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Transnistria

Transnistria , oficialmente conocida como República Moldava de Pridnestrovia y localmente como Pridnestrovie , [c] es un estado separatista reconocido internacionalmente como parte de Moldavia . Controla la mayor parte de la estrecha franja de tierra entre el río Dniéster y la frontera entre Moldavia y Ucrania , así como algunas tierras al otro lado de la orilla del río. Su capital y ciudad más grande es Tiraspol . Transnistria está designada oficialmente por la República de Moldavia como las Unidades Administrativas-Territoriales de la Margen Izquierda del Dniéster ( en rumano : Unitățile Administrativ-Territoriale din stînga Nistrului ) [10] o como Stînga Nistrului ("Margen Izquierda del Dniéster"). [11] [12] [13]

Los orígenes de la región se remontan a la República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Moldavia , que se formó en 1924 dentro de la República Socialista Soviética de Ucrania . Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , la Unión Soviética tomó partes de la República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Moldavia , que se disolvió, y de Besarabia del Reino de Rumania para formar la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia en 1940. La historia actual de la región se remonta a 1990, durante la disolución de la Unión Soviética , cuando se estableció la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia de Pridnestrovia con la esperanza de que permaneciera dentro de la Unión Soviética si Moldavia buscaba la unificación con Rumania o la independencia, esto último ocurrió en agosto de 1991. Poco después, un conflicto militar entre las dos partes comenzó en marzo de 1992 y concluyó con un alto el fuego en julio de ese año.

Como parte del acuerdo de alto el fuego, se creó una Comisión de Control Conjunta tripartita (Moldavia, Rusia y Transnistria) y una fuerza de mantenimiento de la paz trilateral subordinada a la comisión para lidiar con las violaciones del alto el fuego. [14] Aunque el alto el fuego se ha mantenido, el estatus político del territorio sigue sin resolverse: Transnistria es una república semipresidencial no reconocida pero de facto independiente [15] con su propio gobierno , parlamento , ejército , policía , sistema postal, moneda y registro de vehículos. [16] [17] [18] [19] Sus autoridades han adoptado una constitución , una bandera , un himno nacional y un escudo de armas . Después de un acuerdo de 2005 entre Moldavia y Ucrania , todas las empresas de Transnistria que busquen exportar bienes a través de la frontera ucraniana deben estar registradas ante las autoridades moldavas . [20] Este acuerdo se implementó después de que la Misión de Asistencia Fronteriza de la Unión Europea a Moldavia y Ucrania (EUBAM) entró en vigor en 2005. [21] Además de la ciudadanía transnistria no reconocida, la mayoría de los transnistrios tienen ciudadanía moldava, [22] pero muchos también tienen ciudadanía rusa, rumana o ucraniana. [23] [24] Los principales grupos étnicos son los rusos, los moldavos/rumanos y los ucranianos.

Transnistria, junto con Abjasia y Osetia del Sur , es una zona de " conflicto congelado " postsoviético . [25] Estos tres estados parcialmente reconocidos o no reconocidos mantienen relaciones amistosas entre sí y forman la Comunidad para la Democracia y los Derechos de las Naciones . [26] [27] [28]

En marzo de 2022, la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa adoptó una resolución que define el territorio como bajo ocupación militar por Rusia . [29]

Toponimia

La región también puede denominarse en inglés como Dniesteria , Trans-Dniester , [30] Transdniester [31] o Transdniestria . [32] Estos nombres son adaptaciones del nombre coloquial rumano de la región, Transnistria , que significa "más allá del Dniéster".

El término Transnistria se utilizó por primera vez en relación con Moldavia Oriental en el año 1989, [33] [34] [35] en el lema electoral de la diputada y miembro del Frente Popular de Moldavia Leonida Lari : [36] [37] [38]

Echaré a los invasores, a los extranjeros y a los mankurt del Dniéster, los echaré de Transnistria, y vosotros, los rumanos, sois los verdaderos dueños de esta tierra sufrida  ... ¡Les obligaremos a hablar rumano, a respetar nuestra lengua, nuestra cultura!

Los documentos del gobierno de Moldavia se refieren a la región como Stînga Nistrului (en su totalidad, Unitățile Administrativ-Territoriale din Stînga Nistrului ), que significa "(Ribera) izquierda del Dniéster" (en su totalidad, "Unidad(es) administrativa(s) territorial(s) de la orilla izquierda del Dniéster"). [39]

Según las autoridades de Transnistria, el nombre del estado es "República de Moldavia de Pridnestrovia" (PMR) ( ruso : Приднестро́вская Молда́вская Респу́блика, ПМР , Pridnestróvskaya Moldávskaya Respúblika ; rumano : Republica Moldovenească Nistreană, RMN , Cirílico moldavo : Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, РМН ; ucraniano : Придністро́вська Молда́вська Респу́бліка, ПМР , Prydnistróvska Moldávska Respúblika ). La forma corta es Pridnestrovie ( ruso : Приднестровье , pronunciado [prʲɪ.dʲnʲɪ.ˈstro.v⁽ʲ⁾je] ; rumano : Nistrenia ; cirílico moldavo : Нистрения , [40] pronunciado [nis.tre.ni.ja] ; ucraniano : Придністров'я , Prydnistrovia , pronunciado [prɪ.ɟɲi.ˈstrɔu̯.jɐ] ), que significa "[tierra] junto al Dniéster".

El 4 de septiembre de 2024, el Consejo Supremo aprobó una ley que prohibía el uso del término “Transnistria” en la región, imponiendo una multa de 360 ​​rublos o hasta 15 días de prisión por utilizar el nombre en público. [41] [42] [43]

Historia

Administración soviética y rumana

República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Moldavia (naranja) y Rumania, 1924-1940

En 1924 se proclamó la República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Moldavia dentro de la República Socialista Soviética de Ucrania . La República Socialista Soviética Autónoma incluía la actual Transnistria (4100 km² ) y una zona ( 4200 km² ) al noreste alrededor de la ciudad de Balta , pero nada de Besarabia , que en ese momento formaba parte del Reino de Rumania . Una de las razones para la creación de la República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Moldavia fue el deseo de la Unión Soviética de incorporar finalmente Besarabia. [44] El 28 de junio de 1940, la URSS anexó Besarabia y Bucovina del Norte de Rumania bajo los términos del Pacto Mólotov-Ribbentrop , y el 2 de agosto de 1940 el Soviet Supremo de la URSS creó la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia combinando parte del territorio anexado con parte de la antigua República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia, aproximadamente equivalente a la actual Transnistria.

