Portal:Programación informática

Temas del portal: Actividades; Cultura; Geografía; Salud; Historia; Matemáticas; Naturaleza; Gente; Filosofía; Religión; Sociedad; Tecnología; Portal aleatorio

El portal de programación informática

Muestra de programa informático en una pantalla.

La programación o codificación de computadoras es la composición de secuencias de instrucciones, llamadas programas , que las computadoras pueden seguir para realizar tareas. Implica diseñar e implementar algoritmos , especificaciones de procedimientos paso a paso, mediante la escritura de código en uno o más lenguajes de programación . Los programadores suelen utilizar lenguajes de programación de alto nivel que son más fácilmente inteligibles para los humanos que el código de máquina , que es ejecutado directamente por la unidad central de procesamiento . La programación competente generalmente requiere experiencia en varios temas diferentes, incluido el conocimiento del dominio de la aplicación , detalles de los lenguajes de programación y bibliotecas de códigos genéricos , algoritmos especializados y lógica formal .

Las tareas auxiliares que acompañan y están relacionadas con la programación incluyen el análisis de requisitos , pruebas , depuración (investigación y solución de problemas), implementación de sistemas de compilación y gestión de artefactos derivados , como el código de máquina de los programas . Si bien a veces se los considera programación, a menudo el término desarrollo de software se utiliza para este proceso general más amplio, con los términos programación , implementación y codificación reservados para la escritura y edición de código per se. En ocasiones, el desarrollo de software se conoce como ingeniería de software , especialmente cuando emplea métodos formales o sigue un proceso de diseño de ingeniería . ( Articulo completo... )

Artículos seleccionados - cargar nuevo lote

Imagen 1
En el lenguaje de programación C++ , es una palabra clave que se utiliza para consultar el tipo de una expresión . Introducido en C++11 , su uso principal es en programación genérica , donde a menudo es difícil, o incluso imposible, expresar tipos que dependen de parámetros de plantilla . A medida que las técnicas de programación genéricas se hicieron cada vez más populares a lo largo de la década de 1990, se reconoció la necesidad de un mecanismo de deducción de tipos. Muchos proveedores de compiladores implementaron sus propias versiones del operador, normalmente llamadas , y se desarrollaron algunas implementaciones portátiles con funcionalidad limitada, basadas en características del lenguaje existente. En 2002, Bjarne Stroustrup propuso que se agregara una versión estandarizada del operador al lenguaje C++ y sugirió el nombre "decltype", para reflejar que el operador produciría el "tipo declarado" de una expresión. La semántica de fue diseñada para atender tanto a escritores de bibliotecas genéricas como a programadores novatos. En general, el tipo deducido coincide con el tipo de objeto o función exactamente como se declara en el código fuente. Al igual que el operador, el operando de 'no se evalúa. ( Articulo completo... )decltype

typeof

decltypesizeofdecltype
Imagen 2

Babbage en 1860

Charles Babbage KH FRS (/ˈbæbɪdʒ/; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.

Babbage is considered by some to be "father of the computer". Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer, the Difference Engine, that eventually led to more complex electronic designs, though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's Analytical Engine, programmed using a principle openly borrowed from the Jacquard loom. Babbage had a broad range of interests in addition to his work on computers covered in his 1832 book Economy of Manufactures and Machinery. He was an important figure in the social scene in London, and is credited with importing the "scientific soirée" from France with his well-attended Saturday evening soirées. His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as "pre-eminent" among the many polymaths of his century.

Babbage, who died before the complete successful engineering of many of his designs, including his Difference Engine and Analytical Engine, remained a prominent figure in the ideating of computing. Parts of Babbage's incomplete mechanisms are on display in the Science Museum in London. In 1991, a functioning difference engine was constructed from Babbage's original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. (Full article...)
Image 3

Gates in 2023

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and writer best known for co-founding the software giant Microsoft, along with his childhood friend Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president, and chief software architect, while also being its largest individual shareholder until May 2014. He was a prominent pioneer of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.

Gates was born and raised in Seattle, Washington. In 1975, he and Allen founded Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Gates led the company as its chairman and chief executive officer until stepping down as CEO in January 2000, succeeded by Steve Ballmer, but he remained chairman of the board of directors and became chief software architect. During the late 1990s, he was criticized for his business tactics, which were considered anti-competitive. This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings. In June 2008, Gates transitioned into a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the private charitable foundation he and his then-wife Melinda had established in 2000. He stepped down as chairman of the Microsoft board in February 2014 and assumed the role of technology adviser to support newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella. In March 2020, Gates left his board positions at Microsoft and Berkshire Hathaway to focus on his philanthropic efforts on climate change, global health and development, and education.

