Nunataks, also called glacial islands, are exposed portions of ridges, mountains, or peaks not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier.[1]Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named. The term is derived from the Inuit word, nunataq.
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Antarctica
Enderby Land
The Cook Nunataks (67°5′S 55°50′E / 67.083°S 55.833°E / -67.083; 55.833) are a group of four nunataks at the northeast end of the Schwartz Range.
The Aldebaran Rock (70°50′S 66°41′W / 70.833°S 66.683°W / -70.833; -66.683 (Aldebaran Rock)) is a particularly conspicuous nunatak of bright red rock, located near the head of Bertram Glacier and 5 miles (8 km) northeast of Pegasus Mountains in western Palmer Land.
Anckorn Nunataks
The Anckorn Nunataks (70°14′S 63°12′W / 70.233°S 63.200°W / -70.233; -63.200) are a group of nunataks and snow-covered hills, 15 nautical miles (28 km) long, between Mount Bailey and Mount Samsel in the eastern part of Palmer Land.[3]
Olander Nunatak (74°25′S 72°7′W / 74.417°S 72.117°W / -74.417; -72.117) is one of several somewhat scattered nunataks which rise above the ice of eastern Palmer Land, lying 5 nautical miles (9 km) east of Tollefson Nunatak and 27 nautical miles (50 km) north-northwest of Sky-Hi Nunataks.
The Charles Nunataks (73°19′S 2°10′E / 73.317°S 2.167°E / -73.317; 2.167 (Charles Nunataks)) are an isolated group of nunataks lying 8 nautical miles (15 km) south of the western end of the Neumayer Cliffs in Queen Maud Land. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59), and named for Charles W. Swithinbank, glaciologist with NBSAE.[6]
Dråpane Nunataks
The Dråpane Nunataks (73°46′S 5°3′E / 73.767°S 5.050°E / -73.767; 5.050 (Dråpane Nunataks)) are nunataks north of Urnosa Spur, near the southwest end of the Kirwan Escarpment in Queen Maud Land. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and additional air photos (1958–59), and named Dråpane (the drops).[7]
Firlingane Nunataks
The Firlingane Nunataks(71°52′S 27°7′E / 71.867°S 27.117°E / -71.867; 27.117) are four nunataks standing between Bulken Hill and Hesteskoen Nunatak in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Firlingane (the quadruplets).[8]
Arne Nunatak (coordinates: 71°43′S 8°20′E) is the largest of the Hemmestad Nunataks. It is also named for Arne Hemmestad.[12]
Henriksen Nunataks
The Henriksen Nunataks (coordinates: 71°30′S 9°0′E) are a group of scattered nunataks about 10 nautical miles (20 km) north of the Kurze Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39), mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Hans-Martin Henriksen, a meteorological assistant with the latter expedition (1956–58).[13]
Hettene Nunataks
The Hettene Nunataks (coordinates: 71°45′S 26°25′E) are a group of nunataks at the west side of Hette Glacier in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Hettene (the caps).[14]
Holane Nunataks
The Holane Nunataks (coordinates: 71°58′S 0°29′E) are two isolated nunataks lying about 20 nautical miles (40 km) west of the northern extremity of the Sverdrup Mountains, in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped and named by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59).[15]
Isrosene Nunataks
The Isrosene Nunataks (coordinates: 71°53′S 26°35′E) are two nunataks 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Balchen Mountain, protruding through the western part of Byrdbreen in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named "Isrosene" (the ice roses).[16]
Jare IV Nunataks
The Jare IV Nunataks (coordinates: 71°38′S 36°0′E) are a group of four aligned nunataks situated 3 nautical miles (6 km) north-northeast of Mount Gaston de Gerlache in the Queen Fabiola Mountains of Antarctica. They were discovered on October 7, 1960, by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Guido Derom, and were named by Derom after the fourth Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE IV); in November–December 1960 a field party of the Japanese expedition reached this area and carried out geodetic and other scientific work.[17]
Jarl Nunataks
The Jarl Nunataks (coordinates: 71°55′S 3°18′E) are a small group of nunataks 3 nautical miles (6 km) north of Risen Peak which mark the northeastern extremity of the Gjelsvik Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Jarl Tonnesen, a meteorologist with the expedition (1956–58).[18]
Knattebrauta Nunataks
The Knattebrauta Nunataks (coordinates: 72°27′S 0°18′E) are a line of nunataks trending northeast–southwest lying 4 nautical miles (7 km) north of the Robin Heights in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39), mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Knattebrauta (the crag slope).[19]
Kvassknatten Nunatak (coordinates: 72°27′S 0°20′E) is one of the Knattebrauta Nunataks. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Kvassknatten (the sharp crag).[20]
Litvillingane Rocks
The Litvillingane Rocks (coordinates: 71°52′S 1°44′W) are two isolated nunataks, the eastern with a small outlier, lying 3 nautical miles (6 km) south of Bolten Peak, on the east side of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Litvillingane (the mountainside twins).[21]
Malyutki Nunataks
The Malyutki Nunataks (coordinates: 72°4′S 10°46′E) are a group of nunataks that trend north–south for 4 nautical miles (7 km), situated at the southeastern extremity of the Orvin Mountains, about 13 nautical miles (24 km) west-northwest of Skeidsberget Hill, in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The feature was mapped by the Norsk Polarinstitutt from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60. It was also mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961 and named "Skaly Malyutki" (baby nunataks).[22]
Filsponen Nunatak (coordinates: 72°12′S 14°25′E) is a nunatak rising northeast of Steinfila Nunatak in the southern part of the Payer Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Filsponen (the filings).[32]
