Intervención liderada por Arabia Saudita en la guerra civil yemení
Saudi war against Houthis in Yemen launched in 2015
El 26 de marzo de 2015, Arabia Saudita , al frente de una coalición de nueve países de Asia occidental y el norte de África, lanzó una intervención en Yemen a pedido del presidente yemení Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi , quien había sido expulsado de la capital, Saná , en septiembre de 2014 por insurgentes hutíes durante la guerra civil yemení. Los esfuerzos de las Naciones Unidas para facilitar un acuerdo de reparto del poder bajo un nuevo gobierno de transición fracasaron, lo que llevó a una escalada del conflicto entre las fuerzas gubernamentales, los rebeldes hutíes y otros grupos armados, que culminó con la huida de Hadi a Arabia Saudita poco antes de que comenzaran las operaciones militares en el país.
El primer mes de la intervención, cuyo nombre en código fue Operación Tormenta Decisiva ( árabe : عملية عاصفة الحزم , romanizado : Amaliyyat 'Āṣifat al-Ḥazm ), consistió en ataques aéreos contra los rebeldes hutíes y un bloqueo total [79] El 22 de abril, la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita declaró que había logrado sus objetivos iniciales y anunció la Operación Restaurando la Esperanza , que comprendería una "combinación de acción política, diplomática y militar" mientras continuaba "impidiendo que las milicias hutíes se movieran o emprendieran operaciones dentro de Yemen". [80] Posteriormente se desplegaron fuerzas terrestres en el país [81] como parte de una ofensiva más amplia contra los militantes hutíes y los leales al predecesor de Hadi, Ali Abdullah Saleh . [82] Debido al apoyo de Irán a estas facciones, el conflicto es ampliamente considerado como parte de un conflicto indirecto más amplio entre Arabia Saudita e Irán .
Egipto , Marruecos , Jordania , Sudán y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos han proporcionado fuerzas aéreas y terrestres, mientras que Kuwait , Qatar , Bahréin y Constellis han encabezado varias operaciones terrestres. Yibuti , Eritrea y Somalia abrieron su espacio aéreo, aguas territoriales y bases militares a las fuerzas de la coalición. [83] En distintas etapas, la intervención ha sido respaldada por Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Francia, Alemania y Canadá. Estados Unidos proporcionó inteligencia y apoyo logístico, como reabastecimiento aéreo y búsqueda y rescate de pilotos de la coalición derribados, [84] aceleró la venta de armas a los estados de la coalición, [85] y continuó los ataques contra AQAP. En 2016, se confirmó que funcionarios militares estadounidenses y británicos habían brindado asesoramiento y capacitación relacionados con los ataques aéreos liderados por Arabia Saudita en Yemen. [86] [87] [88]
La intervención ha recibido críticas internacionales generalizadas por matar a miles de no combatientes, destruir infraestructura civil e intensificar la crisis humanitaria de Yemen . [89] [23] Los académicos también disputan si viola el Artículo 2(4) de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas . [90] [91] [92] En 2019, el conflicto se informó como un "estancamiento militar", [93] y al año siguiente, Arabia Saudita declaró su primer alto el fuego unilateral. [94] [95] El 29 de marzo de 2022, la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita anunció que cesaría todas las hostilidades dentro de Yemen para facilitar las conversaciones políticas y los esfuerzos de mantenimiento de la paz; [96] Posteriormente, los funcionarios hutíes y saudíes iniciaron conversaciones de paz bilaterales mediadas por Omán bajo los auspicios de la ONU, y la mayoría de las restricciones a los bienes comerciales se levantaron en abril de 2023. [97] A partir de abril de 2024, las hostilidades abiertas han cesado en gran medida, aunque las negociaciones continúan debido a las complicaciones causadas por los ataques hutíes a los barcos del Mar Rojo desde octubre de 2023. [97]
Fondo
Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi , que contaba con el respaldo de Arabia Saudita y se presentó sin oposición como único candidato a la presidencia, ganó las elecciones yemeníes de 2012. [ 98] Desde agosto de 2014, los hutíes (o Ansar Allah), un movimiento chií zaidí y grupo militante respaldado por Irán , insatisfechos con las decisiones del gobierno de Hadi y la nueva constitución, organizaron protestas masivas que culminaron con su toma del gobierno yemení en 2015, declarando la victoria de la revolución y redactando una nueva constitución cuando el mandato del gobierno provisional de Hadi ya había expirado. Arabia Saudita y otros países denunciaron esto como un golpe de estado inconstitucional. [99] Los hutíes fueron apoyados por sectores de las fuerzas armadas yemeníes leales al expresidente Ali Abdullah Saleh , quien fue derrocado del poder como parte de los levantamientos de la Primavera Árabe de 2011 e irónicamente asesinado más tarde por sus aliados hutíes. [100] [101]
En septiembre de 2014, los combatientes hutíes capturaron Saná , derrocando al gobierno de Hadi. Poco después, se selló un acuerdo de paz (conocido como el "Acuerdo de Paz y Asociación") entre el gobierno de Hadi y los hutíes, pero ninguna de las partes lo cumplió. El acuerdo se redactó con la intención de definir un gobierno de poder compartido. Un conflicto sobre un proyecto de constitución resultó en que los hutíes consolidaran el control sobre la capital yemení en enero de 2015. Después de renunciar a su cargo junto con su primer ministro y permanecer bajo arresto domiciliario virtual durante un mes, Hadi huyó a Adén en el sur de Yemen en febrero. [102] [103] Al llegar a Adén, Hadi retiró su renuncia, diciendo que las acciones de los hutíes desde septiembre de 2014 habían equivalido a un "golpe de estado" en su contra. [104] [105] Para el 25 de marzo, las fuerzas que respondían a Saná se estaban acercando rápidamente a Adén , que Hadi había declarado como la capital temporal de Yemen. [106]
Durante la ofensiva hutí en el sur , Arabia Saudita inició una escalada militar en su frontera con Yemen. [107] En respuesta, un comandante hutí se jactó de que sus tropas contraatacarían cualquier agresión saudí y no se detendrían hasta haber tomado Riad , la capital saudí. [108]
El 25 de marzo, Hadi pidió al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas que autorizara a "los países que desean ayudar a Yemen a brindar apoyo inmediato a la autoridad legítima por todos los medios y medidas para proteger a Yemen y disuadir la agresión hutí". [109]
El ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Yemen, Riad Yassin , solicitó asistencia militar a la Liga Árabe el 25 de marzo, en medio de informes de que Hadi había huido de su capital provisional. [110] [111] El 26 de marzo, la estación de televisión estatal saudí Al-Ekhbariya TV informó que Hadi llegó a una base aérea de Riad y fue recibido por el ministro de Defensa saudí, Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud . Su ruta desde Adén a Riad no se conoció de inmediato. [112]
En una cumbre de la Liga Árabe celebrada en Sharm El-Sheikh (Egipto) los días 28 y 29 de marzo, el Presidente Hadi volvió a insistir en sus llamamientos a favor de una intervención internacional en los combates. Varios miembros de la Liga prometieron su apoyo al gobierno de Hadi durante esa reunión. [113] [114]
Después de más de siete años de hostilidades que dejaron miles de civiles muertos o heridos y devastaron Yemen , en marzo de 2023 se alcanzó un acuerdo sorpresa entre los rivales regionales Arabia Saudita e Irán. El acuerdo tenía como objetivo restablecer las relaciones diplomáticas que podrían poner fin a la guerra saudí en Yemen. Los expertos advirtieron que la guerra podría empeorar en lugar de terminar, si Arabia Saudita acepta poner fin a las operaciones militares. [115]
Operación Tormenta Decisiva
Según el medio de comunicación saudí Al Arabiya , Arabia Saudita contribuyó con 100 aviones de guerra y 150.000 soldados a la operación militar. Varias agencias de medios informaron que aviones de Egipto , Marruecos , Jordania , Sudán , Kuwait , los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Qatar y Bahréin estaban participando. [116] [117] [118] [43] [119] [120] [ citas excesivas ] Egipto había enviado previamente cuatro buques de guerra para apoyar el bloqueo naval saudí. [121]
La operación fue declarada finalizada el 21 de abril de 2015. [122]
Campaña aérea
Marzo de 2015
En marzo de 2015, en una declaración conjunta, los estados miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo (con excepción de Omán ) dijeron que habían decidido intervenir contra los hutíes a petición del gobierno de Hadi. [123]
La coalición declaró que el espacio aéreo yemení era un área restringida, y el rey Salman declaró que la RSAF tenía el control total de la zona . [43] Arabia Saudita comenzó los ataques aéreos, basándose al parecer en informes de inteligencia estadounidenses e imágenes de vigilancia para seleccionar y atacar objetivos, incluidas armas, aviones [124] en tierra y defensas aéreas. [125] Al Jazeera informó que Mohammed Ali al-Houthi , un comandante hutí designado en febrero como presidente del Comité Revolucionario , resultó herido y otros tres comandantes hutíes murieron por ataques aéreos en Saná. [126]
Los ataques del 26 de marzo también alcanzaron la base aérea de Al Anad , una antigua instalación de las fuerzas de operaciones especiales estadounidenses en la gobernación de Lahij, tomada por los hutíes a principios de la semana. [127] Según se informa, los objetivos incluían la base de misiles controlada por los hutíes en Saná y su depósito de combustible. [128] Los ataques durante la noche también tuvieron como objetivo a los hutíes en Taiz y Sa'dah . Miles de personas se manifestaron en Saná contra la intervención, que también condenó el expresidente Ali Abdullah Saleh . En Taiz, miles salieron en apoyo de Hadi y Arabia Saudita. [129]
El alcance de los ataques se amplió aún más el 27 de marzo, con una instalación de radar en la Gobernación de Marib y una base aérea en la Gobernación de Abyan siendo atacadas por aire. El comandante de la operación desestimó los informes de víctimas civiles, diciendo que los ataques aéreos se estaban llevando a cabo con precisión. [130] Ataques adicionales temprano al día siguiente alcanzaron objetivos en Al Hudaydah , Sa'dah y el área de Sanaʽa, así como la base principal de Ali Abdullah Saleh . Los rumores indicaban que Saleh huyó a Sanhan , en las afueras de la capital controlada por los hutíes. [131] Un funcionario del gobierno de Adén dijo que los ataques saudíes destruyeron una instalación de misiles de largo alcance controlada por los hutíes. [132]
Los hutíes afirmaron haber derribado un avión de la Fuerza Aérea sudanesa sobre el norte de Saná y haber capturado a su piloto el 28 de marzo. El gobierno sudanés negó que alguno de sus cuatro aviones de guerra hubiera sido atacado o derribado. [119] El día anterior, los hutíes afirmaron haber derribado un avión teledirigido saudí "hostil" en Saná. [133]
El 29 de marzo por la mañana, los ataques aéreos alcanzaron un depósito de armas, una base aérea militar y un cuartel general de las fuerzas especiales en Saná. Un depósito de armas en las afueras de Saná fue destruido, lo que causó daños a un aeropuerto y a los aviones en tierra. Sa'dah y Al Hudaydah también fueron atacados. El general de brigada Ahmed Asiri , portavoz de la coalición, dijo que se habían movilizado artillería saudí y helicópteros de ataque Apache para "disuadir" a los combatientes hutíes que se concentraban en la frontera con Arabia Saudita. [134]
El 30 de marzo, al menos 40 personas, incluidos niños, murieron y 200 resultaron heridas [135] en un ataque aéreo que alcanzó el campamento de refugiados de Al-Mazraq, cerca de una instalación militar en el distrito norteño de Haradh , según informaron organizaciones internacionales. Los ataques aéreos también alcanzaron zonas cercanas al palacio presidencial en Saná [136] , así como el Aeropuerto Internacional de Adén [137] .
