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Una conurbación es una región que comprende varias metrópolis , ciudades, pueblos grandes y otras áreas urbanas que, a través del crecimiento demográfico y la expansión física, se han fusionado para formar un área urbana o industrialmente desarrollada continua. En la mayoría de los casos, una conurbación es un área urbanizada policéntrica en la que se ha desarrollado el transporte para conectar áreas. Crean un único mercado laboral urbano o área de viaje al trabajo . [1]
Patrick Geddes acuñó el término en su libro Cities in Evolution (1915). En él, llamó la atención sobre la capacidad de la nueva tecnología de la época, la energía eléctrica y el transporte motorizado, para permitir que las ciudades se extendieran y se aglomeraran, y puso como ejemplos a Midlandton en Inglaterra, el Ruhr en Alemania, Randstad en los Países Bajos y la costa noreste de los Estados Unidos. [2]
El término tal como se describe se utiliza en Gran Bretaña, mientras que en los Estados Unidos, cada " área metropolitana " policéntrica puede tener su propia designación común, como el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco o el área metropolitana de Dallas-Fort Worth . A nivel internacional, el término " aglomeración urbana " se utiliza a menudo para transmitir un significado similar al de "conurbación". [3] [4]
Una conurbación debe contrastarse con una megalópolis . En una megalópolis, las áreas urbanas están próximas pero no físicamente contiguas, y la fusión de los mercados laborales aún no se ha desarrollado.
También conviene contrastar una conurbación con una megaciudad . Una megaciudad es jerárquica y tiene un núcleo urbano dominante indiscutible, mientras que una conurbación es policéntrica y ningún centro urbano tiene un papel dominante sobre todos los demás.
Tasa de población urbana: 65% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 30% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 47% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 25% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 31% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 34% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 46% (2015) [5]
Lagos es una conurbación formada a través del desarrollo fusionado del área inicial de la ciudad de Lagos con otras ciudades y pueblos, incluidos Ikeja y Ojo . También se incluyen en el área varias comunidades suburbanas como Agege , Alimosho , Ifako-Ijaiye , Kosofe , Mushin , Oshodi y Shomolu . [8]
Tasa de población urbana: 42% (2015) [5]
Johannesburgo , Ekurhuleni (East Rand) y Tshwane (Gran Pretoria) se fusionaron para formar una región que tiene una población de 14,6 millones. [9]
Tasa de población urbana: 25% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 67% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 55% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 23% (2015) [5]
La ciudad de Dacca está conectada con las ciudades de Narayanganj y Gazipur ; no existen brechas entre Dacca y esas dos ciudades. Esta conurbación, que consiste en las áreas de la ciudad de Dacca y sus ciudades y pueblos circundantes, se conoce colectivamente como la Gran Ciudad de Dacca. La ciudad de Dacca es la ciudad central de la conurbación y tiene una población de aproximadamente 10 millones. Las ciudades satélite de la conurbación incluyen Narayanganj , Gazipur , Tongi , Fatullah , Keraniganj , Tarabo y Kaliganj .
Tasa de población urbana: 22% (2015) [5]
Los datos se refieren a las fronteras determinadas por la Declaración Conjunta Sino-Británica (1984), la Declaración Conjunta Sino-Portugal (1987) y acuerdos posteriores con países que comparten una frontera terrestre con China o que están influenciados por disputas en el mar donde se encuentra China (ver el enfoque en Disputas territoriales ).
Tasa de población urbana: 56% (2015). [5] Los datos de población del área metropolitana corresponden al año 2015. [6]
Los datos corresponden a las fronteras de ocupación del ejército turco anteriores a 1974. Tasa de población urbana: 59 % (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 31% (2015) [5]
Los datos corresponden a la época anterior a la guerra ruso-georgiana de 2008. Tasa de población urbana: 56 % (2015) [5]
La Gran Yakarta o Jabodetabek comprende el área urbana más grande de Indonesia y la segunda más grande del mundo con una población de alrededor de 30 millones. [10] El centro y capital nacional, Yakarta , tiene una población de 10,3 millones dentro de sus fronteras. [11]
La segunda ciudad más poblada de Indonesia, Surabaya , también forma una conurbación conocida como Gerbangkertosusila con una población metropolitana de alrededor de 10 millones en comparación con los 3 millones de la ciudad propiamente dicha. [12] También hay conurbaciones alrededor de Bandung y Medan .