Komandnaya Nunatak (coordinates: 72°12′S 14°31′E) is the eastern and highest of the Rokhlin Nunataks, located in the southern part of the Payer Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was discovered and plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39. The nunatak was mapped from air photos and surveys collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1960–61 and named Gora Komandnaya (Russian for "command mountain").[33]
Skruvestikka Nunatak (coordinates: 72°11′S 14°27′E) is a nunatak just eastward of Filsponen Nunatak at the south end of the Payer Mountains, in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Skruvestikka (the screwdriver).[34]
Steinfila Nunatak (coordinates: 72°12′S 14°23′E) is the westernmost of Rokhlin Nunataks which mark the southwest extremity of the Payer Mountains in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Steinfila (the stone file).[35]
Båken Nunatak (coordinates: 71°18′S 2°57′W) is a small, isolated nunatak surmounting the north part of Bakeneset Headland in Queen Maud Land. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and from air photos by the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) (NBSAE), and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59), and named "Båken" (the "beacon").[37]
Dalten Nunatak (coordinates: 72°23′S 3°42′W) is a nunatak about 1.5 nautical miles (3 km) east-southeast of Dilten Nunatak and 7 nautical miles (13 km) northwest of Borg Mountain in Queen Maud Land. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE.[41]
Dilten Nunatak (coordinates: 72°22′S 3°47′W) is a nunatak about 1.5 nautical miles (3 km) west-northwest of Dalten Nunatak and 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Borg Mountain in Queen Maud Land. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and named Dilten.[42]
Drabanten Nunatak (coordinates: 73°54′S 5°55′W) is a nunatak about 10 nautical miles (20 km) west of Tunga Spur, just north of the Kirwan Escarpment in Queen Maud Land. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and additional air photos (1958–59), and named Drabanten (the satellite).[43]
Fjomet Nunatak (coordinates: 73°25′S 2°55′W) is an isolated nunatak about 8 nautical miles (15 km) east-southeast of Mount Hallgren, along the Kirwan Escarpment of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Fjomet.[46]
Fløymannen Nunatak (coordinates: 73°9′S 2°14′W) is a nunatak just north of the west end of the Neumayer Cliffs in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by NBSAE and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Fløymannen (the wing man).[47]
Førstefjell (coordinates: 71°50′S 5°43′W) is a nunatak about 5 nautical miles (10 km) north of Førstefjellsrabben, in the northwest part of Giaever Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and named Førstefjell (first mountain).[49]
Førstefjellsrabben (coordinates: 71°55′S 5°49′W) is a nunatak about 5 nautical miles (10 km) south of Førstefjell, in the northwest part of Giaever Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE, and named Førstefjellsrabben (Førstefjell hill) in association with Førstefjell.[50]
Framrabben Nunatak (coordinates: 72°29′S 3°52′W) is a nunatak about 3 nautical miles (6 km) west-northwest of Borg Mountain in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and named Framrabben (the forward nunatak).[51]
Gårenevkalven Nunatak (coordinates: 72°0′S 14°47′E) is a nunatak, 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) high, located 3 nautical miles (6 km) north of Gårekneet Ridge in the eastern part of the Payer Mountains, in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped and named by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60.[53]
Gråsteinen Nunatak (coordinates: 71°57′S 2°0′W) is a nunatak 7 nautical miles (13 km) southwest of the Litvillingane Rocks, on the east side of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Gråsteinen (the gray stone).[56]
Hans-Martin Nunatak (coordinates: 71°37′S 8°56′E) is a nunatak about 3 nautical miles (6 km) south of the Henriksen Nunataks in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Hans-Martin Henriksen, a meteorological assistant with the expedition (1956–58).[57]
Hesteskoen Nunatak (coordinates: 71°52′S 27°15′E) is a horseshoe-shaped nunatak, 2,350 metres (7,700 ft) high, standing 4 nautical miles (7 km) north of Balchen Mountain in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1946 from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47; it was named Hesteskoen (the horseshoe) by the Norwegians.[58]
Kista Nunatak (coordinates: 69°47′S 37°17′E) is a nunatak 0.5 nautical miles (1 km) south of Såta Nunatak, standing at the east side of Fletta Bay along the southwest coast of Lützow-Holm Bay, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Kista (the chest).[59]
Lars Nunatak (coordinates: 71°52′S 4°13′E) is a nunatak about 5 nautical miles (9 km) west of Skigarden Ridge in the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Lars Hochlin, a dog driver and radio operator with the expedition (1956–58).[61]
Marsteinen Nunatak (coordinates: 71°26′S 1°42′W) is a coastal nunatak 6 nautical miles (11 km) northeast of Valken Hill, at the north end of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Marsteinen (the sea stone).[62]
Muller Crest (coordinates: 72°11′S 8°8′E) is a short ridgelike nunatak (2,620 m) marking the southeast extremity of the Filchner Mountains in the Orvin Mountains of Queen Maud Land. Discovered by the German Antarctic Expedition under Ritscher, 1938–39, and named after Johannes Muller, navigation officer of the Deutschland, the ship of the German Antarctic Expedition under Filchner, 1911–12. Remapped from air photos and survey by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60.