El 31 de marzo, tres ataques de la coalición destruyeron el almacén de alimentos de la Corporación Económica del Yemen en Hodeidah. [138] Los ataques aéreos no se limitaron al territorio continental yemení. Los misiles alcanzaron viviendas en la isla de Perim , según los residentes que huyeron en barco a Yibuti . [139]
Abril de 2015
Destrucción en Saná tras un ataque aéreo el 20 de abril de 2015
Decenas de víctimas se produjeron el 1 de abril en una explosión en una fábrica de productos lácteos y aceite en Al Hudaydah , que se atribuyó a un ataque aéreo o a un cohete lanzado desde una base militar cercana. Fuentes médicas informaron de 25 muertos, mientras que el ejército del Yemen dijo que 37 personas murieron y 80 resultaron heridas. [140] Los ataques aéreos también alcanzaron objetivos en Sa'dah el 1 de abril. [141]
A pesar de los persistentes ataques aéreos, los hutíes y las unidades aliadas continuaron avanzando hacia el centro de Adén, respaldadas por tanques y artillería pesada. [142] [143] Los hutíes tomaron el palacio presidencial el 2 de abril, pero al parecer se retiraron después de ataques aéreos nocturnos a primera hora del día siguiente. [144] Los aviones de la coalición también lanzaron armas y ayuda médica a los combatientes pro-Hadi en Adén. [145]
El 5 de abril, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja anunció que había recibido permiso de la coalición para enviar suministros médicos y trabajadores humanitarios por avión a Saná y que estaba esperando permiso para enviar un equipo quirúrgico por barco a Adén . La coalición dijo que había creado un organismo especial para coordinar las entregas de ayuda al Yemen. [146]
El 6 de abril, los ataques aéreos comenzaron antes del atardecer y alcanzaron objetivos en el oeste de Saná, Sa'dah y la Gobernación de Ad Dali' , una ruta de suministro para los hutíes en la Batalla de Adén . [147]
El 7 de abril, los ataques aéreos alcanzaron una base de la Guardia Republicana en la Gobernación de Ibb , hiriendo a 25 soldados. Fuentes yemeníes afirmaron que tres niños de una escuela cercana murieron en el ataque [148] , mientras que seis resultaron heridos [149] .
El Parlamento de Pakistán votó en contra de una acción militar el 10 de abril, a pesar de una solicitud de Arabia Saudita para que se uniera a la coalición. [150]
El 12 de abril, los ataques aéreos lanzados contra la base de la 22ª Brigada de la Guardia Republicana Yemení en la Gobernación de Taiz alcanzaron tanto a la brigada como a una aldea cercana habitada por miembros de la comunidad minoritaria Al-Akhdam , matando a ocho civiles e hiriendo a más de diez. [151] El 17 de abril, tanto el portavoz de la coalición del CCG llamado por la emisora saudí Al-Ehkbariya TV como un comandante de los rebeldes pro-Hadi en el terreno dijeron que los ataques aéreos se habían intensificado, centrándose tanto en Saná como en Taiz. [152] Un ataque contra el Palacio Republicano en Taiz mató a 19 hombres armados pro-hutíes. [153]
Grupos etnoreligiosos en 2002. Los seguidores chiítas zaidíes representan entre el 35% y el 42,1% de los musulmanes en Yemen. [154]
Papel naval
Egipto y Arabia Saudita enviaron buques de guerra para apoyar las operaciones de la coalición. [155] Somalia ofreció su espacio aéreo y sus aguas territoriales. [83] Cuatro buques de la Armada egipcia navegaron hacia el Golfo de Adén después de que comenzaran las operaciones. [127] Riad solicitó acceso al espacio aéreo y las aguas somalíes para llevar a cabo operaciones. [156] El 27 de marzo, el ejército egipcio dijo que un escuadrón de buques de guerra egipcios y saudíes tomó posiciones en el estrecho de Bab al-Mandab . [130] El ejército saudí amenazó con destruir cualquier barco que intentara llegar a puerto. [157]
La Marina Real Saudita evacuó a diplomáticos y personal de las Naciones Unidas de Adén a Yeddah el 28 de marzo. [158]
Testigos dijeron a Reuters que buques de guerra egipcios bombardearon posiciones hutíes cuando intentaban avanzar sobre Adén el 30 de marzo. [159] Los buques de guerra volvieron a disparar contra posiciones hutíes en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Adén el 1 de abril o alrededor de esa fecha. [141]
El ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Yibuti, Mahmoud Ali Youssouf, dijo que los hutíes habían colocado armas pesadas y lanchas rápidas de ataque en Perim y una isla más pequeña en el estrecho de Bab al-Mandab. Advirtió que "la perspectiva de una guerra en el estrecho de Bab al-Mandab es real" y dijo que las armas planteaban "un gran peligro" para su país, el tráfico marítimo comercial y los buques militares. Pidió a la coalición que despejara las islas, que según dijo incluían misiles y cañones de largo alcance. [160]
El 4 de abril, el presidente egipcio, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, afirmó que la protección del transporte marítimo en el Mar Rojo y la seguridad de Bab al-Mandab eran "una prioridad máxima para la seguridad nacional de Egipto". [161]
El 15 de abril, el portavoz de la coalición, el general de brigada saudí Ahmed Al-Asiri, dijo que sus buques de guerra se estaban centrando en proteger las rutas de navegación y en controlar los barcos que se dirigían al puerto en busca de cargamentos destinados a los hutíes. [162]
La Armada estadounidense prestó apoyo al bloqueo naval, deteniendo y registrando buques sospechosos de transportar armas iraníes a los hutíes. [163] El 21 de abril, Estados Unidos anunció que estaba desplegando buques de guerra en aguas yemeníes para vigilar a los buques iraníes. [164] En particular, Estados Unidos observó un convoy de buques iraníes que, según las autoridades estadounidenses, podrían estar transportando armas a los combatientes hutíes en contravención de las sanciones de la ONU. [165] Estados Unidos informó de que el convoy iraní cambió de rumbo el 23 de abril. [166]
Enfrentamientos en el terreno
Sudán afirmó que estaba estacionando tropas terrestres en Arabia Saudita. [167] Las Fuerzas Especiales de la Fuerza de Defensa de Bahréin , Taskforce 11, también fueron desplegadas en Yemen. [168]
Entre el 31 de marzo y abril, las fuerzas saudíes y hutíes habrían intercambiado disparos de artillería y cohetes a través de la frontera entre Sudáfrica y Yemen. [137] [169] Un guardia fronterizo saudí murió el 2 de abril, la primera baja confirmada de la coalición en la campaña. [170] A esto le siguieron otros dos soldados que murieron al día siguiente. [171] Un camionero egipcio murió a causa de los bombardeos hutíes. [172]
El 12 de abril, miembros de la tribu Takhya lanzaron un ataque contra una base saudí después de que varios de sus miembros murieran en un ataque aéreo. Se llevaron armas y municiones. [174] [175] [176]
El 19 de abril, cuando el líder hutí Abdul-Malek El-Houthi acusó a Sudáfrica de planear una invasión del Yemen, [177] Asiri afirmó que las fuerzas de la coalición tenían información sobre una incursión hutí planeada en Sudáfrica. [178]
Un guardia fronterizo saudí murió el 19 de abril y otros dos resultaron heridos por disparos y bombardeos de mortero al otro lado de la frontera. [179]
El 21 de abril de 2015, el Ministerio de Defensa saudí declaró que ponía fin a la campaña de ataques aéreos porque había "eliminado con éxito la amenaza" a su seguridad que representaban las armas pesadas y balísticas de los hutíes. [180] Anunció el inicio de una nueva fase denominada Operación Restaurando la Esperanza. [181] En un discurso televisado, Hadi dijo que el fin de los ataques aéreos había llegado a petición suya y agradeció a la coalición árabe por su apoyo. [182]
Más temprano ese día, el Rey Salman ordenó a la Guardia Nacional Saudita unirse a la operación militar. [183] Los ataques aéreos y navales continuaron a pesar del anuncio de que Tormenta Decisiva había terminado.