En 1941, después de que las fuerzas del Eje invadieran la Unión Soviética en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , derrotaron a las tropas soviéticas en la región y la ocuparon. Rumania controlaba toda la región entre los ríos Dniéster y Bug del Sur , incluida la ciudad de Odesa como capital local. [45] El territorio administrado por Rumania, conocido como la Gobernación de Transnistria , con una superficie de 39.733 km² ( 15.341 millas cuadradas) y una población de 2,3 millones de habitantes, estaba dividido en 13 condados: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol , Rîbnița, Tiraspol y Tulcin. Esta Transnistria ampliada albergaba a casi 200.000 residentes de habla rumana. La administración rumana de Transnistria intentó estabilizar la situación en el área bajo control rumano, implementando un proceso de rumanización . [46] Durante la ocupación rumana de 1941-44, entre 150.000 y 250.000 judíos ucranianos y rumanos fueron deportados a Transnistria; la mayoría fueron asesinados o murieron por otras causas en los guetos y campos de concentración de la Gobernación. [47]

Después de que el Ejército Rojo avanzara sobre la zona en 1944, las autoridades soviéticas ejecutaron, exiliaron o encarcelaron a cientos de habitantes de la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia en los meses siguientes, acusados ​​de colaborar con los ocupantes rumanos. Una campaña posterior dirigida contra las familias campesinas ricas las deportó a la República Socialista Soviética de Kazajstán y Siberia . En el transcurso de dos días, del 6 al 7 de julio de 1949, un plan llamado "Operación Sur" vio la deportación de más de 11.342 familias por orden del Ministro de Seguridad del Estado de Moldavia, Iosif Mordovets. [48]

Secesión

Igor Smirnov , primer presidente de Transnistria de 1991 a 2011

En la década de 1980, las políticas de perestroika y glásnost de Mijail Gorbachov en la Unión Soviética permitieron la liberalización política a nivel regional. Esto llevó a la creación de varios movimientos informales en todo el país y a un aumento del nacionalismo en la mayoría de las repúblicas soviéticas. En la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia en particular, hubo un resurgimiento significativo del nacionalismo prorrumano entre los moldavos. [49] El más destacado de estos movimientos fue el Frente Popular de Moldavia (PFM) . A principios de 1988, el PFM exigió que las autoridades soviéticas declararan al moldavo como única lengua estatal, volvieran al uso del alfabeto latino y reconocieran la identidad étnica compartida de moldavos y rumanos. Las facciones más radicales del PFM defendieron posiciones antiminoritarias extremas, etnocéntricas y chovinistas, [50] [51] pidiendo que las poblaciones minoritarias, en particular los eslavos (principalmente rusos y ucranianos) y los gagauz , abandonaran Moldavia o fueran expulsados. [52]

El 31 de agosto de 1989, el Soviet Supremo de la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia adoptó el moldavo como lengua oficial, manteniendo el ruso solo con fines secundarios, devolvió el moldavo al alfabeto latino y declaró una identidad lingüística compartida moldava-rumana. A medida que se hicieron públicos los planes para realizar importantes cambios culturales en Moldavia, las tensiones aumentaron aún más. Las minorías étnicas se sintieron amenazadas por las perspectivas de eliminar el ruso como lengua oficial , que servía como medio de comunicación interétnica, y por la posible reunificación futura de Moldavia y Rumania, así como por la retórica etnocéntrica del PFM. El Movimiento Yedinstvo (Unidad), establecido por la población eslava de Moldavia, presionó por un estatus igualitario para las lenguas rusa y moldava. [53] La composición étnica y lingüística de Transnistria difería significativamente de la mayor parte del resto de Moldavia. La proporción de rusos y ucranianos étnicos era especialmente alta y una mayoría general de la población, algunos de ellos moldavos, hablaban ruso como lengua materna. [54]

El partido nacionalista PFM ganó las primeras elecciones parlamentarias libres en la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia a principios de 1990, [55] y su agenda comenzó a implementarse lentamente. El 2 de septiembre de 1990, la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia de Pridnestrovia (RPSM) fue proclamada como república soviética por una asamblea ad hoc , el Segundo Congreso de los Representantes del Pueblo de Transnistria, tras un referéndum exitoso . La violencia se intensificó cuando en octubre de 1990 el PFM pidió voluntarios para formar milicias armadas para detener un referéndum de autonomía en Gagauzia , que tenía una proporción aún mayor de minorías étnicas. En respuesta, se formaron milicias voluntarias en Transnistria. En abril de 1990, turbas nacionalistas atacaron a miembros del parlamento de etnia rusa, mientras que la policía moldava se negó a intervenir o restablecer el orden. [56]

Con el interés de preservar una República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia unificada dentro de la URSS y evitar que la situación se agravara aún más, el entonces presidente soviético Mijail Gorbachov, citando la restricción de los derechos civiles de las minorías étnicas por parte de Moldavia como causa de la disputa, declaró que la proclamación de Transnistria carecía de base jurídica y la anuló por decreto presidencial el 22 de diciembre de 1990. [57] [58] Sin embargo, no se tomó ninguna medida significativa contra Transnistria y las nuevas autoridades pudieron establecer lentamente el control de la región.

Tras el intento de golpe de Estado soviético de 1991 , la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia de Pridnestrovia declaró su independencia de la Unión Soviética. El 5 de noviembre de 1991, Transnistria abandonó su ideología socialista y pasó a llamarse «República Moldava de Pridnestrovia». [59]

Guerra de Transnistria

La Guerra de Transnistria siguió a los enfrentamientos armados a escala limitada que estallaron entre los separatistas de Transnistria y Moldavia ya en noviembre de 1990 en Dubăsari . Voluntarios, incluidos cosacos , llegaron de Rusia para ayudar al bando separatista . [60] A mediados de abril de 1992, en virtud de los acuerdos sobre la división del equipo militar de la ex Unión Soviética negociados entre las ex 15 repúblicas en los meses anteriores, Moldavia creó su propio Ministerio de Defensa. Según el decreto de su creación, la mayor parte del equipo militar del 14.º Ejército de la Guardia debía ser retenido por Moldavia. [61] A partir del 2 de marzo de 1992, hubo una acción militar concertada entre Moldavia y Transnistria. Los combates se intensificaron a lo largo de principios de 1992. El ex 14.º Ejército de la Guardia soviético entró en el conflicto en su etapa final, abriendo fuego contra las fuerzas moldavas; [61] aproximadamente 700 personas murieron. Desde entonces, Moldavia no ha ejercido ningún control ni influencia efectiva sobre las autoridades de Transnistria. El acuerdo de alto el fuego, firmado el 21 de julio de 1992, sigue vigente hasta la fecha.