La Región Metropolitana de Mumbai (MMR) está formada por Mumbai y sus ciudades satélite. Se desarrolló durante un período de aproximadamente 20 años y consta de siete corporaciones municipales y quince consejos municipales más pequeños. La región tiene una superficie de 4.355 km2 y una población de 20,5 millones de habitantes [13] , y se encuentra entre las diez aglomeraciones urbanas más pobladas del mundo. Está conectada entre sí a través del sistema ferroviario suburbano de Mumbai y una amplia red de carreteras.
La Región de la Capital Nacional (NCR) es el nombre de la región de planificación coordinada que abarca todo el Territorio de la Capital Nacional de Delhi , así como varios distritos circundantes en los estados vecinos de Uttar Pradesh , Haryana y Rajasthan . Sin embargo, la conurbación de Delhi en realidad se limita al NCT de Delhi y las áreas urbanas contiguas vecinas que comprenden Gurgaon , Faridabad , Noida , Gran Noida y Ghaziabad . El área se conoce oficialmente como la Región de la Capital Nacional Central (CNCR), una pequeña parte de la NCR en general. [14] La población de esta conurbación se estimó en 21,7 millones en 2011. [15] Es la tercera aglomeración urbana más poblada del mundo.
La Región Metropolitana de Amaravati (AMR) de Andhra Pradesh es una conurbación de tres ciudades, a saber, Vijayawada , Eluru y Guntur y otras 11 ciudades que incluyen Mangalagiri , Tadepalle , Tenali , Ponnuru, Chilakaluripeta, Narasaraopeta, Sattenapally, Nandigama, Jaggayyapeta, Nuzividu, Gudivada. y Vuyyuru. La nueva capital del estado, Amaravati , se está desarrollando entre las ciudades de Vijayawada y Guntur en el centro de la conurbación. La región tiene una población total de 58 lakhs.
El área metropolitana de Jamshedpur tiene un plan de Gran Jamshedpur. Este lugar contiene el área y la ciudad de Adityapur , Maango y Jugsalai.
Los datos se refieren a los límites del armisticio de 1949 , después de la guerra árabe-israelí de 1948. Tasa de población urbana: 59% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 69% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 80% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 62% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 38% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 98% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 37% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 74% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 65% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 21% (2015) [5]
Los límites se remiten al acuerdo de la tercera cumbre intercoreana (2018).
Tasa de población urbana: 63% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 76% (2015) [5]
Los datos se refieren a las fronteras del Acuerdo de Shimla de 1972 , después de la guerra indo-paquistaní de 1971.
Tasa de población urbana: 39% (2015) [5]
Los datos se refieren a los límites del Armisticio de 1949 , después de la Guerra árabe-israelí de 1948 .
Tasa de población urbana: 10% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 59% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 46% (2015) [5]
Los límites se remiten al acuerdo de la tercera cumbre intercoreana (2018).
Tasa de población urbana: 84% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 17% (2015) [5]
Los límites se refieren a los territorios administrados por la República de China , según la Ley del Estrecho (1992).
Tasa de población urbana: 80% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 29% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 37% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 71% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 53% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 85% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 40% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 33% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 56% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 69% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 76% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 98% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 52% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 73% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 61% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 76% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 88% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 71% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 86% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 86% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 76% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 64% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 70% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 65% (2015) [5]
Algunas leyes regionales aprobadas durante los años 1970-1980 [16] intentaron definir qué es una conurbación italiana, pero hoy en día no existe una organización gubernamental para un área metropolitana en Italia, por lo que una conurbación no tiene límites oficiales.