Tanto el Gobierno de Omán [184] como el de Irán [182] [185] manifestaron su satisfacción por el fin de los ataques aéreos. El 22 de abril, Omán presentó a ambas partes un acuerdo de paz de siete puntos. El tratado de paz propuesto implicaba la reinstauración del Gobierno de Hadi y la evacuación de los combatientes hutíes de las principales ciudades. [184]
Intervención externa
El 8 de mayo, Arabia Saudita anunció un alto el fuego de cinco días que comenzaría el 12 de mayo, [186] tras una fuerte presión de los EE. UU. [187] Más tarde ese mismo día, los aviones saudíes lanzaron panfletos en la Gobernación de Saada advirtiendo de ataques aéreos en toda la zona. [188] El portavoz hutí Mohamed al-Bukhaiti dijo más tarde a la BBC que el alto el fuego no había sido propuesto formalmente y que los hutíes no responderían hasta que se estableciera un plan adecuado. [189] Un portavoz del ejército alineado con los hutíes anunció el acuerdo con el plan de alto el fuego el 10 de mayo, aunque advirtió que una violación de la tregua provocaría una respuesta militar. [190]
El 13 de mayo, las agencias humanitarias dijeron que estaban tratando de hacer llegar ayuda al Yemen después de que el martes por la noche entrara en vigor un alto el fuego de cinco días. Los barcos que transportaban suministros humanitarios atracaron en el puerto de Hudaydah, en el Mar Rojo , controlado por los hutíes , mientras que los aviones estaban preparados para ayudar a evacuar a los heridos. [191] Mientras tanto, el rey Salman duplicó la promesa de ayuda de su país al Yemen a 540 millones de dólares, fondos que, según la ONU, "satisfarían las necesidades de protección y salvamento de 7,5 millones de personas afectadas". [192]
Ataques aéreos
Cuando se anunció la operación, los líderes de la coalición enfatizaron que su campaña intentaría una solución política y que continuarían con el bloqueo aéreo y naval. [193] Los ataques aéreos se reanudaron casi inmediatamente después del anuncio de la coalición sobre el fin de la Operación Tormenta Decisiva. [194]
El 22 de abril, los ataques aéreos continuaron en Taiz , donde una base del ejército fue atacada poco después de que los combatientes hutíes tomaran el control de ella, [195] y Adén, donde un ataque aéreo tuvo como objetivo tanques hutíes que se dirigían a un distrito en disputa, [196] entre otros lugares, como Al Hudaydah e Ibb . [197] Los hutíes continuaron luchando por el territorio, [195] y un portavoz hutí dijo que el grupo estaría preparado para las conversaciones de paz con la condición de "un cese completo de los ataques". La ronda anterior de conversaciones patrocinadas por la ONU colapsó después de que los rebeldes hutíes atacaran la residencia de Hadi en Saná. [198]
El 26 de abril, las fuerzas de la coalición atacaban casi todas las noches lo que describieron como objetivos militares hutíes en Saná y Adén y en otros lugares, en particular en la provincia de Saada, cerca de la frontera con Arabia Saudita. [199] [200] El 26 de abril, después de medianoche, los ataques aéreos alcanzaron posiciones y objetivos hutíes y pro-Saleh en Saná, Adén y las gobernaciones de Marib y Ad Dali' y sus alrededores , respaldando a los combatientes antihutíes en las últimas tres localidades, con más de 90 rebeldes muertos, según se informa. [201] Los buques de guerra de la coalición bombardearon a los combatientes cerca del puerto comercial de Adén. Los aviones de guerra saudíes también atacaron a los hutíes en la gobernación de Saada, mientras que la artillería saudí disparó contra objetivos en la gobernación de Hajjah a lo largo de la frontera. [202] La Guardia Nacional Saudita estaba desplegada en la frontera. [203]
El 28 de abril, el Aeropuerto Internacional de Saná fue bombardeado [204] por cazas saudíes F-15 para impedir que un avión iraní [205] perteneciente a la Sociedad de la Media Luna Roja Iraní (MLRI) aterrizara cuando se aproximaba a tierra. Los cazas habían advertido al avión que diera la vuelta, en un intento infructuoso de impedir su aterrizaje, pero el piloto iraní hizo caso omiso de las "advertencias ilegales" y dijo que, sobre la base del derecho internacional, su avión no necesitaba más permiso para aterrizar. [206]
En la noche del 6 de mayo de 2015, la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita llevó a cabo 130 ataques aéreos en Yemen en un período de 24 horas. En un primer momento, el portavoz de la coalición, Ahmed Asiri, admitió que los ataques se dirigían a escuelas y hospitales, pero afirmó que se utilizaban como lugares de almacenamiento de armas. Asiri afirmó más tarde que sus palabras habían sido mal traducidas. El coordinador humanitario de las Naciones Unidas para Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw, dijo que estos bombardeos constituían un crimen de guerra . "El bombardeo indiscriminado de zonas pobladas, con o sin previo aviso, es una contravención del derecho internacional humanitario", dijo. Continuó diciendo que estaba especialmente preocupado por los ataques aéreos en Saada "donde, según se informa, decenas de civiles murieron y miles se vieron obligados a huir de sus hogares después de que la coalición declarara que toda la gobernación era un objetivo militar". [207]
El ministro de Asuntos Exteriores saudí, Adel al-Jubeir, anunció un alto el fuego de cinco días en Yemen, el 8 de mayo de 2015.
El CICR y Médicos Sin Fronteras (MSF) dijeron que estaban sumamente preocupados por los daños sufridos por los aeropuertos de Saná y la ciudad portuaria de Hodeidah . [210]
Durante la noche del 29 y 30 de abril, se informó de que las SA habían lanzado armas desde el aire a los combatientes antihutíes en Taiz. [212]
El 30 de abril, cinco provincias sufrieron ataques aéreos. [212] Nuevos ataques aéreos alcanzaron SIA, deteniendo por completo las entregas de ayuda. [213]
Un ataque aéreo en Saná, el 11 de mayo de 2015
El 6 de mayo, los ataques aéreos de la coalición tuvieron como objetivo el Centro de Entrenamiento de la Policía en la Gobernación de Dhamar , dañando casas cercanas [214], mientras tanto la autoridad de aviación civil anunció que reabriría el aeropuerto para recibir ayuda. [215]
Según testigos presenciales, en la madrugada del 10 de mayo, la coalición lanzó ataques aéreos contra las casas de Saleh en Saná. Khabar, una agencia de noticias yemení aliada de Saleh, afirmó que el expresidente y su familia resultaron ilesos. [216]
El gobierno marroquí dijo el 10 de mayo que uno de sus aviones General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon que participaba en la campaña aérea desapareció en acción sobre Yemen, junto con su piloto. [217] Los hutíes se atribuyeron la responsabilidad, y la televisión estatal yemení transmitió un informe sobre el derribo del avión por milicias tribales sobre la Gobernación de Sa'dah y mostró imágenes de los restos. [218]
El 18 de mayo, se informó de que los ataques aéreos dirigidos por Arabia Saudí se reanudaron contra las posiciones de los hutíes después de que expirara el alto el fuego humanitario el domingo por la noche. Tres ataques aéreos de la coalición alcanzaron Sa'ada el lunes. El ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Yemen, Riyadh Yassin, en el exilio, culpó al grupo rebelde por la reanudación de las hostilidades. Al-Arabiya dijo que las fuerzas saudíes bombardearon los puestos avanzados de los hutíes a lo largo de la frontera norte de Yemen después de que los combatientes dispararan morteros contra un puesto del ejército saudí en la provincia de Najran. [219]
El 23 de mayo, la OCHA informó de que continuaban los ataques aéreos en las provincias septentrionales de Sa'ada (Baqim, Haydan, Saqayn y As Safra) y Hajjah (distritos de Abs, Hayran, Haradh, Huth, Kuhlan Affar y Sahar). Según se informó, la carretera que une los distritos de Haradh y Huth fue atacada. También se informó de ataques aéreos en la provincia de Al Jawf (distrito de Bart Al Anan). [220]
El 27 de mayo, ataques aéreos alcanzaron una comisaría de policía en la capital, Saná , y mataron a 45 agentes. [221] El Ministerio de Salud, controlado por los hutíes, anunció que, en total, 96 personas murieron.
El 3 de junio, la residencia de un dirigente hutí en la provincia de Ibb fue alcanzada por un ataque aéreo, según testigos presenciales. [222]
Destrucción en el sur de Saná (12 de junio de 2015)
El 12 de junio, aviones saudíes bombardearon el casco antiguo de Saná, declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO , matando al menos a seis personas y destruyendo algunos de los edificios antiguos. La Directora General de la UNESCO, Irina Bokova, dijo en un comunicado que estaba "profundamente consternada por la pérdida de vidas humanas, así como por los daños infligidos a una de las joyas más antiguas del paisaje urbano islámico". Los habitantes de la zona también condenaron la acción. [223]
El 23 de septiembre de 2015, la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí destruyó una fábrica de cerámica en la ciudad de Matnah. Un civil murió y otros resultaron heridos. Según la BBC, se cree que la bomba fue fabricada en el Reino Unido por GEC-Marconi Dynamics. [224] El propietario de la fábrica, Ghalib al-Sawary, dijo a la BBC: "La construimos durante 20 años, pero destruirla sólo llevó veinte minutos". [225] Los activistas dicen que este ataque fue una violación de las leyes de la guerra.