Nuevas negociaciones

Igor Smirnov con Vladimir Voronin y Dmitry Medvedev en Barvikha , 18 de marzo de 2009

La Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE) está tratando de facilitar una solución negociada. Bajo los auspicios de la OSCE, el 8 de mayo de 1997, el Presidente de Moldavia, Petru Lucinschi , y el Presidente de Transnistria, Igor Smirnov , firmaron el "Memorando sobre los principios de normalización de las relaciones entre la República de Moldavia y Transnistria", también conocido como el "Memorando Primakov", en el que se apoyaba el establecimiento de relaciones jurídicas y estatales, aunque las disposiciones del memorando fueron interpretadas de forma diferente por los dos gobiernos.

En noviembre de 2003, Dmitry Kozak , consejero del presidente ruso Vladimir Putin , propuso un memorando sobre la creación de un estado moldavo federal asimétrico , con Moldavia como mayoría y Transnistria como parte minoritaria de la federación. [62] Conocido como "el memorando Kozak ", no coincidía con la posición de Transnistria, que buscaba un estatus igualitario entre Transnistria y Moldavia, pero le dio a Transnistria poderes de veto sobre futuros cambios constitucionales, alentando así a Transnistria a firmarlo. El presidente moldavo Vladimir Voronin inicialmente apoyó el plan, pero se negó a firmarlo después de la oposición interna y la presión internacional de la OSCE y los EE. UU., y después de que Rusia respaldara la demanda de Transnistria de mantener una presencia militar rusa durante los próximos 20 años como garantía para la federación prevista. [63]

El formato 5+2 (o conversaciones 5+2, que comprende Transnistria, Moldavia, Ucrania, Rusia y la OSCE, más los Estados Unidos y la UE como observadores externos) para la negociación se inició en 2005 para abordar los problemas, pero sin resultados durante muchos años porque estuvo suspendido. En febrero de 2011, las conversaciones se reanudaron en Viena , [64] [65] continuando hasta 2018 con algunos acuerdos menores alcanzados. [66] En 2023, Moldavia había abandonado el término 5+2 en las discusiones diplomáticas.

Tras la anexión de Crimea por parte de la Federación Rusa en marzo de 2014, el jefe del parlamento de Transnistria pidió unirse a Rusia . [67] [68] [69]

Tras el inicio de la invasión rusa de Ucrania en 2022, Ucrania cerró su frontera con Transnistria, que había sido la ruta principal para la entrada de mercancías a la región. Por ello, Transnistria depende totalmente de que Moldavia permita las importaciones a través de su propia frontera. Los políticos de Transnistria están cada vez más preocupados por la situación y en 2024 se convocó al Consejo Supremo por primera vez desde 2006, en el que se solicitó asistencia económica a Rusia y se declaró que Moldavia estaba cometiendo activamente un genocidio en la región. [70] [71]

El lenguaje duro hacia Moldavia, junto con las protestas de Șor respaldadas por Rusia y un intento de golpe de Estado planeado por el Grupo Wagner han acercado aún más a Moldavia a la Unión Europea y, por lo tanto, es menos probable que entable negociaciones para obtener alivio económico de Transnistria. [70] La solicitud vagamente redactada de Transnistria de "protección" de Rusia ha generado temores de que, en lugar de ofrecer ayuda económica, Rusia intente "anexionarse" la región, como lo hizo con la Ucrania ocupada en 2022. [ 72] [73]

Geografía

Mapa general de Transnistria
Río Dniéster en Bender (Tighina)

Transnistria no tiene salida al mar y limita al oeste con Besarabia (la región en la que se asienta la República de Moldavia, durante 411 km; 255 mi) y al este con Ucrania (durante 405 km; 252 mi). Es un valle estrecho que se extiende de norte a sur a lo largo de la orilla del río Dniéster , que forma un límite natural a lo largo de la mayor parte de la frontera de facto con Moldavia.

El territorio controlado por la PMR es en su mayor parte, pero no completamente, contiguo a la orilla izquierda (oriental) del Dniéster. Incluye diez ciudades y pueblos, y 69 comunas, con un total de 147 localidades (incluidas aquí las no incorporadas). Seis comunas en la orilla izquierda ( Cocieri , Molovata Nouă , Corjova , Pîrîta , Coșnița y Doroțcaia ) permanecieron bajo el control del gobierno moldavo después de la Guerra de Transnistria de 1992, como parte del Distrito de Dubăsari . Están situadas al norte y al sur de la ciudad de Dubăsari, que a su vez está bajo el control de la PMR. El pueblo de Roghi de la comuna de Molovata Nouă también está controlado por la PMR (Moldavia controla las otras nueve de las 10 aldeas de las seis comunas).

En la orilla oeste, en Besarabia, la ciudad de Bender (Tighina) y cuatro comunas (que contienen seis aldeas) al este, sureste y sur, en la orilla opuesta del río Dniéster de la ciudad de Tiraspol ( Proteagailovca , Gîsca , Chițcani y Cremenciug ) están controladas por el PMR.

Las localidades controladas por Moldavia en la orilla oriental, el pueblo de Roghi y la ciudad de Dubăsari (situada en la orilla oriental y controlada por la PMR) forman una zona de seguridad junto con las seis aldeas y una ciudad controladas por la PMR en la orilla occidental, así como dos ( Varnița y Copanca ) en la misma orilla occidental bajo control moldavo. La situación de seguridad en su interior está sujeta a las decisiones de la Comisión Conjunta de Control .

La principal ruta de transporte en Transnistria es la carretera M4 desde Tiraspol a Rîbnița a través de Dubăsari . La carretera está controlada en su totalidad por la PMR. [74] Al norte y al sur de Dubăsari pasa por corredores terrestres controlados por Moldavia en los pueblos de Doroțcaia, Cocieri, Roghi y Vasilievca , este último ubicado completamente al este de la carretera. La carretera es la frontera de facto entre Moldavia y Transnistria en el área. [75] El conflicto estalló en varias ocasiones cuando la PMR impidió que los aldeanos llegaran a sus tierras de cultivo al este de la carretera. [76] [77]

Los transnistrios pueden viajar (normalmente sin dificultad) dentro y fuera del territorio bajo control de la PMR hacia el vecino territorio controlado por Moldavia y hacia Ucrania. Los viajeros aéreos internacionales dependen del aeropuerto de la capital moldava, Chisinau , o del aeropuerto de Odesa , en Ucrania.

El clima es continental húmedo con características subtropicales. Transnistria tiene veranos cálidos e inviernos frescos o fríos. Las precipitaciones son constantes durante todo el año, aunque aumentan ligeramente en los meses de verano.