Since 1987, Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world's billionaires. From 1995 to 2017, he held the Forbes title of the richest person in the world every year except in 2008 and from 2010 to 2013. In October 2017, he was surpassed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, who had an estimated net worth of US$90.6 billion compared to Gates's net worth of US$89.9 billion at the time. In the Forbes 400 list of wealthiest Americans in 2023, he was ranked 6th with a wealth of $115.0 billion. Gates has an estimated net worth of US$145 billion, making him the fifth-richest person in the world according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. (Full article...)
Image 4

Daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet (c. 1843)

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation.

Ada Byron was the only legitimate child of poet Lord Byron and reformer Anne Isabella Milbanke. All Lovelace's half-siblings, Lord Byron's other children, were born out of wedlock to other women. Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever. He died in Greece when Ada was eight. Her mother was anxious about her upbringing and promoted Ada's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing her father's perceived insanity. Despite this, Ada remained interested in him, naming her two sons Byron and Gordon. Upon her death, she was buried next to him at her request. Although often ill in her childhood, Ada pursued her studies assiduously. She married William King in 1835. King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838, Ada thereby becoming Countess of Lovelace.

Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as Andrew Crosse, Charles Babbage, Sir David Brewster, Charles Wheatstone, Michael Faraday, and the author Charles Dickens, contacts which she used to further her education. Ada described her approach as "poetical science" and herself as an "Analyst (& Metaphysician)". (Full article...)
Image 5

Julia is a high-level, general-purpose dynamic programming language, most commonly used for numerical analysis and computational science. Distinctive aspects of Julia's design include a type system with parametric polymorphism and the use of multiple dispatch as a core programming paradigm, efficient garbage collection, and a just-in-time (JIT) compiler (with support for ahead-of-time compilation).

Julia can be run similar to (interpreted) scripting languages (i.e. Julia has a REPL), and does^{[clarification needed]} by default using its runtime (when preinstalled), but Julia programs/source code can also optionally be sent to users in one ready-to-install/run file, which can be made quickly, not needing anything preinstalled. Julia programs can also be (separately) compiled to binary executables, even allowing no-source-code distribution. Such compilation is not needed for speed, since Julia is also compiled when running interactively, but it can help with hiding source code. Features of the language can be separately compiled, so Julia can be used, for example, with its runtime or without it (which allows for smaller executables and libraries but is limited in capabilities). Julia can be called from other languages, e.g. Python and R, and several Julia packages have been made easily available from those languages, in the form of libraries for them.

Julia's Visual Studio Code extension provides a fully-featured integrated development environment with support for debugging, linting, and profiling. (Full article...)
Image 6
Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages and data and information processing and storage. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT). An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an IT project usually refers to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system.

Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed, the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.

The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, and e-commerce. (Full article...)
Image 7
Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) is a system-design platform and development environment for a visual programming language developed by National Instruments.

The graphical language is named "G"; not to be confused with G-code. The G dataflow language was originally developed by LabVIEW. LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of operating systems (OSs), including macOS and other versions of Unix and Linux, as well as Microsoft Windows.

The latest versions of LabVIEW are LabVIEW 2023 Q1 (released in April 2023) and LabVIEW NXG 5.1 (released in January 2021). NI released the free for non-commercial use LabVIEW and LabVIEW NXG Community editions on April 28, 2020. (Full article...)
Image 8
Large supercomputers such as IBM's Blue Gene/P are designed to heavily exploit parallelism.

Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has long been employed in high-performance computing, but has gained broader interest due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.

Parallel computing is closely related to concurrent computing—they are frequently used together, and often conflated, though the two are distinct: it is possible to have parallelism without concurrency, and concurrency without parallelism (such as multitasking by time-sharing on a single-core CPU). In parallel computing, a computational task is typically broken down into several, often many, very similar sub-tasks that can be processed independently and whose results are combined afterwards, upon completion. In contrast, in concurrent computing, the various processes often do not address related tasks; when they do, as is typical in distributed computing, the separate tasks may have a varied nature and often require some inter-process communication during execution.

Parallel computers can be roughly classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism, with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements within a single machine, while clusters, MPPs, and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task. Specialized parallel computer architectures are sometimes used alongside traditional processors, for accelerating specific tasks. (Full article...)
Image 9
The history of artificial intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The seeds of modern AI were planted by philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols. This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning. This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain.

The field of AI research was founded at a workshop held on the campus of Dartmouth College, USA during the summer of 1956. Those who attended would become the leaders of AI research for decades. Many of them predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human being would exist in no more than a generation, and they were given millions of dollars to make this vision come true.

Eventually, it became obvious that researchers had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project. In 1974, in response to the criticism from James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from congress, the U.S. and British Governments stopped funding undirected research into artificial intelligence, and the difficult years that followed would later be known as an "AI winter". Seven years later, a visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to provide AI with billions of dollars, but by the late 1980s the investors became disillusioned and withdrew funding again. (Full article...)
Image 10

Node.js is a cross-platform, open-source JavaScript runtime environment that can run on Windows, Linux, Unix, macOS, and more. Node.js runs on the V8 JavaScript engine, and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser.

Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting. The ability to run JavaScript code on the server is often used to generate dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web-application development around a single programming language, as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming.

Node.js has an event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O. These design choices aim to optimize throughput and scalability in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for real-time Web applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser games). (Full article...)
Image 11
SNOBOL ("StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language") is a series of programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string-oriented languages developed during the 1950s and 1960s; others included COMIT and TRAC.

SNOBOL4 stands apart from most programming languages of its era by having patterns as a first-class data type (i.e. a data type whose values can be manipulated in all ways permitted to any other data type in the programming language) and by providing operators for pattern concatenation and alternation. SNOBOL4 patterns are a type of object and admit various manipulations, much like later object-oriented languages such as JavaScript whose patterns are known as regular expressions. In addition SNOBOL4 strings generated during execution can be treated as programs and either interpreted or compiled and executed (as in the eval function of other languages).

SNOBOL4 was quite widely taught in larger U.S. universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s and was widely used in the 1970s and 1980s as a text manipulation language in the humanities. (Full article...)
Image 12
COBOL (/ˈkoʊbɒl, -bɔːl/; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL is still widely used in applications deployed on mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and transaction processing jobs. Many large financial institutions were developing new systems in the language as late as 2006, but most programming in COBOL today is purely to maintain existing applications. Programs are being moved to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages or replaced with other software.

COBOL was designed in 1959 by CODASYL and was partly based on the programming language FLOW-MATIC designed by Grace Hopper. It was created as part of a U.S. Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data processing. It was originally seen as a stopgap, but the Defense Department promptly forced computer manufacturers to provide it, resulting in its widespread adoption. It was standardized in 1968 and has been revised five times. Expansions include support for structured and object-oriented programming. The current standard is ISO/IEC 1989:2023.

COBOL statements have prose syntax such as MOVE x TO y, which was designed to be self-documenting and highly readable. However, it is verbose and uses over 300 reserved words. This contrasts with the succinct and mathematically inspired syntax of other languages (in this case, y = x;). (Full article...)
Image 13
A 12-row/80-column IBM punched card from the mid-twentieth century

A punched card (also punch card or punched-card) is a piece of card stock that stores digital data using punched holes. Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated machines.

Punched cards were widely used in the 20th century, where unit record machines, organized into data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage. The IBM 12-row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry. Many early digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data.

Data can be entered onto a punched card using a keypunch. (Full article...)
Image 14
Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Like natural languages, programming languages follow rules for syntax and semantics.

There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career.

Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include ALGOL, C, C++, JavaScript (under the name ECMAScript), Smalltalk, Prolog, Common Lisp, Scheme (IEEE standard), ISLISP, Ada, Fortran, COBOL, SQL, and XQuery. (Full article...)
Image 15
An illustration of the linking process. Object files and static libraries are assembled into a new library or executable

In computing, a linker or link editor is a computer system program that takes one or more object files (generated by a compiler or an assembler) and combines them into a single executable file, library file, or another "object" file.

A simpler version that writes its output directly to memory is called the loader, though loading is typically considered a separate process. (Full article...)