El 26 de octubre de 2015, Médicos Sin Fronteras informó de que un ataque aéreo de la coalición había destruido por completo un hospital que dirigían en la gobernación de Haydan, en la provincia de Saada, incluido el quirófano. Cuando el primer ataque alcanzó una parte no utilizada del hospital, las instalaciones fueron completamente evacuadas, por lo que no hubo víctimas directas. Un portavoz de las fuerzas de la coalición, el general de brigada Ahmed al-Asiri , negó la responsabilidad del ataque. [226] "Con el hospital destruido, al menos 200.000 personas no tienen ahora acceso a la atención médica que les salve la vida", afirmó MSF. "Este ataque es otra ilustración de la total indiferencia hacia los civiles en Yemen, donde los bombardeos se han convertido en una rutina diaria", afirmó Hassan Boucenine, jefe de misión de MSF en Yemen. Las coordenadas GPS del único hospital del distrito de Haydan se compartían regularmente con la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí, y el tejado de las instalaciones estaba claramente identificado con el logotipo de MSF, afirmó. [227] UNICEF afirmó que el hospital de Saada era el 39º centro de salud atacado en Yemen desde marzo, cuando se intensificó la violencia. "Es posible que en Yemen mueran más niños por falta de medicinas y atención sanitaria que por balas y bombas", afirmó su director ejecutivo, Anthony Lake , en una declaración. Añadió que la grave escasez de combustible, medicamentos, electricidad y agua podría hacer que muchos más cerraran. Amnistía Internacional afirmó que el ataque podría constituir un crimen de guerra y pidió una investigación independiente. [228] [229]
En febrero de 2016, los saudíes bombardearon la antigua ciudadela de Kawkaban, matando a siete civiles. [230]
El 8 de octubre de 2016, los ataques aéreos liderados por Arabia Saudita tuvieron como objetivo un salón en Saná donde se estaba celebrando un funeral. Al menos 140 personas murieron y unas 600 resultaron heridas. Según The Independent , un rescatista dijo: "El lugar se ha convertido en un lago de sangre". [231] Después de negar inicialmente que estuviera detrás del ataque, el Equipo de Evaluación de Incidentes Conjuntos de la Coalición admitió que había bombardeado el salón, pero afirmó que este ataque había sido un error causado por mala información. [232] Después de este ataque, el portavoz de seguridad nacional de EE. UU. dijo que el gobierno de EE. UU. estaba "profundamente perturbado" por el bombardeo y agregó que el apoyo de EE. UU. a la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita "no era un cheque en blanco". Agregó que "hemos iniciado una revisión inmediata de nuestro apoyo ya significativamente reducido a la Coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita". [231] El coordinador humanitario de las Naciones Unidas en Yemen, Jamie McGoldrick, dijo que estaba "conmocionado e indignado" por el "horrible" bombardeo. "Esta violencia contra los civiles en Yemen debe cesar", afirmó. [231]
En la noche del 15 de febrero de 2017, la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí bombardeó un funeral cerca de Saná. Los informes iniciales sugieren que el bombardeo mató a nueve mujeres y un niño y que otras diez mujeres resultaron heridas. "La gente oyó el sonido de los aviones y empezó a correr desde la casa, pero entonces las bombas impactaron directamente en la casa. El techo se derrumbó y había sangre por todas partes", dijo un residente del pueblo a un camarógrafo de la agencia de noticias Reuters. [233]
Una explosión en un almacén el domingo 7 de abril de 2019, en Saná, mató al menos a 11 civiles, incluidos niños de la escuela, y dejó a más de 39 personas heridas. La agencia de noticias Associated Press dijo que 13 personas murieron, incluidos 7 niños, y más de 100 resultaron heridas. Según Al Jazeera y funcionarios hutíes, los civiles murieron en un ataque aéreo de la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita. [234] La coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita negó que se produjeran ataques aéreos ese día en Saná. La agencia de noticias estatal en Adén, alineada con el gobierno reconocido internacionalmente, dijo que los rebeldes habían almacenado armas en el almacén. Según The Washington Post , "algunas familias y residentes del distrito de Sawan dijeron que la explosión ocurrió después de que estallara un incendio dentro del almacén. Dijeron que un incendio envió columnas de humo blanco al aire, seguidas de la explosión". Sus relatos fueron confirmados por varios videos filmados por transeúntes. [235] [236]
Pérdidas de aeronaves
Lucha transfronteriza
Combate terrestre
El 3 de abril, CNN citó a una fuente saudí anónima que afirmó que las fuerzas especiales saudíes estaban sobre el terreno en Adén y sus alrededores , "coordinando y guiando" la resistencia. [237] El gobierno saudí se negó oficialmente a comentar si tenía fuerzas especiales , y el embajador saudí en los Estados Unidos, Adel al-Jubeir, dijo el 2 de abril que Arabia Saudita no tenía tropas "formales" en Adén. [173]
La batalla de Adén llegó a su fin cuando las fuerzas pro-Hadi tomaron nuevamente el control del puerto de Adén y avanzaron hacia el centro comercial de la ciudad. [238] [239] El 22 de julio, las fuerzas pro-Hadi habían recuperado el control total de Adén y el aeropuerto de Adén fue reabierto. A fines de julio, una ofensiva lanzada por fuerzas pro-Hadi expulsó a las fuerzas hutíes de las ciudades vecinas de Adén. [128]
El 4 de septiembre, un misil OTR-21 Tochka hutí impactó en un depósito de municiones en una base militar en Safer, en la provincia de Marib, matando a 52 soldados de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, 10 de Arabia Saudí y 5 de Bahréin. Las fuerzas de la coalición estaban construyendo la base de Safer para avanzar contra Saná. [240] [241] [242] "Fue el ataque más mortífero contra soldados de la coalición desde el inicio de su operación contra los rebeldes hutíes en marzo", dijo Asseri. [243] El ataque fue la mayor pérdida de víctimas en la historia del ejército de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. [244] Qatar desplegó 1.000 tropas en Yemen después del incidente. [245]
El 8 de septiembre se informó que las fuerzas lideradas por Arabia Saudita desplegadas en Yemen superaban los 10.000 soldados e incluían 30 helicópteros de ataque AH-64 Apache . [246]
El 19 de diciembre de 2015, se informó de enfrentamientos que dejaron más de 40 rebeldes hutíes y 35 leales al gobierno muertos, y docenas de heridos en ambos bandos. [251]
En junio de 2018, fuerzas antihutíes lideradas por Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos atacaron el puerto de Hudaydah , [252] en un esfuerzo por desalojar a las fuerzas hutíes. [253]
Participación naval
Estimación de las necesidades de combustible en Yemen e importaciones mensuales de combustible [254] [255] [256] [257]
Arabia Saudita enfrentó crecientes críticas por el bloqueo naval y aéreo liderado por Arabia Saudita, que efectivamente aisló al país. [258]
Una "fuente militar y milicianos pro-Hadi" dijeron a la AFP el 26 de abril que buques de guerra de la coalición estaban participando en el bombardeo de Adén. [259]
El 30 de abril, la marina iraní anunció que había desplegado dos destructores en el Golfo de Adén para "garantizar la seguridad de los buques comerciales de nuestro país frente a la amenaza de los piratas", según un contralmirante. [260] Según la misma fuente, el despliegue estaba previsto que durara hasta mediados de junio. El viceministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Irán, Hossein Amir-Abdollahian , dijo a la agencia de noticias estatal Tasnim que "no se permitirá que otros pongan en riesgo nuestra seguridad compartida con aventuras militares". [261]
Escala y participación de los miembros de la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita
Pakistán fue convocado por Arabia Saudita a unirse a la coalición, pero su parlamento votó para mantener la neutralidad. [262] En febrero de 2016, Constellis (comúnmente conocida como Blackwater, llamada Academi en ese momento) se retiró de sus tareas de primera línea en la campaña de Yemen. [ 11] Qatar fue suspendido de la coalición debido a la crisis diplomática de Qatar de 2017. [263] Marruecos puso fin a su participación en 2019 debido al deterioro de las relaciones entre Marruecos y Arabia Saudita [264] seguido por los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en julio de 2019 en medio de posibles tensiones con Irán en el Golfo Pérsico y diferencias con Arabia Saudita. [4] Sudán anunció su decisión de reducir el compromiso de tropas de 15.000 a 5.000 a principios de diciembre de 2019. [265]
Informes de crímenes de guerra
La campaña liderada por Arabia Saudita ha recibido críticas generalizadas y ha tenido un efecto dramático en el empeoramiento de la situación humanitaria en Yemen, que alcanzó el nivel de "desastre humanitario" [23] o "catástrofe humanitaria". La guerra ha contribuido a la hambruna en Yemen , que ha amenazado a más de 17 millones de personas, según la ONU, así como a un brote de cólera que ha infectado a cientos de miles. [89] [267] [268]
Después de que la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita declarara toda la Gobernación de Saada como objetivo militar en mayo de 2015, el Coordinador Humanitario de la ONU para Yemen y Human Rights Watch expresaron su preocupación por que los bombardeos en esa zona estuvieran dañando innecesariamente a civiles. [269] [270] El 1 de julio de 2015, la ONU declaró para Yemen una emergencia de "nivel tres" (el nivel de emergencia más alto de la ONU) por un período de seis meses. [271] [272] Los grupos de derechos humanos culparon repetidamente a la coalición militar liderada por Arabia Saudita de matar civiles y destruir centros de salud y otras infraestructuras con ataques aéreos. [273]
En junio de 2015, las agencias de ayuda dijeron que el bloqueo de facto de Yemen había empeorado dramáticamente la situación humanitaria, con un 78% (20 millones) de la población con necesidad urgente de alimentos, agua y asistencia médica. Se permite el ingreso de barcos de ayuda, pero la mayor parte del transporte marítimo comercial, del que depende el país, está bloqueado. [274] En un incidente, los aviones de la coalición impidieron que un avión de la Media Luna Roja iraní aterrizara bombardeando la pista del Aeropuerto Internacional de Saná , lo que bloqueó la entrega de ayuda por aire. [275]
Protesta contra la intervención militar en Yemen el 14 de agosto de 2020
Según Farea Al-Muslim , durante el conflicto se cometieron crímenes de guerra directos; por ejemplo, un campo de desplazados internos fue alcanzado por un ataque aéreo saudí, mientras que los hutíes a veces impidieron que los trabajadores humanitarios prestaran ayuda. [276] La ONU y grupos de derechos humanos discutieron la posibilidad de que Arabia Saudita haya cometido crímenes de guerra durante la campaña aérea. [277]