Divisiones administrativas

Distritos de Transnistria

Transnistria se subdivide en cinco distritos ( raiones ) y un municipio, la ciudad de Tiraspol (que está completamente rodeada por el distrito de Slobozia pero administrativamente es distinta de él), que se enumeran a continuación de norte a sur (los nombres y transliteraciones en ruso se adjuntan entre paréntesis). Además, otro municipio, la ciudad de Bender, situada en la orilla occidental del Dniéster, en Besarabia, y geográficamente fuera de Transnistria, no forma parte de la unidad territorial de Transnistria según la definición de las autoridades centrales moldavas, pero está controlada por las autoridades de la PMR, que la consideran parte de la organización administrativa de la PMR:

Cada uno de los distritos se divide a su vez en ciudades y comunas.

Matrícula de Transnistria

Estatus político

Territorio de Transnistria en relación con el resto de Moldavia , sin salida al mar a lo largo de la frontera con Ucrania . Cabe señalar que este mapa considera las tierras en la orilla oeste del Dniéster (como Bender ) como territorio indiscutido de Transnistria.
Mapa político de Transnistria con las diferencias entre la República Moldava de Transnistria de facto y el Territorio Autónomo del Dniéster de iure

Todos los Estados miembros de la ONU consideran que Transnistria es parte legal de la República de Moldavia. Solo los Estados parcialmente reconocidos o no reconocidos de Osetia del Sur y Abjasia han reconocido a Transnistria como entidad soberana después de que esta declarara su independencia de Moldavia en 1990, con Tiraspol como su capital declarada.

Entre 1929 y 1940, Tiraspol funcionó como capital de la República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Moldavia , una república autónoma que existió entre 1924 y 1940 dentro de la República Socialista Soviética de Ucrania.

Aunque no ejerce ningún control directo sobre el territorio de Transnistria, el Gobierno moldavo aprobó el 22 de julio de 2005 la "Ley sobre disposiciones básicas del estatuto jurídico especial de las localidades de la orilla izquierda del Dniéster", que estableció parte de Transnistria (territorio de la República Moldava de Pridnestrovia sin Bender y sin territorios que están bajo control de Moldavia) como Unidades Administrativas-Territoriales de la orilla izquierda del Dniéster dentro de la República de Moldavia.

El ex presidente de Transnistria, Yevgeny Shevchuk , con el Patriarca de Moscú y de toda Rusia, Kirill , y el obispo diocesano de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Moldava, Sabbas

Según el censo de 2004, la población de Transnistria estaba compuesta por 555.347 personas, mientras que en el censo de 2015 la población disminuyó a 475.373. En 2004, el 90% de la población de Transnistria eran ciudadanos de Transnistria. [78] Los transnistrios pueden tener doble, triple o incluso cuádruple ciudadanía de países reconocidos internacionalmente, entre ellos:

Quince aldeas de las 11 comunas del distrito de Dubăsari, incluidas Cocieri y Doroțcaia, que geográficamente están ubicadas en la orilla este del Dniéster (en la región de Transnistria), han estado bajo el control del gobierno central de Moldavia después de la participación de los habitantes locales del lado de las fuerzas moldavas durante la Guerra de Transnistria. Estas aldeas, junto con Varnița y Copanca , cerca de Bender y Tiraspol, son reclamadas por el PMR. Una ciudad (Bender) y seis aldeas ubicadas en la orilla oeste (en la región de Besarabia) están controladas por el PMR, pero Moldavia las considera un municipio separado (Bender y la aldea de Proteagailovca ) o parte del distrito de Căușeni (cinco aldeas en tres comunas).

Periódicamente han surgido situaciones tensas debido a estas disputas territoriales, como en 2005, cuando las fuerzas de Transnistria entraron en Vasilievca, [86] en 2006 alrededor de Varnița, y en 2007 en el área de Dubăsari-Cocieri, cuando se produjo un enfrentamiento entre fuerzas moldavas y de Transnistria, aunque sin víctimas.

Las encuestas de junio de 2010 indicaron que el 13% de la población de Transnistria deseaba la reintegración de la zona a Moldavia bajo la condición de autonomía territorial, mientras que el 46% quería que Transnistria fuera parte de la Federación Rusa. [87]

Relaciones internacionales

Un pasaporte de Transnistria

Transnistria es un estado no miembro de la ONU reconocido como independiente sólo por Abjasia y Osetia del Sur, ambos estados no miembros de la ONU con un reconocimiento limitado.

Nina Shtanski fue ministra de Asuntos Exteriores de Transnistria entre 2012 y 2015; Vitaly Ignatiev  [ru] la sucedió como ministro. En 2024, Vitaly Ignatiev fue declarado buscado por el Servicio de Seguridad de Ucrania debido a sospechas de colaboración y de intromisión en la integridad territorial de Ucrania. [88]

Gobierno y política

El edificio del Consejo Supremo de Tiraspol , con una estatua de Vladimir Lenin al frente

Transnistria es una república semipresidencial con una presidencia poderosa. El presidente es elegido directamente por un máximo de dos mandatos consecutivos de cinco años. El presidente actual es Vadim Krasnoselsky .

El Consejo Supremo es una legislatura unicameral. Tiene 43 miembros que son elegidos por períodos de 5 años. Las elecciones se llevan a cabo dentro de un sistema multipartidista . [89] La mayoría en el consejo supremo pertenece al movimiento Renovación que derrotó al partido de la República afiliado a Ígor Smirnov en 2005 y obtuvo un desempeño aún mejor en las elecciones de 2010 y 2015. Las elecciones en Transnistria no son reconocidas por organismos internacionales como la Unión Europea , así como por numerosos países individuales, que las calificaron como una fuente de crecientes tensiones.

Existe desacuerdo sobre si las elecciones en Transnistria son libres y justas. El régimen político ha sido descrito como uno de "superpresidencialismo " antes de la reforma constitucional de 2011. [90] Durante la elección presidencial de 2006, el registro del candidato de la oposición Andrey Safonov se retrasó hasta unos días antes de la votación, por lo que tuvo poco tiempo para realizar una campaña electoral. [91] [92] Algunas fuentes consideran sospechosos los resultados electorales. En 2001, en una región se informó de que Igor Smirnov obtuvo el 103,6% de los votos. [93] El gobierno de la PMR dijo que "el gobierno de Moldavia lanzó una campaña destinada a convencer a los observadores internacionales de que no asistieran" a una elección celebrada el 11 de diciembre de 2005, pero los observadores electorales de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes liderada por Rusia ignoraron eso y declararon que la votación era democrática.