Imágenes seleccionadas

Image 1Un accidente de cabeza en un disco duro moderno
Image 2Mapa parcial de Internet basado en los datos del 15 de enero de 2005 encontrados en opte.org. Cada línea se dibuja entre dos nodos, que representan dos direcciones IP. La longitud de las líneas es indicativa del retraso entre esos dos nodos. Este gráfico representa menos del 30% de las redes de Clase C alcanzables por el programa de recopilación de datos a principios de 2005.
Image 3Una casa solitaria. Una imagen hecha con Blender 3D .
Image 4GNOME Shell, GNOME Clocks, Evince, gThumb y GNOME Files en la versión 3.30, en un tema oscuro
Image 5Margaret Hamilton junto al software de navegación que ella y su equipo del MIT produjeron para el Proyecto Apollo .
Image 6Grace Hopper en el teclado UNIVAC, c. 1960. Grace Brewster Murray: matemática estadounidense y contralmirante de la Marina de los EE. UU. que fue pionera en el desarrollo de tecnología informática, ayudando a idear UNIVAC I, la primera computadora electrónica comercial, y aplicaciones navales para COBOL (lenguaje común orientado a los negocios).
Image 7Resultado de un modelo de ecuación (linealizado) para aguas poco profundas del agua en una bañera. El agua experimenta cinco salpicaduras que generan ondas de gravedad superficiales que se propagan lejos de los lugares de las salpicaduras y se reflejan en las paredes de la bañera.
Image 8Ada Lovelace fue una matemática y escritora inglesa, conocida principalmente por su trabajo en la computadora mecánica de propósito general propuesta por Charles Babbage , la Máquina Analítica . Fue la primera en reconocer que la máquina tenía aplicaciones más allá del puro cálculo y en publicar el primer algoritmo destinado a ser ejecutado por una máquina de este tipo. Como resultado, a menudo se la considera la primera programadora informática .
Image 9Animación de una superficie B-spline racional no uniforme . Modelado y renderizado en Cobalto .
Image 10Una animación del algoritmo de clasificación rápida que clasifica una matriz de valores aleatorios.
Image 11Una vista del editor de texto GNU nano versión 6.0
Image 12Una tarjeta perforada IBM Port-A-Punch
Image 13Una captura de pantalla de GNU Emacs 22.0.91.1, del paquete emacs-snapshot-gtk de Ubuntu .
Image 14Deep Blue era un sistema experto en ajedrez ejecutado en una supercomputadora IBM única y especialmente diseñada. Fue la primera computadora en ganar un juego , y la primera en ganar un partido, contra un campeón mundial reinante bajo controles de tiempo regulares. Foto tomada en el Museo Histórico de la Computación .
Image 15Vista parcial del conjunto de Mandelbrot . Paso 1 de una secuencia de zoom: Espacio entre la "cabeza" y el "cuerpo", también llamado "valle de los caballitos de mar".
Image 16La pistola planeadora de Bill Gosper en acción
Image 17Esta imagen (cuando se ve en tamaño completo, 1000 píxeles de ancho) contiene 1 millón de píxeles , cada uno de un color diferente.
Image 18Stephen Wolfram es un informático, físico y empresario británico-estadounidense. Es conocido por su trabajo en informática, matemáticas y física teórica.

¿Sabías? - cargar más entradas

... que Earth 300 ha diseñado una nave de investigación climática que incluiría un reactor de sales fundidas y una computadora cuántica ?
... que una conjetura matemática sobre el mosaico del espacio mediante cubos se transformó en un problema de teoría de grafos que se convirtió en un punto de referencia para los algoritmos de búsqueda de camarillas ?
... que un "hacker" con publicaciones de blog escritas por ChatGPT estaba en el centro de una búsqueda del tesoro en línea que promocionaba el álbum de Avenged Sevenfold Life Is but a Dream... ?
... que Makoto Soejima es el único medallista de oro de la Olimpiada Internacional de Matemáticas con una puntuación perfecta que ha ganado tanto el Google Code Jam como la Facebook Hacker Cup ?
... que David Ahl compró BASIC-8 para venderlo con el PDP-8 cuando la gerencia de DEC demostró más interés en su propio lenguaje FOCAL ?
... que el primer resultado oficial del índice de referencia TPC-C en 1992 fue 54 y ahora asciende a 707 millones?

Subcategorías

rompecabezas de categoría

Seleccione [►] para ver las subcategorías

Programación de computadoras

Programador de computadoras

Algoritmos

Antipatrones

libros de programación informática

Concursos de programación

Código de refactorización

Computación concurrente

Construcciones de programación

Derivación del programa

Estructuras de datos

Depuración

inyección de DLL

Folclore de programación informática

Juegos de programación

Modismos de programación

Interfaces de programación

Sintaxis del lenguaje de programación

Temas de lenguaje de programación

Lenguajes de programación

Bibliotecas informáticas

Codificación en vivo

Método (programación informática)

Paradigmas de programación

Principios de programación

Optimización de software

Programación cuántica

Software de autohospedaje

Diseño de software

Patrones de diseño de software.

Código fuente

Generación de código fuente

Algoritmos de transmisión

Herramientas de programación

programación visual

Wikis sobre programación

Talones de programación de computadoras

WikiProyectos

Hay muchos usuarios interesados en la programación informática, únete a ellos.

noticias de programación informática

18 diciembre 2023 –: Alrededor de la mitad de las gasolineras iraníes se ven afectadas por ciberataques . Los medios estatales iraníes informan que el grupo de hackers Predator Sparrow, vinculado a Israel , se atribuye la responsabilidad de los ataques. (Reuters)

Temas

Seleccione [mostrar] para ver los subtemas

Portales relacionados

Wikimedia asociada

Los siguientes proyectos hermanos de la Fundación Wikimedia brindan más información sobre este tema:

Repositorio multimedia gratuito Commons
Wikilibros
Libros de texto y manuales gratuitos
Base de conocimientos gratuita de Wikidata
Wikinoticias
Noticias de contenido libre
Wikiquote
Colección de citas
Biblioteca de contenido gratuito de Wikisource
Wikiversidad
Herramientas de aprendizaje gratuitas
Diccionario y tesauro de Wikcionario

Descubre Wikipedia usando portales