El representante estadounidense Ted Lieu ha criticado los ataques liderados por Arabia Saudita en Yemen: "Algunos de estos ataques me parecen crímenes de guerra, y quiero obtener respuestas sobre por qué Estados Unidos parece estar ayudando a la ejecución de crímenes de guerra en Yemen". [278]
En marzo de 2017, Human Rights Watch (HRW) informó que "desde el inicio del conflicto actual, al menos 4.773 civiles han muerto y 8.272 han resultado heridos, la mayoría por ataques aéreos de la coalición... Human Rights Watch ha documentado 62 ataques aéreos aparentemente ilegales de la coalición, algunos de los cuales pueden constituir crímenes de guerra, que han matado a casi 900 civiles, y ha documentado siete ataques indiscriminados de las fuerzas Houthi-Saleh en Adén y Taizz que mataron a 139 personas, incluidos al menos ocho niños". [279]
En un informe de abril de 2020, Human Rights Watch afirmó que los crímenes de guerra cometidos por Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en Yemen no se mencionan. Afirmaron que estos países eran responsables de la mayoría de las muertes de niños y de los ataques ilegales a las escuelas. [280] El 3 de diciembre de 2020, más de 60 organizaciones instaron a la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas a establecer un órgano de investigación para reunir y preservar pruebas de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos durante los siete años de conflicto en Yemen, incluidos posibles crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad. [281]
El 20 de diciembre de 2021, la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí llevó a cabo ataques aéreos en el aeropuerto internacional de la capital yemení, Saná . Como resultado de estos ataques aéreos, los vuelos de ayuda de las Naciones Unidas a Saná se detuvieron porque el aeropuerto ya no podía recibir aviones operados por las Naciones Unidas ni por organizaciones humanitarias internacionales. Desde 2016, los vuelos humanitarios al aeropuerto de Saná se han visto interrumpidos en gran medida por un bloqueo liderado por Arabia Saudí. [282]
Según un informe de Relief Web, publicado el 13 de diciembre de 2022, los hutíes, junto con la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, han utilizado armas explosivas en zonas densamente pobladas del Yemen durante todo el conflicto. El informe detalla al menos diez incidentes de este tipo en los que los hutíes provocaron daños a civiles a causa de ataques llevados a cabo por la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. [283] [284]
El 21 de agosto de 2023, The Washington Post [285] informó que las fuerzas de seguridad saudíes mataron a cientos de migrantes y solicitantes de asilo etíopes que intentaban cruzar la frontera del país con Yemen, según Human Rights Watch. Los saudíes presuntamente dispararon contra personas a quemarropa y dispararon armas explosivas contra grupos en las montañas, en lo que podría constituir crímenes contra la humanidad.
Ataques a instalaciones gestionadas por organizaciones de ayuda
Desde que la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí inició operaciones militares contra Ansar Allah el 26 de marzo de 2015, los ataques aéreos de la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudí han golpeado ilegalmente hospitales y otras instalaciones gestionadas por organizaciones de ayuda, según Human Rights Watch. [286] Las instalaciones médicas de Médicos Sin Fronteras (MSF) en Yemen fueron atacadas cuatro veces en tres meses. [287] El 26 de octubre de 2015, HRW documentó seis ataques aéreos liderados por Arabia Saudí que bombardearon un hospital de MSF en el distrito de Haydan (gobernación de Sa'dah), hiriendo a dos pacientes. [286] [287] [288] La directora de operaciones de MSF, Raquel Ayora, dijo: "La forma en que se está librando la guerra en Yemen está causando un enorme sufrimiento y demuestra que las partes en conflicto no reconocen ni respetan el estatus de protección de los hospitales y las instalaciones médicas. Somos testigos de las devastadoras consecuencias de esto en las personas atrapadas en zonas de conflicto a diario. No se ha escatimado nada, ni siquiera los hospitales, a pesar de que las instalaciones médicas están explícitamente protegidas por el derecho internacional humanitario". [287]
La respuesta de Arabia Saudita a las acusaciones
El 16 de mayo de 2016, el general de brigada Ahmed Hassan Asiri respondió a las acusaciones de Human Rights Watch, afirmando que las acciones de Arabia Saudita no están motivadas por intereses personales, sino más bien "porque vimos a la población socavada y oprimida por las milicias". [289] Ahmed Asiri afirmó que Human Rights Watch no tenía un equipo sobre el terreno en Yemen, y cuando Mary Louise Kelly le dijo durante una entrevista que Human Rights Watch había visitado Yemen, afirmó "No. Nadie puede entrar en Yemen sin el permiso de la coalición". [289]
Human Rights Watch respondió a estas declaraciones el 16 de mayo de 2016. Belkis Wille declaró: "De hecho, este viaje de dos semanas fue el cuarto que hice a Yemen desde el comienzo de la guerra en marzo de 2015. Teniendo en cuenta lo que tengo que hacer para entrar en Yemen, la declaración de Al-Assiri fue ridícula". [290] Afirmó que en cada una de sus visitas a Yemen durante este período le confiscaron el pasaporte sin que le dieran ninguna razón. Afirma que esto indica que la coalición sabe que está visitando Yemen. [290]
Tras negar inicialmente su responsabilidad, el 15 de octubre de 2016 Arabia Saudita admitió su responsabilidad por los ataques aéreos durante el funeral que mataron al menos a 140 personas e hirieron a 525. [291] Las fuerzas de Arabia Saudita atribuyeron los ataques aéreos a "información errónea" proporcionada por una parte anónima, que supuestamente había afirmado que el funeral era un objetivo legítimo. [291] Human Rights Watch ha afirmado que los ataques aéreos probablemente constituyen un crimen de guerra, debido a la naturaleza indiscriminada del ataque. [292]
Víctimas totales de ataques aéreos
Apoyo y financiación extranjeros
Los Eurofighter Typhoon suministrados por el Reino Unido a Arabia Saudita están desempeñando un papel central en la campaña de bombardeos liderada por Arabia Saudita en Yemen. [389]La Armada de los Estados Unidos ha participado activamente en el bloqueo naval liderado por Arabia Saudita , [390] que, según las organizaciones humanitarias, ha sido el principal factor que ha contribuido al estallido de hambruna en Yemen . [391]
En marzo de 2015, el presidente Barack Obama declaró que había autorizado a las fuerzas estadounidenses a proporcionar apoyo logístico y de inteligencia a los saudíes en su intervención militar en Yemen. [392] El subsecretario de Estado Antony Blinken dijo que "como parte de ese esfuerzo, hemos acelerado las entregas de armas, hemos aumentado nuestro intercambio de inteligencia y hemos establecido una célula de planificación de coordinación conjunta en el centro de operaciones saudí". [393]
Las potencias de la OTAN, como el Reino Unido y los Estados Unidos, apoyan la intervención liderada por Arabia Saudita en Yemen principalmente a través de la venta de armas y asistencia técnica. [394] Francia también había realizado ventas militares recientes a Arabia Saudita. [ 395] La coordinadora de emergencias de MSF, Karline Kleijer, calificó a los EE. UU., Francia y el Reino Unido como parte de la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita, que impuso el embargo de armas y bloqueó la entrada de todos los barcos a Yemen con suministros. [396] Los grupos de derechos humanos han criticado a los países por suministrar armas y acusan a la coalición de utilizar municiones de racimo , que están prohibidas en la mayoría de los países. [397] Oxfam señaló que Alemania, Irán y Rusia también habrían vendido armas a las fuerzas en conflicto. [398] Tariq Riebl, jefe de programas en Yemen para Oxfam, dijo que "es difícil argumentar que un arma vendida a Arabia Saudita no se usaría de alguna manera en Yemen" o "si no se usa en Yemen, permite al país usar otras armas en Yemen". [394] Amnistía Internacional instó a Estados Unidos y al Reino Unido a dejar de suministrar armas a Arabia Saudita y a la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita. [399] El 3 de agosto de 2019, un informe de las Naciones Unidas dijo que Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido y Francia podrían ser cómplices de la comisión de crímenes de guerra en Yemen al vender armas y brindar apoyo a la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita, a la que acusó de utilizar el hambre de civiles como táctica de guerra. [400] [401]
En 2016, el gobierno de Estados Unidos vendió armas por valor de 1.300 millones de dólares a Arabia Saudita, a pesar de las preocupaciones de los funcionarios de que podría ser cómplice de crímenes de guerra por su apoyo a la coalición liderada por Arabia Saudita en Yemen. Los abogados del gobierno estadounidense no pudieron concluir si el apoyo de Estados Unidos a la coalición los convertía en cobeligerantes según el derecho internacional. [402]
Según se informa, las ventas de armas del Reino Unido a Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en 2019 se dispararon en 1.000 millones de libras, es decir, un 300%, en comparación con las cifras de 2018. Andrew Smith, de la Campaña contra el Comercio de Armas, condenó el aumento y criticó a la industria armamentística del Reino Unido por estar dominada por violadores de los derechos humanos y dictaduras. Los aviones de combate fabricados en el Reino Unido han sido acusados de causar daños catastróficos en Yemen . [403] Según las cifras oficiales publicadas por el Departamento de Comercio Internacional (DIT), el Reino Unido ha exportado armas por valor de 11.000 millones de libras en 2019, convirtiéndose en el segundo mayor exportador de armas después de Estados Unidos. El Reino Unido comerció con armas a pesar de un fallo judicial de junio de 2019 que detuvo la venta de armas a Arabia Saudita que pudieran usarse en Yemen. [404]
In January 2020, the State Department told lawmakers that it was planning to permit Raytheon to sell precision-guided missiles worth $478 million to Saudi Arabia and expand its manufacturing inside the country, despite the kingdom's human rights record and objections by both Democratic and Republican lawmakers.[405] On February 4, 2021, the new US President Joe Biden announced an end to the U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen.[406] However, U.S. arms sales have continued.[407][408]
In early June 2020, the French government published a report on the arms exports of 2019, where the sale of €1.4 billion arms was made to Saudi Arabia. Human Rights Watch urged the French authorities to halt any arms sale to Saudi, considering the country is accused in possible war crimes and human rights abuses in Yemen.[409] In July 2020, Amnesty International revealed that France had promoted a private military center to train Saudi troops and backed it both financially and politically. According to the report, France intended to train the Saudi soldiers in the operations of the latest versions of weapons that had already been used in the Yemeni conflict. The training center has been set up at the town of Commercy in Meuse with funds extracted from the French taxpayer's money, violating international treaties, as per Lebel.[410][411]