Ayuntamiento de Tiraspol

El partido de oposición Narodovlastie y el movimiento Poder para el Pueblo fueron ilegalizados a principios de 2000 [94] y finalmente disueltos. [95] [96]

Una lista publicada por la Unión Europea había prohibido los viajes a la UE a algunos miembros de la dirigencia de Transnistria. [97] Esta prohibición se levantó en 2012. [98]

En 2007 se autorizó el registro del Partido Socialdemócrata, dirigido por el ex líder separatista y miembro del gobierno del PMR Andrei Safonov, que supuestamente está a favor de una unión con Moldavia.

En septiembre de 2007, el líder del Partido Comunista de Transnistria , Oleg Khorzhan , fue condenado a una pena suspendida de un año y medio de prisión por organizar acciones de protesta no autorizadas. [99]

Según el referéndum de 2006 , realizado por el gobierno del PMR, el 97,2% de la población votó a favor de la “independencia de Moldavia y la libre asociación con Rusia”. [100] La UE y varios otros países se negaron a reconocer los resultados del referéndum.

Los residentes tendrán la oportunidad de votar en el referéndum de Moldavia sobre su adhesión a la UE, previsto para el otoño de 2024. No habrá centros de votación en Transnistria, pero los residentes serán libres de viajar a otras zonas de Moldavia para votar, si así lo desean. [101]

Disputa aduanera en la frontera de Transnistria

El 3 de marzo de 2006, Ucrania introdujo nuevas normas aduaneras en su frontera con Transnistria. Ucrania declaró que sólo importaría mercancías de Transnistria con documentos tramitados por las oficinas aduaneras moldavas , en el marco de la aplicación del protocolo aduanero conjunto acordado entre Ucrania y Moldavia el 30 de diciembre de 2005. Transnistria y Rusia calificaron la ley de "bloqueo económico".

Los Estados Unidos , la Unión Europea y la OSCE aprobaron la medida ucraniana, mientras que Rusia la consideró un medio de presión política. El 4 de marzo, Transnistria respondió bloqueando el transporte moldavo y ucraniano en las fronteras de Transnistria. El bloqueo de Transnistria se levantó después de dos semanas. Sin embargo, el bloqueo moldavo/ucraniano sigue en pie y frena el progreso de las negociaciones para el acuerdo sobre el estatus entre las partes. [102] En los meses posteriores a las regulaciones, las exportaciones de Transnistria disminuyeron drásticamente. Transnistria declaró una "catástrofe humanitaria" en la región, mientras que Moldavia calificó la declaración de "desinformación deliberada". [103] Se enviaron cargamentos de ayuda humanitaria desde Rusia en respuesta.

T-34 soviético de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Tiraspol

Presencia militar rusa en Transnistria

El acuerdo de alto el fuego de 1992 entre Moldavia y Transnistria estableció una presencia de "pacificadores" rusos en Transnistria y un contingente militar ruso de 1.200 miembros está presente en Transnistria. Las tropas rusas estacionadas en partes de Moldavia, excepto Transnistria, desde la época de la URSS se retiraron completamente a Rusia en enero de 1993.

En abril de 1995, el 14º Ejército de Guardias soviético se convirtió en el Grupo Operativo de las Fuerzas Rusas , que en la década de 2010 se había reducido a dos batallones y no más de 1.500 soldados.

On 21 October 1994, Russia and Moldova signed an agreement that committed Russia to the withdrawal of the troops in three years from the date of entry into force of the agreement;[104] this did not come into effect, however, because the Russian Duma did not ratify it.[19] The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) included a paragraph about the removal of Russian troops from Moldova's territory and was introduced into the text of the OSCE Summit Declaration of Istanbul (1999) in which Russia had committed itself to pulling out its troops from Transnistria by the end of 2002.[105] However, even after 2002, the Russian parliament did not ratify the Istanbul accords. On 19 July 2004, after it finally passed through parliament President Vladimir Putin signed the Law on the ratification of the CFE Treaty in Europe, which committed Russia to remove the heavy armaments limited by this Treaty.[106] During 2000–2001, although the CFE Treaty was not fully ratified, to comply with it, Moscow withdrew 125 pieces of Treaty Limited Equipment (TLE) and 60 railway wagons containing ammunition from the Transnistrian region of Moldova. In 2002, Russia withdrew three trainloads (118 railway wagons) of military equipment and two (43 wagons) of ammunition from the Transnistrian region of Moldova, and in 2003, 11 rail convoys transporting military equipment and 31 transporting ammunition. According to the OSCE Mission to Moldova, of a total of 42,000 tons of ammunition stored in Transnistria, 1,153 tons (3%) was transported back to Russia in 2001, 2,405 tons (6%) in 2002 and 16,573 tons (39%) in 2003.[citation needed]

Andrei Stratan, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Moldova, stated in his speech during the 12th OSCE Ministerial Council Meeting in Sofia on 6–7 December 2004 that "The presence of Russian troops on the territory of the Republic of Moldova is against the political will of Moldovan constitutional authorities and defies the unanimously recognized international norms and principles, being qualified by Moldovan authorities as a foreign military occupation illegally deployed on the territory of the state".[107][108] As of 2007 however, Russia insists that it has already fulfilled those obligations. It states the remaining troops are serving as peacekeepers authorised under the 1992 ceasefire, are not in violation of the Istanbul accords and will remain until the conflict is fully resolved.[109] On the other hand, Moldova believes that fewer than 500 soldiers are authorised pursuant to the ceasefire and, in 2015, began to arrest and deport Russian soldiers who are part of the excess forces and attempt to use Moldovan airports.[110]

Russian soldiers at the border between Transnistria and Moldova at Dubăsari

In a NATO resolution on 18 November 2008, Russia was urged to withdraw its military presence from the "Transdnestrian region of Moldova".[111]

In 2011, US Senator John McCain claimed in a visit to Moldova that Moscow is violating the territorial integrity of Moldova and Georgia and one of the "fundamental norms" of "international behavior".[112] On 21 May 2015, the Ukrainian parliament passed a law terminating five co-operation agreements with Russia. This law effectively terminates the "Agreement on transit of Russian military units temporarily located on the territory of the Republic of Moldova through the territory of Ukraine" dated 4 December 1998.[110][113]

One point of access for Russian soldiers travelling to Transnistria remains Chișinău International Airport and the short overland journey from there to Tiraspol. Over the years, Moldova has largely permitted Russian officers and soldiers to transit the airport on their way to Transnistria, though occasionally it blocked those that were not clearly identified as international peacekeepers or who failed to give sufficient advance notice. Chișinău Airport would likely only ever agree to the possibility of moving employees, officers, and soldiers of the stationed forces. The passage of soldiers of the 14th Guards Army would be illegal.[114]

