciones de dicha ley, y en violación de la misma, y ​​contraria a las disposiciones de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, y sin el consejo y consentimiento del Senado de los Estados Unidos, dicho Senado estando entonces y allí en sesión, para remover a dicho EM Stanton del cargo de Secretario del Departamento de Guerra, por lo cual dicho Andrew Johnson, Presidente de los Estados Unidos, cometió entonces y allí, y fue culpable de un grave delito menor en el cargo .

Resumen del artículo uno

El primer artículo alegó que la orden de Johnson del 21 de febrero de 1868 de destituir al Secretario de Guerra Stanton violaba la Ley de Duración del Cargo. [15] [41] [35] [6] [58] [59]

Votación de la Cámara para la adopción del artículo uno

El papel del artículo uno en el juicio político

Cuando llegó el momento de votar sobre los artículos de acusación, se decidió que se omitiría el artículo uno, porque el senador republicano John Sherman anunció que votaría a favor de la absolución de ese cargo si se sometía a votación. Dado que Sherman había presidido el comité del Senado que había redactado la Ley de Duración del Cargo, se creía que otros senadores harían caso a su juicio y votarían a favor de la absolución de ese cargo. Sin embargo, Sherman declaró que votaría a favor de los artículos dos y tres, que alegaban que el nombramiento interino de Thomas violaba la Ley de Duración del Cargo. Sherman no dio razones claras de su oposición a la condena por el artículo uno ni de su apoyo a la condena por los artículos dos y tres. [41]

Artículo dos

Texto del artículo dos

Que el día 21 de febrero del año de Nuestro Señor de 1868, en Washington, en el Distrito de Columbia, el mencionado Andrew Johnson, Presidente de los Estados Unidos, haciendo caso omiso de los altos deberes de su juramento de cargo, y en violación de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos y en contra de las disposiciones de una ley titulada “Ley que regula la tenencia de ciertos cargos civiles”, aprobada el 2 de marzo de 1867, sin el consejo y consentimiento del Senado, que entonces estaba en sesión, y sin autoridad de ley, nombró a un tal L. Thomas como Secretario de Guerra interino, al expedirle a dicho Lorenzo Thomas una carta de autorización, en esencia como sigue, es decir:

Mansión Ejecutiva, Washington, DC, 21 de febrero de 1868.

Señor: El Honorable Edwin M. Stanton ha sido destituido hoy de su cargo de Secretario del Departamento de Guerra. Por la presente, usted queda autorizado y facultado para actuar como Secretario de Guerra interino y asumirá de inmediato el desempeño de las funciones correspondientes a ese cargo. Se le ha dado instrucciones al Sr. Stanton para que le transfiera todos los registros, libros, papeles y demás bienes públicos que se encuentran actualmente bajo su custodia y a su cargo. Atentamente,

Andrés Johnson.

Al general de división Lorenzo Thomas, ayudante general del ejército de los Estados Unidos, Washington, DC

Por lo cual Andrew Johnson, Presidente de los Estados Unidos, cometió entonces y fue culpable de un grave delito menor en el ejercicio de su cargo. [6]

Resumen del artículo dos

El segundo artículo acusaba a Lorenzo Thomas de haber sido nombrado secretario de guerra interino en violación de la Ley de Duración del Cargo. [35] [41] [59] El artículo acusaba a Johnson de haber violado la Ley de Duración del Cargo al enviar "una carta de autorización" a Lorenzo Thomas en relación con su nombramiento como secretario de guerra interino cuando, de hecho, no había ninguna vacante legal porque el secretario Stanton había sido destituido en violación de la Ley de Duración del Cargo. [35] La acusación del segundo artículo difería muy poco de la del tercer artículo. [41]

Votación de la Cámara para la adopción del artículo dos

Votación del Senado sobre el veredicto del artículo dos

Article three

Text of article three

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, at Washington in the District of Columbia, did commit, and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office, in this: That without authority of law, while the Senate of the United States was then and there in session, he did appoint one Lorenzo Thomas to be Secretary for the Department of War, ad interim , without the advice and consent of the Senate, and in violation of the Constitution of the United States, no vacancy having happened in said office of Secretary for the Department of War during the recess of the Senate, and no vacancy existing in said office at the time, and which said appointment so made by Andrew Johnson of said Lorenzo Thomas is in substance as follows, that is to say:

Executive Mansion, Washington, D.C., Feb. 21, 1868.