Tasa de población urbana: 70% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 69% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 69% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 86% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 88% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 50% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 84% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 64% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 81% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 64% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 63% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 60% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 59% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 58% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 53% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 79% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 86% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 74% (2015) [5]
El crecimiento industrial y de la vivienda en el Reino Unido durante los siglos XIX y principios del XX produjo muchas conurbaciones. El Gran Londres es, con diferencia, la zona urbana más grande y suele considerarse una conurbación en términos estadísticos, pero se diferencia de las demás en el grado en que se concentra en una única zona central. A mediados de la década de 1950 se introdujo el Cinturón Verde para frenar la mayor urbanización del campo en el sureste de Inglaterra .
La siguiente lista muestra las áreas urbanas más pobladas del Reino Unido según la definición de la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas (ONS). Diferentes organizaciones definen las conurbaciones en el Reino Unido de manera diferente; por ejemplo, la conurbación Liverpool-Manchester o la conurbación Manchester-Liverpool [17] se definen como una conurbación por AESOP en un informe comparativo publicado por la Universidad de Manchester en 2005 que se encuentra aquí. La conurbación Liverpool-Manchester tiene una población de 5,68 millones.
Tasa de población urbana: 89% (2015) [5]
Tasa de población urbana: 71% (2015) [5]
The Golden Horseshoe is a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the west end of Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The largest cities in the region are Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton, Hamilton, Oakville, Burlington, St. Catharines, and Niagara Falls.[21] If metropolitan areas (which are somewhat distinct from the core urban area of the Golden Horseshoe by about 30 to 50 km of less developed and semi-rural land) are included (similar to Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States as defined by United States Office of Management and Budget), the total population is 8.8 million people. This is slightly over a quarter (25.6%) of the population of Canada, approximately 75% of Ontario's population, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in North America.[22]
The larger area is named the Greater Golden Horseshoe and includes the metropolitan areas of Kitchener (including adjacent cities it is often referred to as Waterloo Region), Barrie, Guelph, Peterborough, and Brantford. The Greater Golden Horseshoe is also part of the Windsor-Quebec Corridor and its southeastern boundary is across the Niagara River from the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area in the United States.
Greater Montreal is Canada's second-largest conurbation.[23] Statistics Canada defines the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) as having 4,258.31 square kilometres (1,644.14 sq mi) and a population of 3,824,221 as of 2011, which represents almost half of the population of the province of Quebec. Slightly smaller, there are 82 municipalities grouped under the Montreal Metropolitan Community to coordinate issues such as land planning, transportation, and economic development.
British Columbia's Lower Mainland is the most populated area in Western Canada. It consists of many mid-sized contiguous urban areas, including Vancouver, North Vancouver (city and district municipality), West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, among others. The Lower Mainland population is around 2.5 million (as of 2011) and the area has one of the highest growth rates on the continent of up to 9.2 percent from the 2006 census.
The National Capital Region (NCR) is made up of the capital, Ottawa, and neighbouring Gatineau which is located across the Ottawa River. As Ottawa is in Ontario and Gatineau is in Quebec, it is a unique conurbation. Federal government buildings are located in both cities and many workers live in one city and work in the other. The National Capital Region consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The area of the National Capital Region is very similar to that of the Ottawa-Gatineau Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) although the National Capital Region contains a number of small neighbouring communities that are not contained within the CMA. When all the communities are included, the population of the area is about 1,500,000. Ottawa-Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces and is the fourth largest.[24]
The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes,[further explanation needed] Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla, and together with which it makes up the Mexico City megalopolis.