On 27 June 2016, a new law entered in force in Transnistria, punishing actions or public statements, including through the usage of mass media, networks of information and telecommunications or the Internet, criticising the military mission of the Russian Army stationed in Transnistria, or presenting interpretations perceived to be "false" by the Transnistrian government of the Russian Army's military mission. The punishment is up to three years of jail for ordinary people or up to seven years of jail if the crime was committed by a person of responsibility or a group of persons by prior agreement.[115][better source needed]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Transnistria declared it would maintain its neutrality in the situation and denied claims that it would assist in the attack on Ukraine.[116]

During the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian military intelligence stated on 14 January 2022 that they had evidence that the Russian government was covertly planning false flag "provocations" against Russian soldiers stationed in Transnistria, which would be used to justify a Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Russian government denied the claims.[117] In that prelude, similar unattributed clashes happened in Donbas in February 2022: Ukraine denied being involved in those incidents and called them a false flag operation as well.[118]

On 15 March 2022, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe recognised Transnistria as a Moldovan territory occupied by Russia.[29]

On 14 April 2022, one of Ukraine's deputy defence ministers, Hanna Maliar, stated that Russia was massing its troops along the borders with Transnistria but the Transnistrian authorities denied it.[119] According to the Transnistrian authorities, on April 25 there was an attack on the premises of the Ministry for State Security and on the next day two transmitting antennas broadcasting Russian radio programs at Grigoriopol transmitter near the Ukrainian border were blown up.[120] The Moldovan authorities called these events a provocation aimed at destabilising the situation in the region. The Russian army has a military base, a large ammunition dump and about 1,500 soldiers stationed in Transnistria, stating that they are there as "peacekeepers".[120]

Since the invasion of Ukraine, Transnistria has lost its economic connections with Ukraine and has had to rely and become more dependent on Moldova and trade links to the EU, resulting in an intensification of dialogue and collaboration, such as the help provided to Ukrainian refugees.[121]

Law

The legislation of Transnistria is classified into several areas:

This area of legislation concerns the establishment of the Supreme Court, Arbitration Court, the Constitutional Court and the judicial and governmental system of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. It also concerns the establishment of the statuses of some government officials, such as Judges, Deputies of the Supreme Council and the Prosecutors' Office. It also establishes a commissioner for human rights, special legal regimes, citizenship law, This category also contains amendments to the constitutional order, and its procedure to make alterations to the constitution.

Military

Transnistrian soldiers in 2013

As of 2007, the armed forces and the paramilitary of Transnistria were composed of around 4,500–7,500 soldiers, divided into four motorised infantry brigades in Tiraspol, Bender, Rîbnița, and Dubăsari.[134] They have 18 tanks, 107 armoured personnel carriers, 73 field guns, 46 anti-aircraft installations, and 173 tank destroyer units.[135][136] The airforce is composed of 1 Mi-8T and 1 Mi-24 helicopter. Previous aircraft operated were Antonov An-26, Antonov An-2, and Yakovlev Yak-52 fixed wing and Mil Mi-2 and other Mi-8T and Mi-24 helicopters.[137]

Demographics

Demographic evolution in Transnistrian regions and the city of Tiraspol. Purple: Moldovans (Romanians), green: Ukrainians, blue: Russians.

2015 census

In October 2015, Transnistrian authorities organised another separate census from the 2014 Moldovan census.[138] According to the 2015 census, the population of the region was 475,373, a 14.5% decrease from the figure recorded in the 2004 census. The urbanisation rate was 69.9%. By ethnic composition, the population of Transnistria was distributed as follows: Russians – 29.1%, Moldovans – 28.6%, Ukrainians – 22.9%, Bulgarians – 2.4%, Gagauzians – 1.1%, Belarusians – 0.5%, Transnistrian – 0.2%, other nationalities – 1.4%. About 14% of the population did not declare their nationality. Also, for the first time, the population had the option to identify as "Transnistrian".[8]

According to another source, the largest ethnic groups in 2015 were 161,300 Russians (34%), 156,600 Moldovans (33%), and 126,700 Ukrainians (26.7%). Bulgarians comprised 13,300 (2.8%), Gagauz 5,700 (1.2%) and Belarusians 2,800 (0.6%). Germans accounted for 1,400 or 0.3% and Poles for 1,000 or 0.2%. Others accounted for 5,700 people or 1.2%.[139]

2004 census

In 2004, Transnistrian authorities organised a separate census from the 2004 Moldovan Census.[140] As per 2004 census, in the areas controlled by the PMR government, there were 555,347 people, including 177,785 Moldovans (32.1%) 168,678 Russians (30.4%) 160,069 Ukrainians (28.8%) 13,858 Bulgarians (2.5%) 4,096 Gagauzians (0.7%), 1,791 Poles (0.3%), 1,259 Jews (0.2%), 507 Roma (0.1%) and 27,454 others (4.9%).[141]

Of these, 439,243 lived in Transnistria itself, and 116,104 lived in localities controlled by the PMR government, but formally belonging to other districts of Moldova: the city of Bender (Tighina), the communes of Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chițcani, Cremenciug, and the village of Roghi of commune Molovata Nouă.

Moldovans were the largest ethnic group, representing an overall majority in the two districts in the central Transnistria (Dubăsari District, 50.2%, and Grigoriopol District, 64.8%) a 47.8% relative majority in the northern Camenca District, and a 41.5% relative majority in the southern (Slobozia District). In Rîbnița District they were a 29.9% minority, and in the city of Tiraspol, they constituted a 15.2% minority of the population.

As per last census, Russians were the second largest ethnic group, representing a 41.6% relative majority in the city of Tiraspol, a 24.1% minority in Slobozia, a 19.0% minority in Dubăsari, a 17.2% minority in Râbnița, a 15.3% minority in Grigoriopol, and a 6.9% minority in Camenca.

Ukrainians were the third largest ethnic group, representing a 45.41% relative majority in the northern Rîbnița District, a 42.6% minority in Camenca, a 33.0% minority in Tiraspol, a 28.3% minority in Dubăsari, a 23.4% minority in Slobozia, and a 17.4% minority in Grigoriopol. A substantial number of Poles clustered in northern Transnistria were Ukrainianised during Soviet rule.

Bulgarians were the fourth largest ethnic group in Transnistria, albeit much less numerous than the three larger ethnicities. Most Bulgarians in Transnistria are Bessarabian Bulgarians, descendants of expatriates who settled in Bessarabia in the 18th–19th century. The major centre of Bulgarians in Transnistria is the large village of Parcani (situated between the cities of Tiraspol and Bender), which had an absolute Bulgarian majority and a total population of around 10,000.

In Bender (Tighina) and the other non-Transnistria localities under PMR control, ethnic Russians represented a 43.4% relative majority, followed by Moldovans at 26.2%, Ukrainians at 17.1%, Bulgarians at 2.9%, Gagauzians at 1.0%, Jews at 0.3%, Poles at 0.2%, Roma at 0.1%, and others at 7.8%.