Sir: The Hon. E. M. Stanton having been this day removed from office as Secretary for the Department of War, you are hereby authorized and empowered to act as Secretary of War ad interim, and will immediately enter upon the discharge of the duties pertaining to that office. Mr. Stanton has been instructed to transfer to you all the records, books, papers and other public property now in his custody and charge. Respectfully yours,

Andrew Johnson

To Brevet Major-General L. Thomas, Adjutant-General
United States Army, Washington, D.C.[6]

Summary of article three

Like many of the other articles, the third article related to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton.[6][15][35][41][58] Like the second article, the third article alleged that the appointment of Thomas as secretary of war ad interim was done with intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act.[35][59] It argued that Johnson had moved to appoint Lorenzo Thomas to be ad interim Secretary of War when there was, in fact, no legal vacancy because Secretary Stanton had been removed in violation of the Tenure of Office Act.[35] The third article's charge differed very little from that of the second article.[41]

House adoption vote for article three

Senate vote on the verdict for article three

Article four

Text of article four

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office, and of his oath of office, in violation of the Constitution and laws of the United States, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, and with other persons to the House of Representatives unknown, with intent, by intimidation and threats, to hinder and prevent Edwin M. Stanton, then and there, the Secretary for the Department of War, duly appointed under the laws of the United States, from holding said office of Secretary for the Department of War, contrary to and in violation of the Constitution of the United States, and of the provisions of an act entitled "An act to define and punish certain conspiracies," approved July 31, 1861, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of high crime in office.[6]

Summary of article four

The fourth article, like many of the other articles, related to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton.[6][15][35][58] Like articles five, six, seven, and eight, it also alleged conspiracy. It alleged that Johnson had violated the 1861 federal conspiracy statute by working with Lorenzo Thomas and others to oust Secretary Stanton, obstructing him from being able to carry out the duties of his office as secretary of war.[6][41]

House adoption vote for article four

Article five

Text of article five

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of his oath of office, on the 21st of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and on divers other days and time in said year before the 28th day of said February, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, and with other persons in the House of Representatives unknown, by force to prevent and hinder the execution of an act entitled “An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office,” passed March 2, 1867, and in pursuance of said conspiracy, did attempt to prevent E. M. Stanton, then and there being Secretary for the Department of War, duly appointed and commissioned under the laws of the United States, from holding said office, whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of high misdemeanor in office.[6]

Summary of article five

Like many of the other articles, the article five related to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton.[6][15][35][58] Similar to article four, article five dealt with Johnson allegedly conspiring with Thomas to oust Stanton.[41][35][59] It specifically charged that Johnson had, with Thomas, used force to "prevent and hinder the execution" of the Tenure of Office Act by ousting Secretary Stanton.[41][35]

House adoption vote for article five

Article six

Text of article six

That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the duties of his high office and of his oath of office, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, by force to seize, take and possess the property of the United States at the War Department, contrary to the provisions of an act entitled “An act to define and punish certain conspiracies,” approved July 31, 1861, and with intent to violate and disregard an act entitled “An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices,” passed March 2, 1867, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit a high crime in office.[6]

Summary of article six

Like many of the other articles, article six related to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton.[6][15][35][58] The article alleged that Johnson and Lorenzo Johnson had conspired to oust Stanton and to forcefully seize the property of the United States Department of War.[35][59] It charged that this was a violation of both the 1861 federal conspiracy statute and the Tenure of Office Act.[6][41] Article seven effectively alleged the same conspiracy as article six, but without the allegation of a use of force.[41]