The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) comprises seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered part of the Metropolitan Area, though they are not contiguous with the other seven. The area had an estimated population of 4 500 000 in 2010, spread over a combined area of 2,734 square kilometres (1,056 sq mi).[25]
The Caribbean area has a conurbation in Puerto Rico consisting of San Juan, Bayamón, Guaynabo, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Cataño, and Caguas. This area is colloquially known as the "Área Metropolitana", and houses around 1.4 million inhabitants spread over an area of approximately 396.61 square kilometers (153.13 sq mi), making it the largest city in the Caribbean by area.
One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007.[26] Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York City area, the world's most brightly illuminated urban conurbation and largest urban landmass. This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have merged.[citation needed]
Holding a population of 7,427,336 as of 2005, the Combined Statistical Area including Greater Boston consists of Boston proper and a collection of distinct but intertwined cities including Providence, Rhode Island, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Manchester, New Hampshire. Most importantly, the cities that compose the Greater Boston CSA are interlinked by heavy public transportation infrastructure, maintain continuously urban interstices, and hold mutual commuting patterns.
Another conurbation is the combination of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose and several minor urban centers with a combined population of nearly 8 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area.[27]
The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. This area is also often referred to simply as Southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 2016, Southern California had a population of 23,800,500, making it slightly larger than the New York Tri-State Area, and is projected to remain so due to a faster growth rate. But because Southern California is not yet a recognized Combined Statistical Area by the United States Office of Management and Budget, the New York Tri-State Area officially remains the nation's largest as of now.
An example of a conurbation is seen in Greater Houston. Centered in Houston, the area is continuously urbanized from the coastal areas of Galveston extending through the northern side of the metro area, including The Woodlands, Conroe, and Spring, and going up to Huntsville. The suburbs of Fort Bend County, Texas extend through the cities of the Galveston Bay Area and beyond. It has a population of 7,197,883.[28]
The traditionally separate metropolitan areas of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. have shared suburbs and a continuous urbanization between the two central cities (Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area).
The largest conurbation between the United States and Mexico is San Diego–Tijuana. It includes the two countries' busiest border crossing and a shared economy.[29]
Three large cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington—make up this area. Each city is linked by bordering city limits or suburbs. The area is also known as the Dallas–Fort Worth "metroplex", so called because it has more than one principal anchor city of nearly equal size or importance, and is included in the emerging megalopolis known as the Texas Triangle. According to Texas Monthly, the term is a portmanteau of the terms "metropolitan" and "complex"[30] and was created by a local advertising agency, TracyLocke.[30] The North Texas Commission trademarked the term "Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex" in 1972 as a replacement for the previously ubiquitous term "North Texas".[31] Urban areas with smaller secondary anchor cities (including Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, and Phoenix) are not considered to be conurbations.
The major U.S. city of Detroit lies immediately across the Detroit River from Windsor, Ontario in Canada. In many respects—economically, historically, culturally, socially, and geographically—Windsor is more a part of Metro Detroit than of Ontario. The two cities and their surrounding suburbs are commonly referred to collectively as the Detroit–Windsor area. The Detroit-Windsor border is the largest commercial border crossing in North America and the busiest between the two countries.[32]
The entire tri-county area also known as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metropolitan area is now continuously urbanized along a roughly 100 miles (161 km) length of the Florida east coast as well as extending inland and continuing south of Miami as far as Florida City. Although this is generally all referred to as a single metropolitan area, not a conurbation, it is sometimes broken up into the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach metros.
Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships built around the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population and Saint Paul, the state capital.
The Quad Cities is a metropolitan area located along the border of Illinois and Iowa. Straddling the Mississippi River as it flows west, the area once known as the "Tri Cities" consists of a handful of larger cities and smaller municipalities that have grown together. The largest cities include Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in Illinois as well as Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa.
Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million.
Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona. It is the center of The Valley of the Sun which is recognized by the United States Census Bureau as Chandler, Mesa, and Phoenix in the MSA. Other communities in the metropolitan area include Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Peoria.