In September 2020, a United Nations panel listed Canada among the countries who contributed to fueling the war in Yemen. Following that, 39 human rights organizations, arms-control groups and labor unions, including the Public Service Alliance of Canada, sent a joint letter to the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, urging for the country to end arms exports to Saudi Arabia.[412]
The Saudi-led coalition used a precision-guided munition developed in the United States in an air hit on a detention facility in Sa'adah, northwestern Yemen, that killed at least 80 people and injured over 200, according to Doctors Without Borders. The laser-guided bomb used in the raid was made by Raytheon, a US defence company.[413]
Following a spate of missile assaults by Yemeni rebels, the US will deploy a guided-missile destroyer and cutting-edge fighter jets to help defend the United Arab Emirates, according to a US statement released Wednesday, February 2, 2022.[414]
The commander of US Central Command arrived in the United Arab Emirates on Sunday, February 6, 2022, to expand on previous Pentagon announcements to assist the UAE in bolstering its defenses following attacks in Yemen by Iranian-backed rebels.[415]
In a June 2022 joint analysis, the Washington Post in association with Security Force Monitor at Columbia Law School's Human Rights Institute (SFM) reported that the United States supported the majority of the Saudi-led coalition's airforce squadrons. A large portion of the coalition airstrikes were carried out by aircraft developed, maintained and sold by U.S. companies, and were flown by pilots trained by the U.S. military. Out of the 39 air force units of the coalition that could have conducted airstrikes, 38 likely benefited by U.S. approved contracts and in the seven years since the beginning of the bombing campaign, the U.S. approved 213, out of the 902 total contracts, that potentially served the coalition's airforce units.[416][417]
On 7 June 2022, an internal report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) was released which concluded that the United States' State Department and the Defense Department had failed to properly assess war crimes allegations against the Saudi-led coalition and had not adequately tracked civilians deaths caused by American-made weapons. The report concluded that there were serious gaps in U.S. government oversight on how arms sold to Saudi Arabia and the UAE were used.[418]
Yemeni citizen, Ayman Mohammed Saleh Al-Sanabani filed a lawsuit against Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the US State Department, the US Department of Defense, Raytheon, Lockheed Martin and general Dynamics, alleging them of human rights abuses in Yemen. In an opinion article on The Guardian in March 2023, he said his family, including his bride, were massacred on his wedding day in a missile attack by Saudi and the UAE in October 2015. Ayman Mohamed also accused the US of the tragedy and war crimes in Yemen. He said the US and its defense contractors of complicity in the humanitarian crisis in Yemen. He also called on the Joe Biden to fulfill his campaign promise and stop the arms sales to Saudi Arabia.[419]
Operation costs
In December 2015, David Ottaway, a senior scholar at the Wilson Center in Washington, estimated the Saudi-led military coalition was spending $200 million a day on military operations in Yemen. His sources speculate that the Saudis are supplying most of the funding.[420]
On 20 October 2020, State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Seco) published a report that Swiss companies exported war material to the value of almost 690 million francs. According to this report Saudi Arabia, currently involved in a conflict in Yemen bought war material from Switzerland for 3.8 million francs.[421]
Responses
In Yemen
Opposition
Yemen's former president Ali Abdullah Saleh was initially allied with Houthis, until they assassinated him on accounts of treason.
Following the call by the leader of the Houthi movement, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, tens of thousands Yemenis of various socioeconomic backgrounds took to the streets of the rebel-controlled capital, Sanaʽa, to voice their anger at the Saudi intervention.[422]
On 21 April 2015, representatives of 19 Yemeni political parties and associations rejected UN Resolution 2216, stating that it encouraged terrorist expansion, intervened in Yemen's sovereign affairs, violated Yemen's right of self-defence and emphasized the associations' support of the Yemeni Army.[423][424]
On 23 April, a spokesman for the Houthis said UN-sponsored peace talks should continue, but only following "a complete halt of attacks" by the coalition.[425]
In a televised address on 24 April, Saleh called on the Houthis and other armed groups to withdraw from the territory they had seized and participate in UN-sponsored peace talks, in exchange for an end to the air campaign.[426] Exiled Yemeni Foreign Minister rejected the peace proposal saying that Saleh had no role in the talks.[427]
On 26 April, the General Authority for Archeology and Museums in Yemen condemned attacks targeting historical sites. The statement highlighted an attack that completely destroyed an ancient fortress in the Damt District of the Ad Dali' Governorate.[428] Yemeni political parties issued a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon requesting that he continue the peace talks. The letter emphasized that Yemen was still under attack by air, land and sea and that the existing blockade was increasing the humanitarian crisis and that education had been denied for 3 million students due to the "random attacks".[429]
On 2 May 2015, the Yemenis Forum of Persons With Disability stated that 300 centres and organizations had been forced to stop operations following the intervention. The organization denounced the air and sea blockade that "increased the suffering of the disabled greatly".[430] The same day Hussein al-Ezzi, the Houthi head of foreign relations, sent a letter addressed to Secretary General Ban seeking an end to the "unjustified Saudi aggression".[431] He asked the UN to seek an end to what Houthis described as blatant aggression against the country.[432]
On 7 May, 17 humanitarian agencies stressed that life-saving aid would run out in a week and emphasized the need to remove the existing blockade. The International Non-Government Organizations Forum in Yemen appealed for allowing basic materials to enter the country immediately.[433]
On 10 May, Houthi military spokesman Sharaf Luqman welcomed the Russian initiative, which advocated a suspension of military operations and also lifting the blockade.[434]
On 26 March 2017, the second anniversary of the war, over a hundred thousand Houthi supporters demonstrated in Sanaa protesting the Saudi aggression and expressing solidarity.[435]
Anti-Houthi groups, especially Sunnis, while supporting the intervention did not wish for the return to power of Hadi, since they viewed him as the man "who ceded control of the capital without a fight six months ago".[436]
On 3 April, the Al-Islah party, the Yemeni branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, declared its support for the campaign.[437] Supporters of the party reportedly suffered consequences, including kidnappings and raids, as a result of this declaration.[438][439]
On 26 April, the foreign minister in Hadi's government, Riad Yaseen, rejected Saleh's calls for UN-sponsored peace talks on the ground.[440]
Saudi Arabia
Opposition
On 5 April a firefight broke out between anti-government Shiite rioters and security forces in Saudi Arabia's Shiite-minority in Eastern Province, with one police officer killed and three others injured.[441] The firefight broke out after calls in the Eastern Province to protest against the military intervention.[442]
On 29 April, King Salman dismissed his appointed crown prince, Muqrin of Saudi Arabia. Some regional political analysts speculated that the decision was precipitated by Muqrin's alleged opposition to the intervention. Salman appointed Muhammad bin Nayef, who publicly announced his support of the operation, to replace Muqrin.[443][444]
Support
On 21 April, Saudi prince Al-Waleed bin Talal reportedly offered 100 Bentleys to participating pilots. The announcement was met with substantial criticism.[445]
Among the general populace, the war was popular.[446]
Other coalition countries
Bahrain
On 3 April Bahrainis protested against the war on Yemen.[447] A prominent Bahraini opposition politician, Fadhel Abbas, was reportedly arrested by Bahraini authorities for condemning the bombing as "flagrant aggression".[448]
Kuwaiti politician Abdul-Hamid Dashti reportedly criticized the war and described it as an "act of aggression".[450] A prominent Kuwaiti lawyer, Khalid Al Shatti, was summoned by Kuwaiti authorities for his criticism of the Saudi government.[451]
On 28 April, Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah stated that the only solution to the Yemen crisis was political.[452]
International
Foreign Ministers of the U.S., the U.K., Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, before a working dinner focused on Yemen, 19 July 2016
The Arab League, United States, Turkey, OIC and Hamas voiced support for the intervention,[453][454][455][456] but the European Union, Russia[457] and the United Nations criticised it.[458][459][460] The United Kingdom, and France supported the intervention,[461] and along with Canada have supplied the Saudi military with equipment.[462][463][464]
Iran condemned intervention as "US-backed aggression".[465]Iran's U.N. Ambassador Gholamali Khoshroo said that "those who violate international law, including international humanitarian law, should be held accountable for their acts and there should be no room for impunity."[466] Iraqi Prime Minister Haidar al-Abadi expressed the Iraqi government's opposition to the intervention: "This (Yemen war) can engulf the whole region in another conflict. We don't need another sectarian war in the region."[467] The Hezbollah secretary general criticized Saudi Arabia and its allies, saying "all invaders end up being defeated".[468]
The Chinese foreign ministry expressed in January 2016 its support for the intervention and the Hadi government, while stressing its desire for a resumption of stability in Yemen.[469]
Somalia's government blamed the Saudi-led coalition for the killing of at least 42 Somali refugees off the Yemeni coast. Somali Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khaire called the attack on a boat carrying refugees "atrocious" and "appalling".[369]
Protesters against the US-backed Saudi-led war on Yemen were led away and handcuffed by New York police outside the US mission to the UN on 11 December 2017.