House adoption vote for article six

Senate vote on the verdict for article six

Article seven

Text of article seven

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office, and of his oath of office, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, and on divers other days in said year, before the 28th day of said February, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas to prevent and hinder the execution of an act of the United States, entitled “An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office,” passed March 2, 1867, and in pursuance of said conspiracy, did unlawfully attempt to prevent Edwin M. Stanton, then and there being Secretary for the Department of War, under the laws of the United States, from holding said office to which he had been duly appointed and commissioned, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did there and then commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.[6]

Summary of article seven

Article seven, like many of the other articles, relates to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton.[6][15][35][58] Article seven alleges that Johnson and Lorenzo Thomas had conspired to oust Stanton with the extend of acting "by force to seize, take, and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War" under control of Stanton, thereby committing a high misdemeanor in office by acting in violation of both the Tenure of Office Act.[35][59] Article seven effectively alleged the same conspiracy as article six, but without the allegation of a use of force.[41]

House adoption vote for article seven

Article eight

Text of article eight

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office, and of his oath of office, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord, 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, to seize, take and possess the property of the United States in the War Department, with intent to violate and disregard the act entitled “An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office,” passed March 2, 1867, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit a high misdemeanor in office.[6]

Summary of article eight

Article eight charged that Johnson had unlawfully sought to seize the property of the Department of War by moving to remove Secretary Stanton and appoint Lorenzo Thomas.[41][35] The article was like many others in that it related to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton.[6][15][35][58] However, its allegation that the appointment of Thomas ad interim was done with the intent of unlawfully controlling property of the Department of War was unique among the articles of impeachment.[35][41][59]

House adoption vote for article eight

Article nine

Text of article nine

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, on the 22nd day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, in disregard of the Constitution and the law of Congress duly enacted, as Commander-in-Chief, did bring before himself, then and there, William H. Emory, a Major-General by brevet in the Army of the United States, actually in command of the Department of Washington, and the military forces therefor, and did and there, as Commander-in-Chief, declare to, and instruct said Emory, that part of the law of the United States, passed March 2, 1867, entitled “an act for making appropriations for the support of the army for the year ending June 30, 1868, and for other purposes,” especially the second section thereof, which provides, among other things, that all orders and instructions relating to military operations issued by the President and Secretary of War, shall be issued through the General of the Army, and in case of his inability, through the next in rank was unconstitutional, and in contravention of the commission of Emory, and therefore not binding on him, as an officer in the Army of the United States, which said provisions of law had been therefore duly and legally promulgated by General Order for the government and direction of the Army of the United States, as the said Andrew Johnson then and there well knew, with intent thereby to induce said Emory, in his official capacity as Commander of the Department of Washington, to violate the provisions of said act, and to take and receive, act upon and obey such orders as he, the said Andrew Johnson, might make and give, and which should not be issued through the General of the Army of the United States, according to the provisions of said act, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit, and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office; and the House of Representatives, by protestation, saving to themselves the liberty of exhibition, at any time hereafter, any further articles of their accusation or impeachment against the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, and also or replying to his answers, which will make up the articles herein preferred against him, and of offering proof to the same and every part thereof, and to all and every other article, accusation or impeachment which shall be exhibited by them as the case shall require, do demand that the said Andrew Johnson may be put to answer the high crimes and misdemeanors in office herein charged against him, and that such proceedings, examinations, trials and judgments may be thereupon had and given had and given as may be agreeable to law and justice.[6]

Summary of article nine

The ninth article focused on charging that Johnson had violated the Command of Army Act by unlawfully instructing Major General William H. Emory to ignore as unconstitutional act, which required that all orders issued by the President and Secretary of War "relating to military operations ... shall be issued through the General of the Army".[6][15][35][41][58][62] This article was not supported by the testimony of Emory.[41]