Odde Nunatak (coordinates: 72°2′S 10°42′E) is a nunatak on the east side of Glopeflya Plain near the Orvin Mountains. It is the northernmost of a small chain of nunataks, and was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos during the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60), It was named for Odde Gjeruldsen, who was a scientific assistant with the expedition.[64]
Passat Nunatak (coordinates: 71°18′S 3°55′W) is a nunatak (145 m) nearly 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) northeast of Boreas Nunatak at the mouth of Schytt Glacier in Queen Maud Land. Discovered by the German Antarctic Expedition under Ritscher, 1938–39, and named after Passat, one of the Dornier flying boats of the expedition.[67]
Pyramiden Nunatak (72°17′S 3°48′W / 72.283°S 3.800°W / -72.283; -3.800) is a nunatak two nautical miles (3.7 km) east of Knallen Peak, on the east side of the head of Schytt Glacier in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and named Pyramiden (the pyramid).[70]
Sandneskalven Nunatak (71°40′S 9°53′E / 71.667°S 9.883°E / -71.667; 9.883) is a nunatak located 6 nautical miles (11 km) east of Sandneset Point in the Conrad Mountains in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norway from air photos and surveys by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60, and named Sandneskalven (the sand point calf).[72]
Såta Nunatak (69°46′S 37°17′E / 69.767°S 37.283°E / -69.767; 37.283) is a nunatak, 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km) north of Kista Nunatak, standing at the east side of Fletta Bay along the southwest shore of Lützow-Holm Bay. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Såta ("the haystack").[73]
Sfinksen Nunatak (72°18′S 3°47′W / 72.300°S 3.783°W / -72.300; -3.783 (Sfinksen Nunatak)) is a nunatak about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Pyramiden Nunatak, at the southwest end of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–1952), led by John Schjelderup Giæver and named Sfinksen (the sphinx).[74]
Tommeliten Rock (71°47′S 2°29′W / 71.783°S 2.483°W / -71.783; -2.483) is a nunatak six nautical miles (11 km) east of Lorentzen Peak on the Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica.[75] It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by NBSAE and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Tommeliten (Tom Thumb).
Veslestabben Nunatak (69°42′S 37°35′E / 69.700°S 37.583°E / -69.700; 37.583) is an isolated nunatak standing in the central part of Botnneset Peninsula on the south side of Lutzow-Holm Bay. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Veslestabben, meaning "the little stump."[76]
Victoria Land
Individual nunataks
Carapace Nunatak (76°53′S 159°24′E / 76.883°S 159.400°E / -76.883; 159.400) is a prominent isolated nunatak, the most westerly near the head of Mackay Glacier in Victoria Land, standing 8 nautical miles (15 km) southwest of Mount Brooke where it is visible for a considerable distance from many directions.
Low Nunatak (77°04′25″S 161°57′00″E / 77.07361°S 161.95000°E / -77.07361; 161.95000) is a nunatak in the Cotton Glacier, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) north of the western end of Killer Ridge, in the Gonville and Caius Range of Victoria Land. About 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) long, the nunatak rises 50 metres (160 ft) above the surrounding ice surface to about 450 metres (1,480 ft) above sea level. The descriptive name appears on the map of the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910–1913.[77]
Vince Nunatak (77°30′S 163°22′E / 77.500°S 163.367°E / -77.500; 163.367) is near Cat Nunatak in the southern part of Wilson Piedmont Glacier.
Marie Byrd Land
Bradley Nunatak (81°24′S 85°58′W / 81.400°S 85.967°W / -81.400; -85.967) is a prominent nunatak standing 10 nautical miles (19 km) southwest of Mount Tidd in the Pirrit Hills.
Knox Peak (84°49′S 116°39′W / 84.817°S 116.650°W / -84.817; -116.650) is located between Vann Peak and Lackey Ridge at the west end of the Ohio Range.
^Barksdale, Julian D. (1941). "Glaciation of the Methow Valley Washington". The Journal of Geology. 49 (7): 728. doi:10.1086/625003. JSTOR 30082302. S2CID 129482786 – via JSTOR.