Asian countries including China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan, moved within days to evacuate their citizens from Yemen.[470][471][472][473]
On 4 April, the ICRC called for a 24-hour humanitarian ceasefire after the coalition blocked three aid shipments to Yemen.[474] Russia also called for "humanitarian pauses" in the coalition bombing campaign, bringing the idea before the United Nations Security Council in a 4 April emergency meeting.[475] Saudi Arabia's UN ambassador raised questions over whether humanitarian pauses are the best way of delivering humanitarian assistance.[476] On 7 April, China renewed calls for an immediate ceasefire.[477]
On 10 April, the Pakistani Parliament declined a Saudi Arabian request to join the coalition. The Parliament clarified the wish to maintain a neutral diplomatic stance.[478]
On 16 April a group of US and UK-based Yemen scholars wrote an open letter, stating that the operation was illegal under international law and calling for the UN to enforce an immediate ceasefire.[479]
On 19 April, international aid agency Oxfam condemned SA over airstrikes it said hit one of its warehouses containing humanitarian supplies in Saada.[480]
Aid groups came out against the air campaign: Amnesty International said some of the coalition's airstrikes "appear to have failed to take necessary precautions to minimize harm to civilians and damage to civilian objects".[481]Reporters without Borders condemned a strike in Sanaa on 20 April that caused the deaths of four employees of Al-Yemen Al-Youm TV and injured ten others; it also condemned attacks on journalists by pro-Houthi forces.[482]
On 4 May the UN called on the coalition to stop attacking Sanaa Airport to allow delivery of humanitarian aid.[483] On 10 May the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen stated that the attacks on Saada province were in breach of international law.[484] On 29 June, Secretary General Ban Ki-moon denounced a coalition airstrike that had hit a UN compound in Aden the previous day and requested a full investigation.[485]
Human Rights Watch criticized the UN Security Council repeatedly for "remaining almost silent on coalition abuses".[273][266][486] In January 2016 an unpublished United Nations panel investigating the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen uncovered "widespread and systematic" attacks on civilian targets in violation of international humanitarian law, calling UN Security Council up for an international commission of inquiry.[487][488][489] Saudi Arabia had previously objected to an inquiry being set up,[487][490] and had not been supported by Western governments.[491][492][493][494]
In February 2016 the Secretary-General of the UN (UNSG) Ban Ki-moon raised strong concerns over continued Saudi-led airstrikes, saying that "coalition air strikes in particular continue to strike hospitals, schools, mosques and civilian infrastructures" in Yemen. He urged States that are signatories to the Arms Trade Treaty to "control arms flows to actors that may use them in ways that breach of international humanitarian law".[495][496]
In June 2016, Ban Ki-moon removed a Saudi-led coalition from a list of children's rights violators,[497] saying that Saudi Arabia threatened to cut Palestinian aid and funds to other UN programs if coalition was not removed from blacklist for killing children in Yemen. According to one source, there was also a threat of "clerics in Riyadh meeting to issue a fatwa against the UN, declaring it anti-Muslim, which would mean no contacts of OIC members, no relations, contributions, support, to any UN projects, programs".[498]
In September 2016, British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson was accused of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen.[499]
In April 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron voiced support for the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen and defended France's arms sales to the Saudi-led coalition.[500] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[464]
Bahri Abha – the Saudi Arabian ship arrived on 10 December 2019, at the Sagunto, Valencia port, where they were faced by Spanish Control Arms campaign organizations. Since the beginning of the Yemen war, the same ship has reportedly ferried $162 million worth of US-made arms to the kingdom. The organizations of the likes of Amnesty International, FundiPau, Greenpeace and Oxfam Intermón have objected to the shipment of arms from Spanish port.[501]
On June 15, 2020, Secretary-General of the UN, António Guterres, removed the Saudi-led coalition from a list of children's rights violators despite continued grave violations against children in Yemen.[502]
On 12 November 2021, in opposition to Saudi Arabia's offensive operations in the Yemen civil war, Rep. Ilhan Omar introduced a joint resolution to block the sale of $650 million US weapons to the Kingdom. The weapons sale was authorized by the Biden administration and was expected to include 280 missiles, 596 LAU-128 Missile Rail Launchers, and other equipment. Omar said in a statement, "It is simply unconscionable to sell weapons to Saudi Arabia while they continue to slaughter innocent people and starve millions in Yemen, kill and torture dissidents, and support modern-day slavery."[503]
On 28 December 2021, The Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen, Hans Grundberg, raised an alarm about the safety of civilians in the war-torn Yemen given the escalating violence, including airstrikes carried out by the Saudi-led coalition. According to his statement, airstrikes on Sanaa resulted in loss of civilian lives, and damage to the country's infrastructure. He also underlined that violations of international humanitarian and human rights law cannot continue with impunity.[504]
On 29 July 2022, the United Nations' Committee against Torture issued its findings on the United Arab Emirates after review of the States party. In the session, the committee expressed concerns regarding the country's inhuman practices despite compliance of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. In its finding, the committee issued concerns about allegations of torture and maltreatment against the UAE-led armed forces, related non-state armed groups, and state security agencies in the Yemen war and fight against terrorism. The committee announced a special onus on the probe and prosecution of the allegations of offenses concerning torture and ill-treatment in the said situations and demanded for a viable pathway to be introduced for the victims in order for them to seek redress, justice and rehabilitation.[505]
On 29 January 2021, Italy blocked the arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which ranked biggest arms importers for Italian weapons. The decision from late prime minister Matteo Renzi cited heavy humanitarian crises in Yemen, in which the UAE and Saudi-led coalition were involved. Renzi had agreed sales of approximately 20,000 missiles worth are 400 million euros, the supply of which were also blocked.[506] However, Italy lifted the embargo on arms sales to the UAE, on 17 April 2023.[507] A month after, Italy also lifted the embargo on arms sales to Saudi Arabia, on 31 May 2023.[508]
Al-Qaeda and Islamic State
Both al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Islamic State had a presence in Yemen before the Saudi-led intervention. AQAP had controlled substantial pieces of territory for some time, while Islamic State claimed for twin bombings in Sanaa the following month that killed 140 people and injured hundreds more.[509]
The two radical groups have used the conflict to expand and consolidate, an obvious fact accepted by the Pentagon.[510] The Houthis disengaged fighting AQAP to face rival Yemeni militias at the same time as they were being hit by coalition air strikes;[510][511] A source indicates that Yemeni troops in the south remained in their bases instead of confronting al-Qaeda militants, fearing Saudi air strikes on any troop movements.[512] There are questions about the ability of the country to confront its Islamist militancy problem due to the major infrastructure damage caused by the war.[512]
Within weeks of the commencement of the Yemen's civil war, AQAP had exploited the chaos to capture the south-eastern port city of Mukalla,[513] along with nearby military, transport, and economic infrastructure.[510] A series of prison breaks by al-Qaeda—they emptied Mukalla's jail of 300 prisoners and emptied 1,200 inmates in June 2015 from the central prison in Taiz—released jailed jihadists of all ranks.[514][515] Reports indicate that Yemen's prisons had, in preceding years, reportedly become "de facto jihadi academies", as veteran militants were placed in cells alongside young, regular criminals.[512]
The coalition campaign against the Houthis in Yemen's city of Aden in July 2015 and subsequent chaos increased AQAP and Islamic State presence in the city.[516] Residents of Aden faced a wave of bombings and shootings that prevented efforts at stabilization.[517] AQAP conducted assassinations of judges, security officials, and police.[518]
On 26 August 2015, Bob Semple, a British petroleum engineer who was kidnapped and held as a hostage by Al Qaeda in Yemen was freed by the UAE armed forces after 18 months of captivity.[519]
At the start of February 2016, AQAP recaptured Azzan, an important commercial city in Shabwa province.[520] A few weeks later, al-Qaeda fighters and Saudi-led coalition forces were seen fighting a common target; the Houthis.[32]But the situation is different in Aden, the AQAP/ISIS and pro-Hadi that were fighting a common enemy in Taiz are enemies in Aden. On 29 February 2016, a suicide car killed 4 pro-Hadi troops in Shiek Othman district in Aden, the city that Hadi uses as a temporary capital.[521]
The United Arab Emirates has spearheaded an active role against fighting AQAP and ISIL-YP presence in Yemen through a partnership with the United States.[522] In April 2016, UAE armed forces assisted Yemeni forces in retaking the city of Mukalla from AQAP during the Battle of Mukalla.[523][524] In August 2017, the UAE armed forces assisted a Yemeni army offensive against AQAP in Shabwah Governorate.[525]