House adoption vote for article nine

Article ten

Unlike the first nine article of impeachment, the tenth article was not written by the select committee that had been appointed for the express purpose of writing article of impeachment. Instead, it was individually authored by Congressman Benjamin Butler, who did not serve on that select committee. It was initially rejected by the House when Butler presented it on March 2, 1868, but was passed the following day at the request of the impeachment managers.[41]

Butler had, when first presenting the article on March 2, 1868, argued that it was similar to one of the articles impeachment adopted against sixty years earlier against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase.[41]

Text of article ten

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his high office and the dignity and proprieties thereof, and of the harmony and courtesies which ought to exist and be maintained between the executive and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, designing and intending to set aside the rightful authorities and powers of Congress, did attempt to bring into disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt and reproach, the Congress of the United States, and the several branches thereof, to impair and destroy the regard and respect of all the good people of the United States for the Congress and the legislative power thereof, which all officers of the government ought inviolably to preserve and maintain, and to excite the odium and resentment of all good people of the United States against Congress and the laws by it duly and constitutionally enacted; and in pursuance of his said design and intent, openly and publicly and before divers assemblages of citizens of the United States, convened in divers parts thereof, to meet and receive said Andrew Johnson as the Chief Magistrate of the United States, did, on the eighteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, and on divers other days and times, as well before as afterwards, make and declare, with a loud voice, certain intemperate, inflammatory and scandalous harangues, and therein utter loud threats and bitter menaces, as well against Congress as the laws of the United States duly enacted thereby, amid the cries, jeers and laughter of the multitudes then assembled in hearing, which are set forth in the several specifications hereinafter written, in substance and effect, that it to say:

"Specification First. In this, that at Washington, in the District of Columbia, In the Executive Mansion, to a committee of citizens who called upon the President of the United States, speaking of and concerning the Congress of the United States, heretofore, to wit: On the 18th day of August, in the year of our Lord, 1866, in a loud voice, declare in substance and effect, among other things, that is to say:

"So far as the Executive Department of the government is concerned, the effort has been made to restore the Union, to heal the breach, to pour oil into the wounds which were consequent upon the struggle, and, to speak in a common phrase, to prepare, as the learned and wise physician would, a plaster healing in character and co-extensive with the wound. We thought and we think that we had partially succeeded, but as the work progresses, as reconstruction seemed to be taking place, and the country was becoming reunited, we found a disturbing and moving element opposing it. In alluding to that element it shall go no further than your Convention, and the distinguished gentleman who has delivered the report of the proceedings, I shall make no reference that I do not believe, and the time and the occasion justify. We have witnessed in one department of the government every endeavor to prevent the restoration of peace, harmony and union. We have seen hanging upon the verge of the government, as it were, a body called or which assumes to be the Congress of the United States, while in fact it is a Congress of only part of the States. We have seen this Congress pretend to be for the Union, when its every step and act tended to perpetuate disunion and make a disruption of States inevitable. We have seen Congress gradually encroach, step by step, upon constitutional rights, and violate day after day, and month after month, fundamental principles of the government. We have seen a Congress that seemed to forget that there was a limit to the sphere and scope of legislation. We have seen a Congress in a minority assume to exercise power which, if allowed to be consummated, would result in despotism or monarchy itself."

"Specification Second. In this, that at Cleveland, in the State of Ohio, heretofore to wit: On the third day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1866, before a public assemblage of citizens and others, said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, speaking of and concerning the Congress of the United States, did, in a loud voice, declare in substance and effect, among other things, that is to say:

"Go on; perhaps if you had a word or two on the subject of New Orleans you might understand more about it than you do, and if you will go back and ascertain the cause of the riot at New Orleans, perhaps you will not be so prompt in calling out “New Orleans.” If you will take up the riot of New Orleans and trace it back to its source and its immediate cause, you will find out who was responsible for the blood that was shed there. If you will take up the riot at New Orleans and trace it back to the Radical Congress, you will find that the riot at New Orleans was substantially planned. If you will take up the proceedings in their caucuses you will understand that they knew that a convention was to be called which was extinct by its powers having expired; that it was said that the intention was that a new government was to be organized, and on the organization of that government the intention was to enfranchise one portion of the population, called the colored population, and who had been emancipated, and at the same time disfranchise white men. When you design to talk about New Orleans you ought to understand what you are talking about. When you read the speeches that were made, and take up the facts on the Friday and Saturday before that convention sat, you will find that speeches were made incendiary in their character, exciting that portion of the population, the black population, to arm themselves and prepare for the shedding of blood. You will also find that convention did assemble in violation of law, and the intention of that convention was to supersede the organized authorities in the State of Louisiana, which had been organized by the government of the United States, and every man engaged in that rebellion, in the convention, with the intention of superseding and upturning the civil government which had been recognized by the Government of the United States, I say that he was a traitor to the Constitution of the United States, and hence you find that another rebellion was commenced, having its origin in the Radical Congress. So much for the New Orleans riot. And there was the cause and the origin of the blood that was shed, and every drop of blood that was shed is upon their skirts and they are responsible. I could test this thing a little closer, but will not do it here to-night. But when you talk about the causes and consequences that resulted from proceedings of that kind, perhaps, as I have been introduced here and you have provoked questions of this kind, though it does not provoke me, I will tell you a few wholesome things that have been done by this Radical Congress in connection with New Orleans and the extension of the elective franchise. I know that I have been traduced and abused. I know it has come in advance of me here, as elsewhere, that I have attempted to exercise an arbitrary power in resisting laws that were intended to be forced upon the government; that I had exercised that power; that I had abandoned the party that elected me, and that I was a traitor, because I exercised the veto power in attempting, and did arrest for a time, that which was called a “Freedmen’s Bureau” bill. Yes, that I was a traitor. And I have been traduced; I have been slandered; I have been maligned; I have been called Judas Iscariot, and all that. Now, my countrymen, here to-night, it is very easy to indulge in epithets; it is easy to call a man a Judas, and cry out traitor, but when he is called upon to give arguments and facts he is very often found wanting. Judas Iscariot? Judas! There was a Judas, and he was one of the twelve Apostles. O, yes, the twelve Apostles had a Christ, and he never could have had a Judas unless he had twelve Apostles. If I have played the Judas who has been my Christ that I have played the Judas with? Was it Thad. Stevens? Was it Wendell Phillips? Was it Charles Sumner? They are the men that stop and compare themselves with the Savior, and everybody that differs with them in opinion, and tries to stay and arrest their diabolical and nefarious policy is to be denounced as a Judas. Well, let me say to you, if you will stand by me in this action, if you will stand by me in trying to give the people a fair chance, soldiers and citizens, to participate in these office, God be willing, I will kick them out. I will kick them out just as fast as I can. Let me say to you, in concluding, that what I have said is what I intended to say; I was not provoked into this, and care not for their menaces, the taunts and the jeers. I care not for threats, I do not intend to be bullied by enemies, nor overawed by my friends. But, God willing, with your help, I will veto their measures whenever any of them come to me."

"Which said utterances, declarations, threats and harangues, highly censurable in any, are peculiarly indecent and unbecoming in the Chief Magistrate of the United States, by means whereof the said Andrew Johnson has brought the high office of the President of the United States into contempt, ridicule and disgrace, to the great scandal of all good citizens, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did commit, and was then and there guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.[6]

Summary of article ten

Article ten deals with remarks made by Johnson during the Swing Around the Circle. It charged that Johnson had attempted, "to bring into disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach the Congress of the United States."[43] It alleged that he had "with a loud voice, certain intemperate, inflammatory, and scandalous harangues, and did therein utter loud threats and bitter menaces ... against Congress [and] the laws of the United States duly enacted thereby, amid the cries, jeers and laughter of the multitudes then assembled and within hearing."[35] The tenth article did not cite a clear violation of the law.[15][6][35][58]