1989 census

At the census of 1989, the population was 679,000 (including all the localities in the security zone, even those under Moldovan control). The ethnic composition of the region has been unstable in recent history, with the most notable change being the decreasing share of Moldovan and Jewish population segments and increase of the Russian. For example, the percentage of Russians grew from 13.7% in 1926 to 25.5% in 1989 and further to 30.4% in 2004, while the Moldovan population decreased from 44.1% in 1926 to 39.9% in 1989 and 31.9% in 2004. Only the proportion of Ukrainians remained reasonably stable – 27.2% in 1926, 28.3% in 1989 and 28.8% in 2004.

Religion

Noul Neamț Monastery

PMR official statistics show that 92% of the Transnistrian population adhere to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with 4% adhering to Roman Catholicism.[143] Roman Catholics are mainly located in northern Transnistria, where a notable Polish minority lives.[144]

Transnistria's government has supported the restoration and construction of new Orthodox churches. It affirms that the republic has freedom of religion and states that 114 religious beliefs and congregations are officially registered. However, as recently as 2005, registration hurdles were met with by some religious groups, notably the Jehovah's Witnesses.[145] In 2007, the US-based Christian Broadcasting Network denounced the persecution of Protestants in Transnistria.[146]

Economy

Transnistria has a mixed economy. Following a large scale privatisation process in the late 1990s,[147] most of the companies in Transnistria are now privately owned. The economy is based on a mix of heavy industry (steel production), electricity production, and manufacturing (textile production), which together account for about 80% of the total industrial output.[148]

Transnistria's central bank, the Transnistrian Republican Bank

Transnistria has its own central bank, the Transnistrian Republican Bank, which issues its national currency, the Transnistrian ruble. It is convertible at a freely floating exchange rate but only in Transnistria.

Transnistria's economy is frequently described as dependent on contraband[149] and gunrunning.[150][151][152][better source needed] Some commentators, including Zbigniew Brzezinski, have even labelled it a mafia state.[153][154] These allegations are denied by the Transnistrian government, and sometimes downplayed by the officials of Russia and Ukraine.[155]

Economic history

After World War II, Transnistria was heavily industrialised, to the point that, in 1990, it was responsible for 40% of Moldova's GDP and 90% of its electricity,[156] although it accounted for only 17% of Moldova's population. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Transnistria wanted to return to a "Brezhnev-style planned economy".[157] However, several years later, it decided to head toward a market economy.

Tiraspol, capital of Transnistria

Macroeconomics

According to the government of Transnistria, the 2007 GDP was 6789 mln ruble (appx US$799 million) and the GDP per capita was about US$1,500. The GDP increased by 11.1% and inflation rate was 19.3% with the GDP per capita being $2,140, higher than the contemporaneous Moldovan GDP per capita of $2,040.[158] Transnistria's government budget for 2007 was US$246 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$100 million[159] that the government planned to cover with income from privatisations.[160] The budget for 2008 is US$331 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$80 million.[161]

In 2004, Transnistria had debts of US$1.2 billion (two-thirds are with Russia) that was per capita about six times higher than in Moldova (without Transnistria).[162] In March 2007 the debt to Gazprom for the acquisition of natural gas increased to US$1.3 billion. On 22 March 2007 Gazprom sold Transnistria's gas debt to the Russian businessman Alisher Usmanov, who controls Moldova Steel Works, the largest enterprise in Transnistria. Transnistria's president Igor Smirnov announced that Transnistria will not pay its gas debt because "Transnistria has no legal debt to Gazprom".[163][164] In November 2007, the total debt of Transnistria's public sector was up to US$1.64 billion.[161]

In the first half of 2023 the economic situation worsened with imports increasing 12% to $1.32 billion and exports falling by 10% to just $346m, the trade deficit of $970m, almost equal to the GDP of Transnistria in the whole of 2021, being financed by the non-payment of natural gas supplies from Russia.[165]

External trade

In 2020, the Transnistrian Customs reported exports of US$633.1 million and imports of US$1,052.7 million.[166] In the early 2000s over 50% of the export went to the CIS, mainly to Russia, but also to Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova (which Transnistrian authorities consider foreign).[147][148] Main non-CIS markets for the Transnistrian goods were Italy, Egypt, Greece, Romania, and Germany.[147] The CIS accounted for over 60% of the imports, while the share of the EU was about 23%. The main imports were non-precious metals, food products, and electricity.

After Moldova signed the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014, Transnistria – being claimed as part of Moldova – enjoyed the tariff-free exports to the EU. As a result, in 2015, 27% of Transnistria's US$189 million exports went to the EU, while exports to Russia went down to 7.7%. This shift towards the EU market continued to grow in 2016.[167]

From March 2022, with the Ukrainian border closed to Transnistria, all trade goods to and from Transnistria have needed to flow through Moldova, Transnistria now has to comply with Moldovan and EU standards when exporting products.[168] Transnistria reported on trade in the first half of 2023. 48% of exports were to the rest of Moldova, over 33% went to the EU and 9% to Russia. 68% of imports came from Russia, 14% from the EU and 7% from Moldova.[165]

In 2024 as a result of the free trade agreement between Moldova and the European Union, from which Transnistria also benefits, Moldova decided that imports/exports to/from Transnistria should be treated the same as imports/exports to/from Moldova, accordingly Transnistria importers wishing to import from/through Moldova must register and may, depending on the goods, be subject to taxes on imported goods, payable to Moldova.[169]

Economic sectors

The leading industry is steel, due to the Moldova Steel Works (part of the Russian Metalloinvest holding) in Rîbnița, which accounts for about 60% of the budget revenue of Transnistria.[100] The largest company in the textile industry is Tirotex, which claims to be the second largest textile company in Europe.[170] The energy sector is dominated by Russian companies. The largest power company Moldavskaya GRES (Cuciurgan power station) is in Dnestrovsc and owned by Inter RAO UES,[171] and the gas transmission and distribution company Tiraspoltransgas is probably controlled by Gazprom, although Gazprom has not confirmed the ownership officially. The banking sector of Transnistria consists of 8 commercial banks, including Gazprombank. The oldest alcohol producer KVINT, located in Tiraspol, produces and exports brandy, wines and vodka.