In an Op-Ed in The Washington PostYousef Al Otaiba, the UAE ambassador to the United States, described that the intervention has reduced AQAP presence in Yemen to its weakest point since 2012 with many areas previously under their control liberated.[526] The ambassador declared that more than 2,000 militants have been removed from the battlefield, with their controlled areas now having improved security and a better delivered humanitarian and development assistance such as to the port city of Mukalla and other liberated areas.[526] An Associated Press investigation outlined that the military coalition in Yemen actively reduced AQAP in Yemen without military intervention, instead by offering them deals and even actively recruiting them in the coalition because "they are considered as exceptional fighters".[527] UAE Brigadier General Musallam Al Rashidi responded to the accusations by stating that Al Qaeda cannot be reasoned with and cited that multiple of his soldiers have been killed by them.[528] The UAE military stated that accusations of allowing AQAP to leave with cash contradicts their primary objective of depriving AQAP of its financial strength.[529] The notion of the coalition recruiting or paying AQAP has been thoroughly denied by the United States Pentagon with Colonel Robert Manning, spokesperson of the Pentagon, calling the news source "patently false".[530] The governor of Hadramut Faraj al-Bahsani, dismissed the accusations that Al Qaeda has joined with the coalition rank, explaining that if they did there would be sleeper cells and that he would be "the first one to be killed". According to The Independent, AQAP activity on social media as well as the number of terror attacks conducted by them has decreased since the Emirati intervention.[529]
In January 2019, CNN stated that Saudi Arabia and the UAE provided al-Qaeda linked groups in Yemen with US-made military equipment including vehicles.[531][532]
On 25 June 2019, Saudi special forces announced that they captured the leader of the ISIL-YP, Abu Osama al-Muhajer, on the 3 June along with other members including the chief financial officer of the organization.[533]
In April 2020, Yemeni journalist Salah Bin Laghbar revealed documents showing cooperation between Saudi-led coalition and al-Qaeda in Yemen; "An official document from the al-Humiqani tribe warns Saudi-led coalition against sending weapons to terrorist organizations through the Al-Rashad Party, Muslim Brotherhood and terrorist Abdul Rahman Abu al-Harith al-Humiqani, who is affiliated with Daesh."[534]
Other effects
Registration of Indian citizens evacuating from Yemen, March 2015
On 25 March 2015, Gulf Air, the Bahraini flag carrier airline announced the immediate suspension of service to Sanaʽa.[535]Somali airlines such as Daallo Airlines and Jubba Airways also encountered difficulties, as they were unable to fly over Yemen after its airspace became restricted.[536] On 15 April 2015, Turkish Airlines suspended all Yemen flights until 1 June.[537]
Following Hadi's request, the administration of the Egypt-based Nilesat and Saudi-based Arabsat, two satellite communication companies, stopped broadcasting Yemeni state-run television channels that had fallen under Houthi control. The channels included Al-Yemen, Al-Eman, Saba News Agency and Aden TV. Armed Houthis closed down the Sanaʽa offices of four media outlets, including Al Jazeera, Yemen Shabab and Suhail channels, as well as Al-Masdar's newspaper and website. Al-Saeeda channel was also stormed, but was allowed to remain open on the condition it not broadcast anti-Houthi material. Houthi Political Office member Mohammad Al-Bukhaiti said the channels were closed for supporting the coalition.[538]
King Salman replaced his half-brother Muqrin as crown prince with Muhammad bin Nayef and named his son Mohammed bin Salman as defence minister, and then-Ambassador to the United States Adel al-Jubeir as foreign minister. Some reports linked the cabinet reshuffle to the war.[539][540] At least one political analyst suggested that Muqrin was not supportive of the military intervention, and that this cost him his position.[541] Prince Muqrin's Yemeni Lineage was pointed out as another possible cause.[542]
The exiled Yemeni government sent a request to the UN, asking for foreign troops on the ground.[543]
On 19 June 2015, WikiLeaks announced the intention of releasing over 500,000 Saudi diplomatic documents to the internet. In its statement, WikiLeaks referred to a recent electronic attack on the Saudi Foreign Ministry by a group calling itself the Yemen Cyber Army, but did not indicate whether they passed the documents to WikiLeaks.[544]
Peace efforts
Cease fire talks
On 15 May 2015, new UN envoy to Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed proposed peace talks in Geneva. Rebel spokesman Hamed al-Bokheiti said the Houthis were willing to hold talks in any "neutral" country.[545] Five days later the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon announced that peace talks would be held in Geneva starting on 28 May and urged all parties to participate.[546] Houthi rebels reiterated their support for the talks while exiled government officials said they would participate only if the Houthi's withdrew from occupied cities.[547]
On 26 May, Ban announced that the peace talks were to be postponed indefinitely after exiled Yemeni officials refused to attend until rebels withdrew from all occupied cities.[548] On 6 June the UN announced that peace talks would take place on 14 June[549] Both the exiled officials and the Houthi group confirmed their attendance.[326]
15–19 June 2015 talks
Secretary-General Ban called for a "humanitarian pause" during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Peace talks between the exiled government and the Houthis concluded in Geneva without reaching a ceasefire.[550][551]
Ramadan peace agreement
On 4 July 2015, Houthi spokesman Mohammed Abdul Salam said in a post on his Facebook page that he had met Ahmed on Friday to discuss a Ramadan truce. The US and EU announced their support for a humanitarian truce.[552]
On 9 July, the UN announced an unconditional truce between 10 July until the end of Eid ul Fitr on 17 July. The Special Envoy to Yemen assured the agreement of all warring factions.[553] The truce was interrupted within an hour by airstrikes.[554] Coalition spokesman later added that the coalition was not bound by the truce and that any truce would be counterproductive.[555] It later added that it was not requested to pause by the exiled Yemeni Government.[556]
Further peace talks
On 8 September 2015, Vice News revealed a leaked email by UN Envoy to Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed. In it, the envoy confirms that Houthi rebels and the party of former president and Houthi ally Ali Abdullah Saleh have expressed willingness to accept—with some reservations—a UN Security Council resolution, approved in April. This demanded the rebels "withdraw their forces from all areas they have seized, including the capital, Sanaa". "AA/GPC agreed to a new wording on UNSC resolution 2216 that states unequivocally that they are committed to the implementation of 2216 (see document attached) with the exception of article which infringe on Yemeni sovereignty and those related to sanctions," wrote Ould Cheikh Ahmed, referring to Ansar Allah (AA)—another name for the Houthis—and Saleh's General People's Congress party (GPC). "In addition, the new text includes acceptance of the return of the current government for a period of 60 days during which a government of national unity shall be formed," wrote the envoy in the email. According to Ould Cheikh Ahmed, during talks, the Houthis gave ground on certain language, including "mandatory support by the international community for reconstruction that was in the earlier version". "The latter was particularly opposed by KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and GCC Gulf Cooperation Council who did not want it to be interpreted as a form of mandatory compensation," added the UN envoy.[557]
On 10 September, UN Envoy to Yemen announced that all parties had agreed to peace talks. A statement from Hadi's office following a meeting on the issue of new talks affirmed the president's "complete support for the sincere efforts exerted by the special envoy". It urged Ahmed to "exert efforts to achieve the public and honest commitment on the part of the Houthis and Saleh" to implement 14 April council resolution unconditionally.[558] On 13 September, the exiled Yemeni government announced that it would no longer participate in the peace talks.[559]
2016 talks
On 18 April, peace talks aimed at ending Yemen's civil war that were set to begin faltered before they could start, when delegates representing Yemen's Houthi rebels refused to attend.[560]
On 20 April, talks convened, based on UN Security Council resolution 2216 which called for the Houthi fighters to withdraw from areas they seized since 2014 and hand heavy weapons back to the government.[561]
On 6 August, the UN special envoy to Yemen, Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, announced the suspension in Kuwait, where the talks were being held. He said that the negotiations were not a failure and that they would resume in a month at an undisclosed location. Mr. Ahmed is the second United Nations envoy to try to broker peace talks between the Houthis and other factions in Yemen since March 2015. His predecessor quit after similar peace talk efforts failed. After the breakdown of the talks, one of the Houthi negotiators, Nasser Bagazgooz, blamed the United Nations envoy for seeking what he said amounted to a military solution on behalf of the Saudi-led coalition.[562] Previous negotiations floated the idea of forming a unity government—composed of Houthi and former Hadi government leaders. But the exiled Hadi leaders have consistently rejected any deal that would diminish their power over Yemen, and the Houthis have said that they will reject any deal that does not give them a seat at the table.[563][564][565]
November ceasefire
The Saudi-led military coalition and Houthis (Ansar Allah) arrived at a swift ceasefire agreement effective 17 November 2016, as a result of efforts of US Secretary of State John Kerry and Omani dignitaries.[566]
2020 ceasefire in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
After the United Nations urged both sides to pursue peace talks in order to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen,[567] Saudi-led coalition spokesman Turki Al-Maliki announced a unilateral ceasefire beginning 9 April at noon, to support efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic.[568] However, despite pledging ceasefire in Yemen, Saudi-led coalition carried out dozens of airstrikes in the span of a week. The Yemen Data Project stated that at least 106 Saudi-led airstrikes, across 26 raids in Yemen had been carried out by the Kingdom in just one week.[569] On July 2, coalition fighter jets launched scores of airstrikes on several Yemeni provinces. The operation was a response to ballistic missile and drone launchings by the Houthis against Saudi Arabia.[570] Both sides stepped up their attacks in September.[571]
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External links
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