Immorality is the violation of moral laws, norms or standards. It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be wrong.[1][2] Immorality is normally applied to people or actions, or in a broader sense, it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies, and works of art.
Callicles and Thrasymachus are two characters of Plato's dialogues, Gorgias and Republic, respectively, who challenge conventional morality.[3]
Aristotle saw many vices as excesses or deficits in relation to some virtue, as cowardice and rashness relate to courage. Some attitudes and actions – such as envy, murder, and theft – he saw as wrong in themselves, with no question of a deficit/excess in relation to the mean.[4]
In Islam, Judaism and Christianity, sin is a central concept in understanding immorality.
Immorality is often closely linked with both religion and sexuality.[5] Max Weber saw rational articulated religions as engaged in a long-term struggle with more physical forms of religious experience linked to dance, intoxication and sexual activity.[6] Durkheim pointed out how many primitive rites culminated in abandoning the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.[7]
Freud's dour conclusion was that "In every age immorality has found no less support in religion than morality has".[8]
Coding of sexual behavior has historically been a feature of all human societies; as too has been the policing of breaches of its mores – sexual immorality – by means of formal and informal social control.[9] Interdictions and taboos among primitive societies[10] were arguably no less severe than in traditional agrarian societies.[11] In the latter, the degree of control might vary from time to time and region to region, being least in urban settlements;[12] however, only the last three centuries of intense urbanisation, commercialisation and modernisation have broken with the restrictions of the pre-modern world,[13] in favor of a successor society of fractured and competing sexual codes and subcultures, where sexual expression is integrated into the workings of the commercial world.[14]
Sin embargo, si bien el significado de inmoralidad sexual se ha redefinido drásticamente en los últimos tiempos , podría decirse que los límites de lo que es aceptable siguen estando vigilados públicamente y tan cargados como siempre, como lo hicieron los debates de décadas en Estados Unidos sobre los derechos reproductivos después de Roe v. Wade. , o la controversia del siglo XXI sobre imágenes infantiles en Wikipedia y Amazon tendería a sugerir. [15]
Michel Foucault consideraba que el mundo moderno era incapaz de proponer una moral coherente [16] –una incapacidad sustentada filosóficamente por el emotivismo . Sin embargo, el modernismo a menudo ha ido acompañado de un culto a la inmoralidad, [17] como por ejemplo cuando John Ciardi aclamó Naked Lunch como "un descenso monumentalmente moral al infierno de la adicción a los narcóticos". [18]
El psicoanálisis recibió muchas críticas desde el principio por ser el producto desagradable de una ciudad inmoral: Viena; psicoanalistas por ser a la vez inescrupulosos y de mentalidad sucia. [19]
El propio Freud, sin embargo, opinaba que "cualquiera que haya logrado educarse en la verdad sobre sí mismo está permanentemente defendido contra el peligro de la inmoralidad, aunque su estándar de moralidad pueda diferir". [20] Nietzsche se refirió a su filosofía ética como inmoralismo. [21]
La definición del diccionario de inmoralidad en Wikcionario.