Education

Transnistria has kept to the Russian educational standards, mainly using the Russian curriculum.[172]

Higher education diplomas issued by Transnistrian authorities are not recognised by most countries, resulting in graduates being unable to obtain well-paid jobs in Moldova or Western countries, leaving Russia as the default location for students and graduates.[172]

Human rights

The human rights record of the Transnistrian authorities has been criticised by several governments and international organisations.[which?] The 2007 Freedom in the World report, published by the U.S.-based Freedom House, described it as a "non-free" territory, having an equally bad situation in both political rights and civil liberties.[173]

According to a 2006 U.S. Department of State report:[174]

The right of citizens to change their government was restricted ... Authorities reportedly continued to use torture and arbitrary arrest and detention ... In Transnistria authorities limited freedom of speech and of the press ... Authorities usually did not permit free assembly ... In the separatist region of Transnistria the authorities continued to deny registration and harassed a number of minority religious groups ... The separatist region remained a significant source and transit area for trafficking in persons ...

LGBT rights

Transnistria does not recognize same-sex unions. The Code of Marriage and Family that came into force in 2002 states that marriage is a voluntary marital union between a man and a woman. The code does not recognize other types of partnership for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples other than marriage.[175]

Media

There is a regular mix of modern news media in Transnistria with a number of television stations, newspapers, and radio stations.

According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) the media climate in Transnistria is restrictive and the authorities continue a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and groups.[176]

According to a US Department of State report for 2006, "Both of the region's major newspapers were controlled by the authorities. There was one independent weekly newspaper in Bender and another in the northern city of Rîbnița ... Separatist authorities harassed independent newspapers for critical reporting of the Transnistrian regime ... Most television and radio stations and print publication were controlled by Transnistrian authorities, which largely dictated their editorial policies and finance operations. Some broadcast networks, such as the TSV television station and the INTER-FM radio station, were owned by Transnistria's largest monopoly, Sheriff, which also holds a majority in the region's legislature ... In July 2005 the Transnistrian Supreme Council amended the election code to prohibit media controlled by the Transnistrian authorities from publishing results of polls and forecasts related to elections."[177]

Romanian-language schools

Welcome (Bine ați venit!) sign in Moldovan Cyrillic in Tiraspol. The Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by the Latin alphabet in 1989 in Moldova, but remains in use in Transnistria.

Public education in the Romanian language (officially called Moldovan language in Transnistria) is done using the Soviet-originated Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. The usage of the Latin script was restricted to only six schools. Four of these schools were forcibly closed by the authorities, for alleged refusal of the schools to apply for official accreditation.[178] These schools were later registered as private schools and reopened, a development which may have been accelerated by pressure from the European Union.[179]

The OSCE mission to Moldova has urged local authorities in the Transnistrian city of Rîbnița to return a confiscated building to the Moldovan Latin script school in the city. The unfinished building was nearing completion in 2004 when Transnistria took control of it during that year's school crisis.[180]

In November 2005 Ion Iovcev, the principal of a Romanian-language school in Transnistria and active advocate for human rights as well as a critic of the Transnistrian leadership, received threatening calls that he attributed to his criticism of the separatist regime.[177]

In August 2021, the Transnistrian government refused to register the Lucian Blaga High School at Tiraspol and forced it to suspend its activities for three months, which will affect the school year of the students of the school and constitutes a violation of several articles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[181]

Arms control and disarmament

Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the Russian 14th Army left 40,000 tons of weaponry and ammunition in Transnistria. In later years there were concerns[who?] that the Transnistrian authorities would try to sell these stocks internationally, and intense pressure was applied to have these removed by Russia.

In 2000 and 2001, Russia withdrew by rail 141 self-propelled artillery pieces and other armoured vehicles and destroyed locally, 108 T-64 tanks and 139 other pieces of military equipment limited by the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE). During 2002 and 2003 Russian military officials destroyed a further 51 armoured vehicles, all of which were types not limited by the CFE Treaty. The OSCE also observed and verified the withdrawal of 48 trains with military equipment and ammunition in 2003. However, no further withdrawal activities have taken place since March 2004 and a further 20,000 tons of ammunition, as well as some remaining military equipment, are still to be removed.

In the autumn of 2006, the Transnistrian leadership agreed to let an OSCE inspectorate examine the munitions and further access was agreed moving forward.

Recent weapons inspections were permitted by Transnistria and conducted by the OSCE. The onus of responsibility rests on Russia to remove the rest of the supplies.

Transnistrian authorities declared that they are not involved in the manufacture or export of weapons. OSCE and European Union officials stated in 2005 that there is no evidence that Transnistria "has ever trafficked arms or nuclear material" and much of the alarm is due to the Moldovan government's attempts to pressure Transnistria.[182]

In 2007, foreign experts working on behalf of the United Nations said that the historically low levels of transparency and continued denial of full investigations to international monitors have reinforced negative perceptions of the Transnistrian government, although recent co-operation by Transnistrian authorities may have reflected a shift in the attitude of Transnistria.[183] Their report stated that the evidence for the illicit production and trafficking of weapons into and from Transnistria, has in the past been exaggerated, although the trafficking of light weapons is likely to have occurred before 2001 (the last year when export data showed US$900,000 worth of 'weapons, munitions, their parts and accessories' exported from Transnistria). The report also states that the same holds true for the production of such weapons, which is likely to have been carried out in the 1990s, primarily to equip Transnistrian forces.

The OSCE mission spokesman Claus Neukirch spoke about this situation: "There is often talk about sale of armaments from Transnistria, but there is no convincing evidence".[184]

In 2010, Viktor Kryzhanivsky, Ukraine's special envoy on Transnistria, stated that there was no ongoing arms or drug trafficking through the Transnistrian section of the Ukrainian-Moldovan border at the time.[185]

Sport

Transnistria is notable for being home to the Sheriff Tiraspol football club, which in 2021 became the first team representing Moldova to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stage.[186] In 2022, UEFA blocked Sheriff from playing home games in Transnistria.[187]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Transnistria adopted a white-blue-red tricolor flag in 2017, which is almost identical to the flag of Russia[1] but with an aspect ratio of 1:2 instead of 2:3.
  2. ^ It is a matter of controversy whether Moldovans are the same as Romanians or a distinct ethnic group.
  3. ^ For other names, see the toponymy section

References

  1. ^ "В ПМР российский флаг разрешили использовать наравне с государственным" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 12 April 2017.
  2. ^ Smoltczyk, Alexander (24 April 2014). "Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 November 2018. The breakaway region has its own military, its own constitution, a national anthem (called "We Sing the Praises of Transnistria") and a symphony orchestra which is known abroad.
  3. ^ "On the situation of Russian schools in Moldova". OSCE. 14 July 2011.
  4. ^ "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR". U.S. English Foundation Research. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016.
  5. ^ "Russian language in Moldova could lose their status (Русский язык в Молдове может потерять свой статус)". KORRESPONDENT. 6 April 2013.
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Further reading

External links

46°50′N 29°37′E / 46.833°N 29.617°E / 46.833; 29.617