Denver is the capital and most populous city in Colorado, as well as the most populous municipality in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This conurbation encompasses 18 counties in Colorado and Wyoming and had an estimated population of 4,976,781 in 2018, an increase of 14.84% since the 2010 United States Census.[33]
Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the Murray River. Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria. In the early 1970s Albury-Wodonga was selected as the primary focus of the Whitlam government's scheme to arrest the uncontrolled growth of Australia's large metropolitan areas (in particular Sydney and Melbourne) by encouraging decentralisation.[34] The two cities combine to form an urban area with an estimated population of 93,603.[35]
A cross border built-up area comprising the nation's capital Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory and the city of Queanbeyan in New South Wales, which is considered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a single labour market.[36]
This conurbation in New South Wales extends from Newcastle and surrounding satellite towns of the Hunter Valley through the Central Coast. It is broken up only by waterways and national parks, through to the greater Sydney metropolitan area and the Wollongong urban area. The total length from the top to the bottom of the conurbation is around 270 km with a population of just over 6 million people.[37]
Transport is linked throughout the region by motorways, the M1, M2, M4, M5, M7, M8, M15 and M31. An extensive public transport network allows for commuting for work or services across and between multiple distinct but joined centres, with NSW TrainLink's intercity network serving Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.
Plans for making Wollongong, Sydney and Newcastle a single city have been around since the 1960s. A report titled The Committee for Sydney contains a chapter called The Sandstone Mega-Region, Uniting Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney, Wollongong (since all of the cities are in a geological region called the Sydney Basin, which is made up of Sydney sandstone). The report says that the link would benefit the "six cities" within the region, which are: Illawarra and Wollongong, the Western City (Greater Western Sydney), the Central City (Parramatta), the Eastern City (Sydney central business district, eastern suburbs, and Northern Sydney), the Central Coast (Gosford) and Newcastle (including Lake Macquarie).[38]
The Perth Metropolitan Region, and Peel regions form a continuous urban area in Western Australia more than 130 km (80 miles) long, on a north–south axis. It is sometimes known as Greater Perth and has a population of more than 2.3 million (2023).[39] Introduction of the Mandurah railway line in 2007 made it possible for commuters to travel the 70 km (43.5 mi) from Mandurah to Perth in 51 minutes.
A built-up area 200 kilometres long[40] which is centred on Brisbane, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan City, Moreton Bay, Redland City, Sunshine Coast, Noosa Shire, and Tweed Heads, New South Wales. This area is served by a single public transport network, Translink.
Broader definitions of South East Queensland are also used, including the separate built-up area of Toowoomba (140 kilometres; 87 miles west of Brisbane), which is not part of the Translink network. Expansive definitions of South East Queensland give it a population of more than 3.4 million people (2014),[41] covers 22,420 square kilometres (8,660 sq mi), incorporates ten LGAs, and extends 240 kilometres (150 mi) from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast (some sources include Tweed Heads).
The Greater Darwin metropolitan area is a built-up urban area in the Northern Territory that spans across two cities: Darwin (the capital of the Northern Territory) and Palmerston (Darwin's satellite city). It lies within three local government areas: the City of Darwin, Litchfield Municipality and the City of Palmerston.
In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural area and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Auckland Council is the largest council in Australasia and the region has a population of 1,529,300, being almost 33% of the total population of New Zealand. The entire urban area rather than the constituent administrative city was often referred to as "Auckland" by New Zealanders long before formal recognition.
The Wellington Metropolitan Area compromises the four cities of Wellington City, Porirua and the cities of Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, together known as Hutt Valley. The Wellington Metropolitan Area is the second largest urban population in New Zealand with a population of 440,900 as of the 2023 census (or 550,500 if the Wairarapa region is included), followed by Christchurch City at 396,200.[42]
The entire Rio–São Paulo area is also sometimes considered a conurbation, and plans are in the works to connect the cities with a high-speed rail. However the government of Brazil does not consider this area a single unit for statistical purposes, and population data may not be reliable.
...what military force would relish tackling Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (the East Rand) and Tshwane (greater Pretoria), which will by 2015 be a single polycentric urban region...
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