House rejection on March 2, 1868

House adoption vote for article ten

Role of article ten in the impeachment trial

Several witnesses were brought in during the impeachment managers' prosecutorial presentation to testify on the speeches cited in the tenth article of impeachment. Several individuals, largely reporters, testified about the cited speeches by Johnson. For instance, James O. Clephane and others were called by the prosecution to testify on the speech that Johnson had made in Washington, D.C., on August 18, 1866. Clephane, who had at the time of the speech made a report on it as a phonographic reporter, testified with other witnesses that the wording of their reports had been corrected by the president's private secretary, Colonel W. G. Moore. In his testimony, Moore testified that the corrections made by him were corrections he had made without the approval of Johnson, and only related to the language used, and did not change the sense of the reports.[63] During the defense's presentation, witnesses were also called to testify about the cited speeches. For example, William W. Armstrong, then a reporter for The Plain Dealer, testified about Johnson's speech in Cleveland, with the defense aiming to prove that Johnson was constantly interrupted by the crowd during that speech and that many disorderly individuals were in the audience. Others were called by the defense to testify about other speeches that were cited in article ten.[64]

Article eleven

Text of article eleven

That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office and his oath of office, and in disregard of the Constitution and laws of the United States, did, heretofore, to wit: On the 18th day of August, 1866, at the city of Washington, and in the District of Columbia, by public speech, declare and affirm in substance, that the Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States was not a Congress of the United States authorized by the Constitution to exercise legislative power under the same, but on the contrary, was a Congress of only part of the States, thereby denying and intending to deny, that the legislation of said Congress was valid or obligatory upon him, the said Andrew Johnson, except in so far as he saw fit to approve the same, and also thereby denying the power of the said Thirty-ninth Congress to propose amendments to the Constitution of the United States. And in pursuance of said declaration, the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, afterwards, to wit: On the 21st day of February 1868, at the city of Washington, D.C., did, unlawfully and in disregard of the requirements of the Constitution that he should take care that the laws be faithfully executed, attempt to prevent the execution of an act entitled “An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office,” passed March 2, 1867, by unlawfully devising and contriving and attempting to devise and contrive means by which he should prevent Edwin M. Stanton from forthwith resuming the functions of the office of Secretary for the Department of War, notwithstanding the refusal of the Senate to concur in the suspension theretofore made by the said Andrew Johnson of said Edwin M. Stanton from said office of Secretary for the Department of War; and also by further unlawfully devising and contriving, and attempting to devise and contrive means then and there to prevent the execution of an act entitled “An act making appropriations for the support of the army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1868, and for other purposes,” approved March 20, 1867. And also to prevent the execution of an act entitled “An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States,” passed March 2, 1867. Whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then, to wit, on the 21st day of February, 1868, at the city of Washington, commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.[6]

Summary of article eleven

The eleventh article effectively provided a restatement of the first nine articles.[35][59] Like the first eight articles, the eleventh article related to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton. It also charged Johnson of violating his oath of office to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" by unlawfully and unconstitutionally challenging the authority of the 39th Congress to legislate due to unreconstructed southern states had not been readmitted to the Union. It also charged that Johnson had contrived to fail to execute the provision of the Command of Army Act, a provision 1867 Army Appropriations Act which directed executive orders to the military be issued through the General of the Army; and prevented the execution of an act entitled "An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel states". This meant that this article combined the alleged criminal offense related to Johnson's effort to dismiss Stanton was combined with a political offense.[41][15][35][6][58] The article also accused Johnson of acting to prevent the execution of “An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States,” a piece of legislation relating to the unreconstructed states, and also included the allegation that Johnson had violated the Command of Army Act.[6]

It was hoped by the impeachment managers that the article might succeed if others failed by amalgamating many of the various allegations featured in other articles, with the theory being that senators who accepted one charge but not others would all vote for a single resolution combining those charges. In no preceding United States federal impeachments had there been a similar "catch-all" article of impeachment combining many allegations into one article. However, some of the subsequent federal impeachments have featured similar articles combining multiple allegations into a single article.[41]

House adoption vote for article eleven

Notes

References

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